Thermodynamics I

Lecture given by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Wiriyawit
 Chapter 1
Lecture given by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Wiriyawit
 Introduction

Lecture given by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Wiriyawit
Contents

Steam Power Plant

Automotive Engine

Vapor-Compression Refrigerator

Gas Turbine

Chemical Rocket Engine

Environmental Issues

Hydroelectric Dam
Introduction
Study of thermodynamics concerns processes that occur in
equipments such as
steam power plant,
fuel cell,
automotive engine,
vapor-compression refrigerator,
thermoelectric cooler,
air seperation plant,
gas turbine, and
rocket engine.
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant

High-pressure superheated steam leaves the boiler

(steam generator) and enters the turbine.

The steam expands in the turbine and does work.

The low-pressure steam leaves the turbine and

enters the condenser, where heat is transferred from
the steam.
The pressure of the condensate leaving the
condenser is increased in the pump and it flows into
the steam generator.
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Steam Power Plant
Nuclear power plant

Reactor replaces steam generator.

Radioactive fuel elements replace coal, oil, or

natural gas.

Reactor designs

Boiling-water reactor (BWR)

Pressurized-water reactor (PWR)

Secondary fluid circulates from the reactor to the
steam generator, where heat is transferred to the
water.
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Power Plant (BWR)
Nuclear Power Plant (PWR)
Automotive Engine
Automotive Engine
4-stroke internal-combustion engine
(reciprocating engine)

intake

compression

power

exhaust
Automotive Engine
Automotive Engine
Automotive Engine
Automotive Engine

2-stroke internal-combustion engine

(reciprocating engine)

compression and expansion (combustion)

exhaust and intake

Automotive Engine
Automotive Engine

Spark-ignition internal-combustion engine

(gasoline engine)

Compression-ignition internal-combustion engine

(diesel engine)
Gasoline Engine
Diesel Engine
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
Cycle
The refrigerant enters the compressor as a
superheated vapor at elevated pressure.
The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters
the condenser as a vapor at elevated pressure,
where it is condensed as heat is transferred to
cooling water or to the surroundings.
The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a high-
pressure liquid. The pressure of the liquid is
decreased through the expansion valve.
The remaining liquid at a low pressure and
temperature, is vaporized in the evaporator as heat
is transferred from the refrigerated space.
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
Cycle
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
Cycle
Air Conditioning System
Refrigerator
Gas Turbine
Atmospheric air flows through a compressor that
brings it to a high pressure.
Energy is added by spraying fuel into the air and
igniting it in a burner, so the combustion generates a
high temperature flow. High-temperature, high-
pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands to
the exhaust pressure, producing shaft work.
The turbine shaft work is used to drive the
compressor and other devices, such as an electric
generator.
The energy that is not used comes out in the exhaust
gases.
Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine
Jet engine utilizes part of the power to discharge the
gases at high velocity and generates thrust that moves
the airplane forward.
Jet Engine

Inlet Compressor Burner Turbine Nozzle

Jet Engine

Fan

Burner
Inlet Compressor Turbine Nozzle

Burner
Chemical Rocket Engine
Chemical Rocket Engine

Liquid propellant rocket

The oxidizer and fuel are pumped into the combustion

chamber where combustion takes place at high pressure.
The high-pressure, high-temperature products of
combustion expand through the nozzle at high velocity.
The momentum change associated with increase in
velocity gives the forward thrust.
Liquid oxygen is used as oxidizer.
Liquid hydrogen is used as fuel.
Liquid Rocket Engine
Liquid Rocket Engine
Chemical Rocket Engine

Solid-propellant rockets are used for jet-assisted

takeoffs of airplanes, military missiles, and space
vehicles.

Much simpler in basic equipment and logistics

More difficult to control

Solid Rocket Engine
Solid Rocket Engine
Environmental Issues
Energy conversion processes are accompanied
by environmental pollution.
Environmental Issues

Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases carbon dioxide

into the atmosphere.
It absorbs infrared radiation from the earth, creating the
“greenhouse effect”,
which causes global warming and critical climatic
changes.
Greenhouse Effect

CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
Environmental Issues

Power plant combustion of coal releases sulfur dioxide

and nitrogen oxides (NOX)
which are absorbed in cloud and later fall as acid rain.
Acid Rain
Acid Rain
Environmental Issues

Combustion processes in power plant and gasoline or

diesel engines generate pollutants
such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, partly burned
fuels, and particulates.
Car Pollution

CO
NO x
HC
Car Pollution
Car Pollution
Winter
Car Pollution
Summer
t
Car Pollution
Car Pollution

HC + NOX + Sunlight Ozone

Car Pollution

Smog
Environmental Issues

Refrigeration, air-conditioning system, and other

industrial processes use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
that find their way to the upper atmosphere and
destroy protective ozone layer.
Hole in the Ozone Layer
Hole in the Ozone Layer
Hole in the Ozone Layer

ozone hole
Environmental Issues

Ozone is good up high, but bad nearby.

Ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere 15-50 km)

reduces the sun’s harmful rays.

Ozone at ground level is hazardous for human and the

environment.
Environmental Issues

Steam power plant transfers heat from the steam to the

cooling water.
Large quantities of cooling water are required.
Power plants are located near rivers or lakes.
This transfer of heat leads to thermal pollution.
Thermal Pollution

heat
warm cooling water
Thermal Pollution

warm moist air

heat
heat
Thermal Pollution

warm moist air

heat
heat
heat
heat
Hydroelectric Dam
Energy from the water is created by the force of the
water moving from a higher elevation to a lower
elevation through a large pipe (penstock).
When the water reaches the end of the pipe, it spins
a water wheel (turbine).

The turbine rotates a connected shaft, which turns

the generator, producing electricity.
The turbine and generator change mechanical work
into electrical work.
Hydroelectric Dam

PE

We

KE
Wt
Hydroelectric Dam
The water is a renewable resource,
since it is returned to the reservoir through rain.
Example 1-4 : Reducing Air Pollution by Geothermal Heating
During our study of thermodynamics,

“we must consider how we can eliminate or minimize

damaging effects,

as well as use our natural resources efficiently and

responsibly.”
 Thank you

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Wiriyawit