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Slide 16.

Elementos grupo 16
Calcógenos Po

Se Te

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.2

Relative abundances of the group 16 elements (excluding Po) in the


Figure 16.1
Earth’s crust. The data are plotted on a logarithmic scale. The units of abundance
are parts per billion (1 billion = 109). Polonium is omitted because its abundance is
only 3 × 10-7 ppb, giving a negative number on the log scale.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.3

Production of sulfur in the US from 1980 to 2008; note the increasing


Figure 16.2
importance of recovery methods which have now replaced the Frasch process as
a source of sulfur in the US. [Data: US Geological Survey.] See text for an
explanation of ‘by-product sulfuric acid’.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.4

Uses of sulfur and sulfuric acid (by sulfur content) in the US in 2008.
Figure 16.3
[Data: US Geological Survey.]
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Alotropía
Slide 16.5

O2 S8 Se∞ Te∞ Po
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.6

Table 16.1 Some physical properties of the group 16 elements and their ions.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.7

The structures of O3 and [O3]-, and contributing resonance structures in


Figure 16.4
O3. The O-O bond order in O3 is taken to be 1.5.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.8

The structure (X-ray diffraction at 188 K) of the phosphite ozonide


Figure 16.5
EtC(CH2O)3PO3 [A. Dimitrov et al. (2001) Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., p. 1929]. Colour
code: P, brown; O, red; C, grey; H, white.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.9

Representations of the structures of some allotropes of sulfur: (a) S6,


Figure 16.6
(b) S7, (c) S8 and (d) catena-S∞ (the chain continues at each end).
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.10

•  Formación de Compuestos

Química. Iónica:
Altos valores AE : tendencia a ganar e- (X2- estable con
metales muy electropositivos)
Alta EI : poca tendencia a formar cationes
Química. Covalente:
Formar dos enlaces covalentes: ns2p2+1+1compartir 2e:
O-, O=
•  Formar un enlace sencillo y ganar 1e-: -O-H
•  Formar tres (o más S, Se, Te) enlaces covalentes:
OH3+

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.11

•  Singularidad del oxígeno


•  Pequeño tamaño: anión poco polarizable (comp.
Iónicos)

•  Ausencia de orbitales “d” (no expande octete)

•  Catenación: menor tendencia como consecuencia de la


formación de enlaces p𝛑-p𝛑 (tamaño): O2, O3.

•  Contrasta con el caso del azufre S8 y oligomeros:


enlaces sencillos. La tendencia a la catenación
disminuye al bajar en el grupo por debilitamiento de
los enlaces.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.12

•  Química esencialmente covalente.


•  No hay química catiónica (iónica).
•  Química Aniónica: dos tipos iones AX- y X2-.
•  – AX-:
•  • Hidróxidos: alcalinos y alcalinoterreos (resto
covalentes)
•  • SH- y resto: covalentes (muy fácilmente polarizables)
•  – X2-:
•  Óxidos: metales muy electropositivos y bajos estados
de oxidación.
•  Sulfuros: sólo con metales alcalinos, el resto son
covalentes
•  • Resto: covalentes

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.13

•  La introducción o la eliminación de electrones en la molécula O2


permite obtener distintos iones derivados del oxígeno. Las más
relevantes:

El oxigenilo (O2+) es un ión paramagnético. Se obtiene:


•  O2 + BF3 + 1/2 F2 ➞ O2+BF4-
•  • El ión superóxido (O2-) ión paramagnético. Se obtiene:
•  O2 + M ➞ MO2 (M= Rb, Cs)
•  Oxidante fuerte que reaciona violentamente con agua:
•  2 O2- + H2O ➞ O2 + HO2- + OH-
•  Sus reacciones con CO2 sirven para eliminar dicha sustancia y
regenerar O2 en sistemas cerrados:
•  2 CO2 + 4 MO2 ➞ M2CO3 + 3 O2

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.14

Some covalent bond enthalpy terms (kJ mol!1) for bonds involving
Table 16.2
oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.15

•  Los peróxidos (O22-) ión diamagnético.

