LTE/EPC Generalities

1
 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 3GPP releases

Next step for A true global

GSM/WCDMA/HS roaming
PA and cdma2000 technology

IMS MBMS IMS LTE &

HSDPA HSUPA evolution EPC
ALL IP WLAN LTE
studies
UMTS Rel UMTS UMTS Rel
UMTS Rel 5 UMTS Rel 6 UMTS Rel 7
99/4 Rel 8 9/10

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

 3GPP Network evolution
EDGE WCDMA HSPA R6 HSPA + R7 I-HSPA R7 LTE R8
Peak data 384/384 2/2 Mbps 14/5 Mbps 42/8 Mbps 42/8 Mbps 173/58
rate DL/UP Kbps Mbps

Data Latency 200 ms 150 ms 50 ms 50 ms 25 ms 10 ms

Bandwidth 200 KHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 1.4 – 20

MHz

Architecture BSC based RNC based RNC based RNC based Flat for PS Flat eNB
NB

Services CS and PS CS and Broadband Broadband Capex & PS only,

high speed PS PS OPEX VoIP
PS optimized
BB PS
 3GPP architecture evolution
Release 7 Release 7 Release 8
Release 6
Direct Tunnel RNC in NodeB SAE & LTE

GGSN GGSN GGSN SAE-GW

SGSN SGSN SGSN MME

RNC RNC

NodeB NodeB NodeB & RNC eNodeB

 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 LTE Advantages

High network throughput

Low latency
Faster data DL/UP
Plug & Play architecture
Response for applications
Low Operating Costs

All-IP network End-user experience

Higher Spectral Efficacity

for Network Operator for End-user

 Main LTE performance targets
LTE
• Optimized mobile OFDMA solution for new and wider spectrum
• Higher peak data rates through wider bandwidth
• Boosts data capacity in dense urban deployment
• Interoperates seamlessly with 3G through multimode devices

HSPA+
• HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is a UMTS enhancement, commercially available at the
end of 2007.
• HSPA+ allow the system to quickly react to data bursts.
• Ensure fast adaptation to a change in radio transmission characteristics.
 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
LTE/EPC architecture and
interfaces
LTE/EPC protocols
 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 Evolved Node B (eNb)
• The eNB hosts the following functions:
– Radio Resource Management:
• Radio Bearer Control (establishment/maintenance/release of
Radio Bearers).
• Radio Admission Control. MME
• Connection Mobility Control
S1-MME
• Packet scheduling.
– IP header compression and encryption of user data stream. LTE-
– Selection of an MME at Initial UE attach. This function is Uu
enabled when S1 Flex is implemented. S1-U
LTE- eNB
– Routing of User Plane data towards SGW.
– Scheduling and transmission of paging messages UE SGW
(originated from the MME).
– Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information X2
(originated from the MME or O&M).
– Measurement and measurement reporting configuration
for mobility and scheduling.

eNB
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 Mobility Management Entity (MME)

• The MME host functions:

– the NAS connection with the UE.
SGSN
– Paging subscribers in ECM-IDLE state.
S3
– Tracking Area list management.
HSS
– PDN GW and SGW selection. S10
S6
a
– MME selection for handovers with MME MME
change.
– Inter CN node signaling and SGSN selection for MME SG
S1- s
mobility between 3GPP access networks. MME S11
– Roaming control (S6a interface toward HSS).
– User authentication and authorisation support. eNB
MSS
– Bearer management functions.
– Lawful Interception of signaling traffic. SGW

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 Serving Gateway (SGW)
• The SGW host functions:
– The local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNodeB handover.
– Sending of one or more "end marker" to the source eNB,
source SGSN or source RNC immediately after switching SGSN
the path during inter-eNB and inter-RAT handover,
especially to assist the reordering function in eNB. S4
RNC
– Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility. S1
2
– ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of S11
network triggered service request procedure. MME
– Lawful Interception. Gx
– Packet routing and forwarding. c
SGW
– Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the S1-U
downlink, e.g. setting the DiffServ Code Point, based on the S5/S PCR
QCI of the associated EPS bearer. 8 F
– Accounting for inter-operator charging. For GTP-based
eNB
S5/S8, the Serving GW generates accounting data per UE
and bearer.
– Interfacing OFCS according to charging principles PGW

15
 Packet Data Network Gateway
• The PGW host functions:
PDN
– packet filtering.

– Packet screening (firewall).

– Lawful Interception. S4
– UE IP address allocation.
Gx
– Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink. S2a
HSGW PCRF
– Accounting for inter-operator charging.

