Crop Res. 55 (3 & 4) : 172-181 (2020) DOI : 10.31830/2454-1761.2020.

026
Printed in India

A review on nutrient management studies on sesame (Sesamum

indicum)
DEEPTHI CHANDAKA1,*, M. ROJA1 AND M. DEVENDER REDDY1
Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry
1

MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture

Centurion University of Technology and Management
Parlakemundhi-761211, Odisha, India
*(e-mail : deepthi@cutm.ac.in)

(Received : March 16, 2020/Accepted : May 28, 2020)

ABSTRACT

Aim of this paper is to review the importance of sesame (Sesamum indicum) crop,
production status in country and its’ constraints. Sesame is one of the most important
high value oilseed crops contributing high foreign currency. Sesame oil is highly useful
edible oil having wider applications. Reports from five years survey indicate that the sesame
production was decreased from year by year but productivity increased due to high
suitability of crop to environmental conditions. Generally, more than 85% of sesame
production comes from Gujarat, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Mostly brown and white colored seeds were
grown. Due to presence of high oil content and its suitability to different environmental
condition, sesame growth will give high opportunity for India to improve the crop. To
increase yield potential, quality and to achieve better profits, crop needs improvement in
post-harvest handling, development of high yielding cultivars with better resistance to
diseases and pests, development of improved agronomic and managemental practices,
with environmental situations for good oil quality in the country.

Key words : Biofertilizers, days after sowing, farmyard manure, integrated nutrient
management, sesame, vermicompost