•  Se obtiene: O2 + 2M [calor] ➞ M2O2 (M= alc y alc-


terr)
•  Reaccionan fácilmente con CO2 de forma análoga a
como los hacen los superóxidos y se hidrolizan en agua
o ácido diluido para dar H2O2 :
•  BaO2 + 2 H2O➞ Ba(OH)2 + H2O2

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.16

The structure of [S2I4]2+ determined by X-ray diffraction at low


Figure 16.7
temperature for the [AsF6]- salt [S. Brownridge et al. (2005) Inorg. Chem., vol. 44,
p. 1660], and a representation of the bonding in terms of S2 interacting with two
[I2]+. Colour code: S, yellow; I, brown.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.17

(a) Schematic representation of the structure of [S8]2+. (b) The change in


Figure 16.8
conformation of the ring during oxidation of S8 to [S8]2+.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.18

(c) Structural parameters for [S8]2+ from the [AsF6]- salt. (d) One
Figure 16.8
resonance structure that accounts for the transannular interaction in [S8]2+.
(e) The structure of the [S19]2+ cation, determined by X-ray diffraction for the
[AsF6]- salt [R.C. Burns et al. (1980) Inorg. Chem., vol. 19, p. 1423], and a
schematic representation showing the localization of positive charge. (Continued)
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.19

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.20

Peróxido de hidrógeno
•  Estructura angular tipo libro abierto.
•  Es polar, con una constante dieléctrica superior
a la del agua resulta ser mejor disolvente,
aunque su uso queda restringido por ser un
agente oxidante.
La alta polaridad hace que en líquido esté más
asociada que el agua (más denso).
•  Redox: En disolución ácida o básica actúa frente a numerosos
reductores:
•  H2O2 + 2 H+ ➞ 2 H2O – 2e- Eº= 1.77 v
•  H2O2 ➞ 2 OH- – 2e- Eº= 0.87 v
•  H2O2 + 2 H+ ➞ 2 OH- – 2e- Eº= 0.87 v
•  Y sólo frente a oxidantes muy fuertes como MnO4- desprende
oxígeno:
•  H2O2 ➞ 2H+ + O2 + 2e- Eº= 0.68 v

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.21

The catalytic cycle used in the industrial manufacture of hydrogen


Figure 16.9
peroxide; O2 is converted to H2O2 during the oxidation of the organic
alkylanthraquinol. The organic product is reduced by H2 in a Pd- or Ni-catalysed
reaction. Such cycles are discussed in detail in Chapter 25.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.22

Table 16.3 Selected properties of H2O2.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.23

The gas-phase structure of H2O2. The directions in which the lone pairs
Figure 16.10
point are indicated by the green cylinders. The angle shown as 111! is the
internal dihedral angle, the angle between the planes containing each OOH-unit;
see Table 16.3 for other bond parameters.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.24

The structures (X-ray diffraction) of (a) [V(O2)2(O)(bpy)]! in the hydrated


Figure 16.11
ammonium salt [H. Szentivanyi et al. (1983) Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, vol. 37, p.
553]. Colour code: V, yellow; Mo, dark blue; O, red; N, light blue; C, grey; H, white.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.25

The structures (X-ray diffraction) of (b) [Mo2(O2)4(O)2(!-OOH)2]2! in the


Figure 16.11
pyridinium salt [J.-M. Le Carpentier et al. (1972) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, vol. 28,
p. 1288]. The H atoms in the second structure were not located but have been
added here for clarity. Colour code: V, yellow; Mo, dark blue; O, red; N, light blue;
C, grey; H, white. (Continued)
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.26

Hidruros

•  Las entalpías de formación del H2O y H2S con valores negativos


indican que se tratan de sustancias termodinámicamente
estables. Los valores positivos de H2Se y H2Te indican que
•  termodinámicamente inestables.
•  La acidez varía de acuerdo a la secuencia:
H2Te> H2Se > H2S > H2O
•  Aumenta con el tamaño del elemento de forma análoga a lo que
vimos en los haluros de hidrógeno.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.27

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.28

Table 16.4 Selected data for H2S, H2Se and H2Te.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.29

The structures (X-ray diffraction) of (a) [S6]2! in the salt


Figure 16.12
[H3NCH2CH2NH3][S6] !P. Bottcher et al. (1984) Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, vol. 39, p.
416], (b) [Zn(S4)2]2! in the tetraethylammonium salt [D. Coucouvanis et al. (1985)
Inorg. Chem., vol. 24, p. 24], (c) [Mn(S5)(S6)]2! in the [Ph4P]! salt [D.
Coucouvanis et al. (1985) Inorg. Chem., vol. 24, p. 24]. Colour code: S, yellow.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.30

