A PROJECT REPORT

Entitled

“Electro-Magnetic Wave”

Submitted for

The partial fulfillment of the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
Submitted by

Ms. Niyati Gupta

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Manas Ranjan Mishra

Asst. Professor, Department of Mathematics
OP Jindal University, Raigarh-496109

School of Science
OP Jindal University, Raigarh (C.G.)
June 2022

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 Certificate
It is the certification that I have supervised the work of Ms. Niyati Gupta

on “Electro-Magnetic Wave” for the degree of “BACHELOR OF SCIENCE”

in the School of Science, OP Jindal University, Raigarh. I find that the work is

complete in all respect and ready for submission to the University.

Prof. Manas Ranjan Mishra

(Project Guide)
Department of Mathematics, SoS
OP Jindal University, Raigarh

Date:
Place: OPJU, Raigarh, CG

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 Declaration
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Electro-Magnetic Wave”

is based on original work carried out in the School of Science, OP Jindal

University, Raigarh, and in my knowledge it has not been submitted before the

award of any degree in this University and any other Universities.

Date:
Place: OPJU, Raigarh, CG Ms. Niyati Gupta

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 Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Prof. Manas
Ranjan Mishra as well as our Associate Dean (SoS) Dr G. C. Mishra who gave
me the excellent opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Electro-
Magnetic Wave which helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things. I am thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to
thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within
the limited time. Just because of them I was able to create my project and make it
a good and enjoyable experience.

I am making this project not only for marks but also to improve my knowledge.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

Place: OPJU, Raigarh Ms. Niyati Gupta

Date: 25/05/2022

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 CONTENT
Chapter-1
1. Introduction
Chapter-2
2. Electro-Magnetic Waves
2.1 Definition
2.2 Property of E-M Waves
2.3 Characteristics of E-M Wave
2.4 E-M Equation
2.4.1 The Equation
2.4.2 Maxwell's Equations

2.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

2.5.1 E-M waves have different frequencies

2.6 Application of E-M Waves

2.7 Fundamentals of Physics/Electromagnetic Waves
2.8 E-M waves for Human Health

Chapter-3
3. Conclusion
Chapter-4
4. Reference

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1. Introduction
About 150 years ago, James Clerk Maxwell, an English scientist, developed a scientific
theory to explain electromagnetic waves. He noticed that electrical fields and magnetic fields
can couple together to form electromagnetic waves. Neither an electrical field (like the static
which forms when you rub your feet on a carpet) nor a magnetic field (like the one that holds
a magnet onto your refrigerator) will go anywhere by themselves. But, Maxwell discovered
that a changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa.
An electromagnetic wave exists when the changing magnetic field causes a changing
electric field, which then causes another changing magnetic field, and so on forever. Unlike a
STATIC field, a wave cannot exist unless it is moving. Once created, an electromagnetic wave
will continue on forever unless it is absorbed by matter.
Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, applied Maxwell's theories to the production and
reception of radio waves. The unit of frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is
named the hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz.
Hertz proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s. He used two rods to serve
as a receiver and a spark gap as the receiving antennae. Where the waves were picked up, a
spark would jump. Hertz showed in his experiments that these signals possessed all of the
properties of electromagnetic waves.
With this oscillator, Hertz solved two problems. First, timing Maxwell's waves. He had
demonstrated, in the concrete, what Maxwell had only theorized - that the velocity of radio
waves was equal to the velocity of light! (This proved that radio waves were a form of light!)
Second, Hertz found out how to make the electric and magnetic fields detach themselves from
wires and go free as Maxwell's waves.

James Clerk Maxwell

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2. Electro-Magnetic Waves
2.1 Definition
Definition: Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of
vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. In other words, EM waves are
composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields.

Description: Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with
a magnetic field. They are hence known as ‘electromagnetic’ waves. The electric field and
magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave are perpendiculars (at right angles) to each other.
They are also perpendicular to the direction of the EM wave.

EM waves travel with a constant velocity of 3.00 x 108 ms-1 in a vacuum. They are deflected
neither by the electric field nor by the magnetic field. However, they are capable of showing
interference or diffraction. An electromagnetic wave can travel through anything - be it air, a
solid material, or a vacuum. It does not need a medium to propagate or travel from one place
to another. Mechanical waves (like sound waves or water waves), on the other hand, need a
medium to travel. EM waves are 'transverse' waves. This means that they are measured by
their amplitude (height) and wavelength.

The highest point of a wave is known as 'crest', whereas the lowest point is known as 'trough'.
Electromagnetic waves can be split into a range of frequencies. This is known as the
electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of EM waves are radio waves, microwaves, infrared
waves, X-rays, gamma rays, etc. (1)

2.2. Property of E-M Waves

Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed thoroughpaced. That speed, called the
speed of light, is about 300 million meters per second (3.0 x 108 m/s). Nothing else in the
universe is known to travel this fast. The sun is about 150 million kilometers (93 million
miles) from Earth, but it takes electromagnetic radiation only 8 minutes to reach Earth from
the sun. If you could move that fast, you would be able to travel around Earth 7.5 times in just
1 second!

Wavelength and Frequency of Electromagnetic Waves

Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed across space, they may differ in
their wavelengths, frequencies, and energy levels.

• Wavelength is the distance between corresponding points of adjacent waves (see the
Figure below). Wavelengths of electromagnetic waves range from longer than a soccer field
to shorter than the diameter of an atom.

• Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of
time. Frequencies of electromagnetic waves range from thousands of waves per second to
trillions of waves per second.

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• The energy of electromagnetic waves depends on their frequency. Low-frequency
waves have little energy and are normally harmless. High-frequency waves have a lot of
energy and are potentially very harmful.

[Figure 1]

2.3 Characteristics of E-M Wave

The electric field varies with time, and it will give rise to a magnetic field, this magnetic field
varies with time and it gives rise to the electric field and the process continues like this.
These electric and magnetic fields vary periodically and are coupled with each other when
concurrently propagating in space giving rise to electromagnetic waves.
The magnetic field will be a sine wave but, in a direction, perpendicular to the electric field.
Both of these provide advancements to the electromagnetic field.
However, with the magnetic field along the y-axis, the wave will also propagate on the z-axis
if the electric field is along the x-axis.
The electric and magnetic fields are each distinct and perpendicular to the direction of surge
propagation.
Electric and magnetic fields that are opposite in time and linked to each other give rise to
electromagnetic waves.
Nature of Electromagnetic waves
EM waves are transverse waves. The transverse waves are those in which the direction of
disturbance or displacement in the medium is vertical to that of the propagation of the wave.
The patches of the medium are moving in a direction vertical to the direction of propagation of
the wave. In the case of EM waves, the propagation of waves takes place along the x-axis, and
electric and magnetic fields are vertical to the wave propagation. This means surge propagation
x-axis, electric field y-axis, and magnetic field z- axis.

Because of this EM waves are transverse in nature. The electric field of EM surge is represented
as

𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥– 𝑤𝑡)

Where 𝐸𝑦 = electric field along the y-axis and x = direction of propagation of the wave.

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Wave number k = (2π/λ)
The magnetic field of the EM wave is represented as

𝐵𝑧 = 𝐵0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑤𝑡)

Where 𝐵𝑧 = electric field along the z-axis and x = direction of propagation of the wave.

𝐵0 = (𝐸0 /𝑐)
Then, we observe some electromagnetic waves. In free space or vacuum, they are self-
perpetuating electric and magnetic field fluctuations. The vibrations of the electric and
magnetic fields are unlike any different waves that we have seen from afar, in that there is no
physical medium involved. Longitudinal contraction and rarefaction waves are contraction and
rarefaction waves in the air. A rigid, shear-resistant solid can produce transverse elastic(sound)
waves correspondingly. (3)

2.4 E-M Equation: -

(EM) waves are changing electric and magnetic fields, transporting energy and momentum
through space. EM waves are solutions to Maxwell's equations, which are the fundamental
equations of electrodynamics. EM waves require no medium, they can travel through
space. Sinusoidal plane waves are one type of electromagnetic wave. Not all EM waves are
sinusoidal plane waves, but all electromagnetic waves can be viewed as a linear superposition
of sinusoidal plane waves traveling in arbitrary directions. A plane EM wave traveling in the
x-direction is of the form

𝑬(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑬𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑),

𝑩(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑩𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑).

