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 UNIT III CITIES AND URBANISM THROUGH TEXTS AND THEORIES 

1. Introduction & discussion of key texts and theories of cities and urbanism
2. Imageability and Lynch
3. Townscape and Cullen
4. Genius Loci and Schulz
5. Historic city and Rossi
6. Social aspects of urbanism and the works of Jane Jacobs
7. William Whyte
8. Jan Gehl
9. Collage City and Colin Rowe
10. current theories and texts

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 1.1 INTRODUCTION & DISCUSSION OF KEY TEXTS & THEORIES OF CITIES AND URBANISM 

1.0 INTRODUCTION – STREETS AS PRIMARY URBAN SPACE

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OPEN SPACES AS PRIMARY URBAN SPACE

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HIERARCHY OF OPEN SPACES

1.0 INTRODUCTION OF KEY TEXTS AND THEORIES

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KEY TEXTS
CITY INDUSTRIALE
IMAGEABILITY
LEGIBILITY ANTI URBANISM AND THE PICTURESQUE:
CITI BEAUTIFUL
WAY FINDING
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
MENTAL MAPPING
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT – CA PERRY
GENIUS LOCI
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT – CLARENCE STEIN - RADBURN
URBAN FABRIC
URBAN GRAIN CITY NUOVO
BROADACRE CITY
ROBUSTNES
RADIANT CITIES
DENSITY, SCALE, MIX
GEDDESIAN TRIAD
ARTICULATION
PLACEMAKING AND IDENTITTY SUSTAINABLE CITIES
SMART CITIES
NEW URBANISM
THEORIES (RECAP)
 

3.2 IMAGEABILITY AND LYNCH 

Image of the city is a book written by Kevin Andrew Lynch a well

known city planner and designer, graduated from MIT
( Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and a professor there
after.Lynch describes a five year study in his famous book
„Image of the City‟, that reveals about, what elements in a built
structure of a city are important in the perception of the city.

KEVIN A. LYNCH (1918-1984)

Born in the 20th century.
INTRODUCTION
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Educated at the Yale university, Rensseleaer Polytechnic
Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Gained professorship in MIT in the year 1963.
Eventually earned professor emeritus status from same.
Consulted to the state of Rhode island, new England medical
Centre, Boston redevelopment authority, Puerto Rico industrial
development corp., MIT planning office, and other
organizations.
BOOKS
1. What time is this place?
2. 2. City sense and city design : wittings and projects
3. Good city form
4. Managing the sense of a region
5. Site planning
6. Wasting away
7. Image of the city

LYNCH’s APPROACH TO READING A CITY CONCEPT OF LEGIBILITY

It is said to be the ease with which people understand the layout
● A city is constructed in space, but of a vast scale. of a place.
● A city is described with it‟s surroundings and elements. To understand the layout of the city, people make a mental
● Explains that people‟s perception of the city is important. map, which contains mental images of the city constrains. (
● Going through a city from the viewers mind is “image of varies from every individual)
the city”
● Elements like nodes, paths, districts, edges, landmarks
make a city.
● To make a visual plan (map)
● Analyzing the forms and public areas. § Understand
problems, opportunities and use them in designing a city.
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ELEMENTS OF THE CITY DEFINED BY LYNCH :

Along with actual city, mental representations contain many

unique elements - PATHS, EDGES, DISTRICTS, LANDMARKS,
NODES

HOW THE ELEMENTS DEFINE URBAN SETTING 

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CONCEPT OF IMAGEABILITY Circles represent the major elements of the city through Which the image of the city has
● It is the quality of physical object, which gives a observer a strong been derived from the people.
vivid image.
● High imageable city would be well formed if it contain distinct
paths.
● They should be instantly recognizable.
● Well formed city is highly dependent upon the elements because,
that would help the viewers make their city imageable.
● Remembering your city on images is meaningful. E.g: Well
designed paths include special lighting, clarity of direction, etc.
Similarly with nodes, landmarks, districts, edges.
● These elements placed in good form, increase human ability to see
and remember patterns and it is these patterns which make easier
to learn.

