BIODIVERSITY ORIENTED REHABILITATION PLAN FOR BOZALAN CLAY QUARRY

Habip Güçlü[1] - Mustafa Tokoğlu[2] - Onur Vardar[2]

[1] Ankara University – Department of Biology

[2] Middle East Technical University- Department of Mining Engineering

Ankara – September 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION.......................................................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
METHODS........................................................................................................................................................ 3
SITE PREPARATION.........................................................................................................................................................3
CONSTRUCTION OF THE LAKE ...........................................................................................................................................4
REVEGETATION .............................................................................................................................................................5
THE FOLLOWING METHODOLOGY PLANNED TO EASE THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE BIRD SPECIES IS SUMMARIZED AS: ......................7
RECREATIONAL FACILITIES ...............................................................................................................................................7
RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................................... 8
RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 9
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 10
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 10
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................. 11

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location map………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2

Figure 2. Layers of the soil…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

ABSTRACT
This project is based on rehabilitation of Bozalan clay quarry, owned by Akçansa Cement, located in Ezine
district of Çanakkale, Turkey. The quarry is operated to supply raw material for the cement factory nearby.
The rehabilitation plan is mainly emphasized preservation and enhancement of biodiversity of the quarry
site by making use of modern mine closure and reclamation techniques with the help of remote sensing
applications. The reason why we involved mine closure in this plan is that the operations will be ceased in
the quarry site in about 5 years. Therefore the quarry has to be closed properly in order to set a qualified
rehabilitation project. Throughout the rehabilitation operations, it is planned to promote the natural
succession by crucial external contributions and interferences till the project is totally sustainable. The plan
starts with the preparation of the topography of the quarry in order to establish a lake and the surrounding
green areas. Progressively, the terrain will be conditioned for the plant growth. Also, for the formation of the
lake there exist three water sources as follows, rainfalls, water inflow through groundwater recharge,
discharge water of the cement production plant nearby. Later, seeding of the herbaceous will be performed
over the shallow parts of the wetlands for the purpose of increasing the quality of the water and promotion
of the ongoing succession through the land. Meanwhile the lake will be supported by creation of reed zones
to attract different faunal species and especially birds. On the Eastern and Southern parts of the project
woody plants will also be planted (or seeded) so that the intensity of the mammals and birds become much
higher. By this way, the biodiversity in the Bozalan clay quarry is going to be enhanced rapidly throughout
the project implementation stages. Moreover the Bozalan clay quarry is going to be transformed into a
recreational zone, once the nature is balanced and sustainable after the rehabilitation. The recreational zone
will help the local communities to gain an understanding about the beauty and importance of the biodiversity
and, additively, how a quarry can turn into such an attractive zone.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. H. Şebnem Düzgün who enchouraged and
motivated us throughout this study. Without the help of Mr. Çağlar Geven this project would never have
been completed. We would also like to thank to Mr. T. Çağrı Yurtsever to provide necessary documents.
Likewise, without doubt, we owe a debt of gratitude to Assoc. Dr. Fatmagül GEVEN (Ankara University) and
Dr. Mert GÜRKAN (Canakkale 18 Mart University). Lastly, we have to thank all the other Akçansa Cement
staff for their contributions during our site visit.

1
INTRODUCTION
The raw material extraction from quarries has been an essential phenomenon in the past, due to rapid
industrialization; it still will be so in the future. Nevertheless, all kind of impacts (environmental, social-
economical, ethical) introduced by mining operations need to be carefully assessed and liabilities ought to
be met. These kinds of practices are the requirements of modern mining world. They also help companies to
maintain good relationships with local communities, to gain prestige and good reputation.

Nature on its own achieves the ecological balance in long time periods. Instead, human interference will
speed this progress up. Here with this project, the most accurate solutions are presented having the widest
range of considerations that will meet the needs of the quarry and the region by utilizing contemporary mine
closure and reclamation techniques holding the biodiversity as the main priority. Implementation of these
techniques would provide required environment for this biodiversity oriented project to be feasible and
sustainable.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The study area, Bozalan Clay Quarry owned by
AKÇANSA Cement, is located in Bozalan village,
Ezine district of Çanakkale, Turkey which is on
the Northwestern coast of Turkey and
approximately 65 km away from the city
centrum. The clay has been extracted at Bozalan
since 1980s where the current clay extraction
rate is around 3.3 million tons per annum.
On the 23rd of June, we visited the quarry-site in
order to obtain detailed information about the
quarrying operation being implemented
meanwhile gathering the necessary samples to
be analyzed and used for the planning of the
project. We also tried to get to know the local
people living in the neighboring villages by
attending different events and visiting common
places. As a result of our in-situ observations, we
Figure 1. Location map
have obtained the necessary data and
documents from the authorized people.

OBJECTIVES
This project is focused to restore the Bozalan clay quarry site into an aesthetically pleasing place with high
conservation value by preserving and enhancing the habitats. This goal can be achieved when the following
objectives are accomplished.

 Provide physical and chemical stability of the quarry site through appropriate mine closure activities
 Enhancement of flora & fauna
 Prepare a rehabilitation plan which is highly applicable and practical
 Make sure that the project is a sustainable once its completed

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  Raise awareness about the significance of biodiversity among local community
 Take all economic aspects into consideration
 Offer some implementation recommendations for the site management
 Assess the success of the project in for all aspects by post-closure monitoring

METHODS
In this project, it is planned to rehabilitate the quarry site by establishing an environment which consists of a
lake surrounded by green area formed by various types of plants. In this way, an environment which is
suitable for protection and enhancement of different kinds of floral and faunal species is going to be
provided. In the selection of all those species their ecological compatibility is taken into account. This
rehabilitation zone will also involve some recreational facilities, as well. Therefore, this will provide an
opportunity for the people to enjoy and appreciate the nature.

In addition, for the purpose of obtaining a better understanding of the topography of quarry site and a more
accurate visual media, as it can be seen in the appendix-3 and appendix-4, we constructed 3-D models of the
project area on Micromine 2014 software.

Site preparation
Once the economical reserve is depleted, the need of proper mine closure must come to the stage.
Therefore, the quarry site preparation (closure) activities are planned before the reclamation and
rehabilitation operations commence. Thanks to the competent rock mechanical characteristics of the site
that permits the operations to be carried out with step benches. However, the land will be graded to have
more gentle and smooth topography due to aesthetical and safety considerations. While doing so, the
material succession needs to be adequately built. Rule of thumbs for replacement of subsoil and topsoil in
preparation for seeding are;

 Depths must vary between 0.6 and 1.2 m

 Coarse stones and rocks must be removed

As the following figure shows, the percentage of rock pieces coarser than 6” diameter should be lower than
20% of volume within the top 2’ of soil. Similarly, the percentage of rock pieces coarser than 10” should be
greater than 50% of volume of the soil material located between 2’ and 4’ of depth.

Figure 2. Layers of the soil

In case of extreme rainfall, a spillway is going to be constructed to transfer excess water out of the lake (in
order to eliminate flood risk). The location of the spillway is decided based on the topography and
predetermined maximum water level (+45 m) so that the excavation costs can be held at minimum.

