Introduction to

Descriptive Statistics

K S Deepika
Department of MBA
Skewness
It is distortion or asymmetry. It helps to study the shape of the
distribution i.e., symmetric or asymmetric.

Left-Skewed Symmetric Right-Skewed

Mean < Median < Mode Mean = Median =Mode Mode < Median < Mean
Karl Pearson’s Skewness

Absolute Measure Relative Measure

Karl Pearson’s SK P = xത − Z xത − Z
Skewness (SKP) Coef of SK P =
σ
Karl Pearson’s Skewness
The following data relates to the number of accidents in 30 cities. Find
the Coefficient of Karl Pearson’s Skewness of accidents.

No. of accidents 10 11 12 13 14 15
No. of cities 4 5 11 8 7 5
Skewness
No. of No. of cities Z = 12 accidents
x * f 𝐟(𝐱 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔)𝟐
accidents (x) (f)
σ f∗𝑥 504
10 4 40 27.040 xത = = =12.6 accidents
σf 40
11 5 55 12.800
12 11 132 3.960
87.6
13 8 104 1.280 σ= = 1.4799 accidents
40
14 7 98 13.720
15 5 75 28.800
SK P = xത − Z = 12.6 − 12
Total 40 504 87.600 = 0.6 accidents

ഥ−𝒁
𝒙 𝟏𝟐.𝟔−𝟏𝟐
𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝑺𝑲𝑷 = = = 0.405
𝝈 𝟏.𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟗
Outliers
An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a
random sample from a population.
It is represented by five number summary
• the minimum
• the lower quartile or first quartile
• the median (the middle value)
• the upper quartile or third quartile
• the maximum

Whiskers chart is a visual representation of the summary.

Outliers
Prepare a whisker chart for the following set of data
66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 58, 63, 66, 52, 57, 57, 72, 73, 75,70,70, 75, 76, 76, 78,70,70, 79, 89
Solution:
Arranging in ascending order
52, 57, 57, 58, 63, 66, 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 76, 78, 79, 89
Median = 70 Q1 = 66 Q3 = 75
IQR = Q3-Q1 = 75-66 = 9
Min = Q1-1.5*IQR = 66-1.5*9 = 52.5
Max = Q3+1.5*IQR = 66-1.5*9 = 88.5
Hence, 52 and 89 are outlier values which lie beyond the min and max values respectively.
END OF UNIT 1
THANK YOU
K S Deepika
Department of MBA
deepikaks@pes.edu