Professional Documents
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Chapter 2 History SC and ST
Chapter 2 History SC and ST
Chapter 2 History SC and ST
HISTORICAL ASPECT
Introduction
"Slavery does not merely mean a legalized form of subjection. It means a state of society in
which some men are forced to accept from others the purposes which control their conduct"
independence from British Rule in 1947. The Constituent Assembly of India wisely drafted
the Constitution of India after taking inspiration from the constitutions of major democracies
of the world like France, Germany, South Africa, Ireland, Canada, Australia, Japan, and the
U.S.A. The Constitution of India adopts the essence of Democracy, Equality, Socialism, and
Secularism in it, with this, it also encompasses the value of human dignity and guarantees six
The constitution of India adopts the unique feature of reservation. According to the oxford
dictionary, the word 'Reserve' means something that you keep for a special reason or to use at
later date and the term reservation means a seat, table, room, etc. that you have booked. In the
Indian context, reservation refers to the act of reserving a fixed number of seats in
government jobs, legislatures, and educational institutions for the weaker section of society.
The term weaker section includes the people of the country who are socially and
educationally backward due to lack of resources and the prevalent caste system in Indian
society. The reservation policy was introduced for them as affirmative action, with an idea of
ensuring the equality and adequate representation of backward classes in every service under
the state.
History
In the Hindu religion, the caste system divides people into four categories or varnas -
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and the Shudras. According to Hindu believes these four
varnas originated from Brahma, the creator of the Universe, Vedas, and people. The caste
system is considered the distorted form of the Varna system. In the hierarchy of the caste
system, Brahmins were on the top. They were supposed to originate from the head of
Brahma.
Brahmins were considered intellectuals and they used to work as teachers and priests. Then
the Kshatriyas were in the second place, they were, supposedly originated from the arms of
Brahma. Kshatriyas were the rulers and warriors of the kingdoms. The third place was given
to Vaishyas, traders, artisans and farmers. They were originated from the thighs of Brahma.
At the bottom of this hierarchy, were the Shudras, who were considered to be originated from
the Brahma's feet. They used to do all the inferior jobs of society. This caste system is still
prevalent in our system and it creates the need for the reservation policy in India. Caste-based
discrimination, which leads to the social backwardness of the people, is the root cause for the
The idea of reservation policy in India was originally developed by William Hunter and
Jyotirao Phule in the year 1882. The basic principle behind the reservation was the Caste
System and the malpractice of untouchability in India. But the prevailing reservation system
in today's India was introduced in 1933 by British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald in the
Under the provisions of the communal award, there were separate electorates for Europeans,
Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, and the Dalits. But on 24th September
1932 when the Poona Pact agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Ambedkar was
signed, it was decided that for Hindus there would be a single elective with certain
When India got independence from British rule in 1947, and the country was divided into two
parts India and Pakistan. With the partition, much of the Muslim population migrated to
Pakistan and Hinduism became the most prominent religion in India. So, when the
constituent assembly was framing the Constitution of India, social discrimination based on
the case system was a big hindrance to equality in society. So, the provision of reservation for
the socially backward classes was introduced in the Constitution of India. Reservations were
initially introduced for a period of 10 years and only for SCs and STs, but it kept on
In 1991, OBCs were also included in the ambit of the reservation after the recommendations
of the Mandal Commission. In 2007, reservation was implemented in the All India Quota
Seats in which 15% seats were reserved for SC category and 7.5% for ST category. On 14
January 2019 when the 103rd Constitutional amendment was enforced; 10% reservation was
given to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in the general category under articles
Reservation for the EWS category was given over and above the existing 50% reservation for
SC/ST/OBC categories. On July 29, 2021 the Government of India has decided to provide
27% reservation for OBCs and 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Section in the All
India Quota Scheme for undergraduate and postgraduate medical/dental courses which will
The Constitution of India ensures the right to equality and prohibits discrimination on
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. With this, it also guarantees special
Nothing shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of
any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and
This enables the state to form special policies to ensure adequate representation of backward
classes like SCs, STs, and OBCs in educational institutions, public employment, and
legislature.
"Equality may be a fiction but nonetheless one must accept it as a governing principle"- Dr.
Article 14 of the Constitution of India provides that The State shall not deny to any person
equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India
Article 14 highlights two aspects: equality before the law and equal protection of laws.
This concept is adopted from the English Common law and it means that no person is above
law and all persons irrespective of their race, religion, rank, and position must be treated
equally. This concept is considered negative in nature because it denies special privileges in
favor of any individual. It also declares that all individuals are subject to the ordinary
This concept is adopted from the American constitution. It means the people at equal levels
positive in nature. Equality protection of laws is based on the principle that likes should be
treated alike which means people in similar situations must be treated similarly. It prohibits
discrimination between persons who are at the same level and under the same circumstances.
But at the same time, it does not prohibit the different treatment for the unequals.
The right to equality under Article 14 is not limited to the citizens of India but is available to
It is a wise man who said that there is no greater inequality than the equal treatment of
In the case of Andhra Pradesh v. Nalla Raja Reddy1, it was held equality will be violated not
only when the equals are treated unequally but also when unequal are treated equally.
The constitution of India follows the principle, Equality among equals and unequal should be
treated differently. So, there is the provision of the Reservation for the citizens who are
Article 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution of India provide reservation to the socially and
educationally backward section of the society. It enables the government at State and Central
levels to reserve a fixed number of seats for SCs and STs in the government services.
Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any
special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation
of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of
1
Andhra Pradesh v. Nalla Raja Reddy 1967 AIR 1458
the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
Part XVI of the Constitution of India specifically deals with the Special Provisions Relating
to Certain Classes which Include reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Anglo-
In the year 2005, the government introduced the 93rd constitutional amendment act. With the
enactment of the act, Article 15 (5) was inserted in the constitution of India. Article 15(5)
provides that:
Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of Article 19 shall prevent the State
from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled
Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions
including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than
This provides reservation to the socially and educationally backward classes in the relation to
admission in public and private educational institutions. But this amendment was challenged
on the ground that it is against the principle of equality and violative to the basic structure of
the constitution.
In the case of Ashoka Kumar Thakur Vs Union of India2 of India, the 93rd constitutional
2
Ashoka Kumar Thakur Vs Union of India (2007) 4 SCC 361
amendment act, 2005 was challenged. The Supreme Court observed that reservation provide
an extra advantage to those who without such support dream of university education.
93rd constitutional amendment act does not violate the basic structure of the
Social and financial status must be studied for the identification of backward classes.
Caste or economic backwardness should not be the sole criteria of the reservation. For
together.
Creamy layer exclusion principle should not be extended to SCs and STs.
Reservation in Promotion
Reservation for SCs and STs in matters of promotion in public employment was a matter of
continuous conflict between the parliament and Apex Court. In 1992, in the case of Indra
Sawhney v. Union of India,3 the Supreme Court held that Article 16(4) does not allow the
reservation in promotion.
Against it, the parliament came with the 77th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1995, and
inserted a new clause (4A) under Article 16, which empowers the state to make the
provisions of reservation in the matter of promotion to SCs and STs in public employment.
3
Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, AIR 1993 SC 477
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in
matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the
services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in
the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State.
In the year 2000, the legislature came with the 82ndConstitutional Amendment Act, 2000.
This amendment inserted a proviso under Article 335 of the Constitution which states that:
Nothing in this article shall prevent in making of any provision in favour of the members of
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for relaxation in qualifying marks in any
to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a
State".
This amendment empowers the state to make provisions regarding relaxation of qualifying
marks or standard of evaluation, for the member of SCs and STs, in the matter of the
But in 2006, in the case of M. Nagaraj vs Union of India[iv], the Supreme Court extend the
creamy layer exclusion principle to SCs and STs and case laid down three conditions for the
The government has to show the backwardness of the particular community before
quantifiable data.
Overall efficiency of the public administration should not be affected due to reservation in
promotion.