– UL and DL service level charging.

PGW
– Interfacing through OFCS S2b
S5/S8
– UL and DL service level gating control.

– UL and DL service level rate enforcement as defined.

– UL and DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR.

ePDGW SGW
– DL rate enforcement based on the accumulated MBRs of the
aggregate of SDFs with the same GBR QCI.

– DHCP functions
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 Policy and Charging Rule Function
• The PCRF hosts the following functions:
– Binding mechanism, associates a service data flow to the
EPS bearer deemed to transport the service data flow.
PCRF
– Reporting
Rx
– Credit Management Gx
or
– Event Trigger S7

– Policy Control
SGi IMS/PDN
– Service (data flow) prioritisation and conflict handling

– Standardised QoS characteristics PGW

– Termination Action

– Handling of packet filters.

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 Home Subscriber Server

• The HSS host functions:

• User Identification, Numbering and addressing
information;
• User Security information: Network access control
information for authentication and authorization;
• User Location information at inter-system level: the S6a
HSS supports the user registration, and stores inter-
system location information, etc.; MME
• User profile information. HSS

• HSS utilizes DIAMETER protocol to support LTE/EPC.

• The HSS can be accessed by the MME via S6a interface.

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 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 Cell

• Smallest entity regarding mobility

• When the UE is connected mode, the MME will know the UE´s position on cell level
• Cells are identified by the Cell Identification (CI) and by the Physical Cell Identification (PCI)
• Cell Identity
 28-bits long
 Used to identify the cell uniquely within the PLMN.
 Broadcasted on System Information Block Type 1
 Cell Identify together with the PLMN Identity form the Evolved Cell Global Identity (ECGI), used to
differentiate EUTRAN cell globally
• Physical Cell Identity
 It is used in downlink to scramble the data transmitted by the cell.
 It helps the UE to distinguish information coming from different transmitters.
 Similar to scrambling codes in UMTS
 Range: from 0 to 503
 Since there are only 504 PhyCelIDs, they must be repeated
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 Tracking Area 1/2

• It is the successor of location and routing areas from 2G/3G.

• When a UE is attached to the network, the MME will know the UE’s position on tracking area level.

• In case the UE has to be paged, this will be done in the full tracking area.

• Tracking areas are identified by a Tracking Area Identity (TAI).

• The Tracking Area Identity is constructed from the MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network

Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code).

• The TA is broadcasted to the users in the SIB1.

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 Tracking Area 2/2
MME 1 MME 2

TA1

TA2

TAI
TA3

MCC MNC TAC

12 12 16
40 Bits

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 Tracking Area List
• Instead of TA, the MME may supply a Tracking Area List to reduce the location update signalling from the UE.

• As long as the UE is located in any of the listed Tracking Areas, a Tracking Area Update is not necessary.

• Tracking Area list management comprises the functions to allocate and reallocate a Tracking Area Identity list to

the UE. All the tracking areas in a Tracking Area List to which a UE is registered are served by the same serving

MME.

• when the UE registers with the network, the MME allocates a list of tracking areas to the UE.

• The Tracking Area List is identified by the TAL

• The TAL is broadcasted to the users in the ATTACH ACCEPT message.

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 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 Globally Unique Temporary Identity
(GUTI)
S-TMSI

0
MCC MNC MMEGI MMEC M-TMSI
(12 bits) (12 bits) (16 bits) (8 bits) (32 bits)

PLMN-ID MMEI
Random number
generated by the MME
GUMMEI
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 International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
• IMEI: 15 digit code (used prior to 2003)

Type Allocation Code Serial Number Check Digit

8 digits 6 digits 1 digit

• IMEISV: 16 digit code (new format used since 2003)

Type Allocation Code Serial Number Software Version

8 digits 6 digits 2 digits

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 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
RRC Connection Establishment

RRC_CONNECT
RRC_ IDLE

RRC Connection Release

RRC-IDLE
• No signalling connection between the UE
and the E-UTRAN.
• UE Receives system information and listens
for Paging.
• Mobility based on PLMN selection.
• No RRC context stored inRACH procedure
used on RRC connection establishment.
• the eNB
RRC-CONNECTED
• UE has an E-UTRAN RRC connection.
• UE has context in E-UTRAN.
• E-UTRAN knows the cell which the UE belongs to.
• Network can transmit and/or receive data to/from
UE.
• Mobility based on handovers
• UE reports neighbour cell measurements.
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 EPS Mobility Management (EMM)
Attach Accept, TAU Accept