3
Construction of the lake
As surveys indicate, there is a high susceptibility for the birds in the region. Also, it is found that the region
lays out over the migration routes of the summer migrant birds by-passing from Europe to Africa (see
appendix-8), which provides a considerable information about why developing a lake on this route and
cultivation of the quarry site would yield a bird paradise with high conservation value.

As a result of our studies, it is figured out that the water needed to form the lake can be supplied from three
different water sources.

Alternative water sources;

For creation of planned lake necessary water could be provided from three alternative water sources.

The first and the main water source is the rainfall that would be collected in the topographical depression.
The watershed map of the quarry site is created with the help of the digital elevation model (DEM), that is
presented in appendix-1., is combined with the rainfall data of the near vicinity of the study area (see
appendix-2.A) in order to have rough estimates for the amount of water that can be supplied by rainfall. The
monthly average evaporation data of the region are also obtained yet since they are too small we decided to
ignore their effects.

The watershed which contains the lake area is calculated, via TNTmips remote sensing (RS) software, as
1,224,760 m2. Therefore the water contribution through rainfall for each month could simply be calculated
by multiplying the obtained area with the rainfall rate.

Currently the mining operation is being performed close to the sea level (+4 m pit bottom) and it is said to be
the ultimate pit bottom for the clay quarry. According to data obtained from the water wells the natural
water table is above the mentioned elevation. That’s why it is expected to have water inflow through
groundwater recharge. However, the water supplied from groundwater is comparatively lower than the
other alternatives.

The third and the last alternative water source is the discharge water of the cement production plant
nearby. In order not to pose any risk for the rehabilitation zone, the chemical analysis result of the water
(see appendix-7) is examined to be sure about its quality. According to “Su Kalitesi - Water Quality” titled
report published by Ministry of Health, Turkey, the mentioned water samples are classified to be class II.
The same report states that second class water could be used for recreational purposes and as irrigation
water.

Hydroser

It is called hydroser if the succession stage starts in water while kseroser is used for succession stage starting
on land (Akman and Ketenoğlu 1987).

The earliest stage of hydroser will commence underwater. Where the water depth is shallower than 60 cm’s
Elodea, Potamogeton, Ceratophyllum and Najas are the pioneers of the hydroser Invasion of shallow parts of
water body (water depth is 18-20 cm) is the next stage. Eichhornia crassipens, Lemna minor L. ve Nymphaea
ssp. are recommended to support this stage. Another factor in the selection of these rhizomatous species is
that they contributed natural life in constructed wetland. By this way, they provide suitable environment for
swamp plants through modifications done under water (Akman and Ketenoğlu 1987).

4
Enclosure of wetlands by reedzone to provide an area in which birds can nest, breed and feed themselves is
another step in the enhancement of biodiversity. Mostly used plants are Phragmites australis, Phragmites
communis and Typha spp. species in constructed wetlands.
Plantation of Salix spp. as a result of monitoring these stages in the wetland will be effective for birds to
adopt. It should be kept in mind that different stages of succession may exist in different parts of project
area. Therefore, constructed wetland need to be seriously monitored to maintain the balance of invasive
species, prevent destruction of continuum of natural succession and most importantly enhance biodiversity.

Revegetation
As a result of mining operations, the quarry site becomes unsuitable to support the natural succession. The
land use map of the quarry and its near vicinity, prepared by classification of March 2014 dated Landsat
satellite image of the region, presented in appendix-5 depicts the extent of destruction. Thanks to the land
use map generated, we can clearly determine the sites to rehabilitate. According to the rehabilitation plan
designed for Bozalan clay quarry, the locations outside of the lake area are left to be revegetated. As a
prerequisite for revegetation, the top soil would be spread simultaneously with site preparation stage.
However, it is not always easy to supply large amounts of top soil, thus usage of mulch mixed with top soil
would ease the task.

Mulch;

It is a fibrous material placed on the soil before, during or after seeding. The most common mulch is straw
(hay and wood fiber is also used). Mulch improves moisture availability and consequently enhances
germination and seedling growth. It is also beneficial for moderating soil temperature, and providing a
shading effect for the tender germinating seeds.

Once the top soil (and/or mulch) is spread, seeding must be performed as the next step. The most common
seeding methods utilized are named as hand seeding, hydroseeding, aerial seeding and seeding by spreading
under pressure from a tank or trucks.

Hand seeding, is the conventional seeding technique applied for vegetating small areas. It is a labor intensive
method with lower efficiency when compared to mechanical seeding techniques.

Hydroseeding is a mechanical method in which fertilizer, mulch and seed combination (as slurry) is applied
from specialized high pressure equipment in one step. This method is often preferred in steep and rocky
terrain.

For extremely large or inaccessible area seed is dropped from a fixed-wing aircraft, and this method is called
as Aerial seeding.

Lastly seeding may be done by spreading the seeds under pressure from a tank or a truck. However, the site
should be accessible by vehicles.

Kseroser
Throughout the rehabilitation process the plats are classified into three according to their roles in
ecosystem, as, cryptogam, herbaceous plants and woody plants (Akpınar, N., 2005).

The satellite images clearly depicts that the project area confined with agricultural zones. Therefore, the
plants (see appendix 11) chosen to be a part of the kseroser are determined accordingly.

5
After laying the topsoil-mulch mixture is completed, the background for pioneer plant species would be
established. Cryptogam stage will rapidly take place owing to sodding. Bacteria and fungus will increase the
organic matter content of the soil, thus annual and biannual herbaceous plants, e.g. Arisitida, Festuca, Poa,
Verbascum, Potentilla, Solidago, will become more likely to be observed in the site At this stage of the
rehabilitation, we are planning to spread seeds of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon ve Dactylis
glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman, Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense Lotus corniculatus L. var.
corniculatus, Filago pyramidata, Trifolium s.pp. in order to support the natural succession.

Shrubs either germination from seed or brought by rhizomes forces herbaceous plants to abandon the site.
The changes introduced by shrubs provide the optimum conditions for growth of woody plant seedlings
(Akman & Ketenoğlu, 1987).

Local plants that can resist harsh environmental conditions are preferred. For this reason, Cistus creticus L.,
Quercus species, Sarcopoterium spinosum are taken into plantation program. Olea europaea is a species,
quite-frequently observed during our short excursion, it is also within that program together with Salix ssp.
and Robinia pseudoacacia .

The area that will surround the water body is going to be vegetated by utilizing the preferred seeding
technique. As the natural succession moves on, seeds of herbaceous plants will be spread.

Pinus brutia Ten., Quercus infectoria Olivier subsp. boissieri (Reut.) O.Schwartz, Quercus coccifera L. are the
woody plant species preferred to be suitable for the project area considering the stand map provided in
appendix-12.

Staggered-pattern plantation, starting from the upper-most bench, would be effective to prevent erosion
and ensure the stability. The plantation will take place in fall season (November). The feedback of the land to
vegetation will be monitored after 2-4 years for forest and shrub formation, in the strict sense, and
plantation of woody plants is going to be done based on findings.

Vertebrate and invertebrate species will be observed for the salutiferous and sustainable continuation of
floristic succession. Beetles are composite species that are much more effective for pollination when
compared to other invertebrate species. The Coleoptera species observed in a research that took place in
Southern-Marmara region are listed in appendix-13 (Ertorun and Tanatmış, 2009).

One another species that contribute to pollination is dragonflies that will be observable with the
development of reed zone along wetland areas. At almost every pond and lake in gravel pits, clay pits, or
quarries, the common bluet (Enallagma cyathigerum), the common blue tail (Ischnura elegans), and azure
bluet (Coenagrion puella) can be observed. These common damselflies often coexist with the blue and the
lesser emperor (Anax imperator and Anax pathenope).

In pursuit of development of reed zone, mosquito species get common in the region. Amphibian (see
appendix-14) and dragonflies will provide the ecological balance by holding the population of mosquitos in
acceptable levels. Small populations of mice might be needed to be introduced to the site following
maintaining the reed zone and completion of vegetation stage as a result of analysis that will be done during
the monitoring.

Çanakkale province is so diverse in terms of bird species that it holds. The reason of this wealth is that the
city forms a part of paleo-arctic ecozone and it serves as a bridge for migration roads of birds between

6
Europe, Asia and Africa. While determining the bird species provided in appendix-15, anthropogenic effects
of the region were as significant as the effects of bird migration routes.

The following methodology planned to ease the diversification of the bird species is summarized as:
 Development of reed zones in the site for the support of birds to natural succession;

Reed zone seedlings should be planted in more than %50 of the area and willow seedlings should be pulled
out. Water level should be 15-70 cm to guarantee optimum reed growth. Woody plants should not be
planted more than %10 of the wetland. To establish and maintain optimum conditions for the growth of the
reeds, water levels should be monitoring.
 Development of isolated land in the middle of the lake to provide shelters prevented from human
interaction and disturbance;
Nesting raft (see appendix-16) produced either from metal or wood is an option to provide aforementioned
isolated place, near the reed zone. The bird species that use the protected lands will prefer to use there as
shelters.
Woody plants are going to be planted in the Easthern and Southern slopes part of the site. It will be better
not to plant shrubs etc. for birds like Remiz pendulinus (Penduline tit), Erithacus rubecula (Robin), even
though it is not favorable for species like Merops apiaster (bee-eater), Hirundo rustica (Swallow) and
Delichon urbica (House martin). It would also be advantageous for the species that will use this area which is
located near to the water body.

 Construction of bird boxes in certain locations;

Various bird species will use them and it would be favorable for diversity of the birds.

Recreational Facilities
Even if a peaceful and balanced natural habitat is attained by the project, it wouldn’t totally accomplish its
ultimate goal until this biologically diverse environment is discovered by humans. For this reason, it is
decided to build certain recreational facilities in a way that the environmental disturbance is not allowed. At
the beginning, a tartan hiking route will be constructed during the site preparation phase. The bird boxes
(see appendix-6.B) that will serve as shelter for birds is going to be placed into appropriate locations.
Moreover, a couple of bird watch towers (see appendix-6.A) will be built in the rehabilitation area.

RESULTS
One of our most significant objectives, provision of the sustainability of the reclaimed region, could be
achieved when the wetland is developed and the natural succession stage is finally reached the climax.
While the natural succession is in progress, spontaneously, various kinds of species would also be started to
occur.

Because of their diversity and abundance, insects play major roles in the functioning of terrestrial and
freshwater ecosystems. Insects influence the nutrient and energy flow of ecosystems in many ways, but
perhaps most importantly as decomposers. Much of the diversity of insects and plants in terrestrial
ecosystems can be attributed to the extensive interactions between these two groups, both through
herbivory (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964) and pollination (Kevan and Baker, 1983). Insects are also important as
predators and parasitoids in ecosystems. Major groups of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all

7
use insects as the mainstay of their diet. Butterflies will also play such an important role in pollination and
serve as prey for bee-eaters, bats, etc.

Starting with the growth of annual plants, different beetle species will adopt the region as their new habitat.
Broscus cephalotes, which is going to contribute the ecosystem, is expected to be seen as well.

Bees are highly susceptible to been seen in the very first stages of the successions. It is also well known that
there are already many bee species existing in the region because of the trefoils planted on the reclaimed
areas in the quarry site. Apis mellifera L. is also going to be a part of the biodiversity in the future as
researches state. Furthermore, species that will be encountered and support the ecosystem starting from
early stages of succession, mainly includes Coccinella septempuctata, Musca domestica, Cicadatra persica
and Camponotus ligniperda.

It is a well-known fact that mammals are commonly encountered in wetlands. Among these animals the
most common ones are Arvicola amphibius (Water vole) and Apodemus sylvaticus (Wood mouse). Presence
of these species in the region would attract some others such as Mustela nivalis (Least Weasel), Vulpes
vulpes (Fox), Canis aureus (Jackal), Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) and Buteo buteo (Common
buzzard) which feed by them.

Columbia livia, Streptopelia decaocto, Corvus monedula, Pica pica, the bird species that permanently exist in
the site, will be observable regardless of the development of wetland and vegetation. Apart from those,
Acrocephalus arindinaceus (Great reed warbler), Botaurus stellaris (Great bittern), Emberiza schoeniclus
(Reed bunting), Merops apiaster (Bee-eater), Cettia cetti (Cetti’s warbler) will also be seen when the
optimum conditions are reached.

All in all, we are ensuring this project to serve the biodiversity by all means and at every stage of the
implementation. Herewith a simple tableau* (shown in appendix-17) it can be clarified that our project is
well oriented and organized to give progressively the best results to achieve our main objective,
enhancement of the biodiversity in Bozalan clay quarry.

DISCUSSION
Wetlands are ecotone regions between water and soil. Due to high intensity of flora and fauna in these
areas, they are quite significant for natural life and biodiversity. One of the most common application areas
of constructed wetlands is purification of domestic wastewater (Çiftçi et al., 2007). Considering all these
reasons, construction of wetland is a quiet logical option to enhance the biodiversity in the project area.
Moreover, it provides habitat for various bird species. In this respect, constructed wetland would be our
most critical supporter.

With construction of wetland hydroser and kseroser will develop itself in shallow areas and on bare land,
respectively. To support ecological succession, hyroser and kseroser stages ought to proceed together.

Herbaceous plant generally hold on loose soil and play critical role by providing suitable environment for
trees and shrubs through adding humus to the soil (Akman and Ketenoğlu 1987). While these herbaceous
plants are selected, their locality and in-situ investigations are taken into account. Harmless plant species
introduced by natural succession stage shouldn’t be removed.

8
The ecological balance should be maintained by holding the population of mosquitos and insects at certain
levels in which they do not disturb people. With this respect, amphibians are effective to sustain ecological
balance since they prey on mosquitos and insects.

Bozcaada Island is located 15 km to the West and Kumkale delta is located 14 km to the North. That’s why
the chance of directing summer and winter migrating bird species to the area so that they select there as
their habitat diminishes. Despite this misfortune, development of reed zone, construction of nesting rafts
and placement of bird boxes will increase our chance.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In this section, we would like to present some implementation recommendations for Akcansa Cement based
on modern ecological restoration experience.

