Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)

Week 1 – Lecture 3

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Dr. Tariq Jamil

E-mail: tariqjamil@neduet.edu.pk
Office: DICE Energy Lab, MED, NEDUET

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Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
(According to Course Outline)

Mechanical properties of materials: Deformation behavior of materials under tensile and

compressive loads, Hardness testing, material property charts

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Books / Resource Material

• Text book: “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction” by

William D. Callister and David G. Rethwisch, 7th Edition
• Chapter # 6

• Reference book: Principles of Material Sciences & Engineering by

William F. Smith, 3rd Edition

• Online resources (Lectures and resource material on Google

classroom, YouTube, Wikipedia)

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Outline

• How the various mechanical properties are measured?

• What these properties represent?
• Engineering stress
• Hooke’s law, its conditions, and engineering strain
• Poisson’s ratio
• Engineering stress–strain diagram
• Modulus of resilience and toughness (static)
• Hardness-testing techniques;

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 Engineering Stress-Strain Behavior as
Function of Temperature

Engineering stress–
strain behavior
for iron at three
temperatures 5
 True Stress Strain Curve
Coincident with the formation of a neck is the
introduction of a complex stress state within the
neck region (i.e., the existence of other stress
components in addition to the axial stress). As a
consequence, the correct stress (axial) within the
neck is slightly lower than the stress computed
from the applied load and neck cross-sectional
area. This leads to the “corrected” curve

A comparison of typical tensile engineering stress–strain and true stress–strain behaviors. Necking begins at point M on
the engineering curve, which corresponds to M’ on the true curve. The “corrected” true stress– strain curve takes into
account the complex stress state within the neck region.
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 True Stress-True Strain Relationship in Plastic
Region

True stress-true strain relationship in plastic

region of deformation (to point of necking)

K and n are constants; these values will vary from alloy to alloy, and will also depend on the condition of the
material (i.e., whether it has been plastically deformed, heat treated, etc.). The parameter n is often termed the
strain hardening exponent and has a value less than unity. 7
Hardness

• Measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g., a

small dent or a scratch)

• Quantitative hardness techniques have been developed over the years in

which a small indenter is forced into the surface of a material to be tested,
under controlled conditions of load and rate of application. The depth or
size of the resulting indentation is measured, which in turn is related to a
hardness number; the softer the material, the larger and deeper is the
indentation, and the lower the hardness index number.

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Why Hardness

Hardness tests are performed more frequently than any other mechanical
test for several reasons:
• They are simple and inexpensive - ordinarily no special specimen need
be prepared, and the testing apparatus is relatively inexpensive.
• The test is nondestructive - the specimen is neither fractured nor
excessively deformed; a small indentation is the only deformation.
• Other mechanical properties often may be estimated from hardness
data, such as tensile strength

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Hardness Testing Techniques

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Comparison of Several
Hardness Scales

Comparison of several hardness scales. (Adapted from G. F.

Kinney, Engineering Properties and Applications of Plastics, p.
202. Copyright © 1957 by John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

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Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile
Strength
• Tensile strength is roughly proportional, as a
function of the HB for cast iron, steel, and
brass. The same proportionality relationship
does not hold for all metals,

For steel alloys, conversion of Brinell

hardness to tensile strength
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Toughness

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Similarities between Resilience and Toughness

• Both resilience and toughness indicate capability to absorb energy during

deformation; however, resilience is associated with elastic deformation
only, while toughness is associated with both elastic and plastic
deformations.

• Moduli of both the properties have same unit and dimension.

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Differences between resilience and toughness
Resilience
Resilience is defined as the ability of the solid
material to absorb energy when it is elastically
deformed.
Modulus of resilience is the indication of resilience
property of solid material. By definition, modulus
of resilience is the energy, per unit volume,
required to deform a particular solid material up to
its elastic limit under tensile testing.
Modulus of resilience is the area below
engineering stress-strain curve up to elastic point.
Value of modulus of resilience is smaller.
Resilience is important property to consider when
high elastic deformation is desired, such as in
springs.
Toughness
Toughness is defined as the ability of the solid
material to absorb energy until fracture occurs.
Modulus of toughness is the indication of
toughness property of solid material. By definition,
modulus of toughness is the energy, per unit
volume, required for breaking a particular solid
material under tensile testing.
Modulus of toughness is the total area below
engineering stress-strain curve.
Value of modulus of toughness is much larger
than modulus of resilience.
Toughness is important consideration for metal
forming processes (forging, bending, sheet metal
operations, etc.). 15
Strength to Density Ratio

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Strength versus Toughness

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Average and Standard Deviation

Computation of average value

Computation of standard deviation 18

 Thank you for your Attention

Feel free to post questions on google class room

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