The Court in this case states that the state is not bound to make reservations for SCs and STs
in the matter of promotions. It is the discretion of the state whether they want to provide
In the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 the new reservation was introduced by the
legislature. This amendment introduced a 10% reservation for the economically weaker
weaker sections (EWS) in public employment as well as admission in public and private
educational institutions.
Before this amendment, there was a ceiling limit of 50% on reservations. In which, 22.5% of
available seats were reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) (7.5% for
STs, 15% for SCs). In addition to this 27% of seats, were reservation was given to OBCs.
The total reservation provided before the 103rd constitutional amendment was 49.5%, which
was in conformity with the rule of 50% ceiling limit on the reservation.
103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 provides 10% reservation in addition to the
present reservation. It leads to a total reservation of about 60%, which contradicts the existing
general and broad way that it ought to be less than 50%.; how much less than 50% would
In Indra Sawhney v. Union of India[vi] Supreme Court held that like any other power
conferred by the constitution, power conferred by Article 16(4) must be exercised reasonably.
And the 50% ceiling limit over reservation should not be exceeded.
Supreme Court in Nagaraj v. Union of India[vii] states that the 50% ceiling limit of
reservation is a part of the basic structure of the constitution and it acts as a balancing factor
In Appanna v. state of Karnataka5, it was held that the state may make such provisions or
reservations for the betterment and amelioration of the weaker and economically backward
caste of a person cannot be the sole criteria for ascertaining whether a particular caste is
backward or not. Determinants such as poverty, occupation, place of habitation may all be
relevant factors to be taken into consideration. The court further held that it does not mean
4
Balaji v. State of Mysore AIR 1963 SC 649
5
Supra Note 4
6
Supra Note 6
that if once a caste is considered to be backward it will continue to be backward for all other
times. The government should review the test and if a class reaches the state of progress
where reservation is not necessary it should delete that class from the list of backward
classes.
In Indra Sawhney v. Union of India7, the Supreme Court has observed that the policy of
reservation has to be operated year- wise and there cannot be any such policy in perpetuity.
The State can review from year to year the eligibility of class of socially and educationally
backward class of citizens. Further, it has been held that article 15(4) does not mean that the
backward class to the total population. It is in the discretion of the State to keep reservation at
reasonable level by taking into consideration all legitimate claims and the relevant factors.
In the favour of 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, the then finance minister Arun Jaitley
said that "if two individuals are not equal due to birth or for economic reasons, then they
cannot be treated equally. Unequal cannot be treated equally and 50% cap on reservations
imposed by the Supreme Court was only for caste-based reservations, and the Economically
On July 29, 2021 the Government of India has approved 27% reservation for OBCs and 10%
reservation for Economically Weaker Section in the All India Quota Scheme for
undergraduate and postgraduate medical/dental courses from the current academic year. This
The concept of Creamy layer exclusion was firstly introduced in 1992, in the case of Indra
Sawhney v. Union of India[xi] (also known as Mandal Commission case). In this case, a nine
The Creamy layer, that is, the advanced section among the OBC's must be excluded from the
benefits of reservation. It was also held that this principle should not be applicable to SCs and
STs.
The Apex Court also asked the central government to fix the criteria for the identification of
the creamy layer. In 1993, the government set the ceiling limit of the creamy layer at 1 lakh.
It was subsequently increased to 2.5 lakh in 2004, 4.5 lakh in 2008, 6 lakh in 2013, and 8 lakh
since 2017.
some members of a backward class who are socially, economically as well as educationally
advanced as compared to the rest of the members of that community. They constitute the
forward section of that particular backward class and eat up all the benefits of reservations
meant for that class, without allowing benefits to reach the truly backward members.
But in M. Nagaraj vs Union of India8, the Supreme Court approved the decision of the
parliament and extend the creamy layer exclusion principle to SCs and STs
Tribes communities must be excluded from the benefits of reservation in government services
in order to transfer quota benefits to the weakest of the weaker individuals and not be
snatched away by members of the same class who were in the top creamy layer.
the whole object of reservation is to see that backward classes of citizens move forward so
that they may march hand in hand with other citizens of India on an equal basis. This will not
be possible if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public
sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always
were.
The objective behind the implication of reservation policy in India was to provide extra
protection to the socially and educationally backward sections of the society. And the Creamy
layer Exclusion principle is a step heading in the direction of achieving this objective.
8
Supra Note 4
This principle ensures that the fruits of reservation policy will reach the people who
genuinely require it. But it was argued against the judgment of the Supreme Court, that
economic prosperity cannot be the only measurement for social advancement. Economic
backwardness should be considered along with other criteria such as social and educational
In the case of Jarnail Singh v. Lachmi Narayan[xiii], Supreme Court reaffirms the application
The reservation policy is implemented not only in India but also in other countries. About
one-fourth of the countries have policies in the form of affirmative action, reservations,
alternative access, and positive discrimination to give equal opportunity to the deprived
section of the society. In the Unites States, affirmative actions were introduced in 1946 for
American blacks.
The countries which most successfully implement affirmative actions are Japan, the Soviet
Union, Cuba, Vietnam, and the countries of East Europe. These countries implement
affirmative action and use it as a tool to minimize inequality based on race, color, gender,
This helps up in the understanding that not only India, but many other countries are also
Affirmative action of reservation has socially and economically uplifted a large section of the
Caste-based reservation help in cope up with the historical negligence and injustice caused to
Reservation to the tribal groups (STs) has helped the members of the tribal community to
improve their representation in educational institutes and services of the state by minimizing
Reservation to the OBCs has helped the left-out section of society who was backward in
terms of education and other resources, but they were not part of SCs and STs.
Reservation to the economically weaker section of society (EWS) has helped the section of
society that was socially forward as compared to SCs and STs but was economically weaker.
This section was deprived of education and resources because of poor financial conditions.
Reservation helps in providing the same level of playing field to every citizen of the country.
It helps socially and educationally backward sections of society who are deprived of money,
education, and other resources. Without reservation, it was nearly impossible for them to
The reservation system in India has improved the delivery of justice to every section of
society by providing free legal aid to the members of SCs, STs, and women, who otherwise
In the socially backward section of society, only the economically sound people take
most of the benefits of the reservation and the rest of the section remains deprived due
to lack of knowledge and awareness, thus it ruins the aim of reservation, marginalized
abolishing it. People are using it as a tool to meet their political benefits.
Quotas based on the reservation are a form of discrimination against other citizens,
which is contrary to the right to equality guaranteed under the Constitution of India.
Reservation may adversely affect the educational, economic growth of India because
it does not ensure the efficiency of people who get selected by way of the quota
Reservation schemes do not elevate the quality of education and work efficiency of
In the caste-based reservation system, the economically backward section of the upper
caste does not get any benefit whereas the economically well-off section from
"Our struggle does not end so long as there is a single human being considered untouchable
The reservation policy was framed and implemented by the constituent assembly only for the
term of first 10 years after the commencement of the constitution. But the reservation policy
is still in existence.
Had this policy really helped the backward section of society in the last 70 years?
Is there any need to revise this policy and instead of caste-based reservation other
To find the answers to these questions we must consider the different facts together,
such as:
Caste-based discrimination is still prevalent in both rural and urban areas of the
country.
Untouchability is still practiced in a large part of the country. People from higher
caste avoid social interaction with the people from lower caste.
Socially backward classes are still among the poorest section (BPL) of the society.
Representation of SCs/STs and OBC is still not adequate in the public services.
The cases of atrocity against SCs/STs are still common in many parts of the country.
People from lower castes and tribal areas like the northeastern states of India are still
in our society.
By considering all these facts we can clearly observe that although a large section of
the backward classes has uplifted its educational and financial status but failed to
meet the same social status as others from upper castes in the society. With this, there
is an equally large section of the same class which is still untouched from the benefits
of this policy.
When we discuss the continuation of reservation in perpetuity the Supreme Court has
observed that Reservation will have to stop someday, after some years or decades, it must
In the case of M.R. Balaji v/s State of Mysore[xiv], the Apex Court has ruled that it does not
mean that if once a caste is considered to be backward it will continue to be backward for all
other times. The government should review the test and if a class reaches the state of progress
where reservation is not necessary it should delete that class from the list of backward
classes.