1. Brochures and posters can be prepared to inform people about rehabilitation project of Bozalan clay
quarry.

2. The site being reclaimed should be protected until the natural succession is attained from any kind of
external threads (humans, goats, etc.).

3. Small islands can be created to enchant the aesthetical and ecological value.

4. Although the chemical analysis indicates that the discharge water of the cement production plant is
suitable to be used directly as an alternative water source for creation of water body, in case it is required,
during implementation, treatment of the discharge water can also be preferred.

5. The people who will involve in the rehabilitation project may be preferred among local community.

6. For the sake of safety, warning signs and information boards should be placed in different locations.

7. Sufficient numbers of benches and trash bins ought to be placed.

8. Birding clubs of the region can be encouraged to visit the site.

9. As it has already performed, blasting and leveling can be consulted for grading of the land during site
preparation phase.

10. Researchers should be encouraged to study how to discover, enhance and maintain the biodiversity in
the quarries.

11. Progressive rehabilitation activities are strictly recommended before the operations are ceased in the
quarry site during which reclamation options can be compared by trial-and-error.

12. The site is recommended to be monitored in 3-6 month periods for 5-10 years. Water quality and state of
revegetation are two significant parameters to control.

13. Associated laws& regulations should be followed and fulfilled not to face any obstacle during
rehabilitation activities. The list of the most fundamental laws and regulations are presented in appendix 10.

9
CONCLUSION
Mine closure and reclamation is an obligation for all quarries when they reach their economic life. They both
are essential to return affected areas as near as possible to their economic and ecological value. Carefully
and systematically structured mine closure plan and associated activities have a direct effect on the quality
of reclamation work. Therefore, the fundamental mine closure techniques are emphasized to assure the
success of subsequent operations to promote biodiversity in the Bozalan clay quarry.

With the intention of discovering and enhancement of the biodiversity, a lake surrounded by green area,
serving as a peaceful habitat in which various kinds of species (ecologically compatible) can survive together,
is proposed as a rehabilitation option for the quarry site. The recreational facilities mentioned are also aimed
to raise the awareness of local communities by giving them an opportunity to appreciate this semi-natural
habitat having high conservation value. Finally altruistic desire of the stakeholders and the integrity of this
project will be the key factors on ultimate success.

REFERENCES
1. Akman, Y, and Ketenoğlu, O., 1987, Vegetation Ecology.
2. Akpınar, N., 2005, Madencilik faaliyetleri sonrası onarım çalışmalarında bitkilendirme süreci,
Madencilik ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Ankara.
3. Çiftçi, H., Kaplan Ş.Ş., Köseoğlu H., Karakaya E., Kitiş M., 2007. Yapay Sulak Alanlarda Atıksu Arıtımı
ve Ekolojik Yaşam. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 23 (1-2) 149-160 (2007).
4. Ehrlich, P.R. and P.H. Raven. 1964. Butterflies and plants: A study in co-evolution. Evolution 18:586-
608.
5. Ertorun, N., and Tanatmış, M., 2009. Contributions to the Hydrophilidae (Polyphaga: Coleoptera)
species diversity of South Marmara Region (Turkey).
6. Kevan, P.G. and H.G. Baker. 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of
Entomology 28:407-453
7. Regulation of Water pollution control, retrieved from
http://web.deu.edu.tr/atiksu/ana39/skkypdf.pdf on August 25, 2014.
8. Şengül, E., 2000. Deltasının Avifaunası. Retrieved July 10, 2014. pp. 103-116.
9. Tok, C., and Çiçek, K., 2014. Amphibians and reptiles in the province of Çanakkale (Marmara Region,
Turkey). pp. 65-76.
10. Uysal, İ., Karabacak, E., Seçmen, Ö. and Oldacay, S., 2002, The Flora of Agricultural Areas and Their
Environs in Çanakkale (Lapseki-Ezine).

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APPENDICES
Appendix-1: Watershed and flow accumulation map Appendix-2.A: Rainfall data for Bozcaada

Average Rainfall Daily Maximum Rainfall

Month
(mm) (mm)
January 65 90,6
February 61 98,4
March 53,2 78,1
April 37,6 79,5
May 22,4 127,8
June 14 69
July 5,3 46
August 5,4 30,3
September 19,6 77,2
October 31,6 78,6
November 66,8 64,1
December 84,3 75,7
Yearly 466,2 127,8

Appendix-2.B: Evaporation data for Bozcaada

Average Open Surface Maximum Open Surface

Month
Evaporation (mm) Evaporation (mm)
January - -
February - -
March - -
April - -
May 116,6 7,2
June 155 8
July 37,1 7,1
August - -
September - -
October - -
November - -
December - -
Yearly 308,7 8
Appendix-3:3-D Model of the
Bozalan Clay Quarry
Appendix-4: A humble
illustration of post-restoration
state
Appendix-5: Landuse map of the region
 Appendix-6.A: A representative figure of a bird watch tower

Appendix-6.B: A representative figure of a bird box

Appendix-7: Chemical analysis results of discharge water of cement production plant

Parameter Analysis Result

Chemical oxygen demand (mg/L) <15
Total suspended solids (mg/L) <4
Oil and grease (mg/L) <10
Total phosphorous (mg/L) 0,63
Chromium VI (mg/L) <0,1
Total cyanide (mg/L) <0,01
Iron(Fe) (mg/L) 0,04
Chloride (mg/L) 96
Sulphate (mg/L) 244
Fish bio-experiment (PDF) 2
Color (Pt-Co) 4
pH 8,47
Temperature (oC) 19

Appendix-8: Major bird migration routes over Turkey

Project area
Appendix-9: A representative figure of the stages of natural succession

Appendix-10: Laws and regulations to be fullfilled in reclamation operations

EIA Regulations
Water Pollution Control Regulations
Regulation about Protection of Wetlands
Madencilik Faaliyetleri Uygulama Yönetmeliği
Regulation about implementation of item 16 of Forest Law
Regulations about Reclamation and Rehabilitation of land disturbed by
Reforestration Regulation
Merkezi Av Komisyonu Kararları (MAK) 2014-2015
BERN Convention
CITES
Appendix-11: Regional floral species

