IPE 3207 Machine Tools

Main Topics
•Characteristics of machine tools,
•Recent development in the design of machine
tools,
•Drive system of machine tools,
•Design of mechanical drive, speed gear boxes,
feed gear boxes, infinitely variable drives, PIV
and other mechanical stepless drives,
hydraulic drives, electrical drives
• Bearings, spindles, slide ways of machine
tools, machine tool structure.
• Location principles and locators, clamps
 Main Topics
•Detailed case study of:
•Engine lathe
•Turret and automatic lathe,
•Drilling machine,
•Shaper machines, Planer machines,
•Milling machines,
•Grinding machines,
•Gear shaping and gear hobbing machines,
forging machines, dynamics of machine tools
•Installation and acceptance tests of
machine tools etc.
Reference books

• Machine Tools- by N. Chernov

• Machine Tool Design and Numerical Control--N.
K.Mehta
Introduction
• A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or
other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing,
or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of
tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some
means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided
movement of the parts of the machine. Thus the relative movement
between the workpiece and the cutting tool (which is called the
toolpath) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least
some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "freehand".
• While all machine tools are "machines that help people to make
things", not all factory machines are machine tools.
• Today machine tools are typically powered other than by human
muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via line shaft), used to
make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that
include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.
• What is the difference between machine and machine tool?
Introduction

• Classification: Based on precision

• Class N (Normal accuracy)
• Class P (Higher accuracy)
• Class B (precision)
• Class A (high precision)
• Class C (Super high precision)
• Based on mass
• Light (upto 1 ton)
• Medium (upto 10 tons)
• Heavy (over 10 tons)
 Engine Lathe

• Types of lathe machine

• Type of surfaces
• Machine specifications
• Different parts of an engine lathe
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations
• Cutting multiple start threads
• Cutting tapered surfaces
• Standard fixtures of Lathes
Types of lathe machine

• Center lathe/engine lathe/bench lathe: refer to a basic

type of lathe that may be considered the archetypical
class of metalworking lathe most often used by the
general machinist or machining hobbyist. Bench lathe
Engine lathe is most widely used lathe. I incorporating
suitable mechanism for providing multiple speeds to
the lathe spindle.
Types of lathe machine

• Toolroom lathe: is a lathe optimized for smoothest-

running, most-accurate version of the machine that
can be built.equipped with some extra attachments to
make it suitable for a relatively more accurate angle of
speeds and feeds. The usual attachments provided on
a tool room lathe are taper turning attachment, follower
rest, collets, chucks, etc. This lathe is made to have a
comparatively smaller bed length than the usual
engine lathe. The most commonly used lengths are
135 to 180 cm.
Types of lathe machine

• Turret lathes and capstan lathes: are members of a

class of lathes that is used for repetitive production of
duplicate parts. These lathes form as very important
and useful group and are vastly used in mass
production. These machines are actually of semi-
automatic type and a very wide range of operations
can be performed on them. In operating these
machines, a very wide range of operations can be
performed on them. In operating these machines, a
very little skill is required of the operator. Whatever skill
is needed of the operator is only in the setting of tools
in the turret or capstan head, and once this setting has
been successfully accomplished further operation of
these machines is more or less automatic.
Types of lathe machine

• A gang-tool lathe is one that has a row (gang) of tools

set up on its cross-slide. Rather thasteps of the p
• Multispindle lathes: have more than one spindle and
automated control.They are production machines
specializing in high-volume production.
• CNC lathes: easy setting and operation. The part may
be designed by the CAM system, the resulting file
uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialled the
machine will continue to turn out parts under the
occasional supervision of an operator.
 Engine lathe: Type of surfaces

• External cylindrical, tapered and contoured surfaces.

• Boring cylindrical and tapered holes.
• Machining face surfaces.
• Cutting external and internal threads
• Drilling,counter boring,counter sinking, reaming
• Spot facing, cutting off etc.
Typical Engine lathe
 Machine specifications

• Maximum diameter of the workpiece

• Bar capacity
• Number of spindle speed
• Spindle speed range
• Feed range
• Pitch of screw thread cut
• Power of the main drive
• Speed of the motor
 Different parts of an engine lathe
Consist of, at the least, a
headstock, bed, carriage
and tailstock. Here,
headstock (H1), main
spindle (H4), speed
change mechanism
(H2,H3), and change
gears (H10), feedscrew
(H8), leadscrew
(H9), quick change
gearbox (H6), Tumbler
gears (operated by H5)
Different parts of an engine lathe

Carriage: carriage feed mechanism (5c), handwheels (2a, 3b,

5a), (3) cross-slide, (2) The compound rest (or top slide),Tool
post (1)
 Parts of an engine lathe

Tailstock: Spindle (T5), handwheel (T1), clamp (T6),

reduction gear box (T2) and provision to offset the
tailstock (T4)
 Turret Lathe

• Types of turret lathes

• Different parts of a turret lathe
• Specifications
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations
• Collet Chucks
 Milling Operation

• Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to

remove material from a workpiece advancing (or feeding)
in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool.
Milling Operation
Parts of a Milling Machine
nematic Diagram
Types of Milling Machine
 Grinding Machine

• Type of grinding machines

• Movements in grinding operations
• Different parts of a grinding machine
• Specifications
• Different movements
 Gear Shaper Machine

• Type of gear making/cutting methods

• Different parts of a gear shaper machine
• Specifications
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations