Folded Plate

Cylindrical Shell
Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

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Folded Plate

Cylindrical Shell
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Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

Folded Plate
1 2 3 4 5 Beam compression/tension Buckling Ribs resist buckling Edge buckling Curbs resist edge buckling

Linear compositions 1 One-edge fold 2 Two-edge fold 3 Twin fold 4 Folded roof and wall

Other compositions 1 Triangular unit / composition 2 Square unit / composition 3 Hexagonal unit / composition

Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

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Cylindrical Shell
Structural action 1-3 Bending/shear patterns 4-5 Bending/shear stress 6-7 Buckling 8-9 Buckling resisting walls/ribs

Skylight integration 1 Slanted skylights 2 Top skylights 3 Vertical skylight

Examples 1 Shells with skylight ends 2 Shells cantilever from beam 3 Shells of two-way cantilever

Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

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Mining shelter Pomezia Italy Architect: Renzo Piano This shelter for sulfur mining was designed to allow moving it along with mining progress.

A folded plate vault of reinforced polyester provides light weight to facilitate movement.
Folding thin sheets of polyester provides strength, stiffness, and stability with minimum weight. Translucent polyester also provides natural lighting to save energy. Triangular windows at the base provide additional Lighting as and view to the outside.

Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

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Air force Chapel, Colorado Springs Architect/Engineer: Skidmore Owings and Merill The air force chapel features: A folded plate of tubular steel A dramatic space of vertical dominance Two inclined triple tetrahedrons Concrete buttresses support gravity load and lateral thrust The tetrahedrons are glad with aluminum Stain glass windows close gaps between tetrahedrons

Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

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Portable exhibit hall Architect/ Engineer: Santiago Calatrava The roof and wall of folded plate plywood was designed for easy assemblage. The parabolic form implies constant bending stress. Assume: plywood glued to ribs DL = 10 psf LL = 20 psf = 30 psf Uniform load w = 30 psf x (50/12) w = 125 plf Bending moment M = w L2/8 = 125x 412/8 M = 26,266 # Moment of Inertia I ~ (BD3-bd3)/36 I ~ (50x243-47.2x22.83)/36 I ~ 3360 in4 Top panel stress (most relevant effects full top panel) fb=M c1/I=26266x12x8/3360 fb = 750 psi Extreme fiber stress @ bottom fb=M c2/I=26266x12x16/3360 fb = 1500 psi
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b=50 d=24 C1=8 C2=16 L=41

Train station Savona, Italy Architect: Antonio Nervi Engineer: Pier Luigi Nervi The 38x75m folded plate roof provides column-free space Inclined rebars resist longitudinal shear stress and plate bending stress. Folded plates stabilize adjacent plates against buckling. Tendons at the folded plate base resist bending stress. Tendons on top resist overhang bending stress.

Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

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w=0.4 klf

L=90

C=30

X=40

b=7.5 a z=4.8 d=6

Section A-A
Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell

Assume: 0.6 tendons, design load DL = 68 psf (average) LL = 12 psf = 80 psf Uniform load per unit (see A-A) w = 80 psf x7.5/1000 Reactions Rl = 0.6x120x30/90 Rr = 0.6x120x60/90 X = Rll / w = 24/0.6 Max. bending moment Max. M = RaX/2 =24x40/2 Z = 0.8d ~0.8(6) Tendon tension T = M/Z = 480/4.8 Number of tendons required # = T/P= 100/35 =2.86 Use 3 tendons Note: a Concrete compression block d Effective depth (rebar center to top) Z Lever arm of resisting moment
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P = 35 k

w = 0.6 klf Rl = 24 k Rr = 48 k X = 40 M = 480 k z ~ 4.8 T = 100 k 3 0.6

Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

Science & Industry Museum Los Angeles

Architect: California State Architect Office Engineer: T Y Lin

Assume: 0.6 tendons, design load DL = 81 psf (concrete + roofing) LL = 12 psf = 93 psf Uniform load per shell w = 93 psf x21.5/1000 Max. bending (at mid support) M = w L2/12 = 2x712/12 Lever arm Z ~ 0.85 d ~ 0.85x7 Tendon tension T = M / Z = 840 / 6 Number of tendons required # = T / P = 140 / 35 = 4 Use 4 tendons

P = 35 k

w = 2 klf M = 840 k Z ~ 6 T = 140 k 4 0.6

Tendon tension

Z
Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

d
Concrete compression

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Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth Architect: Louis Kahn Engineer: Kommendant

The Kimbell Art Museum features: Recessed main entrance Two gallery wings, one on each side of entry Atriums within gallery wings 16 modules, 30x100 each Cycloid cross-sections (point on moving wheel) Post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete Inverted Us between cycloids for ducts & pipes Linear skylight with deflectors to project daylight onto the cycloids

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Folded Plate
Study the cylindrical shell across the Rose Garden

Cylindrical Shell
Folded Plate & Cylindrical Shell Copyright G G Schierle, 2010

Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

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