CE5510 Advanced Structural

Concrete Design

1. Design Philosophy

Professor Tan Kiang Hwee

Dept of Civil & Environmental Engrg
National University of Singapore

Contents

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Actions & Environmental Influence 8
1.3 Verification of Ultimate & 15
Serviceability Limit States
1.4 Material Properties & Safety Factors 29
1.5 Summary 41

Annex 1: Class of cement 44

© Tan K H, NUS 2
 1.1 Introduction

STRUCTRUAL Plain Concrete

CONCRETE
Reinforced Concrete
Matrix + Reinforcement
Concrete + Steel bars Partially Prestressed
Concrete
Lightweight Concrete; Non-metallic
Recycled Aggregate (FRP) reinft. ;
Concrete; Geopolymer Epoxy-coated Prestressed
concrete; Ultra-high steel;
strength concrete; Self- Stainless Concrete
compacting concrete steel bars;
Steel fibres
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Design Objectives
 Safety Future trends:
Global stability, robustness
Structural resistance  Life-cycle management
 Project quality plan
 Serviceability  Design
 Functionability  Construction
 Aesthetics  Conservation
 Durability  Dismantlement
 Performance not affected  Design for substainability
by deterioration  Resources
 CO2 emission
 Adequate maintenance

EC0: Basis of Structural Design

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A Review of Design Approaches
 Working stress design (WSD)
Focus on working load level
Check induced stress against allowable
values

 Ultimate strength design (USD)

Focus on ultimate load level
Check factored actions against
resistance

 Limit state design (LSD)

Considers both serviceability and
ultimate limit states

 Performance-based design (PBD)

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Design criteria (Verification of LS)

Ed : design value of action effect;

Ed  R d Rd : design value of resistance

(a) Static equilibrium & strength (EQU, STR, GEO, FAT):

e.g. Ed,dst  Ed,stb
Design value of effect of Design values of effect of
Destabilising actions Stabilising actions

(b) Serviceability limit states (crack width, deflection):

e.g. Ed  Cd
Crack width Allowable value

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 *

*assumed period for which a structure is to be

used for its intended purpose with anticipated
maintenance but without major repair
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1.2 Actions & Environmental Influence

• Actions
– a set of forces (loads) applied to the structure (direct
action); or
– a set of imposed deformations or accelerations
caused for example, by temperature changes,
moisture variation, uneven settlement or earthquakes
(indirect action)

• Effect of actions
– internal force, moment, stress, strain on structural
member; or
– deflection, rotation of whole structure

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 Classification of Actions (EC1)
 By variation in time: Permanent Variable Accidental
action action action
Permanent actions G
Variable actions Q • Self-weight • Imposed • Explosions
of structures, floor loads • Fire
Accidental actions A fittings & fixed • Snow loads • Impact from
 By origin: equipment • Wind loads vehicles
 direct or indirect • Prestressing • Indirect
force actions (e.g.
 By spatial variation: • Water & soil temperature
 fixed or free pressure effects)
 By nature and/or structural • Indirect • Actions due
response: action (e.g. to traffic
settlement of
 static or dynamic
supports

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 Characteristic values of action (EC1)

 Main representative value, specified as:
 mean value, an upper/lower value, or a nominal value; or
 in project documentation in a way consistent with EC1
 Characteristic value of permanent action:
 one single value Gk (e.g. self-weight); or
 two values Gk,sup (95% fractile) and Gk,inf (5% fractile) (e.g. PC structures)
 Characteristic value of variable action:
 an upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded or a
lower value with an intended probability of being exceeded
 a nominal value (where statistical distribution is unknown)
 Characteristic value of accidental action:
 as specified for individual projects
 Multi-component actions:
 Characteristic action represented by groups of values each to be
considered separately in design (e.g., traffic loads)

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 Variation of Q over time

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 Other representative values of variable actions  Qk

