Mechanics of Materials-I 2021 Spring

Mechanics of Materials-I 2021(Spring)
Mechanics of Materials-I
NAME Riaz Ahmed
ROLL NO 19ME49
SEMESTER THIRD
Grade
Checked By
Submitted To: Engr. Sheikh Shahzaib Iqbal

Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department
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Course Learning Outcome (CLO)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.NO Experiment PLOs Domain Level
1
S.No Demonstrate about
Description the main unit of Universal
CLO Testing 01
PLO Psycho-
Domain 04
Machine. motor
Demonstrate
2 Demonstrate and Conduct
and Conduct To determine the Rockwell 04 Psycho- 04
1 Hardness
Different Machines
Numbers and specimen. 1
of assigned 4 motor P4
Instruments.
3 Demonstrate and Conduct To determine the Vickers’s 04 Psycho- 04
Hardness Numbers of assigned specimens. motor
Observation and Calculation
4 Demonstrate and Conduct to determine the following 04 Psycho- 04
Tensile Test, properties
Mechanical Compression
of Mild Steel through m
strength
TensileofTest.
brittle material, o
Different
2 1) Tensile Hardness testers,
Strength 1 4 P4t
o
resultantElongation.
2) Percentage share stress r
3) Percentage
induced in theof wire
Reduction area of
4) Modulus of Elasticity
helical coil spring
5) Type and Character of fracture
5 Demonstration and Conduct to Determine the 04 Psycho- 04
Compression Strength of a brittle material through motor
compression test and draw stress – strain graph
6 Demonstrate and Conduct to Determine the resultant 04 Psycho- 04
share stress induced in the wire of helical coil spring motor
during the test load.
7 Demonstrate and Conduct to Find the breaking 04 Psycho- 04
motor
7 strength of a round bar through torsion test.
8 Demonstrate and Conduct To determine the Brinell 04 Psycho- 04

9 Demonstrate and Conduct To determine the Shore 04 Psycho- 04
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Experiment NO: - 01
Object:
To study the main unit of Universal Testing Machine.
INTRODUCTION:
Main unit of testing machine is having construction of carried out tensile, compression,
bending and transverse tests etc of metallic materials and other materials.
Detail of Main Parts & their Functions:

The main ram is installed in the center of a firm bed, two screw columns are stood on both
sides and the lower crosshead is supported by the female screws. The screw columns are turned
by electric motor installed in the bed for ascending or descending the lower crosshead through
chain transmission.
The table is supported on spherical seats of upper part of the ram and two columns are
stood on the table at symmetric points with respect to screw columns. The columns are equipped
with the upper crosshead, and the guide rollers for the screw columns are provided at the up-
most.
When the ram ascends, the table, the columns and the upper crosshead are made ascends
simultaneously, and the machine performs compression, bending and transverse
Tests b/w the table and the lower crosshead, and tension test is also carried out b/w lower and
upper crosshead.
The limit switch is provided in the bed to prevent going out of the ram. When the ram
reached to the pre-determined stoke, it actuates the limit switch to stop the pump motor. Further,
manual type oil filling device is installed on the side of the bed for lubricating moveable parts
.
Accessories:
Grips:
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The machine have three kinds of grips for round bar from 0-Ø70mm and for that bar on kind is
available having the griping range 0-70mm. Figures marked on upper part of grip shows the size
of the test specimen capable of being grasped by the associated grip .With manipulation of grip
operating handle attached to the upper crosshead, upper part of the test specimen is held by the
grip fully. By depressing “CROSSHEAD UP” button provided on the dynamometer, the lower
crosshead is ascended to such a position where gripping is possible. With manipulation of grip
operating handle, the lower part of the test specimen is held by the grip fully.
Extensometer:
It is the detector for measuring elongation b/w “gauge marks”. It gives the signal by means of a
differential transformer to the digital unit of the dynamometer and then X-Recorder after
amplification.
Specifications:
Details Specifications
) Maximum capacity
Distance b/w columns
Effective area of table
Ram stroke
Ram speed (approx)
Cross head speed
Cross head motor
Tensile e Test: Max. Tensile distance
Grip for round bar (3kinds)
Grip for flat bar (1kind)
Compression Test: Distance b/w compression plates
Diameter of compression plate
Bending, Transverse Test: Max support distance
Support Roller (width*dia)
Radius of bending punch
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This machine has the four kind’s extensometers with following Specifications:
Type Detail Specifications
A) SE-20-20D Gauge length
Test piece diameter
Measuring range
B) SE-20-45D Gauge length
Test piece
) Measuring range
Displacement Detector:
It detects displacement of the raim piston and supplies the signal to the dynamometer. It has the
following specification.
1 Capacity
2 Output voltage
3 Temperature
EXERCISE
Q No.1) What is the function of Extenso-meter?
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Q # 2) The limit switch work as,
a) To control the raim speed.
b) To control the over loading of main unit.
c) To control the over running of main Raim.
Q No.3).Shortly defines the displacement detector?
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Q No.4) what is the difference between jig and fixture?