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 CREATING A MENTAL MAP
● A person's perception of the world is known as a mental
map.
● A mental map is an individual's own map of their known
world.
● Mental maps of individuals can be investigated .
● By asking for directions to a landmark or other location.
● By asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or
describe that area
● By asking a person to name as many places as possible in
a short period of time.

EVALUATION OF MENTAL MAP

● In terms of identity, what makes this particular image

unique among cities, structure.
● How the image is spatially formed and meaning. What
values are attached to the image through which one can
locate himself.
● Every person has a different mental map according to
his/her understanding of the city.

PUBLIC IMAGE
● Each individual holds a unique image of his or her city, a
visual representation that guides through daily life and
maps out meaning.
● Researching a sample of these images can help planners
describe a “public image” of their city
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HOW TO MAKE PUBLIC IMAGE?

● The public image of cities was created in two ways:

● By interviewing several citizens of cities
● Verbal Interview
● Making a quick sketch map
● By Field study on foot by trained observer
● Images gained from the public imageability are used to
create a “public image” of the city i.e. the people‟s view
of city.
● These depend upon the elements of the city
1. Interviewed images
2. Field survey

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3.3 TOWNSCAPE AND CULLEN 

His techniques consisted largely of sketchy drawings that

conveyed a particularly clear understanding of his ideas, and
these had a considerable influence on subsequent architectural
illustration styles. He also illustrated several books by other
various authors, before writing his own book - based on the idea
of Townscape - in 1961.

BOOKS:
The Concise Townscape

AWARDS
INTRODUCTION:  medal from The American Institute of Architects.
Born in the year 1914, in calverly, England. died in 1994.   Honarary Fellow of RIBA 1972 RDI for illustration and
English Architect and Urban Designer. Townscape

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES:

The concise townscape Theory.
British Theories of Urban Design in the post war period.
Pleasures of Observation
Hereness and Thereness
Serial Vision
Focal Point and Content

TECHNIQUES:
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SERIAL VISION:

● Gorden Cullen conceived the idea of serial vision

● Urban experience is one of a series of revelations with
delight and interest being stimulated by contrasts.

● Movement can be read as a pictorial sequence

● Perception oftime passing and distance travelled differs
from reality.
● Urban environment has to be designed from the point of
view of moving person
● Hereness and thereness articulates a movement in
passage of time

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 TOWNSCAPE - DEFINITION

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DEFINITION OF TOWNSCAPE
Town scape is to the effect that one building is architecture but
two buildings ​townscape. ​Such problems as relation ship
between the buildings and the space between the buildings
immediately assume importance.develop townscape qualities to
the full for the advantages of urban living ,with full deveopment
of urbanity largely deendent upon a degree of compact close
relationship of town elements.
ELEMENTS OF TOWNSCAPE
To walk from one end of the plan to the another ,set a uniform
pace ,will provide a sequence of serial vision

THEME OF THE TOWNSCAPE

• Firstly, there is the concept of creating a place. Cullen
points out the physical and visual elements which allow
us to canonise public space.
• Secondly, he introduces the concept of serial vision which
illustrates that the individual's reception of spatial
information is the constant play off between the existing
view and the emerging view as the observer moves
through urban space.

