PNTC COLLEGES

Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING MODULE

COURSE CODE SEA 101A PRE-REQUISITE None

COURSE TITLE Ships, Ship Routine & Construction SEMESTER 1st
UNITS 4 YEAR LEVEL 1st
COURSE DESCRIPTION This course covers the requirements in Chapter II of the 1978 STCW Convention, as
amended, in Table A-II/1 of Section A-II/1 and Table A-II/2 of Section A-II/2. This course
provides the background knowledge to support the following main topics arranged by
chapters: The Principal Structure Members of a ship, Working Knowledge of the Mooring
System and Related Procedures, Knowledge of Deck Equipment, Knowledge of the
Following Procedures and their Abilities, and Ability to Carry Out Deck Maintenance
According to Shipboard Instructions and Safety.
CREATED BY 2/M Jeus A. Bencio - Faculty, MT, College of Maritime Education

TOPIC LEARNING
OUTCOMES
WEEKLY CONTENT TOPIC
At the end of the lesson, the ACTIVITIES
students shall be able to:
Module 3 (Week 3) The Principal Structure Members of a Ship

Topic 3: Ship Stresses Engage

Stress How can you say that you are

- Load put on a piece of material • explain shear force; stressed? What factors contribute
or a structure. for you to be stressed?
- Force per unit area. • explain bending moment;
Explore
A ship at sea is subjected to a number of • differentiate hogging from
forces causing the structure to distort. sagging;
Initially, these may be divided into two
categories: • explain the loading
condition which give rise to
Static Force – Ship floating at rest in still hogging and sagging
water stresses;

Two major forces acting:
• the weight of the ship
• buoyancy
Dynamic Force – Force resulting from the
ship’s motion, action of winds and waves
and effects of operating machineries.
• Longitudinal Stress (hogging &
sagging)
• Transverse Stress (racking & effect
of water pressure)
• Local Dynamic Stress (panting and
pounding)
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009
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• explain how hogging and
sagging stress are caused by
sea state;
• explain hogging and
sagging stress in tensile and
compressive forces on deck
and bottom structure of the
ship;
• explain water pressure
stress on ship’s hull;
Why do you think this container
vessel breaks in half?
Explain and Elaborate
Discussion of Topic
Evaluate
What will happen if the ship
continues to experience free-surface
effect?
SEA 101A(Module 3)
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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

• explain liquid pressure How can ship stresses affect the safe
Longitudinal Stress in Still Water loading in tank structures; operation on ship?
Although up thrust (buoyancy) is equal to
the weight of the ship displaced, the • explain free surface Quiz on Edmodo.
distribution of weight and buoyancy is not effect;
uniform throughout the length of the vessel. Extend
• describe racking stress
This gives rise to difference in load and its causes; Why is it important to recognize
throughout the length of the ship in form of different stresses your ship is
bending moment and shear force. • define pounding; experiencing?

Bending moment – Bending moment causes • define slamming; As a third mate of a vessel, how will
the hull to experience tensile stresses on one you act if you notice that a part of
side of the neutral axis and compressive • define panting; your vessel is experiencing more
stresses on the other. than acceptable limit of shearing
• identify which part of the force, as indicated in the loading
ship is affected by computer?
pounding, slamming and
panting; and

• identify the stresses

caused by localized loading.

Shearing Force – Longitudinal tensions due

to the local differences between upward
pressure (buoyancy) and the local weight.

• Longitudinal Stress in Seaway

These are the wave induced stress causing

hogging and sagging

Hogging occurs when a ship is supported

amidships on the crest of a single wave and
is subjected to compression in the lower
edge, which means, she would bend
upwards and suffer excessive stresses at the
middle of her length.

Sagging occurs when a ship is supported at

each end on the crests of two waves, and the
weight of the hull and its loads distributed
over the length in various degrees of
concentration, the upper edge of the ship
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 101A(Module 3)
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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

will be under tension, which means the ship

will bend downward at the middle of her
length.

Stress from Water Pressure

Water pressure acts perpendicular to the
surface, increasing with depth. The effect is
to push the ship’s side on and the boom up.

Free Surface Effect

When a tank is partially filled, the liquid’s
center of gravity position will change as the
ship is inclined. Liquid in partially filled tank
always decreases the initial metacentric
height, righting lever and angle of vanishing
stability.

Racking Stress
When the vessel is rolling, the accelerations
on the ship structure are liable to cause
distortions in the transverse section.
Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 101A(Module 3)
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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

Pounding
Pounding occurs due to heavy pitching as the
whole ship is lifted in a seaway and may
subject the forepart of the ship to severe
impact from the sea. It gives greatest effect
when in light condition.

Slamming
A phenomenon that results when the ship’s
bow emerges from the water and
subsequently submerges at an attitude such
that the angle between the bottom plates
and water is small.

Panting
A tendency for shell plating to work ‘in’ and
‘out’ in a bellows-like fashion, and is caused
by the fluctuating pressures on the hull at
the ends when the ship is amongst waves.
These forces are most severe when the
vessel is running into waves and is pitching
heavily, the large pressure occurring over a
short time cycle.

Localized Loading
Localized heavy loads may give rise to
localized distortion of the transverse section.
Such loads may be machinery (main engine)
in the engine room or the loading of
concentrated ore in the holds.

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 101A(Module 3)

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Zone III, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmariñas City

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Revision Status:

MOD SEA101A(3)
Rev.: 00
Issue Date:
September 15, 2020

Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-009 SEA 101A(Module 3)

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