SPCH 1311 – Introduction to Speech Communications

Chapters 1, 9, 10, 11A, & 2

“Communication in the Real World”

Exam #1 Review

● Exam one will be composed of multiple choice questions and

will cover Chapters 1, 9, 10, 11A, and 2.
● Students should review all the key concepts from the
PowerPoints, notes, and chapter readings.

CHAPTER 1

1. The three reasons we study communication are employability,

relationships, and health.
2. Name and define the five canons of rhetoric:

1) invention - use of evidence and arguments to think about

things in new ways
2) arrangement - the organization of speech, style refers to
the use of language, and delivery refers to the vocal and
physical characteristics of a speaker
3) style - the use of language, and delivery refers to the vocal
and physical characteristics of a speaker
4) delivery - vocal and physical characteristics of a speaker
5) memory - the techniques employed by speakers of that era
to retain and then repeat large amounts of information

3. The parts of the communication model include: (define and

understand):

● Source - The person or thing distributing the message or where

the message is located
● Receiver - Any person that reads or takes in a message
 ● Message - verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from
sender to receiver
● Channel - a sensory route on which a message travels, to the
receiver for decoding
● Noise - noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process
when participants do not understand a
● symbol
● Feedback - includes messages sent in response to other
messages
● Context - physical and psychological influences that enhance or
impede communication

4. Define and be able to identify in scenarios:

Mass Communication - transmitted to many people through print or

electronic media
Mediated Communication - communication carried out by the use of
information communication technology
Public Communication - sender-focused form of communication in
which one person is typically responsible for conveying information
to an audience.
Interpersonal Communication - communication between people
whose lives mutually influence one another
Intrapersonal Communication - communication with ourselves that
takes place in our heads
Impersonal Communication - Communication that involves thinking
of the other person as an object
Group Communication - communication among three or more people
interacting to achieve a shared goal

5. What is the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal

communication? Interpersonal is between 2 or more people and
intrapersonal is to yourself.
6. Review the following contexts and how they vary from one
another:
● Physical context - the environmental factors in a
communication encounter
● Psychological context - the mental and emotional factors
in a communication encounter
● Social context - the stated rules or unstated norms that
guide communication
● Relational context - the previous interpersonal history and
type of relationship we have with a person.
● Cultural context - various aspects of identities such as
race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual
● orientation, class, and ability

7. What is the difference between linear communication and

transactional communication?
Linear is a one-way message, and transactional is messages being
traded and given feedback to.

CHAPTER 9

8. Before selecting a topic, all speeches must consider what two

elements? audience/ purpose

9. What are four important rules regarding central ideas (thesis

statements)? audience focused, one topic, a declarative sentence,
direct language

10. What is the difference between the general purpose and the
specific purpose? General purpose - inform/ persuade / entertain
Specific - what the listener can do after the speech ends
11. Define Lay Testimony and Expert Testimony and know the
difference between the two
Lay Testimony - a
recounting of a person’s experiences, which is more subjective
(recalling what you remember)
Expert Testimony - testimony from people who are credentialed or
recognized experts in a given subject (an expert shows their
experience)

12. Review the following terms about Supporting Material:

● Examples - cited case that is representative of a larger whole
● Explanations - clarify ideas by providing information about
what something is, why something is the way it is, or
how something works or came to be
● Statistics - numerical representations of information
● Analogies - involve a comparison of ideas, items, or
circumstances
● Testimonies - quoted information from people with direct
knowledge about a subject or situation
● Visual Aids - help a speaker reinforce speech content visually,
which helps amplify the speaker’s message
● Objects - offer the audience a direct, concrete way to understand
what you are saying
● Flip Charts - flippable sheets that can be drawn and written on

13. Oral Citations should include author, title of work, and date of
publication about a source.

14. What is the difference between soft and hard evidence? Be able to
identify these in scenarios.
Soft Evidence - Rest on opinion or inference. Hypothetical
illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and
opinions
Hard Evidence - Includes factual examples and statistics.

15. Review the following organizational patterns and be able to

identify them when used in scenarios:
● Topical - breaking a large idea or category into smaller ideas or
subcategories
● Spatial - arranges main points based on their layout or proximity
to each other
● Chronological - helps structure your speech based on time or
sequence
● Problem-solution - entails presenting a problem and offering a
solution
● Cause-effect - sets up a relationship between ideas that shows a
progression from origin to result

16. What is the difference between an initial preview and an internal

preview? Initial Preview - beginning of speech
Internal preview - what is to come → body of speech

17. What is the difference between an internal summary and a final

summary? Internal summary - what has been talked about so far
Final summary - restates what has been said throughout the speech at
the end

18. A verbal or nonverbal organizational signal is better known as

a(n) signpost.
19. Pauses and changes in rate, pitch, or volume that help emphasize
transitions within a speech are known as nonverbal signpost.

20. A well-written and well-delivered closing signals to your audience

that your speech is over, thus cueing their applause is also known as
closure.
21. The formal outline is a full-sentence outline that helps you prepare
for your speech, while a speaking outline is a keyword and phrase
outline that helps you deliver your speech.

22. The counselor gave a presentation over the steps students must
complete in order to graduate. Depending on the students’ interests,
some steps might be completed before others, but there is no specific
order in which the steps should be completed. This type of speech is
organized topically.

