MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMB

Areolar tissue -thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged Tendon -consists of dense, regularly arranged
connective tissue that often contains fat fibrous connective tissue organized into a
-often distended with embalming fluid. small, well-defined bundle.
Fascia -denser, more regularly arranged thin layer Aponeurosis has the same consistency as a tendon, but
of connective tissue. the fibrous tissue is arranged as a thin
-more fibrous, and it envelops the body sheet of tissue.
beneath the skin Ligament -dense fibrous connective tissue between
-encloses individual muscles or groups of bones
muscles. -variety of thin fibrous connections
Superficial -deep to the areolar tissue, forming the between organs or between an organ and
Fascia deep portion of the subcutaneous tissue the body wall.
that covers the entire body
Deep Fascia -More firmly attached to the muscle that it
encloses.
When the fatty areolar tissue and fascia with vessels and
nerves are removed from a muscle, the muscle is said to be
“cleaned.”
Origin -proximal attachment
-the part that moves the least
-usually a direct attachment of the muscle
cells to the bone
Insertion -more distal attachment
-the part that moves the most
-often by a tendon or aponeurosis
extending from the muscle cells to the
bone.
Cutaneus -thin sheet of muscle that covers most of
Trunci the dorsal, lateral, and ventral walls of the
thorax and abdomen.
-has no direct bony attachments.
-developed in the superficial fascia of the
thorax and abdomen.
Preputial support the cranial end of the prepuce
Muscle during the non-erect state
-pull the prepuce back over the glans penis
after erection and protrusion.
Muscle Origin Insertion
Cutaneus Trunci superficial fascia of superficial fascia of twitches the skin
the thorax, abdomen, the trunk and the skin
pelvic region
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMB AND
RELATED STRUCTURES
1.) Superficial Pectoral Muscles
a. lie under the skin between the cranial part
of the sternum and the humerus.
b. caudal border is thin; their cranial border is
thick and rounded and forms the caudal
border of a triangle at the base of the neck
c. lie between the brachiocephalicus in front
and the biceps brachii and humerus behind.
2.) Deep Pectoral Muscles
a. extends from the sternum to the humerus
and is larger and longer than the superficial
pectoral muscles.
b. It lies largely under the skin, the thoracic
mammae, and the ventral portion of the
cutaneus trunci.
3.) Brachiocephalicus
a. a compound muscle developmentally;
b. Lies with the biceps brachii medially and the
brachialis laterally. A band of connective
tissue can be felt extending from this
vestigial clavicle to the manubrium of the
sternum and to the scapula
c. Cleidobrachialis: the muscle distal to the
clavicular intersection that attaches to the
humerus
d. Cleidocephalicus: muscle that extends
from the clavicular tendon to the neck and
head.
Action Innervation
lateral thoracic nerve
i. Pars cervicalis (cleidocervicalis):
attaches to the dorsal midline of the
neck
ii. Pars mastoidea (cleidomastoideus):
attaches to the mastoid process of
the skull
4.) Sternocephalicus cranial part divides into two parts:
a. ventral or mastoid part (sternomastoideus)
i. thicker ventral portion
ii. is similar to the mastoid part of the
cleidocephalicus in shape and
insertion. It represents the chief
continuation of the
sternocephalicus to the head.
b. occipital part (sterno-occipitalis)
i. The thin but wide dorsal portion of
the sternocephalicus
5.) Sternohyoideus
a. lies on the trachea, covered by the
sternocephalicus caudally.
b. A midventral groove indicates the
separation of right and left muscles.
6.) Sternothyroideus
a. covered at its origin by the sternohyoideus.
b. The left muscle is bounded dorsally by the
esophagus and medially by the trachea.
c. A tendinous intersection runs across the
muscle 3 or 4 cm cranial to its origin.
d. It is at this level that the sternohyoideus
separates from the sternothyroideus
7.) Omotransversarius
a. in a deeper plane than the cleidocephalicus.
b. It is straplike and extends from the distal
end of the spine of the scapula to the atlas.
 c. It is related to the deep cervical fascia
medially.
d. Its caudal part is subcutaneous, but cranially
it is covered by the cervical part of the
cleidocephalicus.