E is the electric field vector, and B is the

magnetic field vector of the EM wave.

For electromagnetic waves, E and B are

always perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction of
[Figure-2]
propagation.

The direction of propagation is the

direction of E * B.

If, for a wave traveling in the x-direction

E = Ej,

then

B = Bk and

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 j * k = i.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse

waves.

The wave number is k = 2π/λ, where λ is the wavelength of the wave. The frequency f of the
wave is f = ω/2π, ω is the angular frequency. The speed of any periodic wave is the product of
its wavelength and frequency.

v = λf.

The speed of any electromagnetic waves in free space is the speed of light

c = 3*108 m/s.

Electromagnetic waves can have any wavelength λ or frequency f as long as λf = c.

When electromagnetic waves travel through a medium, the speed of the waves in the medium
is v = c/n(λfree), where n(λfree) is the index of refraction of the medium. The index of refraction
n is a property of the medium, and it depends on the wavelength λfree of the EM wave. If the
medium absorbs some of the energy transported by the wave, then n(λfree) is a complex
number. For air, n is nearly equal to 1 for all wavelengths. When an EM wave travels from
one medium with an index of refraction n1 into another medium with a different index of
refraction n2, then its frequency remains the same, but its speed and wavelength change. For
air, n is nearly equal to 1. (4)

2.4.1 The Equation

Maxwell’s four equations describe the electric and magnetic fields arising from distributions
of electric charges and currents, and how those fields change in time. They were the
mathematical distillation of decades of experimental observations of the electric and magnetic
effects of charges and currents, plus the profound intuition of Michael Faraday. Maxwell’s
contribution to these equations is just the last term of the last equation—but the addition of that
term had dramatic consequences. It made evident for the first time that varying electric and
magnetic fields could feed off each other—these fields could propagate indefinitely through
space, far from the varying charges and currents where they originated. Previously these fields
had been envisioned as tethered to the charges and currents giving rise to them. Maxwell’s
new term (called the displacement current) freed them to move through space in a self-
sustaining fashion, and even predicted their velocity—it was the velocity of light!

Here are the equations:

1. Gauss’ Law for electric fields:

𝑄
∮ 𝐸⃗ ⅆ𝐴 = 𝜀
0

(The integral of the outgoing electric field over an area enclosing a volume equals the total
charge inside, in appropriate units.)

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2. The corresponding formula for magnetic fields:

∫𝐵 ⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 = 0
(No magnetic charge exists: no “monopoles”.)

3. Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction:

∮ 𝐸 ⋅ ⅆ𝑙 = − ⅆ/ ⅆ (∫ 𝐵 ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 )

The first term is integrated around a closed line, usually a wire, and gives the total voltage
change around the circuit, which is generated by a varying magnetic field threading through
the circuit.

4. Ampere’s Law plus Maxwell’s displacement current:

⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝑙 = 𝜇0 (𝐼 + ⅆ⁄ (𝜀0 ⋅ ∫ 𝐸⃗ ⅆ𝐴))
∮𝐵 ⅆ𝑡

This gives the total magnetic force around a circuit in terms of the current through the circuit,
plus any varying electric field through the circuit (that’s the “displacement current”).

The purpose of this lecture is to review the first three equations and the original Ampere’s law
fairly briefly, as they were covered earlier in the course, then to demonstrate why the
displacement current term must be added for consistency, and finally to show, without using
differential equations, how measured values of static electrical and magnetic attraction are
sufficient to determine the speed of light.