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 • Thirdly, he formulates a casebook of these design devices
such as 'juxtaposition' or 'immediacy' which cause us to
interact either emotionally or actively with the
environment
• It is for this reason that Cullen developed the concept of
serial vision.​ This method of representation can be used
as a tool for surveying, analyzing and designing. A serial
vision is a series of sketches that represent the changes
and constrasts in the character of the built environment
that one experiences when moving around the city.
OCCUPIED TERRITORY
Shade ,shelter amenity and convinience
are the usual causes of possession.this possesion includes
floorscape,posts,canopies,enclaves,focal points and enclosures.
VISCOSITY
Where there is a mixture of static possession and possession in
movement- the formation of groups chatting ,of slow window
–shoppers people selling news papers and so on.
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ENCLAVE
The interior open to exterior and having free and diret access
from one to other is seen here as an accessible place or room
out of the main directional stream.
ENCLOSURE
it is uniit of the precinctual pattern outside the noise and speed
of impersonal communication
SERIAL VISION​
Serial Vision is to walk from one end of the plan to another, at a
uniform pace, will provide a sequence of revelations which are
suggested in the serial drawings opposite, reading from left to
right.
CONTENT​
Content concerned with the intrinsic quality of the various
subdivisions of the environment, and start with the great
landscape categories of metropolis, town, arcadia, park,
industrial, arable and wild nature.
FOCAL POINT​
Focal point is the idea of the town as a place of assembly, of
social intercourse, of meeting, was taken for granted
throughout the whole of human civilization up to the twentieth
century.
HERE AND THERE
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The practical result of so articulating the town into identifiable
parts is that no sooner do we create a HERE than we have to
admit a THERE, and it is precisely in the manipulation of these
two spatial concepts that a large part of urban drama arises.
Man-made enclosure, if only of the simplest kind, divides the
environment into HERE and THERE. On this side of the arch, in
Ludlow, we are in the present, uncomplicated and direct world,
our world. The other side is different, having in some small way
a life of its own (a with-holding).

3.4 GENIUS LOCI AND SCHULZ 

PLACE & GENIUS LOCI

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In Roman mythology a ​Genius loci​ was the protective spirit of a
place. In contemporary usage, "​genius loci​" usually refers to a
location's distinctive atmosphere, or a "spirit of place". The
concept of "​genius loci​" has been discussed in modern
architecture, but still is much underestimated.
While spirit of place/genius loci was originally, and to some
people still is, closely associated with beliefs about the sacred
character of places, it has been increasingly secularized.
It is the spirit (or soul) of place as “the unique, distinctive and
cherished aspects of place.”
The term “sense of place” is often,, used to mean much the
sense of place is the lens through which people experience and
make meaning of their experiences in and with place
FINDING GENIUS LOCI OF AN URBAN AREA
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“A  Place  is  a  qualitative,  ‘total’  phenomenon,  which  we  cannot 
reduce  to  any  of  its  properties  such  as  spatial  relationships, 
without losing its concrete nature out of sight”​ (p 8, Genius Loci) 
According to Schulz, Genius loci of human settlement in fact
represents a microcosmos, and cities differ in what they gather.
In some, forces of the earth are strongly felt, in others the
ordering power of the sky, others again have the presence of
humanized nature or are saturated with light. All cities,
however, have to possess something of all these categories of
meaning to make urban dwellings possible.
One of the essential flaws of modern architecture and
ur-banism, according to Norberg-Schulz, was the fact that
architects have tended to ignore and neglect the existential
dimension, thus significantly impoverishing the humaneness of
the built environment
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 Defunct square in the vicinity of Pylimo Street.

Sculpture “Sisters” by Dalia Matulaitė in Arklių square, Vilnius

Šventaragis square in Vilnius after reconstruction

Šventaragis square in Vilnius after reconstruction

 
3.5 HISTORIC CITY AND ROSSI 

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 The Architecture of the city
A scientific AutoBiography
Aldo Rossi: Architect
Aldo Rossi: projects and drawings
Aldo Rossi: Architecture

