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Essential Oil
Essential Oil
Essential Oil
oil
Definition
Essential oils:
- Volatile principles of plant and animal source,
evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary
temperature, and hence known as volatile or ethereal
oils.
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon
Sassafras oil TD Xá xị
và một số loài Cinnamomum
Ocimum gratissimum oil TD Hương nhu trắng Ocimum gratissimum 4
Essential oil vs Fixed oil
Property Essential oil Fixed oil
Volatilization at room
Volatile Non-volatile
temperature
Soluble in organic
Almost insoluble
Solubility solvents (ether, CHCl3,
in alcohol
alcohol)
Stain on filter paper Transient Permanent greasy
Complex mixtures of
Composition hydrocarbons & Triglycerides
oxygenated compounds
Saponification with KOH Negative Positive
2. Sesquiterpene compounds
3. Aromatic compounds
6
Terpenoids - Rule
tail
head
tail
head
Isoprene Isoprene unit Myrcene
monoterpene sesquiterpene 7
Classification of terpenoids
Class Number of carbon atoms
Terpene 10
Sesquiterpene 15
Diterpene 20
Triterpene 30
Tetraterpene 40
b-carotene
8
Oleanane skeleton
Monoterpene
a. Acylic monoterpene
- Hydrocarbon
ocimene myrcene
9
-Oxygenated
OH OH
OH
Malaleuca alternifolia
O O
pulegone piperitone
13
Monoterpene
b. Monocyclic
O O
O
OH O
14
Monoterpene
b. Bicyclic
OH O
Cinnamomum
camphora 15
Sesquiterpene
a. Hydrocarbon
16
Sesquiterpene
b. azulene
Me Me
iPr
Me iPr Me Et
Me
17
Sesquiterpene
c. Sesquiterpene lactone
O
O O
O O
18
Aromatic compound
OH
OH
19
Aromatic compound
20
Aromatic compound
21
Aromatic compound
OMe
COOMe
OH
CHO
Cinnamon tree:
- Bark oil: cinnamaldehyde
- Leaf: eugenol
- Root: camphor
22
Organo-nitrogen
Organo-sulfur
methyl antranilate
allicin
23
Common physical characters
• Colorless (azulene: blue). Darken in color if exposed to
air and light (resinification).
24
Common physical characters
• Immiscible with water, but sufficiently soluble to impart a
fragrance to water --> hydrosols = aromatic waters
26
Distillation methods
• Principle: when 2 immiscible liquids are heated
together, they will boil at a temperature below the
boiling point of either one.
27
Distillation methods
Clevenger apparatus
29
The distillation chamber made
of stainless steel, free from
any Fe3+ ions to avoid
degradation of the oil
constituents à darker oils
30
Florentine receivers
32
Expression methods
1. Squeezing of the peel under a stream of water à emulsion
(volatile oil, pectin, cellulose, pigments, trace of waxes)
33
Solvent extraction methods
According to the nature of the solvent used, three types are
distinguished:
1. Volatile solvent extraction
2. Non-volatile solvent extraction
3. Supercritical fluid extraction
36