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Experiment NO: - 02
Object:
To determine the Rockwell Hardness Numbers of assigned specimen.
Apparatus:
Rockwell Hardness Tester and Verneir caliper.
Theory:
In this test the load is applied through a system of weights and levers. The indenter or
penetrater may be either a steel ball or a diamond cone with a somewhat rounded point. The
hardness value, as read from a specially graduated dial indicator, is an arbitrary number that is
related to the depth of indentation.
The accuracy of Rockwell hardness tester is checked with standard test blocks. In testing a minor
load of 10 kg is first applied, which causes an initial indentation that sets the indenter on the
material and holds it in position. The dial is set at the “set” mark on the scale, and the major load is
applied. The major load is customarily 60 or 100 kg for steel ball and 150kg for diamond cone. The
ball indenter is normally 1/16 in (1.6mm) in diameter, but others of large diameters are applied
employed for soft materials. After the major load is applied and removed, the hardness reading is
taken from the dial while the minor load is still in position.
The red figures are used for ball indenters and black figures are used only for the diamond cone.
The B scale is for testing materials of medium hardness such as low- and medium carbon annealed
steels. The working rang of this scale is 0 to 100 and C scale is the one most commonly used for
materials harder then B 100.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the anvil and work piece from any dust or oil and set the operating time and suitable load
with the help of their respective knobs.
2. Put the ball Diameter of 1.6 mm on ball holder and screw it tightly by knurling head.
Place the test piece on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the applied
load.
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3. Raise the anvil by means of the elevating screw until the specimen comes in contact with the
ball. Continue to raise the work slowly until the initial load is applied and the pointer is with in + 5
scale divisions of its upper vertical position. Turn the bezel of the gauge until the
mark B30, which is also designated by a red arrow and word “set” is directly behind the pointer.
4. Press the loading switch to apply the test load. Operations are all automatically performed
from loading, load application time until load releasing.
5. After releasing the load, the indicated position of the long needle on red scale is the Rockwell
hardness value.
6. Turn the vertical shift handle in the reverse direction and lower the specimen.
7. Make five tests at suitable distance and calculate the mean value
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Specimens:
S# Material Dia (mm) Thickness
Observations for_____________________________________________
S No Testing Reference Test Rockwell Hardness
time load load Numbers
1
2
Averag
e
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Observations for ______________________________________________
S No Testing Reference Test load Rockwell Hardness Numbers

time load
1
2
3
4
5
Average
RESULT:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Before measurement a preliminary test should be carried out at least twice in order to bed in
the indenter, vertical shift screw, anvil, etc. for operation.
2. Both surfaces of the test piece and anvil should be clean, smooth and parallel.
3. The hardness measuring point is at least 4d away from the center of any existing indentation d
stand for the diameter of indentation) and at least 2d away from the edge of the specimen.
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Experiment NO: - 03
Object:
To determine the Vickers’s Hardness Numbers of assigned specimens.
Apparatus:
Vickers’s Hardness Tester
Theory:
Vickers Hardness measuring method is one of the methods of determination of hardness by
indentation caused when a penetrater is pressed against the surface of test specimen at a fixed
pressure. The following are the principles. Diamond has a shape of pyramid and the facing angle of
a square cone penetrater is 1360 and the side angle is 1480. A value calculated by dividing the load
by an area of indentation caused when it is pressed against test sample.
Relation between load and Vickers hardness (HV) can be obtained from the following equation.
1854 . 4×P
HV =
d2
Where, HV = Vickers hardness P = Load (gram)
d = length of diagonal lines ( μ )
PROCEDURE:
1. Installed the diamond indenter following the instruction of the lab instructor.
2. Connect a cord with the plug socket and push the push button.
3. Select an optional weight and from the inlet for weight place it on a receiving vessel at its center
inside gently.
4. Fit the test piece on the vise so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the applied load
then move the slide lever gently to the stopper at the left side.
5.adjust the piston by turning the up/down handle of loading stage until a correct image is focused
in the field of vision of a microscope for the surface of test sample.
6. Make adjustment in such a way that the measuring point of hardness is located at the center
of field of vision of the microscope at micrometers of the loading stage.
7. Move the slide lever gently up to the stopper at right side.

8. When the push button of automatic loading device is pushed until a blue lamp is lighted, the
penetrater will start going down at the specified speed. Simultaneously with reaching the surface
of the test sample by penetrater, the red lamp is lighted. After laps of
a fixed length of time required for giving full load there to (load holding time) , the red lamp is put
out ( end of test) and the blue lamp is put out, following it.
9. Upon confirming that the blue lamp is put out, move the slide lever gently to the left gently and
measure the length of a diagonal line of indentation by means of a measuring microscope.
10. Make five independent hardness determinations on each specimen, and get the average value.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
DETAIL OF SPECIMEN:
OBSERVATIONS:
S# Length of Angle of Load (gram) Mean

diagonal (d) indenter
1
2
1854 . 4×P
HV =
d2
RESULT:
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PRECAUTIONS
1. Level adjustment of this unit must be made by up and down 3 leveling screws before testing.
2. Both surfaces of the test piece must be polished and free from surface layer and clamp it in the
Vise in such a way that both indenter and work piece surface should be parallel to each other.
Full care must be taken to keep always end of penetrater clean from dust and oil film.

Experiment NO: - 04
Object:
Determine the following Mechanical properties of Mild Steel through Tensile Test.
1) Tensile Strength
2) Percentage Elongation.
3) Percentage Reduction of area
4) Modulus of Elasticity
5) Type and Character of fracture
Apparatus:
Torsee’s Universal Testing Machine.
Instruments: Micrometer, Verneir Caliper, X- Y Recorder.
Theory:
a) Tensile Strength is defined as the maximum stress developed by a specimen of the material
during the course of loading to rupture.
Ρmax .
σt=
Α0 (Kg/mm2)
Where,
σt= Tensile Strength

Ρmax .= Max. Load
Α o= Original cross- sectional area
b) Elongation (%): It is the change in length between gauge lengths. It has small quantity so often
denoted by percentage.
l−l o
α= ×100
lo

c) Reduction of Area: It is the ratio of the change of original cross-sectional area and minimum
cross-sectional area after the rupture of test piece.
Αo− Α
ψ= ×100
Αo
d) Modulus of Elasticity: With in the limit of proportionality, the extension of a material is
proportional to the applied force.
σ
Ε=
ε
Procedure:
1. Turn on the key switch of Dynamometer and X-Y Recorder to warm up for 10
minutes.
2. Determine the average cross-sectional area and gauge length of the test specimen
with a micrometer.
3. Select the grips and liner according to the shape of specimen and loading rang.
4. Firmly griped the upper part of the specimen in correct condition (as instructed by lab
instructor).
5. Keeping the right valve closed and left valve opened started the pump by depressing the
“PUMP ON” switches.
6. By closing the lift valve and opening the right valve gradually so as to ascend the main raim
by 10 to 20 mm. close the right valve to hold the main raim in this condition.
7. Now adjusted zero setting for load display and x-Recorder.
8. By depressing crass head up button, ascend the lower crass head in such a position where
griping is possible then griped the lower hand of the specimen by grip operating handle.
9. Set the pan in proper and set the switches in following condition.
 Zero-measure switch-measure
 SUP-CAL switch - VER
 RANGE-SWITCH switch - 0.2 v/cm
 Pen UP - DOWN switch - DOWN

10. Press the Peek Hold button to turn it on.
11. Now machine is ready so apply the load by opening the right valve gradually and
observing the load display and movement of the pen unto the 15 reading below the
probable proportional limit.
12. When the yield point is passed stopped the loading immediately by closing right valve and
removed the extensor meter from the test peace carefully.
13. Now again applying the load continuously until the breaking is required.
14. Stop the loading by closing right and descended the raim with opening the left valve.
15. Turn recall and read the peak valve.
Observations and Calculations:
Specimen:
Dia or Gauge Distance Radius Cross-
Material Width Length b/w grips Of fillet sectional
across flats (L) (P) Area
(D/W)
Calculations:

Results:
Material
Original cross-sectional area
Tensile Strength
Percentage Elongation
Percentage Reduction of area
Modulus of Elasticity
Type and Character of fracture
EXERCISE
Q.No.1. Did the specimen use confirm witch JIS Standard?

Q.No.2.What is the relation b/w Elasticity and Plasticity?
Q.No.3.Why is it necessary to state gauge length when reporting the percentage Elongation?
Q.No.4.What should be the result at the incorrect alignment of the test piece and grips?

Experiment NO: - 05
Objective:
Determine the Compression Strength of a brittle material through compression test and
draw stress – strain graph.
Apparatus:
Torsee’s Universal Testing Machine, Micrometer
Scope and applicability:

Experimentation and testing play an important role in developing new material and
devices and controlling the quality of materials for use in design of structure or a machine to serve
its function safely and well.
THEORY:
Compression is a force that tends sequeeze or crushes a material and decrease the length of
the material on witch it acts.
Compression Stress (
σ c ) is a force acting on a material will cause a change in dimensions and the
material is said be in a state of stress. Stress is the ratio of the applied force F to cross - sectional
area A of the material.
Ρ
σc = A
P = max. Load (kgf)
A = original cross sectional area (mm2)
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the upper compression plate (as instructed by lab instructor).
2. Placed the lower compression plate on the center of the table referring the attached knock pin.
3. Measured the average dimensions of the test piece with micrometer.

4. Then placed the specimen on the center of the lower compression plate referring to scale of co-
axial circles marked on the plate.
5. Started the pump by depressing ON button while keeping the right valve closed and the left one
is opened. Then raised the main raim by 10-20 mm with gradually opening of right valve and left
one closed. Hold the raim in raised condition by closing right valve.
6. Now adjusted the load - stoke display unit to show zero condition with zero setting knob.
7. Lowered the cross head by depressing the “Crosshead Down” button in such a position where
the upper compression plate was in close contact position with the specimen.
8. After confirming the conditions of the various switch and zero for display, started the test by
gradually opening the right valve while observing the load and displacement.
9. Upon end of the test, reset the raim in its original position by closing the right valve and opening
left valve.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Specimen:
Material =
Average dia/width =
Average Length =
Cross-sectional Area =
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RESULTS:
1. Material
2. Cross-sectional Area
3. Compression Strength
EXERCISE:
Q.No.1. Define the Compressive Force?