INTRODUCTION 50 to 250 cm tall. Its’ growth and development

Oilseed crops play the second important
role in the Indian agricultural economy next to
food grains in terms of area and production.
The Indian climate is suitable for the cultivation
of oilseed crops, therefore, large varieties of
oilseeds are cultivated here. Sesame (Sesamum
indicum) is one of the most ancient oilseed crops
in the tropics and subtropics. Its’ production
is often concentrated to marginal and sub
marginal lands. India ranks second in sesame
production. The area, production and
productivity of sesame are higher in summer
season than those of post-kharif and kharif
seasons because sesame shows a high
phenotypic diversity for number of days to
maturity, plant height, pod shape and size, and
for seed size and color. Sesame is usually
propagated by seeds and matures in 70-150
DAS (Babajide and Fagbola, 2014). It is an
erect, flowering self-pollinating annual plant
with pubescent branching stem which grows
depend on the varieties and soil nutrition or
environmental conditions (Sharma. 2005; Leye.
2006). By virtue of its early maturing, sesame
fits well into a number of multiple cropping
systems either as a catch crop or a sequence
crop in rabi and pre-kharif seasons. Sesame
oil has excellent stability due to the presence
of natural antioxidants such as sesmolin,
sesamin and lignans that protect the oil from
oxidative rancidity. The oil offers low cholesterol
and a high proportion of polyunsaturated fat
(about 80% unsaturated fatty acids), and it is
rich in the essential sulphur-containing amino
acids methionine and tryptophan. Sesamol has
been found to have anti-oxidative effects and
induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer
cells (Elleuch et al., 2011). Because of its
excellent quality characters, sesame oil is also
sometimes referred to as “poor man’s substitute
for ghee”. Integrated use of organic and
inorganic nutrient sources as it has been found
to be promising not only in maintaining higher
 Nutrient management studies on sesame : A review
productivity and yield stability, but also
contributes to sustenance of soil health
(Mankotia, 2007; Sunita Verma et al., 2013).
However, lack of wider adapting cultivars,
shattering of capsules at maturity, non-
synchronous maturity, poor stand
establishment and lack of proper fertilizer doses
are the major constraints in sesame production
worldwide. Sesame being the most important
export oil crop in India, however, there is no
adequate information available. Therefore, the
purpose of this article is to review the
importance of sesame seed, production trend,
challenges faced and give appropriate nutrient
management package.
Effect of NPK on Sesame
There is an increase in growth, yield
attributes and yield of sesame with increase in
the different nutrient levels. These are some of
the evidences for increase rate. NPK has been
shown to be important for early establishment.
Based on this Ritonchowdhury et al. (2016)
reported that plant height (99.4 cm) and
number of branches/plant (5.31) and yield were
highest with 150% RDF (60:30:30 kg NPK/ha)
at West Bengal. To study the response of
sesame genotypes to different fertilizer levels
(Kushwaha. 2013; Prasanna Kumara et al.
2014a) conducted experiment at Karnataka and
reported that application of higher doses of
inorganic fertilizers recorded highest growth
parameters, capsules/plant (24) and yield (652
kg/ha) with application of 150% RDF (60:37:37
kg N:P2O5:K2O) per hectare as compared to RDF
and other nutrient levels. Gayatri Sahu et al.
(2016) conducted an experiment on integrated
nutrient management in sesame during
summer season and results revealed that
highest grain yield (7.9 q/ha), stover yield (24.5
q/ha) and quality parameters were obtained
with inorganic fertilizers (N40P40K40S45Zn21Mo2.0)
in red and lateritic soils of West Bengal.
Similar findings were recorded with
Sunita Verma et al. (2013) on relative
performance of sesame under organic,
inorganic and integrated nutrient management
has shown that highest seed yield (810 kg/ha),
straw yield (4650 kg/ha) and harvest index
(14.83 %) were recorded with 100 % RDF
(60:40:20 kg N, P2O5 and K2O) and remained
statistically on par with other treatments at
Jabalpur. Same trend observed by Thanki et
173
al. (2014) and reported that the required
application rate of NPK fertilizer depends on
whether the conditions are wet or dry, with a
higher rate of fertilizer required under irrigated
conditions (75, 50, 50 kg N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O)
compared to less irrigated conditions (50, 50,
25 kg N, P2O5, K2O) in order to achieve their
respective yield potentials and quality
parameters viz., oil content (53.58 %), oil yield
(448 kg/ ha) and protein content (27.85 %).
Experiment conducted by Shehu et al.
(2010) on effect of NPK nutrition on sesame,
reported that application of 37.5: 22.5: 0 kg N:
P2O5: K2O per hectare increased plant height
whereas, number of branches/plant, dry