PRINCIPLE:
OBSERVATION IS THE BEST ARCHITECTURAL SCHOOL

ALDO ROSSI’S INTERPRETATION OF THE CITY

INTRODUCTION: Aldo Rossi – “The Architecture of the City” – divided into four parts
Born in the year 1931 in Milan, Italy. died in 1997.
Italian Architect, Theorist, Product Designer. 1. The structure of urban artifacts
The individuality of urban artifacts, the urban
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES:
artifact as a work of art, typological questions,
Modernism
Neo Rationalism critique of naïve functionalism, problems of
Post Modernism classification, the complexity of urban artifacts,
‘​Caught between the classical world and the industrial world​’ monuments and the theory of permanence
“​One can say that the city itself is the collective memory of its
people, and like memory it is associated with objects and places. 2. Primary elements and the concept of area
The city is the locus of the collective memory.” Study area, residential districts as study area,
individual dwelling, typological problem of housing in
AWARDS: Berlin, Garden city and Villa Radieuse, primary
He was the first Italian to receive the elements, dynamics of urban elements, the ancient
Pritzker Prize for architecture. city, processes of transformation, geography and
He achieved international recognition in four distinct areas: history– the human creation
theory, drawing, architecture and product design. 3. The individuality of urban artifacts
BOOKS:
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 The locus, architecture as science, urban ecology and
psychology, how urban elements become defined, the
roman forum, monuments- summary of the critique of
the concept of context, the city as history, the
collective memory, Athens
4. The evolution of urban artifacts
The city as field of application for various forces,
economies, further considerations on the nature of Land
ownership, hou​sing problem, urban scale, politics as a
choice.
According to Aldo Rossi, the collective memory of a city is
based on common places that a community remembers.
ARTEFACTS:
Buildings that evolve over time are key to the collective
memory of a city: ​they are shared memories that
shape a city's identity.
Rossi called these buildings ​urban artifacts​, and linked
them to works of art because they help shape and are
shaped by the public's unconsciousness.
These urban artifacts evolve over time: they change their
functions, they grow, they shrink, but the core stays the
same. The artifacts are considered as origin for the locus.
FUNCTION:
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Function should be disregarded and should not be by
means of only classification
PERMANENCE:
Permanent buildings of the past are an experience for
ever.
URBAN SEQUENCE:
The relationship between the urban sequence and the
artifact is dual.
The city is made by its parts.Artefacts are reminiscence
of the past. The uniqueness of each city lies in its parts
(artifacts). that consist mainly of monuments, public
buildings and historical content.
LOCUS:
Rossi distinguishes Locus (the relationship between a
specific location and the buildings that are in it) from
“context”. Locus or Genius Loci is the spirit of the place.
TYPOLOGY:
Typology presents itself as the study of types of
elements that cannot be further reduced, elements of a
city as well as of architecture. Typology of Rossi;s urban
artefacts cannot be reduced further
ROSSI’S OTHER ASPECTS OF URBANISM
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 ALDO ROSSI’S CITY OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY

3.6 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF URBANISM AND THE WORKS OF JANE JACOBS 

INTRODUCTION:
Born on May 4, 1916 in Scranton, US.
Her mother, Bess Robison Butzner a teacher and nurse. Her
father, John Decker Butzner, was a physician.
After graduation, Jane worked for a local newspaper.
American and Canadian writer and activist Jane Jacobs
transformed the field of urban planning with her writing about
American cities

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PRINCIPLES: THEORIES OF JANE JACOBS
Cities as living ​ecosystems​. ● Social behavior of people in cities
Resistance to replacement of urban communities with high rise ● Economic Behaviour of cities
buildings ● Aspects of Decay
Loss of community to expressways ● Suggested changes in housing, traffic design, planning and
Founder of the ​New Urbanist​ movement (Along with Lewis administrative practices – how to handle organized
Mumford) complexity
BOOKS:
The economy of cities CONTRIBUTION OF JANE JACOBS TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF
Death and life of Great American Cities SOCIETY AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING CONCEPTS:
Dark Age Ahead
Systems of Survival Medium of Contribution – Theories on city planning - in the
The question of Separatism book - THE DEATH & LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES

CRITIQUES OF JANE JACOBS : Purpose of the book:

● What makes cities work?
● Why are someneighborhoods full of things to do and see
and why are others dull?
● Why does the crime rate soar in our public housing
developments and why are some of our older
neighborhoods so much more stable, safe and congenial?
● Why do some neighborhoods attract interested and
responsible populations while others degenerate?
● Why are some good neighborhoods considered as slums
by orthodox city planners?
● What alternatives are there to current city planning and
rebuilding?
Attack on current methods of city planning and rebuilding
Explanation of new principles
An argument for different methods from those now in use
An alternative to conventional city planning
The book is dealt with in 4 parts:
PART 1 ​–​ ​THE PECULIAR NATURE OF CITIES
PART 2 ​–​ ​THE CONDITIONS FOR CITY DWELLERS
PART 3 ​–​ ​THE FORCES OF DECLINE AND REGENERATION
PART 4 ​–​ ​DIFFERENT TACTICS
PART 1 – THE PECULIAR NATURE OF CITIES
Social behavior of people in cities

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Qualities of a good street – safety
● Clear demarcation between public and private spaces
● Eyes upon street – eyes belonging to the natural
proprietors of street – all buildings to face street
● Sidewalks must have continuous users on it. The street
should induce users to use it.

Qualities of a good street – Children

● Need for variety of places to play and to learn,
opportunities for all kinds of sports and exercises and
physical skills.
● Need for unspecialized home base from which to play, to
hang around in, and to help form their own notions of the
world. – lively side walks
● Sidewalks thirty feet wide can accommodate virtually any
play and loitering potential for y

Qualities of a good city – neighborhood parks

● eyes on street ● Parks are volatile spaces
● Cities with generalized parks are hardly justified since
some are unfitted by location, size or shape
● Most parks are located where people don’t pass by.
● In short generalized parks must be converted into
specialized park like fishing parks etc based on site
conditions.
Qualities of a good city – city neighborhood
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 ● The ideal of a city neighborhood – an island, turned the function may be
inward on itself
● City neighborhoods as organs of self government
● Three types of neighborhoods – city as a whole, street
neighborhoods, districts / sub cities
● Aim of successful neighbourhood - Foster lively
interesting streets, Continuous fabric, Use parks and
playgrounds, Emphasize functional identity of areas -
district
PART 2 – THE CONDITIONS FOR CITY DWELLERS
Economic Behaviour of cities
The generators of diversity – conditions for diversity:
City must serve more than one primary function
Most blocks must be short and to create corners for interaction
Districts must contain buildings that vary in age, condition and
functionThere must be dense concentration of people whatever

The need for primary mixed uses:

Creates multifunctional cities so that even if one function fails
others make the cities live.
The need for small blocks – people tend to avoid walking longer
blocks leaving it lonely
The need for aged buildings - creates a variety and diversity
The need for concentration – creates lively streets and squares

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 ● Mixed uses – create opposite of slums
● Dense population – contain neighborhoods that
regenerate themselves spontaneously
● Old buildings – add variety and diversity to cities & attract
large number of casual visitors
● Decentralized ownership – encourage investment

PART 3 ​–​ ​THE FORCES OF DECLINE AND REGENERATION

Examine aspects of decay
The self destruction of diversity
Curse of border vacuums
Unslumming and slumming
Gradual money and cataclysmic money
PART 4 ​–​ ​DIFFERENT TACTICS
Suggested changes in housing, traffic design, planning and
administrative practices – how to handle organized complexity
● Subsidized dwellings and salvaging projects
● Attririon of automobiles
● Dull inert cities contain the seeds of their own destruction
● Lively diverse intense cities contain the seeds of their own
regeneration

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​An Illustrated Guide to Jane Jacobs
In partnership with MAS and PPS, artist James Gulliver Hancock presents Jane Jacobs’s major principles in illustrated form

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 3.6 WILLIAM WHYTE AND URBANISM 

INTRODUCTION:
Born on 1 st October 1917, Westchester, pennysylvania, US.
William Hollingsworth "Holly" Whyte.
Died on 12​th​ January, 1999.
American urbanist, organizational analyst, journalist and people-watcher

BELIEF:
He always believed that the greatest lesson the
city has to offer us is the idea that we are all in
it together, for better or for worse.

