Digital Logic Design

Chapter V
Combinational logic
Addis Ababa Science and Technology
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Lecturer: Ambasa Aklilu (MSc)
Introduction
• Logic circuit for digital systems maybe combinational or sequential.
• A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any
time are determined from only the present combination of inputs.
• A combinational circuit performs an operation that can be specified
logically by a set of Boolean functions.
• In contrast, sequential circuits employ storage elements in addition
to logic gates.
• The outputs of sequential circuits are a function of the input and the
state of the storage elements.
Basic combinational logic circuits
• AND-OR logic circuit
➢Directly implements an SOP expression.
• AND-OR-Inverter logic circuit
➢This kind of implementation leads to POS expression.
• Exclusive-OR logic circuit
➢A combination of two AND gates, one OR gate and two inverters.
• Exclusive-NOR logic circuit
➢Implemented by simply inverting the output of an exclusive-OR.
Functions of combinational logic circuit
• A combinational circuit consists of an interconnection of logic gates.

• For n inputs variables, there are 2n possible combination of the binary

inputs. For each possible input combination, there is one possible
value for each output variable.

• A combinational circuit also can be described by m Boolean functions,

one for each output variable. Each output function is expressed in
terms of the n output variables.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
• The design of combinational circuits starts from the specification of
the design objectives and is converted to a set of Boolean functions
from which the logic diagram can be obtained.
• The procedure involves the following steps;
1. Determine the required number of inputs and outputs and assign a symbol
to each.
2. Derive the truth table that defines the required relationship between inputs
and outputs.
3. Obtain the simplified Boolean functions for each output as a function of the
input variables.
4. Draw the logic diagram and verify the correctness of the design.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• Adders are important in computers and also in other types of digital
systems in which numerical data are processed.
• An understanding of the basic adder operation is fundamental to the
study of digital systems.
• The Half-Adder
➢.

➢The operations are performed by a logic circuit called a half-adder

BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The half-adder accepts two binary digits on its inputs and produces
two binary digits on its output, a sum bit and a carry bit.

• Expressions can be derived for the sum and the output carry as
functions of the inputs. Notice that the output carry is a 1 only when
both A and B are 1. so Cout = AB
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• Observe that the sum output is a 1 only if the input variables A and B
are not equal. The sum can therefore be expressed as the XOR of the
input variables.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The Full-Adder
• The second category of adder is the full-adder
• The full-adder accepts two inputs bits and an input carry and generates a sum
output and an output carry. The basic difference between a full-adder and a
half-adder is that the full-adder accepts an input carry.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The full adder must add the two inputs bits and the input carry.
• From the half-adder you know that the sum of the inputs bits A and B
is the XOR of those two variables.
• For the input carry to be added to the input bits, it must be XORed
with
• For the input carry (Cin) to be added to the input bits, it must be
XORed with . This means that to implement the full-adder sum
function , the 2-input XOR gate can be used.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
Parallel Binary Adders
• Two or more full-adders are connected to form parallel binary adders.

• To add two binary numbers, a full-adder is required for each bit in the
numbers. So,
• For 2-bit numbers, two adders are needed
• For 4-bit numbers, four adders are used and so on

• The carry output of each adder is connected to the carry input of the
next higher-order adder.
4-bit Parallel Adders
• A group of four bits a called nibbles.
Magnitude Comparators
• The basic function of a comparator is to compare the magnitude of
two binary quantities to determine the relationship of those
quantities.
• Example 2-bit comparator;

• In order to compare binary numbers containing two bits each, an

additional XOR gate is necessary
Decoders
• A decoder is digital circuit that detects the presence of a specified
combination of bits (code) on its inputs and indicates the presence of
that code by a specified output level.

• In its general form, a decoder has n inputs lines to handle n bits and
from 1 to 2n output lines to indicate the presence of one or more n-
bit combinations.

• Decoder can be developed using AND logic gates.

Decoder
• Black box with n inputs lines and 2n output lines.
• Only one output is a 1 for any given input.
2-to-4 Binary Decoder
Decoder with an enable input
• Decoders include one or more enable inputs to control the circuit
operation.
4-to-16 line decoder (using two 3-to-8 decoder)
• In order to decoder all possible combination of four bits, 16th
decoding gates are required.
• Decoders with enable inputs can be connected together to form a
larger decoder circuit.
Decoder - Applications
• The BCD-to-Decimal Decoder
• 4-line-to-10-line decoder
Decoder - Applications
• The BCD-to-7-Segement Decoder
Encoder
• An encoder accepts an active level on one of its inputs representing a
digit, such as a decimal or octal digit, and converts it to a coded
output, such as BCD or binary.
• The process of converting from familiar symbols or numbers to a
coded format is called encoding.
Encoder - Application
• The Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
• This is a basic 10-line-to-4-line encoder
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)
• A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that allows digital information from
several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission over
that lines to a common destination.
• The basics multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output
line.
• It has data-select inputs, which permit digital data on any one of the
inputs to be switched to the output line.
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)
Demultiplexers (Data Distributor)
• A demultiplexer (DEMUX) basically reverse the multiplexing function.
• It takes digital information form one line and distributes it to a given
number of output lines.
• Data goes from one line to several lines.
End of Chapter V