Q.No.2.What is the difference between compression and Tension Stress?
Q.No.3. Sketch the internal stresses in compression?
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Experiment NO: - 06
Object:
Determine the resultant share stress induced in the wire of helical coil spring during the
test load.
Apparatus:
Spring Testing Machine, Verneir Caliper.
Theory:
We know that resultant share stress induced in the wire of helical coil spring during the
testing load,
8 WD 4 W
τ =τ 1 ±τ 2 = ± 2
πd 3 πd
The positive sign used for the inner edge of the wire and negative sign is used for the outer edge of
the wire. Since the stresses are maximum at the inner edge of the wire, therefore maximum shear
stress induced in the wire,
= Torsional Share stress + Direct Share Stress

8WD 4 W 8WD
= πd
3
+ 2 = 3 1+
πd πd
d
2D [
8 WD
= 3 1+
πd
1
2C]=ks×
πd[
8 WD
3 ]
Where,
ks = Shear Stress factor = 1+ 1/ 2C
In order the effects of the both direct sear as well as curvature of the wire, a Wahl’s Stress factor
(k) introduced by A.M. Wahl may be used, So maximum shear stress induced in the wire,
8 WD 8 WC
τ =k× =k×
πd 3 πd 2
4 C−1 0 . 615
k= +
4 C−4 C s2

D π
T =W × = ×τ 1×d3
2 16
Where,
W = load
C = spring index = D/d
D = dia of the spring wire
Procedure:
1. Turned “ON” the power of dynamometer and x-y recorder with their respective switches for
warming purpose of electronic circuited.
2. After confirming the leveling of the main unit gently placed the spring on the lower compression
plat in the center referring to coaxial circles on it.
3. Now adjust the indicator of the pendulum dynamometer and pendulum weight in range “A”
(only pendulum)
4. By closing fully both valve turned “ON” the motor by depressing “Pump ON” button.
5. Now with opening the loading valve gradually, descended the raim about 10-20 mm and closed
the right valve.
6. Adjust the pointer of the Deflect Meter and load indicator to the “O” position then select the
load scale 5 kg per division by adjusting knob.
7. Now raised the table upward manually by hand wheel to bring the spring the slight contact with
upper compression plate.
8. By confirming that no any deviation takes place on load and deflection meters, start the
test with gradually opening the right valve.
9. Take out about five readings and calculate the average value.
OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of the spring wire D
Number of the active coils n
Axial load on the spring W
Spring index (D/d ) C
Pitch of the coils P
Deflection of the spring as the S

result of the axial load W

CALCULATION:
load W 4W
τ 2= = =
cross−sec tional area of the wire π 2 πd 2
×d
Direct Shear Stress = 4
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RESULT: The direct share stress on the assigned spring at required load =
EXERCISE
1. What is mean by hinged end spring?
2. What do you know about built-end spring?
3. What do you know about the spring index?
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Experiment No. 07
Object:
Find the breaking strength of a round bar through torsion test.
Apparatus:
Repeated Torsion and bending Fatigue Testing Machine.
Instruments Required:
Verneir Caliper and Micrometer.
Scope and Applicability:

The torsion of the shafts appear in different machines, components and in other devices such as
propeller shafts of ships and air craft, shafts driving the blades of a helicopter, shafts driving the
rear wheels of an auto mobile etc.
Theory: We know that, in the elastic range the extreme fiber τ is related to the torque T by
torsion formula for circular shafts,
And
τ Τ Gθ
= =
r J L
Where,
τ = the shear stress at radius r.
T = applied torque.
J = Polar second moment of area.
G = Rigidity
θ = angle of twist, in radians over its length.
Polar second moment of area for a solid section of radius R or Diameter D,
πR 4 πD 4
or
J= 2 32

