HAMILTON HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT
ADVANCED LEVEL CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL ENERGETICS QUESTION BANK

1. A Born–Haber cycle for the formation of calcium sulphide is shown below. The cycle
includes enthalpy changes for all Steps except Step F. (The cycle is not drawn to scale.)

Ca 2+(g) + S 2–(g)
Ca 2+(g) + 2e – + S(g)
Step F
Step E –200 kJ mol –1
Step D +1145 kJ mol
–1
Ca 2+(g) + e – + X
Ca + (g) + e – + S(g)

Step C +590 kJ mol –1

Ca(g) + S(g)

Step G –3013 kJ mol –1

Step B +279 kJ mol –1
Ca(g) + S(s)

Step A +178 kJ mol –1

Ca(s) + S(s)

H f Cas –482 kJ mol –1

CaS(s)

(a) Give the full electronic arrangement of the ion S2–

(1)

(b) Identify the species X formed in Step E.

(1)

(c) Suggest why Step F is an endothermic process. (2)

(d) Name the enthalpy change for each of the following steps.
 (i) Step B ,D and F

(e) Explain why the enthalpy change for Step D is larger than that for Step C.
(2)

(f) Use the data shown in the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change for Step
F.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

2. The energy level diagram (Born-Haber cycle) for caesium chloride is shown below.

–
Cs+(g) + Cl(g) + e

–1
H4 = +121 kJ mol
–1
H5 = –364 kJ mol
–
Cs+(g) + 12 Cl2(g) + e

–1 + –
H3 = +376 kJ mol Cs (g) + Cl (g)

Cs(g) + 12 Cl2(g)

H 2 = +79 kJ mol –1
H 6
Cs(s) + 12 Cl 2 (g)

–1
H1 = –433 kJ mol

CsCl(s)

(a) Give the names of the enthalpy changes represented by H1, H2 and H5.
(3)

(b) Calculate the value of the lattice energy H6.

(2)

(c) Explain why the enthalpy change represented by H3 has a lower magnitude for
caesium than for sodium.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
3. Figure 1 shows the energy level diagram (Born-Haber cycle) for the formation of
rubidium iodide from its elements.

–1 H 1
HI (Rb) = +402 kJ mol

–
Rb+ (g) + I (g)
Rb(g) + I(g)

–1
H at ( 12 I 2 ) = +107 kJ mol

Rb(g) + 12 I 2 (s)

–1
H at (Rb) = +85.8 kJ mol

–1
H 2 = –609 kJ mol

–1
H f (RbI) = –328 kJ mol

RbI(s)

Figure 1

(i) Complete the diagram giving the identities of the missing species
(2)

(ii) Give the names of the enthalpy changes represented by H1 and H2.
(2)

(iii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change represented by H1.

(2)
(Total 6 marks)
4. The following data relate to lithium chloride.

Standard molar enthalpy change of solution is –37.0 kJ mol–1.

Lattice enthalpy is –846 kJ mol–1.

+ –
Li (g) + Cl (g)

Li(s) + ½Cl 2 (g)

B
Enthalpy C
A

LiCl(s)

+ –
Li (aq) + Cl (aq)

(i) Give the name of each of the changes A and B.

(2)

(ii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change represented by C and suggest the
name(s) of the enthalpy change(s).
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

5 (a)(i) Draw a fully-labelled Born–Haber cycle for the formation of solid barium chloride,
BaCl2, from its elements. Include state symbols for all species involved.

(ii) Use your Born–Haber cycle and the standard enthalpy data given below to
calculate a value for the electron affinity of chlorine.

Enthalpy of atomisation of barium +180 kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +122 kJ mol–1
Enthalpy of formation of barium chloride –859 kJ mol–1
First ionisation enthalpy of barium +503 kJ mol–1
Second ionisation enthalpy of barium +965 kJ mol–1
Lattice formation enthalpy of barium chloride –2056 kJ mol–1 (9)
6.(a)(i) Construct a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of calcium chloride, CaCl2, from its
elements. Name each step in the cycle and mark on the cycle each species involved together
with its state symbol.