matter accumulation/plant and seed yield were
recorded highest with 112.5:45:0 kg N: P2O5:
K2O per hectare. This result highlights the
importance of supplying starter NPK fertilizers
for better sesame establishment. The authors
also found that agronomic N use efficiency (kg
grain yield produced per kg N applied) highest
at 75kg N/ha thus identification of the
optimum fertilizer requirement is very
important in order to maximize crop
productivity. Two-year study conducted in
farmers’ fields at teaching and research
Jakusko and Usman, (2013) found that sesame
emergence was low without inorganic fertilizers
or with manure. Number of capsules/plant
(116.56), number of seeds/capsule (64.78) and
seed yield (608.96 kg/ha) of sesame were
highest with 200 kg NPK/ha (15:15:15 NPK-
fertilizer) in Nigeria. Similar views observed with
150 kg NPK/ha (15:15:15 NPK- fertilizer)
regarding number of capsules/plant (54.9) and
seed yield (477.5 kg/ha) compared to
subsequent lower levels (Ojikpong et al. 2009).
Barik and Fulmali (2011), Neeraj Kumar
Sen et al. (2015) also reported that 100%
N:P2O5:K2O per hectare (50:25:25 kg N:P2O5:K2O
ha-1) recorded highest growth, yield attributing
characters and yield compared to integration
with organic source with other levels of NPK
at Agricultural Farm, Sriniketan, West Bengal.
Balanced fertilization not only improves yield
but also sustains the soil fertility. For
assessment of nutrient requirement, the
content and nutrient uptake are essential
parameters Vaghani et al. (2010) conducted
experiment and concluded that application of
100:80:40 kg N, K2O, S/ha recorded maximum
plant height (105.9, 98.8, 98.9 cm), number of
branches/plant (4.40), number of seeds/
174 Chandaka, Roja and Reddy
capsule (59,57,56), protein content (20%) and
oil content (50, 50, 50%) due to trigger-ness
caused by potassium for other nutrients.
This below data suggests that
application of N, P alone are beneficial to
sesame because the nutrients are readily
available to the seedling. Jadhav et al. (2015)
noticed that plant height (76.00, 74.33 cm),
number of branches/plant (3.60, 3.22),
capsules/plant (46, 46), no. of seeds/capsule
(63, 59 ), seed yield (902, 865 kg/ha), oil content
(52.30 and 52.70 %) and protein content (27.39
and 27.53 %) were maximum with 50 kg N,P, 0
K/ha.
Similarly, Chakraborty (2013) observed
that superior plant height (87, 86 cm) and
number of branches/plant (6.6, 4.8) were
recorded with higher doses of nitrogen (80 kg/
ha) and phosphorus (80 kg/ha) over other levels
on red lateritic soils of West Bengal. Favorable
effect of nitrogen and Phosphorus on seed yield
of sesame might be due to stimulating effect on
plant height (106.85, 106.82 cm), number of
branches/plant (4.17, 4.11) no. of seeds/capsule
(59, 58) and seed yield (1331, 1296 kg/ha) with
75, 37.5 kg N, P2O5 & 0 K/ha also found was on
par with 50, 25 kg N, P2O5/ha (Sawant et al.,
2013; Javaid Akhtar et al., 2015; Muhammad
Ibrahim et al., 2016). Similar results obtained
by Thorve et al. (2010) during kharif to study
the effect of fertilizer levels on growth parameters
of sesamum cultivars. Data revealed that plant
height (84.20 cm), number of branches/plant
(3.66) and seed yield were significantly higher
with application of 37.5 + 18.5 kg N, P2O5 ha-1
over other treatments but remained on par with
25.0 + 12.5 kg N, P2O5/ha.
While growth and yield parameters were
increased significantly with every successive
increase in the level of fertility and was found
highest with application of 150 % RDF (37.5:
37.5: 0 NPK/ha) but it was on par with 125 %
RDF (31.25: 31.25: 0 NPK/ha) (Purushotham
et al., 2009; De et al., 2013; Tulasi Lakshmi et
al., 2014). Similar results observed by Wayase
et al. (2014) while conducting experiment on
loamy soil and reported that number of seeds/
capsule (40.34), 1000- seed weight (2.71 g), seed
yield (701 kg/ha) and straw yield (2234 kg/
ha) were highest with application of 120 % RDF
(30: 60: 0 NPK ha-1), however, it was found on
par with 100 % RDF. The results of the field
experiment conducted at Zonal Agricultural
Research Station, Maharashtra revealed that
with every successive increase in fertilizer level
(0 to 37.5+18.5) the yield attributes viz.,
number of seeds/capsule (70.00) and grain
weight plant-1 (3.15 g) increased whereas,
significantly higher seed yield (9.93 q/ha) and
stover yield (20.97 q/ha) were recorded with
application of 37.5 kg N + 18.5 kg P2O5/ha
compared to lower levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus (Katwate et al., 2011). Similar views
observed on loamy soils of S.V. Agricultural
College, Tirupati by Sujathamma et al. (2003)
to reveal that number of capsules/plant (36.1),
number of seeds/capsule (44.3) and test weight
(2.42 g) were highest with 100 % RDN-30 kg/
ha.
Crop rotation is unpaired and farmers
keep less emphasis during summer due to
meagre water availability. Abdel-Rahman
(2008) conducted experiment and
demonstrated that plant height (87 cm), no. of