But to contradict this view, it is argued that, the apparent or official reservation and its
continuation in perpetuity is the outcome of the indirect reservation system in Indian society.
Where the son of a priest becomes a priest and, son of a scavenger becomes a scavenger. In
The priest of the temples is appointed only from one caste, that is, Brahman. The same
practice is also followed in other works or professions, the work of sanitization and manual
scavenging is generally performed by people of the lower caste of the society. This shows
that it is indirect and implied caste-based reservation in our society by which people of a
"The Out-caste is a by-product of the Caste system. There will be outcastes as long as there
are castes. Nothing can emancipate the Out-caste except the destruction of the Caste system.
Nothing can help to save Hindus and ensure their survival in the coming struggle except the
As long as the caste system is prevalent in our society it is very difficult to ensure equality in
our society. To remove social disparity, the caste-based reservation will also be required. So,
to abolish or revise the caste-based reservation we first must reform our society and abolish
Equality is the essence of the constitution of India, but the reservation policy is contrary to
the principle of equality. Either the caste-based reservation or the reservation to economically
backward section of the society, the reservation policy provides special privileges and extra
protection to certain classes of people in the society and it disturbs the spirit of the
constitution of India.
The reservation policy was introduced under the Constitution of India as an ad-hoc policy for
a period of 10 years. But it is continued till now and it has created a feeling of enmity among
the people of upper caste people against the caste-based reservation system, as they are
getting less opportunities in jobs and admissions in educational institutions because of the
continuation of reservation.
9
Dr.Ambedkar & Caste, Harijan, February 11, 1933, 3.
The reservation policy is a barrier to the merit system in the selection process. In the job
recruitments and admissions in the educational institutes, due to reservation, the deserving
candidates do not get their due share, and people with less efficiency and low merit get
selected. It adversely affects the working efficiency of the whole system at different levels.
The reservation policy is considered as the Political Gimmick, India had seen many protests
in past due to the reservation policy or demand of reservation policy, like Jats of Haryana,
highways, and roads, restricted the supply of daily needs and damaging railway tracks. So, it
acts as an obstruction in the functioning of the state and the root cause of these actions is
mostly political, where opposition parties try to make political pressure on the ruling party of
Conclusion
The reservation policy was framed by the Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting
Committee; Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar along with other members of the committee, the
intention was to provide reservation as a form of affirmative action so that the disadvantaged
groups can match up with the mainstream society. This policy was enacted for a period of 10
years, but it is continuing till today by way of extension because the aim of reservation was
not achieved.
To achieve the final aim of the reservation, that is, to overcome the historical injustice,
provide a level playing field for all, ensure adequate representation of all and to ensure
equality among all, the caste system and other discriminations must be completely abolished,
as it will help to reduce the disparity between the people of the country. But until the final
aim is achieved, it is very important that the fruits of reservation policy must reach the people
The policy of reservation can be fair and effective if it acts as affirmative action for the
meet the aim of the reservation policy, its aid should reach the majority of the population
which is considered as an underprivileged section of the society. Classes of people, who are
relatively forward in term of education, finance and social status should not enjoy the benefit
of the reservation.
In the present time, there is a need to revise the reservation policy of India so that the benefit
can reach the marginalized sections of the deprived classes. But while revising the reservation
policy, we must ensure that the benefit of the reservation should reach the socially,
economically, and educationally backward section of the society. Social, educational and
economic criteria should be taken cumulatively to determine the backward classes of the
society.