Verification of : Remarks
Combination • ULS Probability that effects caused by
value o Qk • irreversible SLS the combination will be exceeded is
same as by individual action
Frequent value • ULS involving accidental actions For bldgs, it is chosen so that the
1 Qk • reversible SLS time it is exceeded is 0.01 of the
reference period; for road traffic
loads on bridges, it is based on
return period of 1 week
(Infrequent value • certain SLS for concrete bridge Defined only for road traffic loads,
1,infq Qk) decks, or concrete parts of bridge thermal actions & wind actions,
decks based on return period of 1 yr

Quasi-permanent • ULS involving accidental actions For bldgs, it is chosen so that the
value 2 Qk • resversible SLS time it is exceeded is 0.5 of the
• calculation of long-term effects reference period; for wind actions
or road traffic loads, it is generally
taken as zero

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 Table 1.4 Values of  factors for actions on buildings

Table NA.A1.1 Values of  factors for actions on buildings

Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads:
Category A – domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B – office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C – congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D – shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E – storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F – traffic area,
0.7 0.7 0.6
vehicle weight  30 kN
Category G – traffic area,
0.7 0.5 0.3
30 kN < vehicle weight  160 kN
Category H – roofs 0.7 0 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0.2 0
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings 0.6 0.5 0

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 Design value of an action Fd

Fd  Frep   f
where Frep = Fk or Fk ; f = partial factor

 Design value of effect of actions Ed

Ed   Sd E  f ,i Frep ,i ; ad  i 1
Ed  E  F ,i Frep ,i ; ad  i 1
where
ad = design values of geometrical data;
Sd = partial factor taking into account of uncertainties
in modelling the effect of actions = 1.05 ~ 1.15
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1.3 Verification of Ultimate Limit States

 4 Ultimate Limit States

 EQU : Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any
part of it considered as a rigid body
 STR : Internal failure or excessive deformation of the
structure or structural members
 GEO : Failure or excessive deformation of the ground
 FAT : Fatigue failure of the structure or structural
members

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An illustration of EQU, STR and GEO

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Combination of actions (ULS)
 For each critical load case, Ed shall be determined by
combining the values of actions that are considered to
occur simultaneously
 Each combination should include
 a leading variable action, or
 an accidental action
 Design situations
 fundamental case (persistent or transient design
situation)
 accidental design situation
 seismic desgn situations

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 Persistent and Transient Design Situation

Combination of Actions Remarks

A
Eq. 
j 1
G, j Gk , j ""  P P""  Q ,1Qk ,1""   Q ,i 0,iQk ,i
i 1
In general

(6.10)
B Less favourable of: For STR /
GEO
Eq.
(6.10a)

j 1
G, j Gk , j ""  P P""  Q ,1 0,1Qk ,1""   Q ,i 0,iQk ,i
i 1

Eq.
(6.10b)
 
j 1
G, j Gk , j ""  P P""  Q ,1Qk ,1""   Q ,i 0,iQk ,i
i 1

Gk,j : permanent actions including self-weight

P : prestressing action
 Partial factor Qk,1 : leading (or dominant) variable action
method Qk,i (i > 1) : other variable action
: partial safety factors (see Table NA.A1.2, next slides)
© Tan K H, NUS : 0.85 – 1.0 (taken as 0.925 in Singapore) 18
 SS NA

 For verification of static equilibrium for building structures.

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Example – Office Building (Cat B)

Stability (Gk, Qk & Wk) – Overturning about point A

0.9Gk,1 0.9Gk,1
1.5(0.5)Wk 1.5Wk

1.1Gk,2 +
1.1Gk,2 + 1.5Qk 1.5(0.7)Qk
A A
Qk : leading Wk : leading

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Exercise 1
The simply-supported slab with an overhang is subjected to
characteristic uniform dead load gk, uniform imposed load qk , and a
moving point load Pk. The point load can be applied only on the
overhang. Determine the load combination for equilibrium (EQU)
check. Consider Category F structure, and qk and Pk to be from
different sources.

