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Clase - Grupo 16
Clase - Grupo 16
Elementos grupo 16
Calcógenos Po
Se Te
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.2
Uses of sulfur and sulfuric acid (by sulfur content) in the US in 2008.
Figure 16.3
[Data: US Geological Survey.]
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Alotropía
Slide 16.5
O2 S8 Se∞ Te∞ Po
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.6
Table 16.1 Some physical properties of the group 16 elements and their ions.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.7
• Formación de Compuestos
Química. Iónica:
Altos valores AE : tendencia a ganar e- (X2- estable con
metales muy electropositivos)
Alta EI : poca tendencia a formar cationes
Química. Covalente:
Formar dos enlaces covalentes: ns2p2+1+1compartir 2e:
O-, O=
• Formar un enlace sencillo y ganar 1e-: -O-H
• Formar tres (o más S, Se, Te) enlaces covalentes:
OH3+
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.11
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.12
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.13
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.14
Some covalent bond enthalpy terms (kJ mol!1) for bonds involving
Table 16.2
oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.15
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.16
(c) Structural parameters for [S8]2+ from the [AsF6]- salt. (d) One
Figure 16.8
resonance structure that accounts for the transannular interaction in [S8]2+.
(e) The structure of the [S19]2+ cation, determined by X-ray diffraction for the
[AsF6]- salt [R.C. Burns et al. (1980) Inorg. Chem., vol. 19, p. 1423], and a
schematic representation showing the localization of positive charge. (Continued)
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.19
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.20
Peróxido de hidrógeno
• Estructura angular tipo libro abierto.
• Es polar, con una constante dieléctrica superior
a la del agua resulta ser mejor disolvente,
aunque su uso queda restringido por ser un
agente oxidante.
La alta polaridad hace que en líquido esté más
asociada que el agua (más denso).
• Redox: En disolución ácida o básica actúa frente a numerosos
reductores:
• H2O2 + 2 H+ ➞ 2 H2O – 2e- Eº= 1.77 v
• H2O2 ➞ 2 OH- – 2e- Eº= 0.87 v
• H2O2 + 2 H+ ➞ 2 OH- – 2e- Eº= 0.87 v
• Y sólo frente a oxidantes muy fuertes como MnO4- desprende
oxígeno:
• H2O2 ➞ 2H+ + O2 + 2e- Eº= 0.68 v
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.21
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.23
The gas-phase structure of H2O2. The directions in which the lone pairs
Figure 16.10
point are indicated by the green cylinders. The angle shown as 111! is the
internal dihedral angle, the angle between the planes containing each OOH-unit;
see Table 16.3 for other bond parameters.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.24
Hidruros
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.28
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.29
The structures (X-ray diffraction) of (d) [AuS9]- in the [AsPh4]+ salt [G.
Figure 16.12
Marbach et al. (1984) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 23, p. 246], and
(e) [(S6)Cu(!-S8)Cu(S6)]4! in the [Ph4P]! salt [A. Müller et al. (1984) Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 23, p. 632]. Colour code: S, yellow. (Continued)
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.31
Halogenuros
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.32
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.33
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.34
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.35
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.36
(a) The structure of SeF4 in the gas and liquid phases. (b) In the
Figure 16.14
solid state, TeF4 consists of polymeric chains; the Te!F!Te bridges are
asymmetrical (Te!F ! 208 and 228 pm). (c) The structure of the
molecular Se4Cl16-unit present in crystalline SeCl4. Colour code: Se, yellow; Te,
blue; F and Cl, green.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.37
Óxidos
• Son todos ellos covalentes donde el enlace X-O es más corto que
el correspondiente a un enlace sencillo e incluso en algunos casos
más corto que el que corresponde a un enlace doble.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.39
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.40
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.41
Oxáxidos
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.44
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.45
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.46
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.47
Figure 16.21 Potential diagrams (values in V) for sulfur, selenium and tellurium at
pH = 0.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012