Procedure:
1. First of all we measured the dimensions of the specimen.
2. Adjusted the dial gauge to zero and deflection of the operational shaft to the minimum value.
3. After loosening the bolts on strap, Adjusted the distance between grips with screw handle.
4. Now attached the test piece to the grip, and then locked the nuts by firmly tightening.
5. Fixed the load of the test piece by turning worm gear and note out the torsion angle of the
torsion bar from dial gauge.
6. Cut off the spindle from the dial gauge by inserting the sleeve after fixing the dial gauge
and adjust the automatic stop detector (as instructed by Lab Instructor
7. Set counter to zero by pushing reset button and checked the operation time meter.
8. Turned “ON” the power switch then pushed the oil pump start button for lubrication.
9. After driving the trochoid pump for a while, start the test by pushing motor start button.
10. The needle of the meter relay rises adjust it to around the middle by the gain adjustment knob.
11. Then set the green needle at lower level and red one at upper level (as shown in the figure).
12. Turned the auto stop change over switch to “ON” when the instruments was in the running
state.
13. Observed the test piece and also checked that all the measuring instruments are properly
working their function.
14. When the test piece is in breaking position checked the meter relay needles contact for upper
lower limit and note out the reading at that time.
15. When the test piece is broken, the motor is stopped automatically.
16. Remove the test piece after 1/2 hour and the machine has completely stopped.

OBSERVATIONS:
Specimen:
Material -
Gauge length L
Radius of filet R
Gauge Dia D
Cross sectional area
Note: Draw the figure of the specimen and also its characteristic curve during the static load.
CALCULATION:
4 4
πR πD
or
Second moment of area = J = 2 32
Twist angle = θ =
Applied Torque = T
Modulus of Rigidity = G=
Shear Modulus = τ =
Results:
Material
No. of cycles at lower limit
No. of cycles at upper limit
Total Time
Second moment of area
Twist angle
Applied Torque
Modulus of Rigidity
Shear Modulus
Type of fracture
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the lubricant level.
3. Firmly tight the bolts of the strap and grip, end of the specimen must be centered each other
inside the grips.
EXCERCISE:
1. Which of the properties determined in torsion test is of most significance in the selection of
steel for coil spring? Why?
2. What is modulus of rigidity?
3. In starting in which area the failures occurred?

Experiment NO: - 08
Object:
To determine the Brinell Hardness Numbers of assigned specimens.
Apparatus:
Brinell Hardness Tester Type BH - 3 –Cf and Test Specimen.
Theory:
Brinell tests are static indentation tests using relatively large indenters. They are suitable
for test pieces that are neither very small nor extremely hard. Highly specialized equipment is not
required.
Brinell hardness numbers:

By applying the test load P (kg) to leave a spherical indentation of diameter d (mm) in the
test surface, with steel indenter having diameter of D (mm) and the indented spherical area
obtained by the diameter of the indentation.
2P
H B=
πD ( D− √ D 2 −d 2 )
Where,
HB = Brinell hardness Kgf/ mm2
D = Diameter of steel (mm)
d = diameter of indentation (mm)
The numerical value of HB is no suffixed with the unit.

PROCEDURE:
1. Put on the weight (3000kg) on weight saucer.
2. Put the ball of Dia 10 mm on ball holder and screw it tightly by knurling head.
3. Place the test piece on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction
of the applied load.
4. Open the relief value and then raise the anvil with hand wheel until the specimen
just makes contact with the ball at least 5 mm away from the edge of specimen.
5. Shut up the relief valve and apply the load by means of hand pump with slow,
steady stroke until the weighs lifted up.
6. Indentation is made on the surface of the specimen by means of the steel ball
and gauge showing the 3000 Kg load.
7. Open the relief valve and turn back the hand wheel and take out the
specimen.
Measure the indentation diameter with measuring microscope in two directions at right
angle to each other and get the average value.