capsules (42.3) recorded highest with 88, 44
kg N, P2O5/ha whereas, number of leaves/plant
(22.3) and seed yield (919 kg/ha) highest with
44: 44 kg N & P2O5/ha can be grown as crop
rotation for nutrient supply to fallowing crop.
Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and
Yield of Sesame
A significant number of studies have
been conducted to evaluate the effect of organic
manures on sesame growth and yield. Some of
these studies have been noted. Generally,
application of FYM increases the soil fertility.
Barik and Fulmali (2011) found that application
of FYM alone increased growth and yield
parameters of sesame than mustard cake under
an irrigated system at West Bengal (plant
height, number of branches/plant,LAI, seeds/
capsule and seed yield). Results showed that
application of organic manures FYM @ 5 t ha-1
+ vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha and mineral
nutrients S @ 20 kg + Fe @ 10 kg + Zn @ 5 kg/
ha significantly increased protein content, oil
content and oil yield and net returns over rest
of the treatments (Kamlesh Choudhary et al.,
2017). Studies shown result that along with
organic manures, application of inorganic
fertilizers increases productivity due to quick
supply of nutrients at initial stages of crop
growth. Some of the findings are listed below.
Seed, stover and oil yield were recorded
highest with 100% RDF + 75% RDN through
FYM (25%) + VC (25%) + NOC (25%) which was
 Nutrient management studies on sesame : A review
at par with application of 150% RDF along with
micronutrients (Zn and Fe) and Azotobacter
(Kapil Ahirwar et al., 2017). From the field
experiment conducted at Gujarat, Javia et al.
(2010) reported that maximum grain yield (508
kg/ha) was recorded with FYM 5 t/ha-1 + NP
(25:25 kg ha-1) and it was on par with FYM 5t
ha-1 + NP fertilization (12.5:12.5 kg ha) + PSM
+ Azatobacter inoculation.
The availability of organic fertilizer is
becoming a limiting factor for farmers, thus
alternative and local organic fertilizers, need
to be discovered to meet demand. Research has
been conducted to evaluate the possibility of
using different organic fertilizers: The authors
also found that poultry manure was a better
source than FYM. Some results are shown
below. Paul Anguria et al. (2017) observed that
with the poultry manure sesame protein
content was enhanced than other manures. The
same trend was observed by (Haruna and
Abimiku, 2012; Ivomberg et al., 2017) where
application of poultry manure increased the
seed yield (1914.07 and 1933.20 kg/ha in 2008
and 2009, respectively) in both years compared
with any other applied rates of sheep and cow
manure.). Based on three years field
experiment, Haruna and Aliyu (2011) found
that sesame yield increased with 5 tonnes
poultry manure/ha than other levels. Similarly,
the physicochemical of sesame oil is directly
related to the composition of oil and glyceride.
The results showed that the highest oil
concentration was obtained with application of
chicken manure 30 tonnes/ha compared to cow
manure and goat manure (Nurhayati et al.
2016). Variations on the production of sesame
oil are strongly influenced by climatic
conditions, soil type and level of maturity and
plant varieties. Akande et al. (2011) reported
that poultry manure can be substituted with
composted FYM, VC wherein the sesame yield
under recommended 50 kg NPK + 2.5 t poultry
manure/ha recorded highest growth and yield
parameters. A pooled data conducted Haruna
and Aliyu (2011) reported that highest grain
yield (934.50, 864.56 and 960.96 kg/ha) was
obtained with application of 60 kg N, 13.2 kg P
and 5 tonnes poultry manure compared to non-
application of fertilizers.
Effect of Nitrogen on Sesame
Sesame responds well to N application
175
since many of the soils are deficient in N.
Nitrogen plays an important role in protein,
nucleic acid and chlorophyll but excessive
nitrogen prolongs the growing period and delays
the maturity. Studies concerning N
management are mainly focused on the amount
of N applied, timing of application, irrigation
availability and varietal responses. This result
highlights the importance of supplying starter
NPK fertilizers for better establishment, Field
trial carried out at Humera Agricultural
Research Center, Ethiopia, revealed that plant
height (118.4 cm), number of branches/plant
(4.1) and seed yield (799.9 kg/ha) were highest
with 50 % RDN (46 kg N/ha) at planting time
and 50 % RDN (46 kg N/ha) at first branching
stage (Gebremariam, 2015). Field experiment
was conducted at Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Karimnagar, to study the
response of sesame to irrigation scheduling
based on climatological approach and N
fertigation levels on sandy loamy soils, revealed
that highest number of capsules/plant (93.4),
seeds/capsule (55.2), 1000-seed weight (3.83
g) and oil content (51.2 %) were recorded with
application of 50 % RDN (15 kg ha-1) along with
drip irrigation at 100% Epan (Sreedhar
Chauhan et al., 2016). Ghodke et al. (2014)