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SS NA

1.25
 For design of structural members (STR) including
© Tan K H, NUS those affected by geotechnical actions. 22
 Example - Continuous beam
6.10
1.5Qk
6.10a
1.35Gk
Same as 6.10 except 1.5Qk
1.5Qk * is replaced by 1.5(0.7)Qk
1.35Gk
* 6.10b
1.5Qk
1.0Gk Same as 6.10 except 1.35Gk
* is replaced by 1.25Gk
1.5Qk
1.35Gk
* Note: Same source principle
 Same  for permanent
1.5Qk
1.0Gk
actions from the same
* source, e.g. self-wt.
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Exercise 2

Determine the load combinations based on Exp (6.10) that are required
to obtain the axial forces and moments acting on the footings A and
B. Consider dead load Gk, imposed load Qk, and lateral load (from
the left) due to wind, Wk. Neglect weight of columns.

A B

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 SS NA

 for structural members (e.g. footings, piles, basement walls, etc) involving
geotechnical actions and resistance of ground

Approach 1 (adopted by Singapore) : Apply in separate calculations, Table A1.2(C)

and Table A1.2(B) to both geotechnical and other actions. Usually size is governed
by Table A1.2(C) and structural resistance by Table A1.2(B).
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Example -Footing

Set B Set C
N[(1.0 / 1.35)Gk “+” (0 / 1.5)Qk] N[1.0Gk “+” (0 / 1.3)Qk]

M[as above] M[as above]

m = 1.4 for Cu
(undrained shear
m = strength; 1.25 for
1.0 c’ & ’ (e.g.)

 Resistance of  Plan size of

footing footing
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 Accidential Design Situation

G k, j "" P"" Ad ""  1,1or 2 ,1 Qk ,1""  2 ,iQk ,i

j 1 i 1

SS NA : 1,1 is adopted.

 Seismic Design Situation

G j 1
k, j "" P"" AEd ""  2 ,iQk ,i
i 1

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Verification of Serviceability Limit States

Ed  Cd
 Characteristic combination
 normally used for irreversible limit
states
 e.g. function and damage to j 1
Gk , j "" P"" Qk ,1""  0,iQk ,i
i 1
structural & non-structural elements
(such as partition walls)
 Frequent combination
 normally used for reversible limit
states  j 1
Gk , j "" P"" 1,1Qk ,1""  2 ,iQk ,i
i 1
 e.g. comfort to user, use of
machinery, avoiding ponding of water
 Quasi-permanent combination
 normally used for long-term effects j 1
Gk , j "" P""  2 ,iQk ,i
i 1
and the appearance of structure
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1.4 Material Properties & Safety Factors

frequency fk = fm - ks
depends on
reliability/quality
control

e.g. for concrete

5% fck = fcm - 1.64s
Normally 8-10 MPa
Gd qly control  5 MPa
fk fm
Characteristic Strength
k x s (std. dev.) of Materials, fk
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Concrete
53 MPa 98 MPa

An  in fc’
27 MPa leads to:
55 MPa
 in cu
 in linear
6.5 MPa portion
 in ductility
 in Ec

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Strength and deformation characteristics

Characteristic compressive Class (EC2) Lowest class for

use as specified
cylinder strength at 28 days, fck
C12/15
C16/20 Plain concrete
Mean strength, fcm = fck + 8 MPa C20/25
C25/30 RC
Mean value of axial tensile C30/37 PC
strength, C40/50

Bridges

Buildings
C50/60
fctm = 0.30fck(2/3) [≤ C50/60]
fctm = 2.12ln(1+fcm /10)) [>C50/60] C55/67
C60/75
C70/85 High strength
fck/fck,cube varies from 0.78 to 0.83 concrete
C80/95
C90/105
Cmax : C90/105
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Strength and deformation characteristics

fcm = fck + 8 MPa

Ecm = 22(fcm/10)0.3 (GPa)

cu1 (0/00) = 3,5 for fck ≤ 50 MPa

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Design compressive and tensile strengths