BOOKS:
The Social Life of small urban spaces City: rediscovering the center
The organization man
The last landscape
The Essential

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3.8 JAN GEHL AND URBANISM
PLACE MAKING AND IDENTITY
Placemaking​ is a multi-faceted approach to the ​planning​, design
and management of public spaces. Placemaking capitalizes on a
local community's assets, inspiration, and potential, with the
intention of creating public spaces that promote people's
health, happiness, and well being. It is political due to the nature
of ​place identity​.
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Placemaking is both a process and a philosophy that makes use
of urban design principles. It can be either official and
government led, or community driven grass roots ​tactical
urbanism​, such as extending sidewalks with chalk, paint, and
planters, or open streets events. Good placemaking makes use
of underutilized space to enhance the urban experience at the
pedestrian scale.
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A diagram displaying an artists rendering of different examples of placemaking
that ​architects​ and ​planners​ use to enhance pedestrian experiences.

IDEOLOGIES OF JAN GEHL

WORK METHODOLOGY ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLES OF

JAN GEHL
The unique methodology of Jan Gehl Architects is based
on the principle that people are the most important priority
of public space in the process of planning cities. Public
space should be a place for everyone that includes unique
qualities and benefits of a particular urban environment,
open to a variety of activities and opportunities.
We take their principles and formulate a design solution
and a strategic plan for the project of the Grand creative
park in Kragujevac based on quantitative and qualitative
research of social context of space usage and public life in
this place at all.
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This way, guidelines and strategies for maximizing
individual potential and development of the park are based
on a comprehensive understanding of the cultural and
geographical specificity of Kragujevac and the immediate
environment of the park.
SPACE
The area is being designed and developed based on the
vision of public life, in order to facilitate and encourage the
desired activity. Space can be planned according to the
parameters of the desired route, destination, user groups
and activities as part of a vision. The space should be
designed to create new values and to make best use of the
existing ones. Our solution starts with the formulation of the
vision and the comprehensive program of activities based
on the type of life activities and attractions that are inherent
in this area. The next step is to develop a network of public
spaces that can support the vision of public life through the
conditions, form and climate.
REVERSE THE PROCESS
The main idea is that the use of public space is a key factor
in the quality of life in urban areas. The usual methodology
of planning, which focuses on traffic and buildings, must be
turned back so that people and users become more visible
in the planning process. In most cases, the beginning of
the creation is a vision of beautiful objects, which creates
the “overshadowing factor”, around which is free space.
There remains hope that the rest of the space will come to
life.
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This approach leaves to chance the most important
aspects that make the city dynamic, safe and attractive. By
applying the Gehl methodology, we will work to establish a
different path of thinking: humans first, then the
environment tailored to their needs.
PEOPLE
The basis of planning has to be a vision of public life in the
given area. Who are its potential users? What activities
would take place in it? What kind of life can develop there?
The strategic guidelines of Gehl Architects were selected
and applied in the context of studies, workshops, public
consultations, lectures and conferences.
‘’The road to creating successful spaces begins with
putting people first”.
To ensure that the reconstructed park has a dynamic
public life and in order to avoid the most common mistakes
of modern urban planning, we will apply methods of work
entitled Life / Property / Building by the consulting firm Gehl
Architects.
COUNTING
Counting is a widely used tool in public life studies. In
principle, everything can be counted, which provides
numbers for making comparisons before and after,
between different geographic areas or over time.
MAPPING
Activities, people, places for staying and much more can
be plotted in, that is, drawn as symbols on a plan of an
area being studied to mark the number and type of
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activities and where they take place. This is also called Taking a walk while observing the surrounding life can be
behavioral mapping. more or less systematic, but the aim is that the observer
has a chance to notice problems and potentials for city life
TRACING on a given route.
People’s movements inside or crossing a limited space can
be drawn as lines of movements on a plan of the area
being studied.
TRACKING
In order to observe people’s movements over a large area
or for a longer time, observers can discreetly follow people
without their knowing it or follow someone who knows and
agrees to be followed and observed. This is also called
shadowing.
LOOKING FOR TRACES
Human activity often leaves traces such as litter in the
streets, dirt patches on grass etc, which provides the
observer with information about the city life. These traces
can be registered through counting, photographing or
mapping.
PHOTOGRAPHING
Photographing is an essential part of public life studies to
document situations where urban life and form either
interact or fail to interact after initiatives have been taken.
KEEPING A DIARY
Keeping a diary can register details and nuances about the
interaction between public life and space, noting
observations that can later be categorized and/or
quantified.
TEST WALKS