conducted an experiment at Parbhani and
found that maximum number of capsules/
plant (61.28), seed yield (1115 kg/ha) and straw
yield (2512 kg/ha) were recorded with RDF
(60:40: 0 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha) and remained at
par with the application of 25% N through
vermicompost + 75% N through urea.
Thanh Binh and Thi Thuy Lieu, (2016)
reported significant increase in seed yield with
increase in N from 30 to 90 kg N/ha compared
to control. While, maximum number of
capsules/ plant (60.13), capsule length (4.23
cm), number of seeds/capsule (71.04) and seed
yield (0.85 t/ha-) were recorded with 30 kg N/
ha at Agricultural Farm, Faculty of Agronomy,
Nong Lam University, Vietnam.
Dhaka et al. (2013) from their studies
on the effect of weed management on the
performance of sesame under varying levels of
nitrogen in sandy loamy soils of S.K.N. College
of Agriculture, Jobner reported that all the
growth, yield attributing characters and quality
parameters (at 50 DAS and at harvest) were
highest with application 40 kg N/ha. Abubakar
Siddik et al. (2016), Sherif. (2016) and Kalpana
Jamdhade et al. (2017) reported that increase
176 Chandaka, Roja and Reddy
in yield and grain protein content is due to N
fertilizer application rates of up to 60 kg N/ha
in Akola, India. The authors claimed that with
increase in Nitrogen, days to 50% flowering
(56.1 days) and maturity (110.6) also increased
(30,70 and 110 kg N/ha) at Agronomy Research
Farm, Pakistan.
With every successive increase in
nitrogen element growth and yield parameters
were increased significantly according to Rupali
et al. (2015) higher with application of 90 kg
N/ha. Similar results with Abdel Galil and
Abdel Ghany, (2014) with 178 kg N/ha and also
with Patel et al. (2014) with 75 kg N/ha. Amin
Kamravaie and Alizera Shokohfar (2015)
conducted an experiment on clay loamy soils
and reported highest yield attributing
characters and yield were resulted with highest
dose among other levels of N/ha. Shahidullah
et al. (2015) when conducted field trial on sandy
loam soils, Bangladesh found maximum plant
height (97.78 cm) and number of branches/
plant (3.37) were highest with 100 kg N/ha.
The authors also found that field experiments
conducted on sandy soils over two consecutive
years of 2009 and 2010 at Experimental Farm,
Sebha University, Libia, revealed that plant
height (138.3 and 142.7 cm), number of
capsules/plant (96.0) was significantly
increased with application of 150 kg N/ ha
(Asghar Malik et al. 2003; Abdalsalam and Al-
Shebani, 2010; Ali and Ahmed, 2012). Ijaz
Rasool Noorka et al. (2011) stated that with
each increment in nitrogen level from 55 to 205
kg/ha there was a significant increase in
growth, yield and quality parameters of sesame
due to beneficial role of nitrogen on stimulating
plant growth.
Based on a long-term field experiment
with sesame, Akhtar Ali et al. (2017) found that
increase or continuous application of inorganic
N fertilizer alone reduced the soil organic
carbon level due to low dry matter production
and reduced return of crop residues to the field.
These results are in agreement with Bikram et
al. (2013) and Ajibola et al. (2015) which
confirmed that increased N levels (0, 60, 80
and 100 kg/ha) maximized the plant height
(144.06 cm), number of branches/plant (8),
pods/plant (80) and seed yield (233.38 kg/ha)
but the increase was significant only up to 80
kg N/ha on sandy soils, further increase in N
fertilizer does not show effect on yield
increment. These results suggest that
application of the correct dose of N fertilizer is
important in order to maximize the profits of
poor sesame farmers. It is also important to
note that the application of more inorganic N
fertilizer can delay flowering and physiological
maturity by 1 to 2 weeks which can affect the
final yield. Similar results were also obtained
by Teshome Gutu et al. (2016) while conducting
experiment at Haro Sabu Agricultural Research
Farm and results shown that highest plant
height (91.20 cm) obtained with application of
48 kg N/ha whereas, number of branches/
plant (4.40) and grain yield (5.19 q/ha) were
highest with 38 kg N/ha.
Sulfur plays a remarkable role in
protein metabolism. Lack of S causes
retardation of terminal growth and root
development. To study these effects several
experiments were conducted. Nangial Khan et
al. (2016) observed that with increase in
Sulphur content the yield attributing
characters and yield were increased (The delay
in S reduces metabolism of nitrogen in plants
as well as synthesis of S containing amino
acids) at Agronomy Research Farm. Similar
views were also observed with Sonia Shilpi et
al. (2012) who recorded highest plant height
(112.20, 98.83 cm), number of branches/plant
(11.47, 11.22), seeds/capsule (47.79, 47.77)
and seed yield (1.31, 1.21 t/ha) with application
of 60 : 40 kg N, S/ha at Bangladesh.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management
on Sesame
The application of organic manure can