8. Make five independent hardness determinations on each specimen, and get
the average value.
PROCEEDING OF RESULT:
According to the formula fill the tables from data obtained during the test
2P
H B=
πD ( D− √ D 2 −d 2 )
RESULTS FOR --------------------------------------------
S No Indentation Dia Steel Ball Dia (D) Load (Kg) Brinell Hardness
(d) Numbers
1
2
3
4

Mean
RESULTS FOR ----------------------------------------------
S No. Indentation Dia Steel Ball Dia Load (Kg) Brinell Hardness
(d) (D) Numbers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean
(I) Mean HB for ____________________________________________

(II) Mean HB for ____________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS
1. Hold the pressure for a while to make the shape of the indentation made by the steel
ball completely.
2. Don’t operate the pump handle rapidly.
4. Check the quantity of the oil is sufficient before testing.
5. Place dummy specimen on the anvil to protect it after finishing the test.

EXERCISE
Q.No.1) What is mean by HB (10/ 3000/30)200?
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Q. No. 2) If the Brinell impression were made close to the edge, causing a side bulge, would the
hardness numbers be greater or less than its true value?
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Q. No. 3) Can you determine the tensile strain of test piece by Brinell Hardness Tester?
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Experiment NO: - 09
Object:
To determine the Shore Hardness Numbers of assigned specimens.
Apparatus:
Shore System Hardness Tester. Specimens
Theory:
The Shore test is dynamic in nature, using rebound energy as a measure of hardness. It is
applicable even to very thin specimens of very hard materials. The maximum thicknesses of the
specimen that can be tested depend upon its hardness. For hard steel , as in safety razor blades, the
thickness should be at least 0.15 mm; for cold rolled annealed brass and steel it should be 0.25 mm;
and for annealed sheets, 0.38 mm. It is also useful for testing the hardness of case – hardened
surfaces provided they are at least 0.04 mm thick.
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the leveling screws so that the plumb bar will hang freely in the center of the ring at its
lower end.
2.Using the central portion of the specimen so that it will b practically balanced on the anvil, clamp
it in position and maintain a slight pressure on the clamp handle during test.
3. Release the hammer and note the scale at the top of the hammer on the first rebound.
4. Lift thee hammer back into position. Make five determinations on each specimen and calculate
the mean value of the shore hardness numbers.

OBSERVATIONS:
S No Shore Harness Numbers S No Shore Harness Numbers for
for-------------------------- -------------------------------------
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
Average Average
Results: ______________________________________
PRECAUTIONS
6. Don’t fall the diamond hammer on same spot and on anvil.
8. Place dummy specimen on the anvil to protect it after finishing the test.
Exercise:
A number of different arbitrary definitions of hardness from the basis for the various hardness
tests now in use are:
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Mechanics of Materials-I 2021 Spring

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Mechanics of Materials-I 2021 Spring

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Mechanics of Materials-I 2021(Spring)

NAME Riaz Ahmed

Submitted To: Engr. Sheikh Shahzaib Iqbal

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Course Learning Outcome (CLO)

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8 Demonstrate and Conduct To determine the Brinell 04 Psycho- 04

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Detail of Main Parts & their Functions:

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Q No.4) what is the difference between jig and fixture?

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

S# Material Dia (mm) Thickness

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Observations for ______________________________________________

S No Testing Reference Test load Rockwell Hardness Numbers

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OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

S# Length of Angle of Load (gram) Mean

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σt= Tensile Strength

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Original cross-sectional area

Percentage Reduction of area

Type and Character of fracture

Q.No.1. Did the specimen use confirm witch JIS Standard?

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Scope and applicability:

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

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Q.No.1. Define the Compressive Force?

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= Torsional Share stress + Direct Share Stress

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Diameter of the spring wire D

Number of the active coils n

Axial load on the spring W

Spring index (D/d ) C

Pitch of the coils P

Deflection of the spring as the S

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Scope and Applicability:

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Cross sectional area

No. of cycles at lower limit

No. of cycles at upper limit

Second moment of area

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Brinell hardness numbers:

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angle to each other and get the average value.

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