ELE 3230

Microprocessors and
Computer Systems
Chapter 1
Overview

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 1

 Computer Generations

Approximate Typical Speed

Generation Dates Technology (operations per second)
1 1946-1957 Vacuum tube 40,000
2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000
3 1965-1971 Small and medium 1,000,000
scale integration
4 1972-1977 Large scale 10,000,000
integration
5 1978- Very large scale 100,000,000
integration

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 2

 Growth in Chip Density
1011
1010 GSI
Components per Chip

10 9
ULSI
108

10 7
VLSI
10 6

10 5
LSI
10 4
10 3 MSI

10 2
SSI
101
10 0 ZSI
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ZSI = Zero-Scale Integration (Discrete Components) VLSI = Very-Large-Scale Integration

SSI = Small-Scale Integration ULSI = Ultra-Large-Scale Integration
MSI = Medium-Scale Integration GSI = Giga-Scale-Integration
LSI = Large-Scale Integration
ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 3
Evolution of DRAM and Processor
Characteristics
Morre’s Law: The number of transistors doubles every 18-24 months.

200 Dynamic RAM Density

100
Improvement factor

50

Processor Speed
20

10

5
Dynamic RAM Speed
2

1
1980 1985 1990 1995
ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 4
 Trends in DRAM Use
256
Supercomputers
128 Servers 8Gbytes

64 2Gbytes
Number of DRAMS

32 Workstations 512Mbytes

16 128Mbytes

8 Large PCs 32Mbytes

4 8Mbytes
Small PCs
2Mbytes
2

1
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1999

DRAM Size 1Mbits 4Mbits 16Mbits 64Mbits 256Mbits

Predominant 1M×1 1M×4 4M×4 ??? ???
Organization 256K×4 2M×8
ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 5
 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Feature 8008 8080 8086 80396 80486 Pentium P6 P-II Celeron PII Xeon
Year introduced 1972 1974 1978 1985 1989 1993 1995 1997 1998 1998
Number of instructions 66 111 133 154 235
Address bus width 8 16 20 32 32 32 64 64 32 64
Data bus width 8 8 16 32 32 64 64 64 64 64
Number of flags 4 5 9 14 14
Number of registers 8 8 16 8 8
Memory addressability 16 KB 64 KB 1 MB 4 GB 4GB 4G 64G 64G 4G 64G
I/O ports 24 256 64 K 64 K 64K
Bus bandwidth (MB/sec) - 0.75 5 32 32
Register-to-register - 1.3 0.3 0.125 0.06
add time ( µsec)

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 6

8086 Pin Diagram

GND 1 40 Vcc
AD14 2 39 AD15
AD13 3 38 A16/S3
AD12 4 37 A17/S4
AD11 5 36 A18/S5
AD10 6 35 A19/S6
AD9 7 34 BHS /S7
AD8 8 33 MN/ MX
AD7 9 32 RD
AD6 10 8086 31 RQ / GT0 (HOLD)
AD5 11 CPU 30 RQ / GT1 (HLDA)
AD4 12 29 LOCK ( WR)
AD3 13 28 S2 ( M/ IO)
AD2 14 27 S1 ( DT/ R)
AD1 15 26 S0 ( DEN )
AD0 16 25 QS0 (ALE)
NMI 17 24 QS1 (INTA )
INTR 18 23 TEST
CLK 19 22 READY
GND 20 21 RESET

40 LEAD

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 7

Block Diagram of a Simple 8086-
based Microcomputer

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 8

Intel 486 Internal Block Diagram

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 9

Bandwidth Requirements for Various
Peripheral Technologies

Peripheral Technical Required Bandwidth

Graphics 24-bit color 30 MBytes/sec
Local area network 100BASEX or FDDI 12 Mbytes/sec
Disk controller SCSI or P1394 10 Mbytes/sec
Full-motion video 1024 x 768@30fps 67+ Mbytes/sec
I/O Peripherals Other miscellaneous 5+ Mbytes/sec

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 10

 Intel386 SL-25

Intel486 SX-25

Intel486 DX2-50

Pentium - 60MHz

Pentium - 120MHz

iCOMP Index 3.0

Pentium - 150MHz
(MMX)

Celeron - 266MHz

Pentium II - 266 MHz

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1

iCOMP Index 2.0
Pentium II - 350 MHz
ICOMP Index

Pentium III - 500 MHz

Pentium III - 700 MHz

iCOMP Index 1.0

Pentium III - 1 GHz

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500

11
4004

1971: 4004 Microprocessor

The 4004 was Intel's first
microprocessor.
This breakthrough invention
powered the Busicom calculator
and paved the way for
embedding intelligence in
inanimate objects as well as the
personal computer.

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 12

8008
1972: 8008
Microprocessor
The 8008 was twice as powerful
as the 4004.
According to the magazine
Radio Electronics, Don
Lancaster, a dedicated computer
hobbyist, used the 8008 to
create a predecessor to the first
personal computer, a device
Radio Electronics dubbed a "TV
typewriter." It was used as a
dumb terminal.

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 13

8080
1974: 8080
Microprocessor
The 8080 became the brains of
the first personal computer--the
Altair, allegedly named for a
destination of the Starship
Enterprise from the Star Trek
television show.
Computer hobbyists could
purchase a kit for the Altair for
$395. Within months, it sold tens
of thousands, creating the first
PC back orders in history.

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 14

8086-8088
1978: 8086-8088
Microprocessor
A pivotal sale to IBM's new personal
computer division made the 8088
the brains of IBM's new hit product--
the IBM PC.
The 8088's success propelled Intel
into the ranks of the Fortune 500,
and Fortune magazine named the
company one of the "Business
Triumphs of the Seventies."

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 15

History and evolution of microprocessors
1. Recommended books
z Malone & Shawn M. (1995). The microprocessors: a biography. California: Santa Clara.
y As the name suggests, it is a book discussing the history of microprocessors, not only from Intel but
also the others.
y UL call no: TK7895.M5 M35 1995
z
z Gregg & Wyant (1995) How microprocessors work (Chinese) 如何理解微處理器的運作. 香港
：緯輝電子出版公司
y Contains a section describing the evolution of microprocessors
y UL call no: TK7895.M5 W9312 1995
z
z Yu A. (1998). Creating the Digital Future – The Secrets of Consistent Innovation at Intel.
New York: Free Press
y Discussing the innovation of Intel microprocessors with management taste
y UL call no: HD9696.S44 Y82 1998

z 虞有澄著，季安譯 (1999). Intel 創新之秘. 台北市：天下遠見出版股份有限公司

y Chinese version of “Creating the Digital Future – The Secrets of Consistent Innovation at Intel”
y UL call no: HD9696.S44 Y8212 1999b
y UL call no: TK7895.M5 M35 1995
ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 16
History and evolution of microprocessors
2. Recommended websites

z http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/
Intel official site. Including detailed circuit diagrams and quick technical
reference from the oldest 4004 to the newest Pentium 4

z http://www.epemag.com/micros.pdf
A short feature article describing evolution of Intel microprocessors, with
technical terms explained

z http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC
Rich source of CPU information

ELE 3230 - Chapter 1 17