FAMILY SPECIES Equisetum ELEMENT END

GYMNOSPERMAE EQUISETACEAE ramosissimum Desf.
Juniperus oxycedrus
CUPRESSACEAE L. subsp. Medit.
oxycedrus element.
Ephedra
EPHEDRACEAE campylopoda -
C.A.Mey.
E. major Host
Medit.
element.
PINACEAE Pinus brutia Ten. E. Medit.
element.
ANGIOSPERMAE ACANTHACEAE Acanthus hirsutus
Boiss.
AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus -
retroflexus L.
ANACARDIACEAE Pistacia terebinthus E. Medit.
L. subsp. element.
terebinthus
APIACEAE Ammi visnaga (L.) Medit.
Lam. element.
Bupleurum E. Medit.
odontites L. element.
Caucalis platycarpos -
L.
Conium maculatum -
L.
Daucus carota L. -
Echinophora Ir.-Tur.
tenuifolia L. subsp. element.
sibthorpiana (Guss.)
Tutin
Erygium campestre
L. Var. Virens Link
Ferula communis L. Medit.
subsp. Communis element.
Lagoecia cuminoides Medit.
L. element.
Oenanthe aquatica -
(L.) Poir.
O. silaifolia M.Bieb. - Medit.
Orlaya daucoides element.
(L.) Greuter
 Pastinaca sativa L. -
subsp. urens (Req.
ex Godr.) Celak.
Torilis arvensis Medit.
(Huds.) Link subsp. element.
purpurea (Ten.)
Hayek
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia hirta L. E. Medit. + LR(lc)
Element
ASTERACEAE Anthemis altissima -
L.
A. auriculata Boiss. E. Medit.
element.
A. coelopoda Boiss.
var. coelopoda
A. cotula L.
A. cretica L. subsp.
tenuiloba (DC.)
Grierson
A. pectinata (Bory & E. Medit.
Chaub.) Boiss. & element.
Reut. var. pectinata
Bellis perennis L. Euro-Sib.
element.
Carduus nutans L. -
subsp. leiophyllus
(Petr.) Stoj. & Stef.
C. pycnocephalus L.
subsp. arabicus
(Jacq. ex Murray)
Nyman
Centaurea iberica
Trevir. ex Spreng.
C. solstitialis L.
subsp. solstitialis
Chondrilla juncea L.
var. juncea
Cichorium intybus L.
Cirsium arvense (L.)
Scop. subsp.
Arvense
C. italicum (Savi) DC. Medit.
element.
Cnicus benedictus L.
var. benedictus
Crepis foetida L.
subsp. commutata
 (Spreng.) Babc.
C. zacintha (L.) Babc. Medit.
element.
Filago pyramidata L.
Helminthotheca
echioides (L.) Holub
Hyoseris radiata L. Medit.
element.
Inula graveolens (L.) Medit.
Desf. element.
Notobasis syriaca Medit.
(L.) Cass. Pallenis element.
spinosa (L.) Cass. Medit.
Picnomon acarna element.
(L.) Cass. Medit.
element.
Picris altissima Medit.
Delile element.
Rhagadiolus Medit.
stellatus (L.) Gaertn. element.
var.
Stellatus Senecio
vulgaris L. Sonchus
asper (L.) Hill
subsp. glaucescens
(Jord.) Ball
Taraxacum
serotinum (Waldst.
& Kit.)

Poir.
Tragopogon
longirostris Bisch. ex
Sch.Bip. var.
longirostris
Xanthium spinosum
L.
X. strumarium L.
subsp. cavanillesii
(Schouw) D.Lšve &
Dans.
BERBERIDACEAE Leontice
leontopetalum L.
subsp.
Leontopetalum
BORAGINACEAE Anchusa azurea Mill.
var. azurea
 Echium E. Medit.
angustifolium Mill. element.
E. italicum L. Medit.
element.
Heliotropium
supinum L.
Mysotis
ramosissima Rochel
ex Schult.
subsp. ramosissima
Nonea ventricosa Medit.
(Sm.) Griseb. element.
BRASSICACEAE Alyssum murale
Waldst. & Kit. subsp.
murale var. murale
Calepina irregularis
(Asso) Thell.
Capsella bursa- Cosmopolitan
pastoris (L.) Medik.
Cardamine graeca L.
Cardaria draba (L.)
Desv. subsp. Draba
Clypeola jonthlaspi
L. Coronopus
squamatus (Forssk.)
Asch.
Erophila verna (L.)
Chevall. subsp.
spathulata (L‡ng)