2.4.2 Maxwell's Equations

We have so far established that the total flux of electric field out of a closed surface is just the
total enclosed charge multiplied by1/𝜀0 ,
𝑄
∮ 𝐸⃗ ⅆ𝐴 =
𝜀0
This is Maxwell’s first equation. It represents completely covering the surface with a large
number of tiny patches having areas ⅆ𝐴. We represent these small areas as vectors pointing
outwards, because we can then take the dot product with the electric field to select the
component of that field pointing perpendicularly outwards (it would count negatively if the
field were pointing inwards)—this is the only component of the field that contributes to actual
flow across the surface. (Just as a river flowing parallel to its banks has no flow across the
banks).
The second Maxwell equation is the analogous one for the magnetic field, which has no sources
or sinks (no magnetic monopoles, the field lines just flow around in closed curves). Thinking
of the force lines as representing a kind of fluid flow, the so-called "magnetic flux", we see that
for a closed surface, as much magnetic flux flows into the surface as flows out. This can
perhaps be visualized most clearly by taking a group of neighboring lines of force forming a
slender tube—the "fluid" inside this tube flows round and round, so as the tube goes into the
closed surface then comes out again (maybe more than once) it is easy to see that what flows

11
into the closed surface at one place flows out at another. Therefore, the net flux out of the
enclosed volume is zero, Maxwell’s second equation:

⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 = 0
∫𝐵
The first two Maxwell's equations, given above, are for integrals of the electric and magnetic
fields over closed surfaces. The other two Maxwell's equations, discussed below, are for
integrals of electric and magnetic fields around closed curves (taking the component of the field
pointing along the curve). These represent the work that would be needed to take a charge
around a closed curve in an electric field, and a magnetic monopole (if one existed!) around a
closed curve in a magnetic field.
The simplest version of Maxwell's third equation is the electrostatic case:

The path integral ∮ 𝐸⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝑙 = 0 for electrostatics.

However, we know that this is only part of the truth, because from Faraday's Law of Induction
if a closed circuit has a changing magnetic flux through it, a circulating current will arise, which
means there is a nonzero voltage around the circuit.
The full version of Maxwell's third equation is:
ⅆ
∮ 𝐸⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝑙 = − ⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴)
(∫ 𝐵
ⅆ𝑡
where the area integrated over on the right-hand side spans the path (or circuit) on the left-hand
side, like a soap film on a loop of wire.
It may seem that the integral on the right-hand side is not very clearly defined because if the
path or circuit lies in a plane, the natural choice of spanning surface (the "soap film") is flat,
but how do you decide what surface to choose to do the integral over for a wire bent into a
circuit that doesn’t lie in a plane? The answer is that it doesn’t matter what surface you choose,
as long as the wire forms its boundary. Consider two different surfaces both having the wire
as a boundary (just as both the northern hemisphere of the earth’s surface and the southern
hemisphere have the equator as a boundary). If you add these two surfaces together, they form
a single closed surface, and we know that for a closed surface ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 = 0. This implies that
∫𝐵 ⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 for one of the two surfaces bounded by the path is equal to −∫ 𝐵 ⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝐴 = 0 for the
other one, so that the two will add to zero for the whole closed surface. But don’t forget these
integrals for the whole closed surface are defined with the little area vectors pointing outwards
from the enclosed volume. By imagining two surfaces spanning the wire that are a close to each
other, it is clear that the integral over one of them is equal to the integral over the other if we
take the ⅆ𝐴 vectors to point in the same direction for both of them, which in terms of the
enclosed volume would be outwards for one surface, inwards for the other one. The bottom line
of all this is that the surface integral ⅆ𝐴 is the same for any surface spanning the path, so it
doesn’t matter which we choose.
The equation analogous to the electrostatic version of the third equation given above, but for
the magnetic field, is Ampere's law
⃗ ⋅ ⅆ𝑙 = 𝜇0. (Enclosed currents)
∮𝐵
for magnetostatics, where the currents counted are those threading through the path we're
integrating around, so if there is a soap film spanning the path, these are the currents that punch

12
through the film (of course, we have to agree on a direction, and subtract currents flowing in
the opposite direction).
We must now consider whether this equation, like the electrostatic one, has limited validity. It
was not questioned for a generation after Ampere wrote it down: Maxwell's great contribution,
in the 1860s, was to realize that it was not always valid. (5)