The structures (X-ray diffraction) of (d) [AuS9]- in the [AsPh4]+ salt [G.
Figure 16.12
Marbach et al. (1984) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 23, p. 246], and
(e) [(S6)Cu(!-S8)Cu(S6)]4! in the [Ph4P]! salt [A. Müller et al. (1984) Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 23, p. 632]. Colour code: S, yellow. (Continued)
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.31

Halogenuros

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.32

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.33

Table 16.5 Selected physical properties of oxygen and sulfur fluorides.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.34

Figure 16.13 Selected reactions of sulfur tetrafluoride.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.35

Table 16.6 Selected properties of the fluorides of selenium and tellurium.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.36

(a) The structure of SeF4 in the gas and liquid phases. (b) In the
Figure 16.14
solid state, TeF4 consists of polymeric chains; the Te!F!Te bridges are
asymmetrical (Te!F ! 208 and 228 pm). (c) The structure of the
molecular Se4Cl16-unit present in crystalline SeCl4. Colour code: Se, yellow; Te,
blue; F and Cl, green.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.37

An MO diagram for octahedral [ECl6]2! (E ! Se or Te) using a valence


Figure 16.15
set of 4s and 4p orbitals for Se or 5s and 5p orbitals for Te. These orbitals overlap
with Cl 3p orbitals. The diagram can be derived from that for SF6 described in
Figs. 5.27 and 5.28.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.38

Óxidos
•  Son todos ellos covalentes donde el enlace X-O es más corto que
el correspondiente a un enlace sencillo e incluso en algunos casos
más corto que el que corresponde a un enlace doble.

•  Esta situación se puede explicar admitiendo que el enlace 𝛔


queda reforzado por una interacción 𝛑 de tipo p𝛑-p𝛑 o p𝛑-d𝛑
dado que existen orbitales “d” vacíos.

•  Estados de Oxidación: +2, +4 ó +6 (habituales)

•  La utilización de estados de oxidación superiores a +2 exige efectuar


procesos de promoción de electrones. A medida que descendemos en el
grupo la energía de promoción disminuye pero también disminuye la
energía de formación de los enlaces y puesto que este último factor es
más importante el estado de oxidación +6 se hace menos estable al
descender en el grupo (par inerte).

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.39

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.40

Table 16.7 Selected physical properties of SO2 and SO3.

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.41

(a) The structure of the azidosulfite anion, [SO2N3]!, determined by X-


Figure 16.16
ray diffraction at 173 K for the Cs! salt [K.O. Christe et al. (2002) Inorg. Chem.,
vol. 41, p. 4275]. (b) The structure of [(SO2)2N3]! determined for the Cs! salt by
X-ray diffraction at 130 K [K.O. Christe et al. (2003) Inorg. Chem., vol. 42, p. 416].
Colour code: N, blue; S, yellow; O, red.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.42

The structures of solid state polymorphs of sulfur trioxide contain


Figure 16.17
tetrahedral SO4 units: (a) !-SO3 consists of trimeric units and (b) !- and !-SO3
contain polymeric chains. Colour code: S, yellow; O, red.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.43

Oxáxidos

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.44

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.45

Table 16.8 Selected oxoacids of sulfur.†


Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.46

Table 16.8 Selected oxoacids of sulfur.† (Continued)

Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.47

(a) The structure of [S2O6]2! showing the staggered conformation; from


Figure 16.18
the salt [Zn{H2NNHC(O)Me}3][S2O6]•2.5H2O [I.A. Krol et al. (1981) Koord. Khim.,
vol. 7, p. 800]; (b) the C2 structure of gas-phase H2SO4. Colour code: S, yellow; O,
red; H, white.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.48

Part of the 3-dimensional, hydrogen-bonded network of H2SO4


Figure 16.19
molecules in crystalline sulfuric acid. The structure was determined by X-ray
diffraction at 113 K [E. Kemnitz et al. (1996) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, vol. 52,p.
2665]. Colour code: S, yellow; O, red; H, white.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.49

Selected reactions of S4N4; the rings in S4N4H4 and S4N4F4 are


Figure 16.20
non-planar.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012
Slide 16.50

Figure 16.21 Potential diagrams (values in V) for sulfur, selenium and tellurium at
pH = 0.
Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition © Pearson Education Limited 2012

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