Walters
E. verna (L.) Chevall.
subsp. Verna
Hirschfeldia incana
(L.) Lagr.-Foss.
Raphanus
raphanistrum L.
Rapistrum rugosum
(L.) All.
Sinapis alba L.
S. arvensis L.
Thlaspi perfoliatum
L.
CAMPANULACEAE Legousia pentagonia E. Medit.
(L.) Thell. Element
CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera etrusca Medit.
Santi var. Etrusca element.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Agrostema githago Medit.
L. Petrorhagia element.
velutina (Guss.) Ball
& Heywood
Silene italica (L.)
Pers.
S. vulgaris (Moench)
Garcke var. Vulgaris
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium
album L. subsp.
album var.
Album
CISTACEAE Cistus creticus L. Omni-Medit.
element.
CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus Cosmopolitan.
arvensis L.
C. elegantissimus Medit.
Mill. element.
DIPSACACEAE Knautia integrifolia E. Medit.
(L.) Bert. var. bidens element.
(Sm.) Borb‡s
Scabiosa
atropurpurea L.
subsp.
maritima (L.) Arc.
S. reuteriana Boiss. E. Medit. +LR(lc)
Element
ERICACEAE Arbutus andrachne
L.
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia exigua L.
var. Exigua
E. helioscopia L.
E. rigida M.Bieb. Medit.
element.
FABACEAE Genista anatolica E. Medit.
Boiss element.
Lathyrus annuus L. Medit.
element.
Lotus corniculatus L.
var. Corniculatus
Medicago minima
(L.) Bart. var.
Minima
M. orbicularis (L.)
Bart.
 M. polymorpha L.
var. vulgaris (Benth.)
Shinners
Melilotus indica (L.)
All. Onobrychis
aequidentata (Sibth. Medit.
& element.
Sm.) dÕUrv.
O. caput-galli (L.)
Lam. Medit.
Ononis spinosa L. element.
subsp. leiosperma
(Boiss.) Sirj.
Spartium junceum L. Medit.
element.
Trifolium
angustifolium L. var.
Angustifolium
T. campestre
Schreb.
T. fragiferum L. var.
Fragiferum
T. lappaceum L. Medit.
element.
T. pratense L. var.
Pratense
T. purpureum Loisel.
var. purpureum
T. spumosum L. Medit.
element.
T. stellatum L. var.
Stellatum
T. subterraneum L.
T.
tomentosum L.
Trigonella spicata E. Medit.
Sibth. & Sm. Vicia element.
cracca L.
subsp. stenophylla
Velen.
V. ervilia (L.) Willd.
V. grandiflora Scop. Euro-Sib.
subsp. Grandiflora element.
V. peregrina L.
V. sativa L. subsp.
amphicarpa
 (Dorthes) Asch. &
Graebn.
FAGACEAE Quercus cerris L. Euro-Sib.
var. austriaca Elemen
(Willd.)
Loudon
Q. cerris L. var. Medit.
Cerris element.
Q. coccifera L. Medit.
element.
Q. infectoria Olivier
subsp. boissieri
(Reut.) O.Schwartz
Q. infectoria Olivier Euro-Sib.
subsp. İnfectoria element.
Q. ithaburensis E. Medit.
Decne. subsp. Element
macrolepis
(Kotschy) Hedge &
Yalt.
Q. pubescens Willd.
Q. trojana Webb E. Medit.
element.
GENTIANACEAE Centaurium
pulchellum (Swartz)
Druce
C. tenuiflorum Medit.
(Hoffmanns. & Link) element.
Fritsch subsp.
acutiflorum (Schott)
Zeltner
Gentiana Euro-Sib.
asclepiadea L. element.
GERANIACEAE Erodium cicutarium
(L.) LÕHŽr. subsp.
Cicutarium
Geranium
columbinum L.
G. purpureum Vill.
HYPERICACEAE Hypericum
perforatum L.
H. triquetrifolium
Turra
ILLECEBRACEAE Herniaria incana
Lam.
LAMIACEAE Ballota nigra L. .-Tur. element LR(lc)
subsp. anatolica
 P.H.Davis
Galeobdolon luteum Euro-Sib.
Huds. subsp. element.
montanum (Pers.)
R.R.Mill. Lamium
Euro-Sib.
amplexicaule L. element.
L. purpureum L. Euro-Sib.
subsp. Purpureum element.
Sideritis montana L. Medit.
subsp. Montana element.
Stachys cretica L. Ir.-Tur. LR(lc)
subsp. anatolica Element
Rech.f.
Thymbra spicata L. E. Medit.
var. Spicata element.
LINACEAE Linum trigynum L. Medit.
element.
LYTHRACEAE Lythrum hyssopifolia
L.
MALVACEAE Lavatera punctata
All.
Malva moschata L.
M. sylvestris L.
OLEACEAE Jasminum fruticans Medit.
L. element.
Olea europaea L. Medit.
var. sylvestris element.
(Mill.)Lehr
Phillyrea latifolia L. Medit.
element.
OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche alba
Stephan
O. minor Sm.
O. mutelii F.Schultz
PAPAVERACEAE Fumaria densiflora
DC.
Hypecoum imberbe
Sibth. & Sm.
Papaver dubium L.
P. rhoeas L.
PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lagopus L. Medit.
element.
P. lanceolata L.
P. maritima L.
POLYGONACEAE Polygonum bellardii
All.
 P. equisetiforme
Sibth. & Sm.
P. lapathifolium L.
Rumex crispus L.
R. pulcher L. R.
scutatus L. Anagallis
PRIMULACEAE arvensis L. var.
Arvensis
A. arvensis L. var.
caerulea (L.) Gouan
PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea
L.
RANUNCULACEAE Adonis microcarpa
DC Anemone
coronaria Medit.
L. element.
A. pavonina Lam.
Consolida regalis
Gray subsp.
paniculata (Host)
So— var. divaricata
(Ledeb.) P.H.Davis
Nigella arvensis L.
var. involucrata
Boiss.
Ranunculus arvensis
L.
R. ficaria L. subsp.
calthifolius (Reichb.)
Arc.
R. muricatus L.
R. neapolitanus Ten. Medit.
element.
RESEDACEAE Reseda lutea L. var.
Lutea
RHAMNACEAE Paliurus spina-christi
Mill. Prunus
ROSACEAE spinosa L. Euro-Sib.
subsp. dasyphylla element.
(Schur) Domin
Pyrus elaeagnifolia
Pall. subsp.
Elaeagnifolia
Rosa sempervirens Medit.
L. element.
Rubus sanctus
Schreb.
 Sarcopoterium E. Medit.
spinosum (L.) Spach element.
RUBIACEAE Galium aparine L.
G. palustre L. Euro-Sib.
element.
G. tricornutum Medit.
Dandy element.
Rubia peregrina L. Medit.
element.
R. tinctorum L. Ir.-Tur.
element.
RUTACEAE Haplophyllum
buxbaumii (Poir.)
G.Don
subsp. Buxbaumii
SANTALACEAE Osyris alba L. Medit.
element.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Bellardia trixago (L.)
All.
Veronica cymbalaria Medit.
Bodard element.
V. hederifolia L. Cosmopolitan.
V. triloba (Opiz)
Kerner
Verbascum
sinuatum L. var.
sinuatum L.
SOLANACEAE Solanum nigrum L.
subsp. schultesii
(Opiz) Wessely
STYRACACEAE Styrax officinalis L.
ULMACEAE Ulmus minor Mill. Medit.
subsp. canescens element.
(Melville) Browicz &
Ziel.
URTICACEAE Urtica pilulifera L. Medit.
element.
VERBENACEAE Vitex agnus-castus L.
VIOLACEAE Viola alba Besser
subsp. dehnhardtii
(Ten.) Bech. V.
kitaibeliana
Roem. & Schult.
VISCACEAE Viscum album L.
Album
VITACEAE Vitis sylvestris
C.C.Gmel
 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L.
LILIOPSIDA ARACEAE Dracunculus vulgaris Medit.
Schott element.
CYPERACEAE Carex distans L.
C. divisa Huds. Euro-Sib.
element.
C. flacca Schreb. Medit.
subsp. serrulata element.
(Biv.)
Greuter
Cyperus rotundus L.
DIOSCOREACEAE Tamus communis L.
subsp. Communis
IRIDACEAE Crocus chrysanthus
(Herb.) Herb.
Gladiolus italicus
Mill.
Romulea linaresii E. Medit.
Parl. subsp. graeca element.
BŽg.
JUNCACEAE Juncus articulatus L. Euro-Sib.
element.
J. bufonius L. Cosmopolitan.
J. hybridus Brot.
LILIACEAE Allium pallens L. Medit.
subsp. pallens element.
A. scorodoprasum L. Medit.
subsp. rotundum (L.) element.
Stearn Asparagus
acutifolius L. Medit.
A. verticillatus L. element.
Gagea peduncularis
(J.Presl & C.Presl) Medit.
Pascher element.
Muscari neglectum
Guss. ex Ten.
Ornithogalum
fimbriatum Willd. E. Medit.
element.
O. narbonense L. Medit.
element.
O. pyrenaicum L.
Ruscus aculeatus L.
var. angustifolius
Boiss.
POACEAE Aegilops geniculata Medit.
Roth element.
 A. triuncialis L.
subsp. Triuncialis
A. umbellulata Zhuk. Ir.-Tur.
subsp. Umbellulata element.
Agropyron cristatum
(L.) Gaertn. subsp.
pectinatum
(M.Bieb.) Tzvelev
var.
Pectinatum
Avena sterilis L.
subsp. Sterilis
Briza maxima L.
Bromus hordeceus
L. subsp. Hordeceus
B. hordeceus L.
subsp. molliformis Medit.
(Lloyd) Maire & element.
Weiller
B. inermis Leyss.
B. intermedius Guss.
B. lanceolatus Roth
B. scoparius L.
B. sterilis L. B.
tectorum L.
Catapodium rigidum
(L.) C.E.Hubb. ex
Dony subsp. rigidum
var. majus (C.Presl)
La’nz
C. rigidum (L.)
C.E.Hubb. ex Dony
subsp. rigidum var.
Rigidum Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers.
var. Dactylon
Dactylis glomerata L.
subsp. hispanica
(Roth) Nyman
Echinochloa crus-
galli (L.) P.Beauv.
Hordeum bulbosum
L.
H. murinum L.
subsp. leporinum
 (Link)
Arc. var. Leporinum
Lolium perenne L. Euro-Sib.
element.
L. rigidum Gaudin
var. Rigidum
Melica ciliata L.
subsp. transsilvanica
(Schur) Husn.
Parapholis incurva
(L.) C.E.Hubb.
Phalaris canariensis Medit.
L. element.
P. paradoxa L. Medit.
element.
Phleum subulatum
(Savi) Asch. &
Graebn. subsp.
Subulatum
Phragmites australis Euro-Sib.
(Cav.) Trin. ex element.
Steud. Piptatherum
miliaceum (L.) Coss. Medit.
subsp. Miliaceum element.
Polypogon viridis
(Gouan) Breistr. Euro-Sib.
Rostraria cristata (L.) element.
Tzvelev var.
glabriflora (Trautv.)
Dogan
Setaria glauca (L.)
P.Beauv.
Stipa bromoides (L.)
Dšrfl. Medit.
element.
Appendix-12: Stand map of the region

