Test Scores (X)

62 71 74 77 80 81
62 72 75 77 80 83
69 73 76 78 80 83
70 73 76 79 81 83
70 74 76 79 81 85

ACTUAL DATA

Distribution
Test Scores (X)
Average Test Scores (X)
62 0.0045576041
62 0.0045576041 Mean 79.5
69 0.0210741481 Standard Error 1.26541773786
70 0.0246381752 Median 79.5
70 0.0246381752 Mode 76 80,81,83,87
71 0.0283583659 Standard Deviation 8.00320448641 8
72 0.0321342384 Sample Variance 64.0512820513
73 0.0358483334 Kurtosis -0.2905320328
73 0.0358483334 Skewness -0.0811903514 almost normal
74 0.0393716919 Range 33
74 0.0393716919 Minimum 62
75 0.0425709493 Maximum 95
76 0.0453165396 Sum 3180
76 0.0453165396 Count 40
76 0.0453165396
77 0.0474913258 Mean= Mode=Median
77 0.0474913258
78 0.0489988623 Actual Curve
79 0.0497704821 0.06
79 0.0497704821 0.05
0.04
80 0.0497704821
0.03
80 0.0497704821 0.02
80 0.0497704821 0.01
81 0.0489988623 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
81 0.0489988623
81 0.0489988623
83 0.0453165396
83 0.0453165396
83 0.0453165396
85 0.0393716919
87 0.0321342384
 87 0.0321342384
87 0.0321342384
88 0.0283583659
89 0.0246381752
91 0.0177462119
91 0.0177462119
92 0.0147121264
93 0.0120076876
95 0.0076325506

https://www.zscorecalculator.com/

Normal
At least symmetric

PROPORTIANLITY
-2 0
1 standard deviation to the right of the mean
 Page 67
87 91
87 91
87 92
88 93
89 95

NORMAL
STANDARD NORMAL
µ = anything (+, -, 0); σ =
µ = 0; σ = 1
anything (+)
Normal Scores Distribution Standard Scores Distribution
(X) Average (Z) Average
62 0.0045576041 -2.19 0.036460833 0.0364608332
63 0.0059442364 -2.06 0.047553891
64 0.0076325506 -1.94 0.061060405
65 0.0096484481 -1.81 0.077187584
66 0.0120076876 -1.69 0.096061501
67 0.0147121264 -1.56 0.117697011
68 0.0177462119 -1.44 0.141969695
69 0.0210741481 -1.31 0.168593185
70 0.0246381752 -1.19 0.197105402
71 0.0283583659 -1.06 0.226866927
72 0.0321342384 -0.94 0.257073907
73 0.0358483334 -0.81 0.286786668
74 0.0393716919 -0.69 0.314973535
75 0.0425709493 -0.56 0.340567594
76 0.0453165396 -0.44 0.362532317
77 0.0474913258 -0.31 0.379930606
78 0.0489988623 -0.19 0.391990898
79 0.0497704821 -0.06 0.398163857
80 0.0497704821 0.06 0.398163857
81 0.0489988623 0.19 0.391990898
82 0.0474913258 0.31 0.379930606
83 0.0453165396 0.44 0.362532317
84 0.0425709493 0.56 0.340567594
85 0.0393716919 0.69 0.314973535
86 0.0358483334 0.81 0.286786668
87 0.0321342384 0.94 0.257073907
88 0.0283583659 1.06 0.226866927
89 0.0246381752 1.19 0.197105402
90 0.0210741481 1.31 0.168593185
91 0.0177462119 1.44 0.141969695
92 0.0147121264 1.56 0.117697011
93 0.0120076876 1.69 0.096061501
94 0.0096484481 1.81 0.077187584
95 0.0076325506 1.94 0.061060405
 0 1
to the right of the mean 1 standard deviation from the mean
Mean (µ) 79.5
Standard Deviation (σ) 8

3 standard deviations ABOVE the mean µ + 1σ 103.5

2 standard deviations ABOVE the mean µ + 2σ 95.5
1 standard deviation ABOVE the mean µ + 3σ 87.5
MEAN
1 standard deviation BELOW the mean µ — 1σ 71.5
2 standard deviations BELOW the mean µ — 2σ 63.5
3 standard deviations BELOW the mean µ — 3σ 55.5

INTERVAL COUNTS
1 standard deviation below & above the mean µ ± 1σ 71.5-87.5 27
2 standard deviations below & above the mean µ ± 2σ 63.5-95.5 38
3 standard deviations below & above the mean µ ± 3σ 55.5 -103.5 40

Questions: PROBABILITY COUNTS

1. What is the probability that a student got a score of more than 60?
2. What is the probability that a student got a score of above 63?
3. What is the probability that a student got a score of below 88?
4. What is the probability that a student got a score of at least 75?
Empirical Rule or Three-Sigma Rule or 68-95-99.7 Rule
100 responses
 0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
PERCENTAGE
0.2
67.5
0.15
95
100 0.1