2.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Waves have different wavelengths.
When we listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, we are using
electromagnetic waves.
Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of electromagnetic waves. They
only differ from each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest
to the next.
Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of
buildings to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves,
microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
The range of all EM frequencies is known as the EM spectrum. The spectrum can be
represented by a diagram like the one below. On the left are the waves with the longest
wavelengths and the lowest frequencies and energies. Toward the right, the wavelengths
become shorter, and the frequencies and energies become higher. The diagram also shows
different parts of the spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet
light, x-rays, and gamma rays. The EM spectrum is a smooth, gradual progression from the
lowest frequencies to the highest.
1) Radio Waves
Radio waves are EM waves that have the longest wavelengths, the lowest frequencies, and the
lowest energies. Radio waves travel easily through the atmosphere and many materials. People
have developed numerous technologies to take advantage of the properties of radio waves.
Radio was the first technology to use EM waves for telecommunication, which is
communication over long distances. A radio transmitter converts sound waves into radio waves
and broadcasts them in different directions. Radio receivers in many locations pick up the radio
waves and convert them back into sound
waves.
Different radio stations broadcast radio
waves at different frequencies. To pick up a
particular station, you have to tune your
radio to the frequency for that station. The
numbers you see on the radio— such as 670
or 99.5—are frequencies.
Simply transmitting EM waves at a certain frequency is not enough to send music, words, or
other meaningful sounds. To do that, the radio transmitter must attach information about the

13
sounds to the radio signal. The transmitter attaches the information by modulating—that is,
changing—the waves slightly. Two common ways of modulating radio waves are varying the
amplitude of the waves and varying the frequency of the waves. Amplitude modulation is used
for AM radio, and frequency modulation is used for FM radio.
2) Microwaves
Microwave A type of EM waves called microwaves
comes next on the EM spectrum. are EM waves with
shorter wavelengths, higher frequencies, and higher
energy than other radio waves. Microwaves get their
name from the fact that their wavelengths are
generally shorter than those of radio waves. Two
important technologies that use microwaves are radar
and cell phones. Microwave
3) Infrared Light s

The part of the spectrum consists of EM frequencies

between microwaves and visible light. Infrared radiation is
the type of EM wave most often associated with heat.
Waves in this range are sometimes called heat rays.
Although you cannot see infrared radiation, you can feel it
as warmth coming from the Sun, a fire, or a radiator.
Infrared lamps are used to provide warmth in bathrooms and
to keep food warm after it is cooked. Infrared rays also help
to cook food—for
example, in a toaster or Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, Caltech/JPL
over charcoal.
4) Ultraviolet Light
The Ultraviolet Light part of the EM spectrum consists of frequencies above those of visible
light and partially below those of x-rays. Because ultraviolet (UV) light has higher frequencies
than visible light, it also carries more energy. The
waves in this range can damage your skin and eyes.
Sunblock and UV-protection sunglasses are
designed to filter out these frequencies.
Ultraviolet light has beneficial effects as well.
Because it can damage cells, UV light can be used
to sterilize medical instruments and food by killing
harmful bacteria. In addition, UV light causes skin
cells to produce vitamin D, which is essential to
good health. Ultraviolet light can also be used to
treat skin problems and other medical conditions.
Like infrared light, ultraviolet light is visible to
some animals. Bees and other insects can see higher U-V light
frequencies than people can. They see nectar guides—marks that show where nectar is
located—that people cannot see with visible light. The photographs below show how one
flower might look to a person and to a bee.

14
 5) X-rays and gamma rays have short wavelengths and high frequencies
At the opposite end of the EM spectrum from radio waves are x-rays and gamma rays. Both
have very high frequencies and energies. X-rays have
frequencies from about 1016 Hz to 1021 Hz.
Gamma rays have frequencies from about 1019 Hz
to more than 1024 Hz. Like other EM waves, x-rays
and gamma rays are produced by the Sun and by
other stars. People have also developed technologies
that use these EM frequencies.
X-rays pass easily through the soft tissues of the
body, but many are absorbed by denser matter such X-Rays
as bone. If photog the graphic film is placed behind the body and x- rays
are aimed at the film, only the x-rays that pass through the body will expose the film. This
makes x-ray images useful for diagnosing bone fractures and finding dense tumors. But too
much exposure to x-rays can damage tissue. Even in small doses, repeated exposure to x-rays
can cause cancer over time. When you have your teeth x-rayed, you usually wear a vest made
out of the ad for protection. Lead blocks high-frequency radiation.
6) Gamma rays

Gamma rays have the highest frequencies and

energies of any EM waves. Gamma rays are produced
by some radioactive substances as well as by the Sun
and other stars. Gamma rays can penetrate the soft and
the hard tissues of the body, killing normal cells and
causing cancer cells to develop. If carefully controlled,
this destructive power can be beneficial. Doctors can Gamma Rays
also use gamma rays to kill cancer cells and fight tumors.