PROJECT AREA

İs : Settling area
Z : Agricultural area
Çzb3 : Pinus brutia
OT : Treeless forest soil
BM : Degraded forest lands with Quercus spp.
BçzM : Degraded forest lands with Pinus spp. and Quercus
Appendix-13: Regional beetle types

FAMILIA* SPECIES* PROBABILITY OF

EXISTINCE
Coleostoma orbiculare (Fabricius, 1775)

Cercyon (Dicyrtocercyon) ustulatus (Preyssler,

1790)
Cercyon (s.str.) littoralis (Gryllenhal, 1808)

Hydrochara dichroma (Fairmaire, 1892)

Chaetarthria seminulum (Herbst, 1797) +

Laccobius (Microlaccobius) gracilis +

Motschulsky, 1885
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) obscuratus +
aegaeus Gentili, 1974
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) simulatrix
+
Orchymont, 1932
HYDROPHILIDAE
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) striatulus
+
(Fabricius, 1801)

Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) syriacus

Guillebeau, 1896
Anacaena lutescens (Stephens, 1829) +

Enochrus (Lumetus) fuscipennis (Thomson, +

1884)
Enochrus (Lumetus) testaceus (Fabricius,
1801)
Helochares (s.str.) obscurus (Müller, 1776)

Limnoxenus niger (Gmelin, 1792)

Paracymus scutellaris (Rosenhauer, 1856)

Appendix-14: Herpetofauna of the province of Çanakkale (Marmara Region, Turkey)

Chorotype BERN IUCN MAK

AMPHIBIA
Salamandridae
Lissotriton vulgaris (LINNAEUS, 1758) Mediterranean
Ommatotriton ophryticus (BERTHOLD, 1846) Turano-european
Triturus karelinii (STRAUCH, 1870) E-Mediterranean
Bufonidae
Bufo bufo (LINNAEUS, 1758) European
Bufo viridis complex (LAURENTI, 1768) Turano-Europ.-Mediterr. +
Hylidae
Hyla sp. Europeo-Mediterranean +
Pelobatidae
Pelobates syriacus (BOETTGER, 1889) Turano-European
Ranidae
Pelophylax sp. Turano-Europ.-Mediterr. +
Rana dalmatina (BONAPARTE, 1840) eurosiberian
REPTILS
Chelonidae
Caretta caretta (LINNAEUS, 1758) Cosmopolitan
Emydidae
Emys orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758) Turano-europ.-Mediterr.
Geoemydidae
Mauremys rivulata (VALENCIENNES, 1833) Turano-Mediterranean
Testudinidae
Testudo graeca (LINNAEUS, 1758) Turano-Mediterranean +
Testudo hermanni (GMELIN, 1789) European
Agamidae
Stellagama stellio (LINNAEUS, 1758) E-Mediterranean
Anguidae
Anguis fragilis (LINNAEUS, 1758) European
Pseudopus apodus (PALLAS, 1775) Turano-Mediterranean ++
Gekkonidae
Cyrtopodion kotschyi (STEINDACHNER, 1870) E-Mediterranean
Hemidactylus turcicus (LINNAEUS, 1758) Mediterranean
Lacertidae
Anatololacerta anatolica (WERNER, 1900) SW-Anatolian endemic ++
Lacerta trilineata (BEDRIAGA, 1886) E-Mediterranean
Lacerta viridis (LAURENTI, 1768) E-European ++
Ophisops elegans (MÉNÉTRIÉS, 1832) E-Mediterranean
Podarcis muralis (LAURENTI, 1768) S-European
Podarcis siculus (RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ, 1810) Mediterranean
Podarcis tauricus (PALLAS, 1814) E-Mediterranean
Scincidae
Ablepharus kitaibellii (BIBRON & BORY DE ST-VINCENT, E-Mediterranean
1833)
Trachylepis aurata (LINNAEUS, 1758) SW-Asiatic
Boidae
Eryx jaculus (LINNAEUS, 1758) Mediterranean
Colubridae
Coronella austriaca (LAURENTI, 1768) European
Dolichophis caspius (GMELIN, 1789) Turano-Mediterranean
Eirenis modestus (MARTIN, 1838) Elaphe SW-Asiatic
sauromates (PALLAS, 1811) Hemorrhois Turano-Mediterranean
nummifer (REUSS, 1834) Malpolon Turano-Mediterranean
monspessulanus (HERMANN, 1804) Mediterranean
Platyceps collaris (MÜLLER, 1878)
Platyceps najadum (EICHWALD, 1831)
Telescopus fallax (FleISChMAnn, 1831)
Zamenis situla (LINNAEUS, 1758)
Natricidae
Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS, 1758)
Natrix tessellata (LAURENTI, 1768)
Typhlopidae
Typhlops vermicularis (MERREM, 1820)
Viperidae
Montivipera xanthina (GRAY, 1849)
E-Mediterranean
Turano-Mediterranean
Turano-Mediterranean
E-Mediterranean
Centralas.-europ.-Mediterr. ++
Centralasiatic-european
Turano-Mediterranean
E-Mediterranean
UTM Grid Maps Representing The Records Of Amphibians From Province Of Çanakkale
(Marmara Region, TURKEY)

Lissotriton vulgaris Ommatotriton ophryticus

Triturus karelinii Bufo bufo

Bufo viridis complex Hyla sp.

Pelobates syriacus Pelophylax sp.