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 3.9 COLLAGE CITY AND COLIN ROWE 

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3.10CURRENT THEORIES AND TEXTS 

MORPHOLOGY COHESIVENESS AND INCOHESIVENESS

Urban morphology is the study of the form of human
settlements and the process of their formation and
transformation.
Urban morphology seeks to understand the spatial structure
and character of an urban area by examining its patterns and
the process of its development.
Generic city - without proper planning principles and urban
development control -​ I​ ncoherence
Generic city - with proper planning principles and urban
development control – ​cohesive city
Reason for incoherence- ​lack of planning controls and lack of
proper policy implementations.

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URBAN FRINGE
The rural–​urban fringe​, also known as the outskirts, rurban,
peri-​urban​ or the​urban​ hinterland, can be described as the
"landscape interface between town and country", or also as the
transition zone where ​urban​ and rural uses mix and often clash.

URBAN BLIGHT
Urban decay​ (also known as ​urban​ rot and ​urban blight​) ​is​ the
process by which a previously functioning city, or part of a city,
falls into disrepair and decrepitude.
GENTRIFICATION
It ​ is a process of changing the character of a neighborhood
through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses..
Gentrification often increases the economic value of a
neighborhood, but the resulting demographic change is
frequently a cause of controversy.
Gentrification often shifts a neighborhood's racial/ethnic
composition and average household income by developing new,
more expensive housing, businesses and improved
resources.The gentrification process is typically the result of
increasing attraction to an area by people with higher incomes
spilling over from neighboring cities, towns, or neighborhoods.
URBAN DEGRADATION AND URBAN OBSOLESCENCE
 
1. NEW URBANISM 
DEFINITION
New Urbanism​ is an international movement focused on human
scaled ​urban​ design​.
New Urbanism​ promotes the creation and restoration of
diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities
composed of the same components as conventional
development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in
the form of complete communities. These contain housing,
work places, shops, entertainment, schools, parks, and civic
facilities essential to the daily lives of the residents, all within
easy walking distance of each other. New Urbanism promotes
the increased use of trains and light rail, instead of more
highways and roads.

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New Urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making, and
is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the
form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods -
the way communities have been built for centuries around the
world. New Urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well
as the creation of compact new towns and villages.
GOALS OF NEW URBANISM
● To reduce dependence on the car
● To create livable and walkable, neighborhoods with a
densely packed array of housing, jobs, and commercial
sites.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM
1. Walkability
-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street;
porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street
parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow
speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases
2. Connectivity
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases
walking
-A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes
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walking pleasurable
3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site.
Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within
buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races
4. Mixed Housing
A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a
sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within
community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings
nourish the human spirit
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space
designed as civic art
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center;
progressively less dense towards the edge.
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The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes
mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific
natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings.