0.05

0
-2.19 -2.06 -1.94 -1.81 -1.69 -1.56 -1.44 -1.31 -1.19 -1.06 -0.94 -0.81 -0.69 -0.56 -0
 Normal Distribution

2 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

Normal Distribution

4 -0.81 -0.69 -0.56 -0.44 -0.31 -0.19 -0.06 0.06 0.19 0.31 0.44 0.56 0.69 0.81 0.94 1.06 1.19 1.31 1.44 1.56 1.69
 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

1.19 1.31 1.44 1.56 1.69 1.81 1.94

 Frog Data (X): Length from top to tail in mm of a large group of frogs
83 100 96 105 100 94
91 103 87 97 101 79
73 96 104 95 108 85
87 79 86 94 97 96
103 97 92 95 89 102
65 96 96 81 100 96
95 98 97 102 107 94
80 84 82 77 118 88
84 85 107 92 77 102
90 91 93 87 96 91
91 86 97 80 96 105
113 87 91 91 91 87
85 117 104 95 95 121
91 94 91 91 118 98
76 104 101 89 99 102
83 98 108 68 102 92
80 78 53 71 82 91
72 97 110 79 98 113
82 97 72 91 90 79
69 77 72 111 85 90

ACTUAL DATA

Test Scores (X) f fX X- (X-)² f(X-)²

53 1 53 -37.91 1,437.17 1,437.17

54 0 0 -36.91 1,362.35 0.00
55 0 0 -35.91 1,289.53 0.00
56 0 0 -34.91 1,218.71 0.00
57 0 0 -33.91 1,149.89 0.00
58 0 0 -32.91 1,083.07 0.00
59 0 0 -31.91 1,018.25 0.00
60 0 0 -30.91 955.43 0.00
61 0 0 -29.91 894.61 0.00
62 1 62 -28.91 835.79 835.79
63 0 0 -27.91 778.97 0.00
64 0 0 -26.91 724.15 0.00
65 1 65 -25.91 671.33 671.33
66 0 0 -24.91 620.51 0.00
67 0 0 -23.91 571.69 0.00
 68 2 136 -22.91 524.87 1,049.74
69 1 69 -21.91 480.05 480.05
70 1 70 -20.91 437.23 437.23
71 1 71 -19.91 396.41 396.41
72 3 216 -18.91 357.59 1,072.76
73 3 219 -17.91 320.77 962.30
74 3 222 -16.91 285.95 857.84
75 3 225 -15.91 253.13 759.38
76 2 152 -14.91 222.31 444.62
77 3 231 -13.91 193.49 580.46
78 4 312 -12.91 166.67 666.67
79 4 316 -11.91 141.85 567.39
80 6 480 -10.91 119.03 714.17
81 5 405 -9.91 98.21 491.04
82 4 328 -8.91 79.39 317.55
83 2 166 -7.91 62.57 125.14
84 7 588 -6.91 47.75 334.24
85 5 425 -5.91 34.93 174.64
86 6 516 -4.91 24.11 144.65
87 8 696 -3.91 15.29 122.30
88 5 440 -2.91 8.47 42.34
89 4 356 -1.91 3.65 14.59
90 7 630 -0.91 0.83 5.80
91 13 1183 0.09 0.01 0.11
92 6 552 1.09 1.19 7.13
93 2 186 2.09 4.37 8.74
94 6 564 3.09 9.55 57.29
95 9 855 4.09 16.73 150.55
96 11 1056 5.09 25.91 284.99
97 12 1164 6.09 37.09 445.06
98 7 686 7.09 50.27 351.88
99 1 99 8.09 65.45 65.45
100 4 400 9.09 82.63 330.51
101 3 303 10.09 101.81 305.42
102 6 612 11.09 122.99 737.93
103 3 309 12.09 146.17 438.50
104 5 520 13.09 171.35 856.74
105 2 210 14.09 198.53 397.06
106 0 0 15.09 227.71 0.00
107 2 214 16.09 258.89 517.78
108 2 216 17.09 292.07 584.14
109 1 109 18.09 327.25 327.25
110 2 220 19.09 364.43 728.86
 111 2 222 20.09 403.61 807.22
112 0 0 21.09 444.79 0.00
113 2 226 22.09 487.97 975.94
114 0 0 23.09 533.15 0.00
115 1 115 24.09 580.33 580.33
116 0 0 25.09 629.51 0.00
117 2 234 26.09 680.69 1,361.38
118 2 236 27.09 733.87 1,467.74
119 0 0 28.09 789.05 0.00
120 1 120 29.09 846.23 846.23
121 1 121 30.09 905.41 905.41
200 18,181.00 27,245.20
Sample Size ΣfX Σf(X-)²

https://www.zscorecalculator.com/
n mm of a large group of frogs
98 94 73 87
90 88 74 81
104 78 80 74
89 96 101 95
84 97 117 89
115 86 100 86
78 76 68 62
110 78 87 80
80 104 90 84
97 88 84 95
81 95 70 87
97 88 98 73
75 75 85 86
74 103 98 84
95 92 90 96
96 94 102 92
81 91 75 81
90 109 120 86
84 93 92 82
97 111 88 97