Radar
The term radar stands for “radio detection and ranging.” Radar came into wide use during
World War II (1939–1945) as a way of detecting aircraft and ships from a distance and
estimating their locations. Radar works by transmitting microwaves, receiving reflections of
the waves from objects the waves strike, and
converting these patterns into visual images on a
screen. Today, radar technology is used to control air
traffic at airports, analyze weather conditions, and
measure the speed of a moving vehicle.
Radar led to the invention of the microwave oven. The
discovery that microwaves could be used to cook food
was made by accident when microwaves melted a
candy bar inside a researcher’s pocket.
Cell Phones A cell phone is actually a radio transmitter and receiver Radar that
uses microwaves. Cell phones depend on an overlapping network of cells, or areas of land
several kilometers in diameter. Each cell has at its center a tower that sends and receives

15
microwave signals. The tower connects cell phones inside the cell to each other or to the regular
wire-based one system.
Visible lights
Visible lights the part of the EM spectrum that human eyes
can see. It lies s between 1014 Hz and 1015Hz.We pe
receive the longest wavelengths of visible light as red and
the shortest as violet. This narrow band is very small
compared with the rest of the spectrum. In visible is only
about 1/100,000 of the complete EM
spectrum. Visible lights

The area below visible light and above microwaves is the infrared part of the EM spectrum.
Above visible light is the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. You will read more about visible
light in the next section. (6)

2.5.1 E-M waves have different frequencies

It might seem hard to believe that the same form of energy browns your toast, brings you to
broadcast television, and makes the page you are now reading visible. Yet EM waves make
each of these events possible.
The various types of EM waves differ from each other in their wavelengths and frequencies.
The frequency of an EM wave also determines its characteristics and uses. Higher-frequency
EM waves, with more electromagnetic vibrations per second, have more energy. Lower-
frequency EM waves, with longer wavelengths, have less energy.(6)

[Figure-3]

16
2.6. Application of E-M Waves
Every part of the electromagnetic spectrum has multiple applications in our everyday lives, and
many of those applications involve technology.
Radio waves are used for communications - that's why the thing in your car is called a radio.
But they're not just for FM and AM radio. They're also used to broadcast television signals, and
they're how mobile phones work - your voice is sent through radio signals. Radio waves are
also used for radar, which is why both words start with the same three letters. Radar is
extremely important in military operations and can also be used in speed cameras and speed
guns.
Microwaves have probably the most obvious application: in a microwave. Microwaves can be
used to heat and cook your food. Since microwaves aren't that different from radio waves,
they've also been used for communications, especially for extending TV signals to larger
distances.
Infrared waves are what come out of remote controls. Infrared is also a type of wave that
transmits a lot of heat. When you put your hand near to, but not touching, something and it
feels warm, it's because of infrared waves coming out of it. All hot objects produce infrared.
You’re producing infrared waves right now. Infrared waves can also be used to create heat-
sensitive and night-vision cameras.
Ultraviolet waves have their uses too, but they're also a bit of a pain. That's because the sun
produces a lot of ultraviolet and is a common cause of skin cancer. When powerful enough,
UV can damage your skin. Getting a sun tan might be a fun-sounding use of UV, but because
of the risks, it's a bad idea. More positive uses include the fact that UV can sterilize and disinfect
medical instruments (or anything else, for that matter), killing bacteria and viruses. And, UV
also lights up fluorescent materials; highlighter pens are brighter and more useful because of
this effect. This property can be used to check if money is real or counterfeit by hiding things
in it that light up under UV.
X-rays are electromagnetic waves that can be used in aptly named x-ray machines to see inside
your body and diagnose various diseases. They can also be used to kill cancer cells. (7)