(ii) When calcium reacts with chlorine under normal laboratory conditions CaC12 is
formed not CaCl. Identify the stages in the Born-Haber cycle for the formation
of CaCl which differ from those in the cycle for the formation of CaC12
(11)

(b) (i) Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of solution of
CaCl2.

Lattice dissociation enthalpy of CaCl2 = +2255 kJ mol–1

Hydration enthalpy of calcium ions = –1650 kJ mol–1
Hydration enthalpy of chloride ions = –384 kJ mol–1

(ii) Using your answer to part (b)(i), deduce how the solubility of CaCl2 changes as
temperature is increased. Explain your answer.
(6)

(c) (i) Standard enthalpies of formation of hydrocarbons are difficult to measure

directly but can be calculated indirectly using experimental data. The equation
for the combustion of cyclobutane, (CH2)4, is

(CH2)4(g) + 6O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H = –2558 kJ mol–1

Calculate the enthalpy of formation of cyclobutane using the data given,

Standard enthalpy of formation of H2O(g) = –245.1 kJ mol–1

Standard enthalpy of formation of CO2(g) = –393.5 kJ mol–1

(ii) Enthalpies of combustion can be calculated using bond enthalpies. Use the data
given below to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of cyclobutane as shown
by the equation above. Explain why the value obtained in this calculation is not
–2558 kJ mol–1.

C–H C–C O=O O–H C=O

Bond enthalpy/kJ mol–1 413 347 498 464 805

(13)
(Total 30 marks)
7. (a) State what is meant by the term enthalpy change.
(2)

(b) Construct a fully-labelled Born-Haber cycle for the formation of MgO and use the data
given below to calculate a value for the enthalpy of lattice formation of this oxide.

Process H /kJ mol–1

Mg(s) + 12 O2(g)  MgO(s) –602
Mg(s)  Mg(g) +148
Mg(g)  Mg+(g) + e– +738
Mg+(g)  Mg2+(g) + e– +1451
O2(g)  2O(g) +498
O(g) + e–  O–(g) –141
O–(g) + e–  O2–(g) +798
(8)

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.

15a. Explain what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of vaporisation and illustrate
the meaning of the term using an equation [3]

b. Sodium is formed from the elements at 298K according to the equation

Na(s) + 1/2Br2 (g) NaBr(s)

The lattice dissociation enthalpy of solid sodium bromide refers to the enthalpy change
for the process
 NaBr(s) Na+(g) + Br-(g)

The electron addition enthalpy refers to the process

Br(g) + e- Br-(g)

Use the information and the data in the table below to answer the questions which follow
Standard enthalpies  H/kJ mol-1

 Hf formation of NaBr(s) -361

 Hea electron addition to Br (g) -325
 Hsub sublimation of Na(s) +107
 Hdiss bond dissociation of Br2(g) +194
 Hi first ionisation of Na(g) +498
 Hl lattice dissociation of NaBr(s) +753

(i) Construct a Born-Haber cycle for sodium bromide. Label the steps in the cycle with
symbols like those used above rather than numerical values. [6]

(ii) Use the data above and the Born-Haber cycle in part (i) to calculate the enthalpy of
vaporisation  Hvap of liquid bromine. [3]

16.
17.
18.
19.

[ans- 844 kjmol]

20.

[ans =1106 kjmol]

21 Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction:

22.

23.
24.

25.

26.

27.
28.

29.

30. Draw an enthalpy cycle to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of ethanol, C2H5OH,
using enthalpy changes of combustion.

31. An ice pack is used as a simple treatment for minor sprains. It consists of a thick plastic bag
that contains ammonium nitrate powder and a second thinner plastic bag full of water. If the bag
is given a sharp blow, the thinner plastic bursts and ammonium nitrate dissolves in water
endothermically. The drop in temperature depends on the mass of the ammonium nitrate used
and the volume of water. Given that the enthalpy of solution is +26 kjmol-1 and specific heat
capacity of the resultant solution is 4.2 JgK-1.Calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate that would
decrease the temperature of 500cm3 of water by 250C [3]