The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat

assessment with zoning methodology for community design.
The professional boundary between the natural and man-made
disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of
the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of
nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate
building and street types for each area along the continuum.
7. Increased Density
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together
for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services
and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable
place to live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of
densities from small towns, to large cities

8. Smart Transportation
-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and
neighborhoods together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of
bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily
transportation

9. Sustainability
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its
operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of
natural systems
The Transect
-Energy efficiency
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
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-More walking, less driving to bike trails, parks, and nature; Pedestrian friendly
communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in
10. Quality of Life the neighborhood and town, resulting in meaningful
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth relationships with more people, and a friendlier town; More
living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the freedom and independence to children, elderly, and the poor in
human spirit. being able to get to jobs, recreation, and services without the
need for a car or someone to drive them; Great savings to
residents and school boards in reduced busing costs from
children being able to walk or bicycle to neighborhood schools;
More diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local
owners who are involved in community; Big savings by driving
less, and owning less cars; Less ugly, congested sprawl to deal
with daily; Better sense of place and community identity with
more unique architecture; More open space to enjoy that will
remain open space; More efficient use of tax money with less
spent on spread out utilities and roads

2. BENEFITS TO BUSINESSES
Increased sales due to more foot traffic & people spending less
on cars and gas; More profits due to spending less on
Capri, Italy advertising and large signs; Better lifestyle by living above shop
BENEFITS OF NEW URBANISM in live-work units - saves the stressful & costly commute;
Economies of scale in marketing due to close proximity and
1. BENEFITS TO RESIDENTS cooperation with other local businesses; Smaller spaces
Higher quality of life; Better places to live, work, & play; Higher, promote small local business incubation; Lower rents due to
more stable property values; Less traffic congestion & less smaller spaces & smaller parking lots; Healthier lifestyle due to
driving; Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress; more walking and being near healthier restaurants; More
Close proximity to main street retail & services; Close proximity community involvement from being part of community and
knowing residents
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3. BENEFITS TO DEVELOPERS
More income potential from higher density mixed-use projects
due to more leasable square footage, more sales per square
foot, and higher property values and selling prices; Faster
approvals in communities that have adopted smart growth
principles resulting in cost / time savings; Cost savings in parking
facilities in mixed-use properties due to sharing of spaces
throughout the day and night, resulting in less duplication in
providing parking; Less need for parking facilities due to mix of
residences and commercial uses within walking distance of each
other; Less impact on roads / traffic, which can result in lower
impact fees; Lower cost of utilities due to compact nature of
New Urbanist design; Greater acceptance by the public and less
resistance from NIMBYS; Faster sell out due to greater
acceptance by consumers from a wider product range resulting
in wider market share
4. BENEFITS TO MUNICIPALITIES
Stable, appreciating tax base; Less spent per capita on
infrastructure and utilities than typical suburban development
due to compact, high-density nature of projects; Increased tax
base due to more buildings packed into a tighter area; Less
traffic congestion due to walkability of design; Less crime and
less spent on policing due to the presence of more people day
and night; Less resistance from community; Better overall
community image and sense of place; Less incentive to sprawl
when urban core area is desirable; Easy to install transit where
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it's not, and improve it where it is; Greater civic involvement of
population leads to better governance
WAYS TO IMPLEMENT NEW URBANISM
The most effective way to implement New Urbanism is to plan
for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This
directs all future development into this form
New Urbanism is best planned at all levels of development:
-The single building
-Groups of buildings
-The urban block
-The neighborhood
-Networks of neighborhoods
-Towns
-Cities
-Regions
Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out,
has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the
environment. It also prevents congestion problems and the
environmental degradation normally associated with growth.
 
"Only when humans are again permitted to build authentic urbanism — those cities, towns, and
villages that nurture us by their comforts and delights — will we cease the despoiling of Nature
by escaping to sprawl"​ -​Andres Duany 
2. URBAN CATALYST 
THE IDEA OF URBAN CATALYST
Urban catalysts​ are new redevelopment strategies comprised of
a series of projects that drive and guide ​urban​ development. ...
The difference between the ​urban catalyst​ and these
redevelopment strategies is that ​catalytic​ redevelopment is a
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holistic approach, not a clean-slate approach, to revitalizing
the ​urban ​fabric.

EXAMPLES
TEMPORARY USE AS A CATALYST

PRINCIPLES

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ARCHITECTURE AS A CATALYST

MILWAUKEE – A CASE STUDY

END OF UNIT 3 
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