LABActivity-5 Actvity Ns3

Functions
Topic Graph of Inverse Trigonometrical
MATERIALSREOUIRED
Objective: 2. Iron nails
the graph of sin x and 1. Cardboard
To draw the graph of sin-l x, using 3. Strings 4. Pencil 5. Eraser
reflection (about the line y =
x)
lemonstrate the concept of mirror 6. Measuring scale 7. White paper
Pre-requisite Knowledge: 8. Coloured pens 9. Cutter 10. Glue.
Students must bëfamiliar with drawing of trigonometrical graphs 11.Graph Paper
and symmetry.
Method of Construction
1. Take a cardboard of dimensions 40 cm x 40 cm approx.
size white
paste a graph paper of suitable
on
2. Paste a white chart paper on it of size 30 cm 30 cm approx. Also
hart paper as-shown in fig. (/).

Fig. )
3. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the white chart paper using a scale.
4. Name them as X'OX and YOY' as rectangular axes [refer fig (i)
5. Then approximately, graduate the axes by taking unit on X-axis = 1:5 times the unit of y-axis, as shown is fig (i)

PA

5
Y

3.14

Fig. (ii)
 6. Mark the points to the nearest approximation

-
7. Fix an iron nail at each
point and name them as
sin in the co-ordinate plane.

N, N2, Ng, N4
8. Repeat the above process on the other side of x-axis by marking the points as

-#)- )
9. Fix the nails on these points and name them as Ni, N,', Na', Na'. Also fix a nail at O.

10. Join the nails with the

help of tight string on both sides of x-axis to get the graph of sin x fromt
11. Then, plot the points (1,
1), (2, 2). toget the graph ofline y x. Fix a string on these points,
=

12.
Draw perpendiculars from the points N,, Ng, Na, N on the line y=r and produce these lines such that thet
of perpendiculars on both sides of the line y =x is same.
13. Again fix nails at these
points and name them as P1, P2, P3, P4
14. Similarly, fix nails on the other side
15. Join the nails on both sides
of x-axis and namé them as Pi, P2, Pz, P4
of the line y =x by a tight string.
16. This string represents the
graph of y sinl
=
x.

Procedure
1. Placea mirror on the
line y=x
2. The image of the graph of sinx
represents the graph of sinl x.
3. The graph of sinlx is the mirror reflection
of sin x and vice versa.
Observation
Name of the point Image in the Mirror

N
N2
N3
N

Ni
N
N
N
The image of the graph of sin x in y =x is the graph of
SIm
The image of the graph of sin-l x in y=x is the graph of Im
Application:
This acivity can be used to plot the graphs of cos x, tanx etc.
 Activit N
LABActity-10
Topic Continuity
Objective MATERIALSREQUIRED
that for fa function to be continuous at a
To verify practically 1. Wooden board/Thermocol
+Arg)fYo)), is arbitrarily small, if Ar is
given pont Xo. Av f (%
=

sufticiently small. 2. Pencil 3. Scale

Students must be familiar with continuity of graph. 4. White Chart Papers
Pre-requisite Knowledge 5. Glue 6. Calculator
Students must be familiar with continuity of functions. 7. Drawing pins.
Method of Construction/ Procedure
1. Take awooden board ofsuitable dimensions and paste a white
chart paper on it with the help of glue [fig-tii

Fig. (i)
2. As shown in fig (ii), draw the graph/curve of the given continuous function f() [Refer fig. (ii)].

Fig. Gin
3. Now on the positive side of.r-axis, take a pont A(ro. 0). Then make a point B (ro. Vo) on the curve, corresponding
to point A [Refer fig. (ii}.

B(oo

0)

Fig. in
 lilustration
1. Consider another point A (x +Ar,, 0) on the right side of A such that., Ar IS an increment in
2. From Aj, draw a perpendicular on the curve at point B. Take the coordinates of point B, as ( . e
X
Refer fig(i}

B(x+Ar,hty)
A1

Ax
O Ao, 0) A x, t A,, 0)

3. Asshewn fig. (iv), draw

Fig. (iv)
in perpendicular from point B(x0, Yo) on AjB1. Name it as BT.
a
4. Let AA
Ax and B,T
=
=

Ay. Record both the measurements.