 Design compressive
strength, fcd = ccfck /γc

Bi-linear approxn
 Design tensile strength,
fctd = ctfctk,0.05 /γc

where (n=2 for fck ≤ 50 MPa)

cc and ct : coeffs. to account for
long term effects, & of
unfavourable effects resulting 1.75 %o (for fck ≤ 50 MPa)
from the way load is applied 1.75 + 0.55[(fck-50)/40] %o
(for fck > 50 MPa)
(cc = 0.85 ; ct = 1)
γc : partial safety factor = 1.5 for fck ≤ 50 MPa for fck ≤ 50 MPa
c2 (0/00) = 2.0 cu2 (0/00) = 3,5

fctk,0.05 = 0.7fctm (5% fractile)

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Creep properties
 
 Ec Eeff
o
c’
i c’
0 t 0 i 

  : creep coefficient = c’/i

development of creep
after loading
 (t , t0 )   0  (t , t0 )
where  0   RH  ( f cm )  (t0 )
rel. humidity conc. strength age at loading

 effective modulus of elasticity of concrete

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 (, t0)
Note:
t0 is in days. Where t0 > 100 days, it is sufficiently
accurate to assume t0 = 100 & use the tangent line.
h0 : notional size = 2Ac /u, where Ac is the concrete
cross-sectional area and u is the perimeter of that
part which is exposed to drying;
S, N and R refer to the class of cement

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Note: Figures applicable

only if the concrete is not
subjected to a
compressive stress greater
than 0.45fck (t0 ) at the
time of loading.

Fig. 3.1

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Steel
fpk
fp0.1k

Note:
fyk : yield strength (for hot-
rolled steel)
f0.2k : 0.2% proof stress (for
cold-worked steel)
fp0.1k : 0.1% proof stress (for
prestressing steel)

0.1% 0.2%

© Tan K H, NUS
Typical stress-strain diagrams 37

Idealized and design stress-strain diagrams

 Characteristic strength, fyk (or

kfyk
f0.2k ) or fp0.1k

 Design strength, fyd = fyk /γs

or fp0.1k /γs
where
γs : partial safety factor, = 1.15

Es may be assumed to be 200 GPa. = 0.9uk

For prestressing steel, Ep may be
assumed as 205 GPa for wires and
bars, and 195 GPa for strands. Similar for prestressing steel

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Properties of Reinforcement
EN 1992-1-1:2004, Annex C, Table C.1

For prestressing steel, ud = 0.9uk or if more accurate values are not known, ud = 0.002
and fp0.1k / fpk = 0.9.
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Partial Safety Factors

Material
Design
Limit State
situations
Concrete Steel

Ultimate Persistent &

1.5 1.15
Transient

Accidental 1.2 1.0

Serviceability - 1.0 1.0

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1.5 Summary
Safety
Serviceability
Durability

Ed = E{F,i Frep.i ; ad}

Rd = R{fki/mi}
Effects Ed  Rd
of Resistance
Actions Ed  Cd
•analytical*
•numerical
•formulae*
•analytical*
•tests
•simplified*
ASD Material
Actions & USD properties
combinations
LSD fck , fyk, etc
Frep,i PBD
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Further Reading

Darwin, D., Dolan, C.W. & Nilson, A.H., “Design of

Concrete Structures”, 15e (Int’l. Ed.), Ch 1 – 2.
Wight, J.K., “Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics &
Design”, 7e (Global Ed.), Ch 1 – 3.

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Test Your Understanding –
Design Philosophy
1. What are the main objectives in design?
Ans:

2. What are “actions” and “action effects”?

Ans:

3. What is meant by “limit states”?

Ans:

4. What are “characteristic” and “design” values for actions

and material strengths?
Ans:

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Annex 1: Class of cement

(GGBS > 65% or PFA > 35% of • Class S (slow)
cement combination) • CEM 32.5N

• Class N (normal)
(GGBS > 35% or PFA > 20% of • CEM 32.5R*
cement combination) • CEM 42.5N

• Class R (rapid)
Generally, Class R should be • CEM 42.5R*
assumed. • CEM 52.5N
• CEM 52.5R*
Refer SS EN197-1: 2014
*high-early strength
for details.
(10, 20, 30 MPa @ 2days)
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