8.) Deep fascia of the neck
a. a strong wrapping that extends under the
sternocephalicus, omotransversarius, and
cleidocephalicus muscles.
b. covers the sternohyoideus and
sternothyroideus ventrally and surrounds
the trachea, thyroid gland, larynx, and
esophagus.
c. Carotid Sheath
i. the deep fascia that covers the
common carotid artery,
vagosympathetic nerve trunk,
internal jugular vein, and tracheal
lymphatic trunk
9.) Supraspinous Ligament
a. connects the dorsal aspects of all vertebral
spines except the cervical vertebrae.
10.) Nuchal ligament
a. composed predominantly of yellow elastic
fibrous tissue, extends from the spine of the
first thoracic vertebra to the spine of the
axis.
11.) Median raphe of the neck
a. a longitudinal fibrous septum between right
and left epaxial muscles dorsal to the nuchal
ligament.
b. It serves as the attachment for many of the
cervical muscles.
12.) Trapezius
a. thin and triangular.
b. divided into cervical and thoracic parts,
separated by an aponeurosis.
c. extends from the median raphe of the neck
and the supraspinous ligament to the spine
of the scapula.
13.) Rhomboideus
a. lies beneath the trapezius and holds the
dorsal border of the scapula close to the
body.
b. It has capital, cervical, and thoracic parts.
c. Rhomboideus Capitis
i. narrow
ii. attaches the cranial dorsal border of
the scapula to the nuchal crest of
the occipital bone.
d. Rhomboideus Cervicis
i. runs from the median raphe of the
neck to the dorsal border of the
scapula.
e. Rhomboideus Thoracis
i. short and thick, connecting the
spines of thoracic vertebrae to the
dorsal border of the scapula.
ii. Its caudal border is deep to the
latissimus dorsi. The
f. cervical and thoracic parts of the
rhomboideus are contiguous on the dorsal
border of the scapula.
14.) Latissimus Dorsi
a. large and roughly triangular.
b. lies caudal to the scapula, where it covers
most of the dorsal and some of the lateral
thoracic wall.
15.) Thoracolumbar Fascia
a. deep fascia of the trunk.
b. arises from the supraspinous ligament and
spines of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
c. covers the muscles of the vertebrae, ribs,
and abdomen
d. fuses with the opposite fascia on the ventral
midline along a median fibrous raphe, the
linea alba.
16.) Serratus Ventralis Cervicis and Serratus Ventralis
Thoracis
a. form a continuous large fan-shaped muscle
that passes from the cervical vertebrae and
ribs to the dorsomedial aspect of the
scapula
b. acts as a sling to support the body between
the limbs.
LATERAL MUSCLES OF THE SCAPULA AND SHOULDER
1.) Deltoideus
a. composed of two portions that fuse and
act in common across the shoulder.
b. The scapular part arises as a wide
aponeurosis from the length of the
 scapular spine and covers the
infraspinatus.
c. The latter muscle can be seen through
this aponeurosis and should not be
confused with the deltoideus.
2.) Infraspinatus
a. is fusiform and lies principally in the
infraspinous fossa.
b. subtendinous synovial bursa
i. A bursa is a closed connective
tissue sac containing synovial
fluid, which reduces friction
3.) teres minor
a. a small, wedge-shaped muscle, exposed
caudal to the shoulder joint.
b. It is covered superficially by the
deltoideus
4.) supraspinatus
a. wider and larger than the infraspinatus,
b. largely covered by the cervical part of
the trapezius and the
omotransversarius.
c. lies in the supraspinous fossa and
extends over the cranial border of the
scapula so that a part of the muscle is
closely united with the subscapularis
medially.