5. Take another point
A, by reducing the increment in x to Ax, such that, Axz < Axj. Let the coordinates of
+Ax2, 0).
Then obtain
point B by drawing a perpendicular from Az on the curve [Refer fig.
(v)}

B B, B,

TTaT
A A3 A Atar
(xtAx) ,tAr,0)

Let the Fig. (v)

perpendicular BT, intersect ApB at point T2.
6. Let AAz Axz and B,T2=Ay2 (say). Record the observations.
7. Repeat
the above steps by reducing the increment
in x in each
Observation Table We observe step.
that:
S. No.
Increment in x
1
Ax Corresponding inerement in y
Ar2

10 Axol
VINESH fas
 As Ar becomes smaller the value of Aytends to O
Hence lim Ay =
0, for a continuous function.
Ar>o

Application hand left hand) at any point on the curve

of derivatives (right or
This activity helps in understanding the concept
corresponding to agiven function.
 civiy lo
LAPAca--14-

Minima
Local Maxima and
Topic
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Objective suitabledimensions)
the concepts
of local maxima,
local minima 1. Cardboard(of
To understand 2. Strings 3. Glue
4. Nails
and point ofinflection.

5. White sheets
6. Drawing pins
Pre-requisite Knowledge 7. Hammer 8. Clips.
familiar with continuity
and differentiability of
Students must he
to curve, slope
of line.
function, tangents
Method of Construction:
cardboard and paste a white sheet on it with glue [fig. ()].
1. Takc a

xO X

Fig. )
2. Take two pieces of strings and fix them on the sheet to represent the X-axis and Y-axis [Fig. (i)]. Name them as
X'OX and Y'OY.
3. Take another string of suitable length. Bend it in the shape of a curve and fix it on the white sheet using nails as
shown in fig. (i).

Y
B

Fig. (ii)
ake ive pieces of
strings and fix them
Let the wires at points A, B, C, D and E points A, B, C, D and E as shoWn in fig. 7).
. at

SIopes of the tangents at these points represent

is zero as tangents
the
to the
tangents arecurve
parallel to X-axis, i.e. the value or ue first
derivative at these
points is zero.
VINESH Xact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII 40
Observation We observe that
1. At the points A and C, sign of the first derivative changes from negative to positive, so, they are
points of local
minima.
2. At
the points B
maxima.
and E, signofthe first derivative changes from positive to negative,so, they are the pointsoflocal
3.
The tangentat point D intersects
point ofinflection.
the curve. The sign of the derivative does not change at point P.Hence, a
it is

Application
This activity is helpful in explaining the concept of local maximum/minimum valuesof a functions graphically.
 Activi No - 6
Topic
LABActivity-18
Application of Maxima and Minima-lll
Objective
To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the MATERIALSREQUIRED
square has the maximum area.
same
perimeter, the
|1. White paper sheets of different
colours
Pre-requisite Knowledge 2. Paper cutter 3. Scale
4. Pencil 5. Eraser
Students must be familiar with
perimeter and area of geometrical 6. Plywood 7. Glue
figures.
Method of Construction
1. Take
rectangular sheet of paper of dimensions say 13 cm
a
* 11 cm. Let it be
2. Perimeter of ractangle R 2 R.
=

(13 + 11) =2 24 48 cmx =

3. Take more sheets of

different dimensions but
R-16 cm x 8 cm
same perimeter as 48 cm.
Ra= 15 cm x 9 cm
R4 14 cm x 10 cm
R= 12 cm x 12 cm
R12-5 cm x 11 5 cm
R= 10-5 cm x 13:5 cm
4. Paste all the sheets of
paper on plywood. Refer figure (1).

R R
16 cm R
13 cm 15 cm

RA
14cm R
12 cm
R
12-5 cm
10:5 em

Fig. ()
 Area (in cm2)
Ilustrations:
Rectangles 143
S.No.
13 x 11 128
R
=

R=16 x 8
135

15 x 9
3 R3 140
10
R4= 14
x

4 144
12 x 12
5 R, 143 75
R=12:5 x 11-5
6 141 75
10:5 x 13:5
7 R7= wItn same perimefer
rectangles , retay
all the
illustrated that amongst
From the above, it is
has the maximum area.
it a square.
It has sides 12 cm x 12 cm, which makes

Observation: We observe that

1S
1. Perimeter of all the rectangles R, R2, R3, R4, Rs» R6» K7

(less/more) than the area of rectangle R.

2. Area of rectangle R2 is LES

(less/more) than the area of rectangle R.

3. Area of rectangle Rs is LEsS

4. Dimensions of rectangles R; are 2

5. Rectangle Rs is a Q UARE
ard
with perimeter, the | has the maximum
6. Amongst all the rectangles same

Application
The activity is helpful in understanding the idea of maximum of a function.