2.7. Fundamentals of Physics/Electromagnetic Waves

An electromagnetic wave is a type of wave (a wave carries energy through a medium-

seemingly needs no medium as it propagates through vacuums) the yet though electromagnetic
wave moves at speed c, or the speed of light (the speed of light ≈ 300,000 km/s in free space).
It is composed of two fields, oriented at right angles to each other- the electric field and the
magnetic field. This disturbance carries energy through space. They vary in wavelength (in
theory they could be any wavelength), and each wavelength can correspond to a different "type"
of the wave, though truly all waves on the electromagnetic spectrum are the same thing- a
moving disturbance in the electric and magnetic fields. The different types of waves on the
spectrum include (moving from longest to shortest wavelength), radio, microwave, infrared,
visible light, ultraviolet, X-Rays, and Gamma rays. As the wavelength decreases, frequency
increases. This is illustrated mathematically with the following equation: f = 300/λ where λ is
the wavelength of a wave in meters, and f is the frequency of the wave, in Megahertz, or
millions of cycles per second. The energy of a wave also increases with frequency, and this is

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illustrated with the formula: E = hf, where E is the energy of the wave, f is the frequency, and
h is Planck's constant.
This type of wave is widely used by mankind, for a variety of reasons. Radio waves are used
(obviously) for communication, as are microwaves (they are of course used for cooking as
well). Infrared likely keep your chips warm at your favorite restaurant, X Rays are used in
imaging, and the list goes on. Some electromagnetic waves have been proven harmful to the
body, specifically those that have enough energy to ionize materials. The process of ionization
by electromagnetic waves includes the wave "knocking" an electron off of an atom, putting it
in a state of electrical imbalance, and it is called an ion. Electromagnetic waves that can ionize
include Ultraviolet Radiation (which causes sunburns), X-Rays, and Gamma Rays. Extreme
quantities of ionizing radiation can be extremely carcinogenic, and sometimes lethally
poisonous. This is why great safety precautions must be taken when working with such things
as X Rays and Gamma Rays remember also that any type of electromagnetic wave that is less
powerful than UV light cannot ionize, and this is obvious to see in the equation E = hf. The
only factor that dictates whether it will ionize is the frequency. Nonetheless, even high-powered
radio signals can cause burns and microwaves can cause blindness if your proximity is too close
to a high-powered antenna. Light can also cause blindness, such as looking directly at the sun.
Caution should be exercised when working with this type of wave, especially near man-made
sources. Nonetheless, despite the (generally somewhat minor) risk, humans have made much
use of this powerful force of nature, and they have proven an invaluable tool.
One question may remain. What medium are these waves ripples in? Well, as was mentioned
earlier, seemingly nothing. However, according to Quantum Field Theory, they may be a ripple
in a quantum field that fills all of Space-time. When the electromagnetic field is disturbed, the
result is the production of photons of electromagnetic energy. Keep this in mind whenever you
turn on a light switch. Light and electromagnetic waves are indeed amazing phenomena. (7)

2.8. E-M waves for Human Health

Benefits and Hazards of EMR
Physical and Bio-Physical Cancer
Treatment Techniques EMR is associated with the study of nanotechnology, searching natural
phenomena and their applications. Further progression in this area of expertise strongly affects
both
biomedical engineering and medicine. Magnetic nanoparticles are the most popular topics in
life sciences and healthcare. Magnetic hyperthermia treatment is used to explore the highly
effective carcinogenic cell destructions. Moreover, magnetic hyperthermia, which is based on
magnetic nanoparticles remotely, generates heat when EMR is applied. This hyperthermia
heating technique is used for the treatment of cancer. Recently, significant progress has been
made in the field of cancer treatment techniques by using EMR. Treatment methods are based
on radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. UV radiations
from the sun are harmful to our normal skin cells as well as these radiations are beneficial to
the destruction of cancer cells. During the treatment of cancer patients, internal organs are
visualized deeply by using (X-rays and gamma rays). Frequent use of these radiation therapies
can also cause harmful effects on the human body. Long-term use of these examinations’
treatments is associated with cancer risk in clinical practice. Peters described the chemotherapy
radiation treatment of women at high risk of recurrence of cervical cancer after a few years.

