Name & Source ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone; corticotrophin)

Functions Stimulates production of hormones from adrenal cortex , especially glucocorticoids*Stimulate secretion of adrenal cortex hormones (release cortisol) Stimulates growth of tissues and bone; protein synthesis; stimulates growth of body (epiphyseal plates long bones in youth); promotes inc. mitosis; inc. size of cells; dec. CHO utilization in striated muscle and adipose tissue; inc. mobilization of stored fat; inc. use of fats for energy Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis in males Regulates growth of gonads and their reproductive activities; female, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum; male, called Interstial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), stimulates testes to produce male sex hormones Promotes mammary gland growth and milk production

GH (growth hormone; Somatotropin, STH) *an anabolic hormone, promotes protein synthesis and mobilizes glucose and free fatty acids; stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) also known as somatomedin C; > stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone)

Prolactin (PRL); LTH (Prolactin; luteotropic hormone; luteotrotropin; lactogenic hormone: mammotropic hormone; mammotropin TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin; thyrotrophic hormone)

Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by thyroid: Stimulates uptake of iodine and release of T3 & T4 (*Calcitonin from thyroid; reduces serum calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and resorption of calcium in the kidneys)

1) Posterior portion: neurohypophysis *Listen to Kelly & Pituitary Tumor-l! Stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus Name & Source ADH; Vasopressin; Antidiuretic; Hormone Functions Promotes H2O retention by way of renal tubules > dec/ urine formation; stimulates smooth muscle of blood vessels and digestive tract Stimulates release of milk and contraction of smooth muscles in uterus; Sucking stimulates inc. secretion of oxytocin

Oxytocin

2) Intermediate (pars intermedia) *secretes MSH (melanocytes for skin pigmentation 2. Thyroid gland (review): produces Thyroid hormone (TH) composed of: Name & Source Functions

1.Triiodothyronine (T3); (more rapid and potent; action - shorter duration

Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin

Aid in growth and development. Inc. in basal metabolic rate (BRR) associated with inc. in 02 consumption/heat production; shorter acting; more rapid and potent action than T4 As above; slower action Lowers serum calcium and serum phosphate by inhibiting bone resorption *Dec. excessive calcium by slowing calcium release by bone cells

3. Parathyroid gland:(review) produces PTH hormone: (inc. renal excretion of phosphate, dec. excretion of CA, releases calcium from bone) Name & Source 1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Functions Regulates CA & PO4 metabolism as result of its effects on 3 target organs: Bone, Kidney, GI

a. Parts: 1) Inner medulla: source of catecholamines (*considered neurotransmitters); hormones when secreted by adrenal medullawhen released into circulation > epinephrine and norepinephrineinnervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers- extension of sympathetic nervous system. 2) Outer cortex: secretes several classes steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids); few others a) Components (1)Adrenal Medulla: Hormones: catecholamines Name & Source 1. Epinephrine (75%) Functions Inc. blood glucose, stimulate ACTH, glucocorticoids; inc. rate and force of cardiac contractions; constricts blood vessels in skin, mucous membranes, kidneys; dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscles, coronary and pulmonary arteries; *Acts on beta adrenergic receptors Inc. heart rate, force of contractions; constricts blood vessels throughout body; * Acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors As above

2.

Norepinephrine (15%)

3. Dopamine

(2)Adrenal Cortex (Salt, sugar and sex)*cant live without! Hormones: corticoids-*Know function=nursing problems! Name & Source 1. Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone Functions Retains Na and water to inc. blood volume and BP pressure; excretes K+* CHO metabolism-regulating glucose use in body tissue, mobilizing fat, shifting energy source for muscle cells from glucose to fat **Responds to stress Depresses inflammatory response, inhibits immune system *Affects carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

2. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol, cortisone *cant live without it; *Stress makes you fat!

Keys to Assessment of Endocrine Function (review) (text p.1244-1252) A. Health assessment interview inc. medical history, family history, changes in size or functioning of organs, skin, hair; changes in thirst, appetite, weight, energy, sleep; use of medications that may affect hormones; changes in reproductive functioning, secondary sex characteristics B. Physical Assessment including: palpation of thyroid; inspection of skin, hair, nails, facial appearance; reflexes, musculoskeletal system; height, weight, vital signs; assessment for hypocalcemia C. Abnormal findings 1. Skin assessment a. Pigmentation: hyper or hypo with adrenocorticodysfunction b. Rough, dry skin, yellow cast with hypothyroidism c. Smooth, flushed skin with hyperthyroidism d. Purple striae (stretch marks) e. Skin lesions on extremities: diabetes mellitus 2. Hair and nails a. Pigmentation with hypoadrenocorticofunction b. Dry, thick, brittle nails and hair with hypothyroidism c. Thin, brittle nails, thin soft hair with hyperthyroidism d. Excessive hair growth with hyperadrenocorticofunction 3. Facial Assessment a. Abnormal growth, symmetry with excess growth hormone b. Exophthalmoses (protruding eyes) with hyperthyroidism 4. Thyroid assessment a. Enlargement of thyroid gland or goiter b. One or multiple palpable nodules 5. Motor function assessment a. Increased deep tendon reflexes with hyperthyroidism b. Decreased deep tendon reflexes with hypothyroidism 6. Sensory function assessment Peripheral neuropathy or paresthesias with diabetes, hypothyroidism, excess growth hormone 7. Musculoskeletal assessment 8. Size and proportion, insufficient or excess growth hormone 9. Hypocalcemic tetany (possible thyroid, parathyroid abnormalities) *Trousseaus sign (carpal spasm with inflation of blood pressure cuff) *Chvosteks sign (tap front of clients ear in angle of jaw to elicit facial muscle contraction)