Exclusion of the relatively forward section, that is, the creamy layer among all castes, tribal
groups, and other beneficiaries of the reservation can be helpful in making the reservation
policy very effective. Reservation should not be provided perpetually generations after
generation. So that the fruits of the reservation can be provided to people who really deserve
Along with this, equal importance should be given for the abolishment of the caste system,
malpractice of untouchability, and other sorts of discrimination from our society. So that
Reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in public services and Educational
Institutions has a long history. Over years, a section of our population living in certain
pockets of the country and certain caste were deprived of certain benefit. Since ancient times
the Hindu Society was divided into four basic Varna namely Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya
and Shudra. Under the fourth Varna i.e. Shudra, there were many. Castes whose social,
cultural, economic and political status was very low. During British India the necessity for
identification and upliftment of these Castes was realized. The people from this category
were called with different names like shudra, dalit, untouchables depressed or oppressed
class. But for the reservation and other legal purposes they are called as Scheduled Castes.
The people who were living in jungles and hill are Adivasis and are called Scheduled tribes.
These people led the life of hardship, disability misery and exploitation at the hands of
people of higher Castes. These people were also run away from the mainstream of the
society.
Social reformer down the ages had tried to break the barriers by uplifting the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes and removing the social discrimination which separated the
Hindu society rule, various legal remedies were tried to counteract the discrimination against
the depressed classes so as to improve their economic and social status. After the
commencement of Indian Constitution many special provisions just like Article 15(4), 16(4),
46, 330, 335, 338, 339, 341, 342, and 366 (24), 366(25) were incorporated in the Indian
Constitution for the upliftment of these people. These Articles empower the state to make
hierarchies, removal of social stigma attached to the Scheduled Castes and creation of a
pressure group in the administration to safeguard the rights and interest of these sections of
So for as the time limit of the Reservation Policy is concern Dr. B.R. Ambedkar also was of
the view that reservation benefit should be given for a limited period. Because he did not
wish to see his people as a habitual of reservation fruit juice. Due to political selfishness, this
reservation was stretched time to time. The present situation says that no political parties
dare to break the path of reservation. For present situation the implementing authority as
well as ruling and non-ruling political parties are responsible. But the time has come to
rethink and remanage the old model of reservation policy because even after 62 years of the
policy and applications of the provisions are hoch-poch. Todays is the time of globalization,
situation so that the intention of the framers of Indian Constitution may be fulfilled and
reservational fruit juice may be provided only to the actual needy person of Scheduled
Even 62 year have been passed but implementation of Reservation Policy could not get
satisfactory position among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In present time the
circumstances has been changed than the condition at the time of independence. The
Castes and Scheduled Tribes so that this unfunate people of the society may get
opportunity in education, Politics as well as in Government Services. But the result is
Many fields have been emerged which is disturbing the Reservation Policy. So in the light of
latest development and changed circumstances There is need of new type of reservation
policy in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes So that actual advancement may
be found. There is also necessary to analysis the old model of reservation policy so that the
actual needy could get the benefit of Reservation. Due to development It is demand of time
Through this study Researcher has concentrated his work only to identification of Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled tribes, Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes in job
and Educational Institutions. I have also tried to discuss about the exclusion of SCs and STs
creamy layers from the purview of reservation policy like other backward classes. 1 have
also tried to discuss that in the time of globalization, modernization, liberalization, economic
policy after 1991 and privatization, the reservation should be provided against private
One of the main emphasis of my research work is on the problem of creamy layer and
Scheduled Tribe persons. How the creamy layer persons would be identified and could be
excluded from the reservation benefit and needy SCs and STs person may get its benefit.
The concept of creamy layer is examined in the light of supreme court's decision delivered
in M. Nagraj V. Union of India (SC. 2006), Locur Committee Report, Usha Sharma Report
What will be the basis of determination? Under Article 341 and 342 of the Indian Constitution only
The question is: Can the President of India arbitrarily declare any caste or it's part (sub-
caste) as SC or ST or there should be any other criteria? The question arose when in 2002
some of Castes of same district in U.P. such as 'Gond' which treated as SC have been
declared as ST. The Mulayam Government tried that some of Castes belonging to other
backward class are included in Scheduled Castes. In fact these Articles are being used for
Privatization of public sectors has been increasing day by day. There is no reservation
provision in private sector services. So the chance of getting service of the SCs and STs are
decreasing. Enterprisers are not ready to accept the reservation policy where as they get