NORMAL
STANDARD NORMAL
µ = anything (+, -, 0); σ =
µ = 0; σ = 1
anything (+)
Normal Scores Distribution Standard Scores Distribution
(X) Average (Z) Average
53 0.0001794195 -3.24 0.002099366
54 0.0002357883 -3.15 0.00275893
55 0.0003076115 -3.07 0.003599325
56 0.0003983923 -2.98 0.00466154
57 0.000512209 -2.90 0.005993295
58 0.0006537494 -2.81 0.007649443
59 0.0008283299 -2.73 0.009692188
60 0.0010418934 -2.64 0.012191067
61 0.0013009814 -2.56 0.015222625
62 0.0016126748 -2.47 0.018869711
63 0.0019844968 -2.38 0.023220356
64 0.0024242751 -2.30 0.028366148
65 0.0029399592 -2.21 0.034400105
66 0.0035393915 -2.13 0.041413989
67 0.0042300334 -2.04 0.049495106
68 0.0050186497 -1.96 0.05872261
69 0.005910958 -1.87 0.0691634
70 0.0069112524 -1.79 0.080867723
71 0.0080220161 -1.70 0.093864634
72 0.0092435374 -1.62 0.108157507
73 0.0105735488 -1.53 0.123719808
74 0.0120069096 -1.44 0.140491388
75 0.0135353535 -1.36 0.158375524
76 0.0151473222 -1.27 0.177236973
77 0.0168279037 -1.19 0.196901253
78 0.018558893 -1.10 0.217155349
79 0.0203189853 -1.02 0.237749974
80 0.0220841079 -0.93 0.258403458
81 0.0238278907 -0.85 0.278807249
82 0.0255222663 -0.76 0.298632931
83 0.0271381831 -0.68 0.317540577
84 0.0286464095 -0.59 0.335188151
85 0.0300183987 -0.50 0.351241629
86 0.0312271782 -0.42 0.365385412
87 0.0322482282 -0.33 0.377332594
88 0.0330603063 -0.25 0.38683462
89 0.0336461814 -0.16 0.393689873
90 0.0339932421 -0.08 0.397750789
91 0.0340939476 0.01 0.398929132
92 0.0339461001 0.09 0.397199186
93 0.0335529247 0.18 0.392598688
94 0.0329229523 0.26 0.385227458
95 0.032069712 0.35 0.375243797
96 0.0310112479 0.44 0.362858838
97 0.0297694851 0.52 0.348329122
98 0.028369475 0.61 0.331947774
99 0.0268385575 0.69 0.314034695
100 0.025205478 0.78 0.29492623
101 0.0234994989 0.86 0.274964777
102 0.0217495443 0.95 0.254488771
103 0.0199834109 1.03 0.233823459
104 0.0182270746 1.12 0.213272782
105 0.0165041142 1.20 0.193112632
106 0.014835267 1.29 0.173585653
107 0.0132381229 1.38 0.154897665
108 0.0117269574 1.46 0.137215701
109 0.0103126952 1.55 0.120667591
110 0.009002993 1.63 0.105342925
 111 0.0078024238 1.72 0.091295211
112 0.0067127436 1.80 0.078544996
113 0.0057332183 1.89 0.067083689
114 0.0048609907 1.97 0.056877861
115 0.0040914665 2.06 0.047873752
116 0.0034187009 2.14 0.040001804
117 0.0028357707 2.23 0.033181008
118 0.002335119 2.32 0.027322943
119 0.0019088632 2.40 0.022335376
120 0.0015490609 2.49 0.018125374
121 0.0012479296 2.57 0.014601873

Mean () 90.91

Variance (s²) 136.91

Standard
Deviation (s) 11.70
Mean (µ) 90.91
Standard Deviation (σ) 11.70

3 standard deviations ABOVE the mean µ + 1σ 126.01

2 standard deviations ABOVE the mean µ + 2σ 114.31
1 standard deviation ABOVE the mean µ + 3σ 102.61
MEAN
1 standard deviation BELOW the mean µ — 1σ 79.21
2 standard deviations BELOW the mean µ — 2σ 67.51
3 standard deviations BELOW the mean µ — 3σ 55.81

INTERVAL
1 standard deviation below & above the mean µ ± 1σ 79.21 - 102.61
2 standard deviations below & above the mean µ ± 2σ 67.51 - 114.31
3 standard deviations below & above the mean µ ± 3σ 55.81 - 126.01

Questions: PROBABILITY
1. What is the probability that the length is less than 80 mm?
2. What is the probability that the length is at least 100 mm?
3. What is the probability that the length is between 90 mm and 115 mm?
4. What is the probability that the length is between 75 mm and 105 mm?
 Nrormal
0.04

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

COUNTS PERCENTAGE
23 34.8484848485
47 71.2121212121
 66 100

COUNTS
 Nrormal Distribution

75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1
10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
 9 1
11 12

65 66 67 68 69