minimize the negative effect of continuous
application of inorganic fertilizer to sesame.
Organic manure helps to maintain soil C levels,
which minimizes N losses from the cropping
system while increasing the sustainability of
the system. Furthermore, field experiments
conducted by Hansa Lakhran et al. (2015)
reported that the number of capsules/plant
(54.86), number of seeds/capsule (61.89), test
weight (3.46 g), seed yield (1186 kg/ha), stalk
yield (2440 kg/ha) and harvest index (32.79
%) were highest with 75 % RDF + 5 t FYM/ha
+ Biofertilizer in Gujarat. Similar views
observed by Prasanna Kumara et al. (2014b)
and reported that the number of capsules/plant
(40) and seed yield (634 kg/ha) were highest
with RDF (40:25:25 kg NPK ha-1) along with
FYM @ 5 t/ha at Main Agricultural Research
 Nutrient management studies on sesame : A review
Station, Dharwad, Karnataka. Same trend was
observed by Rajendra Kumar and Ramesh
(2014) and found that application of FYM with
100% RDF increased the cation exchange
capacity (CEC) of the soil, possibly due to
buildup of soil humus by FYM. Iorlamen et al.
(2014) observed that application of FYM (2 t/
ha) along with the NPK 15:15:15 @ 30:30:30
kg N, P2O5 and K2O increased plant height, dry
matter production, seed yield and stalk yield
of sesame. According to Tripathy and Bastia
(2012) sesame produced highest plant height,
branches/plant, LAI, seed yield, quality
parameters and economic returns with 50 %
RDF (30 + 6.6 + 12 kg NPK/ha) + 5t FYM/ha at
Central Research Station, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
Similar views were observed by Samrath Lal
Meena et al. (2008) regarding plant height, yield
attributes and yield of sesame with 20 kg N + 5
t FYM/ha. Mondal and Arup Ghosh (2005) from
West Bengal registered highest seed yield (659.5
kg/ha) with application of 75 % RDF (40:20:20
kg N:P2O5: K2O/ha) along with 10 t FYM/ha.
In present scenario of agriculture where
limited availability of FYM, vermicompost may
be a another potential source of organic matter
in the cultivated soils, which not only supply
macronutrients and plant growth promoting
hormones but also take care of micronutrients
which are otherwise limiting the growth and
yields of the crop in many intensively cultivated
areas. Based on a very long-term comprehensive
study by Motaka et al. (2016) reported that on
application of 50 % RDN from inorganic
fertilizer + 50 % RDN from vermicompost
produced highest oil content (47.55 %) and oil
yield (292 kg/ha) over other treatments at
College Agronomy Farm, Anand. Some findings
reveal that both FYM, VC and biofertilizers are
required for highest growth. Similar view
observed with Mahajan et al. (2013) while
applying 100% RDN (50 kg N/ha) along with
castor cake (2.5 t/ha) increased the plant
height (147 cm) and number of branches/plant
(4) significantly over other treatments. However,
it was at par with 100% RDN (50 kg N/ha) +
FYM (2.5 t/ha) and VC at Mamurabad Farm of
Oilseed Research Station, Maharashtra.
Bio-fertilizers are also becoming
valuable organic sources in sesame production.
Research conducted on different bio-fertilizer
products have been tested in different areas to
know perfect recommended rate. Based on
study conducted by Ghosh et al. (2013) in West
177
Bengal reported that maximum plant height
(97.2 cm), dry weight (703 g m-2) were obtained
with 50 % RDF + 50% N through VC +
Azospirillum whereas, oil yield (590 kg/ha) and
protein yield (451.8 kg/ha) recorded highest
with 50 % RDF + 50% N through FYM +
Azospirillum. Another experiment conducted by
Sahoo et al. (2010) at Central Research Station
of OUAT, revealed that highest plant height
(136.187 cm), dry matter accumulation/plant
(8.74 g) and LAI (1.47) were recorded with
application of N30 + SA (Azatobacter inoculated
with FYM) whereas, number of days to 50%
flowering decreased from 37 to 36 days with
increased application of nitrogen and
biofertilizers from 30 kg N/ha to 30 kg N/ha +
SA (Azatobacter inoculated with FYM). Similar
views were observed with Shaik et al. (2010)
while conducting experiment in Rahuri,
reported that highest grain yield (15.19 q/ha)
and straw yield (33.86 kg/ ha) were obtained
with RDF + 5 t FYM/ha + 5 t VC/ha + seed
treatment with Azatobacter and PSB. Field trial
conducted on effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth, yield components and
yield of sesame, Jaishankar and Wahab (2005)
noticed that growth parameters and yield of
sesame increased with application of RDF
(35:23:23 kg NPK/ha) + vermicompost @ 5.0
t/ha + Azospirillum.
CONCLUSION
From the discussion, it can be
concluded that organic manures (Poultry
Manure) alone gives the good yield when
performed for more than two years due to
improved soil health. Along with this another
management practice has proved to be the best
to maintain soil and seed sustainability i.e. with
application of RDF+ 5 t FYM + 5 t vermicompost
+ seed treatment with azotobacter.
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