23. John, a Historian, was explaining the series of events leading up to

D-Day. His speech is arranged chronologically.

24. A speech about procedures is most likely going to be organized

chronologically.

CHAPTER 10

25. Communication apprehension is fear or anxiety experience by a

person due to real or perceived communication with another person or
persons.

26. Tennyson was supposed to get up in front of her class to present

her informative speech, but when she walked to the front of the room
she began to gag and had to run out of the room to throw up. This is
an example of public speaking anxiety.

27. Review each of the following speaking formats and be able to

identify them in scenarios:
● Manuscript - Speaking from a written or printed document that
contains the entirety of a speech
● Memorized - Completely memorizing a speech and delivering it
without notes
● Impromptu - Speaking without preparation
 ● Extemporaneous - memorizing the overall structure and main
points of a speech and then
speaking from keyword/key-phrase notes

28. Angela had always had a fear of presenting in front of her peers,
but by her junior year of high school she had delivered several
speeches in front of her friends and no longer felt anxious about
presenting. This is known as systematic desensitization.

29. A word that refers to an object or describes an action or

characteristic in the most specific way possible is known as a(n)
concrete word.

30. Review the following terms:

● Vivid word - paint mental images for your listeners
● Thesaurus - book that lists words in groups of synonyms and
related concepts
● Simple word - a word that does not go too deep into
communication
● Correct word - a word that can give better context and
communication
● Figurative language - the result of breaking semantic rules, but
in a way that typically enhances meaning or understanding
rather than diminishes it
● Metaphor - implicit comparison of two things that are not alike
and/or are not typically associated
● Simile - a direct comparison of two things using the words like
or as
● Personification - the attribution of human qualities or
characteristics of other living things to nonhuman objects or
abstract concepts
● Drama - adding more emotion to your communication
● Omission - occurs when a sound is left out that is too hard
● Inversion - refer to the inverting of the normal word order in a
sentence or phrase
 ● Suspension - a key word or phrase at the end of a sentence
rather than at the beginning
● Cadence - the timing or flow of sentences
● Parallelism - two or more clauses or sentences have the same
grammatical pattern
● Antithesis - Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are
intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure
● Repetition - a literary device that involves using the same word
or phrase over and over
● Alliteration - occurs through the repetition of initial consonant
letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across
successive sentences

31. Review the following terms related to nonverbal delivery:

● Gestures
● Movement
● Posture
● Facial expressions
● Volume
● Pitch
● Inflection
● Rate
● Pause
● Articulation
● Dialect
● Appearance

CHAPTER 11A

32. A curly, blonde haired girl with a green shirt was jumping rope.
This is an example of a word picture.
33. Evan was presenting a speech about the steps voters must go
through in order to cast their ballots. This speech is a speech about
a(n) process.
34. Melissa presented the history and events related to Woodstock, a
concert that happened in the 1960s. Her speech is one that presents
a(n)event.
35. A speech about concepts can often be less concrete because these
types of speeches are often abstract or multifaceted.

36. Review the following speech topic organizational methods:

● Objects
● People
● Concepts
● Events
● Processes
● Issues

37. Review the organizational patterns for informative speeches to

include:

● Topical - breaking a large idea or category into smaller ideas or

subcategories
● Chronological - helps structure your speech based on time or
sequence
● Spatial - n arranges main points based on their layout or
proximity to each other

38. The difference between a persuasive and an informative speech is

that a persuasive asks the audience to do something / call to action.

39. A barrier to effective listening that occurs when a speech contains

more information than an audience can process is known as
information overload.

CHAPTER 2

40. What are the steps for the process of perception?

Selecting, organizing, and interpreting

41. Define each of the steps of perception

1) Describe the behavior or situation without evaluating or judging
it
2) Think of some possible interpretations of the behavior, being
aware of attributions and other influences on the perception
process
3) Verify what happened and ask for clarification from the other
person’s perspective. Be aware of punctuation, since the other
person likely experienced the event differently than you

42. What is schemata? like databases of stored, related information

that we use to interpret new experiences

43. Define primacy effect and recency effect:

Primacy - to place more value on the first
information we receive about a person
Recency- to put more weight on the most recent impression we have
of a person’s
communication over earlier impressions

44. John listened to Allison present her ideas and establish her
credibility. He couldn’t remember where she went to college, but he
never forgot her closing statement, “Choose life.” This aligns with the
concept of the recency effect.

45. Assumed similarity refers to our tendency to perceive others as

similar to us.
46. Define the following terms:
● Self-concept - o the overall idea of who a person thinks he or
she is
● Self-esteem - the judgments and evaluations we make about our
self-concept
● Self-efficacy - the judgments people make about their ability to
perform a task within a specific context
● Self-discrepancy theory - that people have beliefs about and
expectations for their actual and potential selves
that do not always match up with what they actually experience
● Self-enhancement bias - that we tend to emphasize our desirable
qualities relative to other people
● Self-presentation - the process
of strategically concealing or revealing personal information in
order to influence others’ perceptions

47. A stereotype is a belief that we develop about groups, which we

then apply to individuals from that group, while a prejudice is a
negative feeling or attitude toward people based on their identity or
identities.

48. A strategy to help us monitor our reactions to and perceptions

about people and communication are known as perception checking.
There are two types of perception checking we discussed and they are
direct perception checking and indirect perception checking.