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Disease Diagnoses
with Imaging Techniques
EMR is used in imaging studies like radiography, angiography, and computer tomography
scanning. Werneck et reported that the multiple-image radiography technique is used for more
accurate images of a biological specie the present study concluded that angiography showed a
clear vision of the blood vessels and the other organs of the body especially the heart chamber,
arteries, narrow veins, etc. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was the first modern imaging
technology, introduced in 1972. It is used for imaging the whole body in 5 to 20 minutes with
a sub-millimeter isotropic resolution. Phase-contrast ray imaging is a remarkable technique for
analyzing deep structures inside biological soft tissues. It is used for observing the three-
dimensional structure of infected tissues. Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography is used for
the analysis of the composition and deep structure of all types of materials and biological
specimens. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) is a wonderful technique for taking detailed
pictures inside the human body. It is used to diagnose different diseases and injuries inside the
human body such as brain injury, spinal cord injury, anode vessel damage, cancer cells, heart
diseases, and blocked blood vessel. An electromagnetic actuator was designed for magnetic
resonance electrography (MRE). The actuator is unique since it is simple, portable, and capable
of brain, abdomen, and phantom images. The relatively easy setup procedure and simple design
indicated that the actuator system had the potential to be applied in many different clinical
studies, All these techniques are associated with demagogical bonds between living tissues.
Long-term use of X-rays and CT scan cancans modify genetic properties in a living organism
and cause variation leading to cancer. EMR exposure to high-frequency waves like X-rays,
Gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, etc. from the above-mentioned tech inquest is a source of serious
biological changes and harmful effects on a living organism. Anjum et all reported that
exposure to dental X-rays may be associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer.

Urinary, Kidney, and Gall Stones

Treatment Techniques
The current research resulted that EMR-generated extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has
found many applications in clinical biology. It has replaced the surgical treatment of renal and
ureteral stones. Moreover, lithotripter combined with radiological and endo-surgical techniques
has been used for the treatment of complex stones in the upper urinary tract, complex kidney
stones, and gallstones. EMR can also be applied to modern technologies such as
electrohydraulic lithotripsy and laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a popular method of
fragmentation in urinary stones. Laser lithotripsy may also be used to the optimize
fragmentation of harder gallstones. This treatment is used for patients having a stone size of 30
mm or less and having symptoms of the disease. Multiple lithotripsy examinations do not show
a high risk; however, high doses of radiation may also cause damage to our human organs67.
In the present era, we have to minimize the effects of these radiations by using safety aids like
wearing safety dresses and other safety objects. So that, we can save our environment and living
beings. the use of these radiations for beneficial purposes can make this world like a paradise.
In the next section, we will briefly discuss safety guidelines. (8)

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3.0. CONCLUSIONS

There are more electromagnetic waves than sunlight. Examples are the short-wavelength
gamma radiation or the long-wavelength radio waves. The different electromagnetic waves
are classified within the electromagnetic spectrum according to their wavelengths and
frequencies.
Electromagnetic waves can be guided along the desired route not only by transmission lines
but also by hollow pipes, dielectric coated surfaces, or dielectric rods.
It is typical of all these hollow waveguides that they cannot support the TEM wave type, but
support the TE and TM wave types and they cannot transmit energy below a certain
frequency, known as the Cut-off frequency.
Waves of frequencies above the cut-off frequency propagate without attenuation (except due
to losses in materials).

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4.0. Reference
Definition of EMW-
1) https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetic-waves/

Property of E-M Waves –

2)https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/18.2/primary/lesson/properties-of-electromagnetic-waves-ms-ps/

Characteristics of E-M Wave –

3) https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/characteristics-of-electromagnetic-waves/

EM Equation –

4) http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/optics421/modules/m1/emwaves.htm

The Equation -
5) https://www.effinghamschools.com/cms/lib4/GA01000314/Centricity/Domain/702/559-
566.pdf
The Electromagnetic Spectrum -
6) https://www.myhaikuclass.com/c/7397893/file/show/99632128
Application of E-M Waves –
7) https://study.com/academy/lesson/technological-applications-of-electromagnetic-
waves.html

E-M waves for Human Health: -

8) https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3121-3128.pdf

E-M waves for Human Health - European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
S. BATOOL1, A. BIBI2, F. FREZZA1, F. MANGINI3

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