EMM_
EMM_
REGISTERED
DEREGISTERED
Detach, Attach Reject, TAU Reject

EMM-DEREGISTERED
•Location of UE is unknown for the MME.
•MME may keep some UE context when the UE
moves to this state.
•Successful TAU procedures lead to transition
to EMM-REGISTERED.
EMM-REGISTERED
•MME holds location information for the UE at least to
the accuracy of a tracking area.
•In this state the UE performs TAU procedures,
responds to paging messages and performs the
service request procedure if there is uplink data to be
sent.
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 EPS Connection Management (ECM)
S1 Connection Establishment

ECM_CONNECTED
ECM_IDLE

S1 Connection Release

ECM-IDLE
•no NAS signaling and there is no context for
the UE held in the E-UTRAN.
•The location of the UE is known in the tracking
area level
•Mobility is managed by tracking area updates.
ECM-CONNECTED
•NAS signaling connection which is provided in the
form of a RRC connection and an S1 connection.
•The location of the UE is known in cell level.
•Mobility is managed by handovers.
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 EPS Session Management (ESM)

First EPS Bearer Established

ESM_INACTIVE ESM_ACTIVE

Last EPS Bearer Released

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 EMM & ECM States Transitions
Registration
EMM-REGISTERED
ECM_CONNECTED

Deregistration/PLMN change

EMM- New
DEREGISTERED Inactivity traffic
ECM_IDLE or
Power ON TAU

Timeout of PTAU EMM-REGISTERED

ECM_IDLE
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 NAS States
Registration
Service Request
TA update, paging …
EMM-Deregistered, EMM-Registered, EMM-Registered,
ECM-Idle ECM-Idle ECM-Connected
ESM-Inactive ESM-Active ESM-Active

RRC: Null RRC: IDLE RRC: CONNECTED

No RRC or EPC Context EPC Context RRC & EPC Context

Power On
IMSI Identifier S-TMSI, TA-ID, IP Address S-TMSI, TA-ID, IP Address

UE Unknown UE Known at TA Level UE Known at Cell Level

PLMN Selection TA Update Handovers

No Data Transfer DRX on DL UL/DL Data Transfer

PTAU Timeout – Inactivity
out of area
Deregistration
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 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 EPS bearer identity (EBI)

– uniquely identifies an EPS bearer for one UE accessing via E-UTRAN

– allocated by the MME

– one to one mapping between EPS RB Identity and EPS Bearer Identity is
made by E-UTRAN

– E-RAB ID value is the same as the EPS Bearer ID value

– The EBI is coded in 4 bits: values from 0 to 4 are reserved for future use.

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 EPS Bearer sections

MME SAE-GW
LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8 SGi PDN

End-to-End Service

EPS Bearer External Bearer

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer

E-UTRAN EPC PDN

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 Default Bearer Concept

– A default bearer is created for each access point.

– Each UE that is attached to the LTE network has at least one bearer available, that is called the default
bearer.

– Its goal is to provide continuous IP connectivity towards the EPC

– From the QoS point of view, the default bearer is normally a quite basic bearer

– If an specific service requires more stringent QoS attributes, then a dedicated bearer should be
established.

– A UE can get 3 default bearer in the same time.

– This concept is not used in 2G/3G networks.

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 Contents

Evolution to LTE
LTE motivations
LTE/EPC architecture and interfaces
LTE/EPC network elements
LTE/EPC mobility areas
LTE-UE Identifications
LTE/EPC UE states
EPS Bearers
LTE/EPS QoS
 QCI Concept
3G

LTE/EPS

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 QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
QCI Guarantee Priority Delay budget Loss rate Application

1 GBR 2 100 ms 1e-2 VoIP

2 GBR 4 150 ms 1e-3 Video call

3 GBR 5 300 ms 1e-6 Streaming

4 GBR 3 50 ms 1e-3 Real time gaming

5 Non-GBR 1 100 ms 1e-6 IMS signalling

6 Non-GBR 6 100 ms 1e-3 Interactive gaming

7 Non-GBR 7 300 ms 1e-6

TCP protocols : browsing, email,
8 Non-GBR 8 300 ms 1e-6
file download
9 Non-GBR 9 300 ms 1e-6
 Relation between QCI and DSCP

LTE-Uu

LTE-
UE
eNB EPC PDN

QCI DSCP

A mapping table
between QCI and DSCP
value must be defined in
the eNB. 41
 Differentiated Services field
Version IHL DS (former TOS) Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

TTL Protocol (IP) Header Checksum

Source Address

Destination Address

Options and Padding (optional)

Differentiated Services field

bit 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit 5 bit 6 bit 7 bit 8
Per Hop Behaviour Drop Precedence 0 CU
(1...4) (1=low, 2=medium, Currently Unused
3=high)

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Mapping between DSCP and Assured
forwarding classes

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 Allocation Retention Priority
• The primary purpose of ARP is to decide whether a bearer establishment /
modification request can be accepted or needs to be rejected in case of
resource limitations. In addition, the ARP can be used to decide which
bearer(s) to drop during exceptional resource limitations.
• The ARP should be understood as "Priority of Allocation and Retention“.
• ARP is stored in HSS typically on a per APN basis, it contains three fields:
• – Priority level: 1–15
• – Pre-emption capability: determines whether a bearer with a lower ARP
priority level should be dropped to free up the required resources.
• – Pre-emption vulnerability: determines whether a bearer is applicable for
dropping by a pre-emption capable bearer with a higher ARP priority value.

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 Traffic Flow Template

• Because a single UE can have multiple SAE bearers, the system

requires some kind of packet filter to decide which IP datagram has to
go to which SAE bearer.
• These packet filters are formed by the uplink and downlink TFT (Traffic
Flow Template).
• Each dedicated SAE bearer has to have one UL and one DL TFT.
• Some criteria like source and destination IP address, flow labels, port
numbers, transport layer protocol type, etc. specifies, which IP
datagrams will have to be sent in the associated SAE bearer.
• In the moment the concrete structure of the TFT is for further study,
especially whether additional QoS parameters might be inside or not.
45
LTE Release 10 Goals

46
Why do we now talk about LTE-Advanced?
• During 2008 ITU submitted a request for radio Interface Technologies (RIT)
candidates for IMT-Advanced. Submission deadline was October 2009.

• ITU requires “enhanced peak data rates” for IMT-Advanced:

• 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
• 1 Gbit/s for low mobility

• In March 2008 3GPP has started a new Study Item on LTE-Advanced to enhance
LTE to fulfill all IMT-Advanced requirements and to become IMT-Advanced
candidate
• The 1st technical 3GPP workshop on LTE-Advanced took place in April 2008

• 3GPP specifications for LTE-Advanced included in 3GPP Release 10

Study Item 1st workshop Technology Close Study & Specification

start Submissions Start Work Item Created
3GPP

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ITU-R

Circular Evaluation Specification

Letter Process Created
 LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with
3GPP Rel 10
LTE-Advanced Goals
LTE-A fulfills or exceeds the requirements of Meet and exceed capabilities requested for
IMT-Advanced defined by ITU IMT-Advanced

Meet 3GPP operators’ requirements for LTE

evolution
Mobility
Enhance macro network performance

Enable efficient use of small cells

More Bandwidth available

Able to achieve higher data rates ( up to 1

Gbps in downlink for stationary users)

Enhance the coverage by increasing data

Data rates rates on the cell edge

Backward compatibility
 LTE-Advanced:
First features standardized in 3GPP
• Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation
Key aspects in
3GPP Rel.10 Release10
Carrier Aggregation
• Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8
….. carriers from different frequency bands
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n • Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation

8x MIMO 4x • New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO

• Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
• 2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint
• Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also
known as cooperative system
• Receiving transmission from multiple sectors (not
necessary visible for UE)
Relaying

• Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB

Heterogeneous
networks • Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain
• Enhancements for office Femto handovers
 Carrier Aggregation
LTE Rel. 8 supports bandwidths up to 20 MHz, but one goal of LTE-Advanced is to support peak data rates of up to 1 Gbit/s on
the downlink and 500 Mbit/s on the uplink, so wider bandwidths are needed. On the other hand, LTE-Advanced must also
maintain backward compatibility with LTE Rel. 8. Accordingly, wider bandwidths are supported by combining multiple
frequency blocks of bandwidth supported by LTE Rel. 8, called the component carrier.

 up to 100 MHz
 Flexible component carrier aggregation
 different frequency bands
 asymmetric in UL/DL

Component Carrier
Mobility (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
20 MHz 10 MHz

Aggregated BW: 30MHz

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

in June 2009
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz

300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps

1.5Gbps
50
 MIMO Extension
With LTE Rel. 8, MIMO multiplexing of up to four layers is supported on the downlink, but MIMO multiplexing is not
supported on the uplink. By contrast, LTE-Advanced supports single-user MIMO multiplexing with up to eight layers on the
downlink and four layers on the uplink in order to satisfy the peak spectral efficiency requirements of 30 bit/s/Hz on the
downlink and 15 bit/s/Hz on the uplink. Multi-user MIMO has also been improved in order to increase system capacity. For
Rel. 11, we are also studying the introduction of coordinated multipoint transmission/reception (CoMP), which coordinates
communication among multiple cells in order to improve throughput for cell edge users in particular.

Signal from jth Tx antenna

Sj
T1 R1

MIMO
Input T2 R2 Processor Output

• •
• •
• •
8x8
Tm MIMO system R8
LTE-A Peak Data Rates with MIMO Extension Assuming 2x20
MHz Carrier Aggregation
UE Downlink [Mbps] Uplink [Mbps]
antennas

8 1102
1 Gbps target for
The larger data
DL is exceeded
rate for UL is due to
with 8x8 and 40
less overhead
MHz bandwidth
555
4
610
64QAM with
The 500 Mbps maximum effective
code rate of 9/10 is
304 target for uplink is
assumed for both
2 exceeded with 4x4
and 40 MHz uplink and downlink.
305 bandwidth Data rate scales
linearly with number
161 of component
carriers.
1
152
eNB
1 2 4 8 antennas
 Coordinated Multipoint
Transmission (CoMP)
Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception actually refers to a wide range of techniques that enable dynamic coordination or
transmission and reception with multiple geographically separated eNBs. Its aim is to enhance the overall system performance, utilise the
resources more effectively and improve the end user service quality.
One of the key parameters for LTE as a whole, and in particular 4G LTE Advanced is the high data rates that are achievable. These data rates
are relatively easy to maintain close to the base station, but as distances increase they become more difficult to maintain.
Obviously the cell edges are the most challenging. Not only is the signal lower in strength because of the distance from the base station
(eNB), but also interference levels from neighbouring eNBs are likely to be higher as the UE will be closer to them.
4G LTE CoMP, Coordinated Multipoint requires close coordination between a number of geographically separated eNBs. They dynamically
coordinate to provide joint scheduling and transmissions as well as proving joint processing of the received signals. In this way a UE at the
edge of a cell is able to be served by two or more eNBs to improve signals reception / transmission and increase throughput particularly
under cell edge conditions.
Coordinated Multipoint
Transmission (CoMP)
 Relaying
The Relay Nodes are low power eNodeBs that provide enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges. One of the main benefits of relaying is to
provide extended LTE coverage in targeted areas at low cost.
The Relay Node is connected to the Donor eNB (DeNB) via radio interface, Un, a modified version of E-UTRAN air interface Uu. Donor eNB also srves
its own UE as usual, in addition to sharing its radio resources for Relay Nodes.
The Relay Node supports all eNB functionality.
With respect to the relay node’s usage of spectrum, its operation can be divided into inband and outband types. For both inband and outband
relaying, it is possible to operate the eNB-to-relay link on the same carrier frequency as eNB-to-UE links. 3GPP Release 8, UEs can connect to the
donor cell in both cases.
At least "Type 1" and “Type 1a” RNs are supported by LTE-Advanced. A "Type 1" RN is an inband RN characterized, A Type 1a relay node is
characterized by the same set of features as the Type 1 relay node, except “Type 1a” operates outband.
DeNB is enhanced to provide S1 and X2 proxy functionality between the RN and other network nodes. The S1 and X2 proxy functionality includes
passing UE-dedicated S1 and X2 signaling messages as well as GTP data packets between the S1 and X2 interfaces associated with the RN and the S1
and X2 interfaces associated with other network nodes. Due to the proxy functionality, the DeNB appears as an MME (for S1-MME), an eNB (for X2)
and an S-GW (for S1-U) to the RN.

Un LTE-Uu

UE
Relay
Node
ENB
 Heterogeneous Network

Another important requirement for LTE-Advanced is to reduce the cost of the radio access network. The
deployment scenario for a heterogeneous network, which deploys small cells of various different types such
as picocells and femtocells in the macrocell’s area to increase the capacity in high traffic areas. To further
increase the system capacity and throughput for cell edge users in the area, interference coordination
between the macrocell and the picocells is specified
 LTE-A Summary

Peak rate Average rate (capacity) Cell edge rate Coverage (noise limited)
(interference)

Carrier aggregation ++ + ++ +

MIMO enhancements1 ++ ++ ++ o
(o) (+) (+)

CoMP2 o + + ++

Heterogeneous networks o ++ ++ +

Relays o o + ++

= clear gain = moderate gain

Thanks for your attention