Rana dalmatina
UTM Grid Maps Representing The Records Of Reptils From Province Of Çanakkale (Marmara
Region, TURKEY)
Appendix-15: Regional bird species

NO ORDO FAMILIA SPECIES IUCN BERN

1 Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis LC III

2 Procellariiformes Procellaridae Puffinus yelkouan NT II

3 Phalacrocorax aristotelis LC II

4 Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo LC III

5 Phalacrocorax pygmeus LC II

6 Botaurus stellaris LC III

7 Ixobrychus minutus LC II

8 Ardeola ralloides LC II

9 Nycticorax nycticorax LC II
Ardeidae
10 Ciconiiformes Casmerodius albus LC II

11 Egretta garzetta LC II

12 Ardea cinerea LC II

13 Ardea purpurea LC III

14 Ciconia ciconia LC II
Ciconiidae
15 Ciconia nigra LC II

16 Cygnus olor LC II

17 Anser albifrons LC II

18 Tadorna tadorna LC II

19 Tadorna ferruginea LC II
Anseriformes Anatidae
20 Anas platyrhynchos LC III

21 Anas penelope LC III

22 Anas crecca LC III

23 Anas querquedula LC II
24 Anas clypeata LC III

25 Netta rufina LC II

26 Milvus migrans LC II

27 Circus aeruginosus LC II

28 Accipiteridae Circus cyaneus LC II

29 Falconiformes Accipiter nisus LC II

30 Buteo buteo LC II

31 Falco columbarius LC II
Falconidae
32 Falco tinnunculus LC II

33 Porzana porzana LC II

34 Porzana parva LC II

35 Porzana pusilla LC II
Gruiformes Rallidae
36 Rallus aquaticus LC III

37 Gallinula chloropus LC III

38 Fulica atra LC III

39 Haematopodidae Haematopus ostralegus LC II

40 Recurvirostridae Himantopus himantopus LC II

41 Glareolidae Glareola pratincola LC II

42 Charadrius dubius LC II

43 Charadrius alexandrinus LC II
Charadriiformes
44 Charadriidae Pluvialis apricaria LC III

45 Vanellus vanellus LC III

46 Vanellus spinosus LC III

47 Calidris alpina LC II
Scolopacidae
48 Calidris minuta LC II
49 Gallinago gallinago LC III

50 Lymnocryptes minimus LC III

51 Scolopax rusticola LC III

52 Tringa totanus LC III

53 Tringa nebularia LC III

Scolopacidae
54 Tringa glareola LC II

55 Tringa ochropus LC II

56 Actitis hypoleucos LC III

57 Charadriiformes Larus audouinii NT II

58 Larus ridibundus LC III

Laridae
59 Larus melanocephalus LC II

60 Larus michahellis LC III

61 Sterna hirundo LC II

62 Sternidae Sterna albifrons LC II

63 Sterna sandvicensis LC II

64 Columbiformes Columbidae Columba livia LC III

65 Streptopelia decaocto LC III

66 Strigiformes Strigidae Athene noctua LC II

67 Apodiformes Apodidae Apus apus LC III

68 Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis LC II

69 Coraciiformes Upupidae Upupa epops LC II

70 Meropidae Merops apiaster LC II

71 Piciformes Picidae Dendrocopos syriacus LC II

72 Dendrocopos leucotos LC II

73 Passeriformes Alaudidae Alauda arvensis LC III

74 Galerida cristata LC III

75 Delichon urbica LC II

76 Hirundidae Hirundo daurica LC II

77 Hirundo rustica LC II

78 Anthus pratensis LC II

79 Motacillidae Motacilla alba LC II

80 Motacilla flava LC II

81 Erithacus rubecula LC II

82 Saxicola torquata LC II

83 Phoenicurus ochruros LC II

84 Phoenicurus phoenicurus LC II
Muscicapidae
85 Oenanthe oenanthe LC II

86 Oenanthe hispanica LC II

87 Muscicapa striata LC III

88 Ficedula albicollis LC II

89 Turdidae Turdus merula LC II

90 Locustella luscinioides LC II

91 Acrocephalus arundinaceus LC II

92 Acrocephalus melanopogon LC II

93 Cettia cetti LC II
Sylviidae
94 Sylvia communis LC II

95 Sylvia nisoria LC II

96 Sylvia melanocephala LC II

97 Phylloscopus collybita LC II

98 Remizidae Remiz pendulinus LC II

99 Paridae Parus major LC II

100 Parus caeruleus LC II

101 Troglodytidae Troglodytes troglodytes LC III

102 Laniidae Lanius collurio LC II

103 Garrulus glandarius LC -

104 Pica pica LC -

105 Corvidae Corvus corone LC -

106 Corvus monedula LC -

107 Corvus corax LC III

108 Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris LC -

109 Passer hispaniolensis LC III

Passeridae
110 Passer domesticus LC -

111 Fringilla coelebs LC III

112 Serinus serinus LC II

113 Fringillidae Carduelis cannabina LC II

114 Carduelis carduelis LC II

115 Carduelis chloris LC II

116 Miliaria calandra LC III

117 Emberiza citrinella LC II

Emberizidae
118 Emberiza cirlus LC II

119 Emberiza melanocephala LC III

120 Emberiza schoeniclus LC II

Appendix-16: Nesting raft examples
 WHAT WILL BE DONE? WHAT? REASONS RESULTS
Mulch increases the success rate of ecological succession by the way
Topsoil and/or Mulch Spray on the land
preventing weed, harmful insects, birds and evaporation.
Sarcopoterium spinosum
Soil will be enriched in point of organic materials and nitrogen.
Cistus creticus
Hydroseeding methods This plants provide development and living environment to flora of the
Cynodon dactylon
next stage
Trifolium spp.
Lotus corniculatus
Herbaceous plants play significant role on stability of the slopes. They also
Filago pyramidata
Increase soil permeability.
Dactylis glomerata
Herbaceous plants Insensitive to environmental conditions
Melilotus sp.
Fight against harmful floristic species efficiently
Onobrychis viciaefoliae
Effective to prevent erosion
Avena sterilis
Successions stage
Cistus creticus
Spartium junceum Shrubs adapt to extreme conditions.
Shrubs Jasminum fruticans Seed of shrubs fall down from slopes. By this way they will spread and pave
Quercus coccifera the way for woody plants.
Quercus sp.
Salix spp.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Essential for adaptation to its environment.
Woody plants Pinus brutia
Woody plants will form coppice forest The succession will
Juniperus oxycedrus continue step by step. After
Olea europaea the monitoring stage,
Elodea sp. project area will be natural
Potamogeton sp. and sustainable area.
Pioneer of hydroser (aquatic succession)
Ceratophyllum sp. Thus, biodiversity is going
Najas sp. to increase. As a result we
Eichhornia crassipens will achieve our goal, which
Hydroser These species are selected for their rhizome and contribution of aquatic
Lemna minor is provision
life. of the sustainability of the
Nymphaea ssp.
These woody plants on the riparian zone of wetland provide habitat to reclaimed region with high
Salix sp. biological diversity.
Wetland amphibians (Bufo bufo complex), reptils (Natrix natrix), mammals (Vulpes
Robinia pseudoacacia
vulpes) and birds (Remiz pendulinus, Hirunda rustica).
Phragmites australis Reedzone area sustains the water quality and provides nesting zones for
Reedzone area (Min. 50% of the area)
Typha spp bird species.
Dragonflies (Enallagma cyathigerum and others)
Invertebrate species play crucial role on pollination. Genetic diversity is
Invertebrate species Beetles (Broscus cephalotes and others)
going to seen in succession.
Bees (Apis mellifera etc.)
Nesting raft Nesting rafts are isolated places to nest for birds

Recreational facilities Opportunity for the local people to embrace the nature and to gain awareness and knowledge about significance biodiversity

Pasturage must be prohibited.

Prohibitions
Irrelevant human interference must be prohibited all stages of succession and construction.