Lecture 5-6

Chapter: Successive Differentiation

Definition: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a general function of𝑥, then its differential coefficient 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is called the
first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥). The differential coefficient of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is called the 2nd derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and it is denoted
by𝑓 ″ (𝑥). Similarly the differential coefficient of 𝑓 (𝑥) is called the 3rd derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and it is denoted by
𝑓 ′(𝑥) and so on. If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiated 𝑛 times with respect to 𝑥 then it is called the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) and it
is denoted by𝑓 (𝑥).So the successive derivatives of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), … … . . , 𝑓 (𝑥), … … ….

Example 1. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 then find 𝑦 .

Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 Ans.

Example 2. If 𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎) then find 𝑦 .

Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑎)
∴ 𝑦 = (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = (−1) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
( )
( )!
𝑦 = (−1)(−2) = (−1) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
( ) ( )
( )!
Similarly, 𝑦 = (−1)(−2)(−3) = (−1)
( ) ( )
⋯⋯⋯
( )!
𝑦 = (−1) Ans.
( )

Example 3. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) then find 𝑦 .

Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎  𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Ans.
H.W. Example 4. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) then find 𝑦 . Ans. 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

Example 5. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) then find 𝑦 .

Solution: Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) Let, 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 So, 𝑦 = 𝑒 {𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)} ∴ 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑏/𝑎)
   = 𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)
𝑦 = 𝑟{𝑎𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃) + 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)}
= 𝑟𝑒 {𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃) + 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃)}
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝜃 + 𝜃)
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 2𝜃)
⋯⋯
Similarly, 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑛𝜃) Ans. here, 𝑟 = √𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑏/𝑎)
( )!
Example 6. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 then prove that 𝑦 = .
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) (by differentiating 𝑛times with respect to 𝑥.)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 . 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = 𝐷 . {(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐷 𝑥
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 0
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 . {(𝑛 − 2)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 . (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 𝑥
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 . 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 0
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 {(𝑛 − 3)𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥 }
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)𝐷 (𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝐷 𝑥
⋯⋯
Proceeding in this way, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ ⋯ 2.1. 𝐷(𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ ⋯ 2.1.
( )!
or, 𝑦 = (Proved)

Leibnitz’s Theorem:
Statement: If 𝑢and 𝑣 are two functions of 𝑥, Then the 𝑛th derivative of their product is
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑢𝑣 ,
where the suffixes in 𝑢and 𝑣 denote the order of derivations of 𝑢and 𝑣 with respect to 𝑥.
Proof: Let, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 2 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
Similarly,
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 2𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 3𝑢 𝑣 + 3𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢 𝑣 + 3 𝑢 𝑣 + 3 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣
⋯⋯
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑢 𝑣 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑢𝑣 . (Proved).

Example 7. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 then prove that (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 = 0.

Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
2
 ∴ 𝑦 = (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
(1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem, where, 𝑢 = 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥 .
𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2 = 0
or, (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 = 0. (proved).

Example 8. If 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) then prove that (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0.

Proof: Given 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
∴ 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥. (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
√
or, √1 − 𝑥 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 = 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 = 4𝑦
or, 2𝑦 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑦 (−2𝑥) = 4𝑦 (again by differentiating with respect to 𝑥.)
or,𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑦 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i) [Dividing by2𝑦 ]
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem
𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑛 𝑦 . (−2𝑥) + 𝑛 𝑦 . (−2) − 𝑦 . 𝑥 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 = 0
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛𝑦 = 0
or, (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0. (proved).

Example 9. If 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) then prove that 𝑥 𝑦 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0.
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝑎  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑎  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + 𝑏  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). (by differentiating with respect to 𝑥)
or, 𝑦 = − {𝑎  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}
or, 𝑦 = − 𝑎  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + 𝑏  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥). + {𝑎  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}.
or, 𝑦 = [−{𝑎  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)} + {𝑎  𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 𝑏  𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)}]
or, 𝑦 = [−𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 ]
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑛times by Leibnitz’s theorem
𝑦 . 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 2 + 𝑦 . 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑦 . 1 + 𝑦 = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦 . +𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑛 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 + 1)𝑦 . = 0
or, 𝑥 𝑦 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0. (proved)

Example 10. If 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 then prove that

(𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + (2𝑚 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑚 − 𝑛 )𝑦 = 0.
Proof: Given 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
or, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 1+ . 2𝑥 − 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 1+ . 2𝑥
√ √
√ √
or, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
√ √
√ √
or, 𝑦 = −
√ √

3
 or, √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
√ √
or, √𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑦 + =𝑛 +
√ √ √

or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑦
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
Differentiating Eq. (i), 𝑚times by Leibnitz’s theorem
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 𝑚 2𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑚 2. 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚 1. 𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + 2𝑚𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0
or, (𝑥 + 𝑎 )𝑦 + (2𝑚 + 1)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑚 − 𝑛 )𝑦 = 0. (Proved).

H.W. Example 11. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 then prove that (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 + {2(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − 1}𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0.
Example 12. If 𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) then prove that (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − (𝑛 − 𝑚 )𝑦 = 0.
Example 13. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 then prove that (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛 𝑦 = 0.
Example 14. If 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) then prove that (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0.
Example 15. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 then prove that (1 − 𝑥 )𝑦 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦 − (𝑛 + 𝑎 )𝑦 = 0.
Example 16. If 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 then show that (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦 + (2𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑦 + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦 = 0.