Reading Practice - 137-204

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B Their main value is in teaching others.
C They act on an urge that is common to everyone.
D They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others.
29 The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that
A Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration.
B Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration.
C Hardy's aim was to investigate people's emotional states.
D Hardy's aim was to show the attraction of isolation.
30 In the fourth paragraph, the writer refers to 'a golden age' to suggest that
A the amount of useful information produced by exploration has decreased.
B fewer people are interested in exploring than in the 19th century.
C recent developments have made exploration less exciting.
D we are wrong to think that exploration is no longer necessary.
31 In the sixth paragraph, when discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that
A people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests.
B certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration.
C the generally accepted definition has changed over time.
D historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public.
32 In the last paragraph, the writer explains that he is interested in
A how someone's personality is reflected in their choice of places to visit.
B the human ability to cast new light on places that may be familiar.
C how travel writing has evolved to meet changing demands.
D the feelings that writers develop about the places that they explore.
Questions 33-37: Look at the following statements (Questions 33-37) and the list of
explorers below. Match each statement with the correct explorer, A—E. Write the correct
letter, A—E, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
33 He referred to the relevance of the form of transport used.
34 He described feelings on coming back home after a long journey.
35 He worked for the benefit of specific groups of people.
36 He did not consider learning about oneself an essential part of exploration.
37 He defined exploration as being both unique and of value to others.
List of Explorers
A Peter Fleming
B Ran Fiennes
C Chris Bonington
D Robin Hanbury-Tenison
E Wilfred Thesiger
Questions 38-40: Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer
sheet. The writer's own bias
The writer has experience of a large number of 38 …………………………, and was the first
stranger that certain previously 39 ………………………… people had encountered. He believes
there is no need for further exploration of Earth's 40 …………………………, except to answer
specific questions such as how buffalo eat.
27 A
We are all explorers. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of
what makes us human — indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species.
28 C
That, however, doesn't take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even
today; and that in all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer —
borders of the unknown are being tested each day.
29 C
Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and
used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters.
30 D
We think back to a golden age, as if exploration peaked somehow in the 19th century — as if the
process of discovery is now on the decline, though the truth is that we have named only one
and a half million of this planet's species, and there may be more than 10 million — and that's
not including bacteria. We have studied only 5 per cent of the species we know. We have
scarcely mapped the ocean floors, and know even less about ourselves; we fully understand the
workings of only 10 per cent of our brains.
31 A
They each set their own particular criteria; the common factor in their approach being that
they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel or discovering new things, both a very
definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings.
32 B
this is what interests me: how a fresh interpretation, even of a well-travelled route, can give
its readers new insights
33 E
If I'd gone across by camel when I could have gone by car
34 A
Writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has
left behind with his loved ones.
35 D
Then Robin Hanbury-Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called 'tribal' peoples
36 E
To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any
great self-discovery.
37 B
An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before — and also
done something scientifically useful.
38 (unique) expeditions
39 uncontacted / isolated
40 (land) surface
Exercise 26:
Can we call it “ART”

Life-Casting and Art
Julian Bames explores the questions posed by Life-Casts, an exhibition of plaster moulds of
living people and objects which were originally used for scientific purposes
A
Art changes over time and our idea of what art is changing too. For example, objects originally
intended for devotional, ritualistic or recreational purposes may be recategorized as art by
members of other later civilisations, such as our own, which no longer respond to these purposes.
B
What also happens is that techniques and crafts which would have been judged inartistic at the
time they were used are reassessed. Life-casting is an interesting example of this. It involved
making a plaster mould of a living person or thing. This was complex, technical work, as
Benjamin Robert Haydon discovered when he poured 250 litres of plaster over his human model
and nearly killed him. At the time, the casts were used for medical research and, consequently, in
the nineteenth-century life-casting was considered inferior to sculpture in the same way that,
more recently, photography was thought to be a lesser art than painting. Both were viewed as
unacceptable shortcuts by the ‘senior’ arts. Their virtues of speed and unwavering realism also
implied their limitations; they left little or no room for the imagination.
C
For many, life-casting was an insult to the sculptor’s creative genius. In an infamous lawsuit of
1834, a moulder whose mask of the dying French emperor Napoleon had been reproduced and
sold without his permission was judged to have no rights to the image. In other words, he was
specifically held not to be an artist. This judgement reflects the view of established members of
the nineteenth-century art world such as Rodin, who commented that life-casting ‘happens fast
but it doesn’t make Art’. Some even feared that ‘if too much nature was allowed in, it would lead
Art away from its proper course of the Ideal.
D
The painter Gauguin, at the end of the nineteenth century, worried about future developments in
photography. If ever the process went into colour, what painter would labour away at a likeness
with a brush made from squirrel-tail? But painting has proved robust. Photography has changed
it, of course, just as the novel had to reassess narrative after the arrival of the cinema. But the gap
between the senior and junior arts was always narrower than the traditionalists implied. Painters
have always used technical back-up such as studio assistants to do the boring bits, while
apparently lesser crafts involve great skill, thought, preparation and, depending on how we
define it, imagination.
E
Time changes our view in another way, too. Each new movement implies a reassessment of what
has gone before? What is done now alters what was done before. In some cases, this is merely
self-serving, with the new art using the old to justify itself. It seems to be saying, look at how all
of that points to this! Aren’t we clever to be the culmination of all that has gone before? But
usually, it is a matter of re-alerting the sensibility, reminding us not to take things for granted.
Take, for example, the cast of the hand of a giant from a circus, made by an anonymous artist
around 1889, an item that would now sit happily in any commercial or public gallery. The most
significant impact of this piece is on the eye, in the contradiction between unexpected size and
verisimilitude. Next, the human element kicks in, you note that the nails are dirt-encrusted,
unless this is the caster’s decorative addition, and the fingertips extend far beyond them. Then
you take in the element of choice, arrangement, art if you like, in the neat, pleated, buttoned
sleeve-end that gives the item balance and variation of texture. This is just a moulded hand, yet
the part stands utterly for the whole. It reminds us slyly, poignantly, of the full-size original.
F
But is it art? And, if so, why? These are old tediously repeated questions to which artists have
often responded, ‘It is art because I am an artist and therefore what I do is art. However, what
doesn’t work for literature works much better for artworks of art do float free of their creators’
intentions. Over time the “reader” does become more powerful. Few of us can look at a medieval
altarpiece as its painter intended. We believe too little and aesthetically know too much, so we
recreate and find new fields of pleasure in the work. Equally, the lack of artistic intention of Paul
Richer and other forgotten craftsmen who brushed oil onto flesh, who moulded, cast and
decorated in the nineteenth century is now irrelevant. What counts is the surviving object and our
response to it. The tests are simple: does it interest the eye, excite the brain, move the mind to
reflection and involve the heart. It may, to use the old dichotomy, be beautiful but it is rarely true
to any significant depth. One of the constant pleasures of art is its ability to come at us from an
unexpected angle and stop us short in wonder.
Questions 14-18
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 an example of a craftsman’s unsuccessful claim to ownership of his work
15 an example of how trends in the art can change attitudes to an earlier work
16 the original function of a particular type of art
17 ways of assessing whether or not an object is an art
18 how artists deal with the less interesting aspects of their work
Questions 19-24
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
19 Nineteenth-century sculptors admired the speed and realism of life-casting.
20 Rodin believed the quality of the life-casting would improve if a slower process were used.
21 The importance of painting has decreased with the development of colour photography.
22 Life-casting requires more skill than sculpture does.
23 New art encourages us to look at earlier work in a fresh way.
24 The intended meaning of a work of art can get lost over time.
Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
25 The most noticeable contrast in the cast of the giant’s hand is between the
A dirt and decoration
B size and realism
C choice and arrangement
D balance and texture
26 According to the writer, the importance of any artistic object lies in
A the artist’s intentions
B the artist’s beliefs
C the relevance it has to modern life
D the way we respond to it
14. C
In an infamous lawsuit of 1834, a moulder whose mask of the dying French emperor Napoleon
had been reproduced and sold without his permission was judged to have no rights to the image.
In other words, he was specifically held not to be an artist.
15. E
Time changes our view in another way, too. Each new movement implies a reassessment of
what has gone before? What is done now alters what was done before.
16. B
At the time, the casts were used for medical research
17. F
18. D
Painters have always used technical back-up such as studio assistants to do the boring bits
19. NO
in the nineteenth-century life-casting was considered inferior to sculpture in the same way that,
more recently, photography was thought to be a lesser art than painting.
20. NO
This judgement reflects the view of established members of the nineteenth-century art world
such as Rodin, who commented that life-casting ‘happens fast but it doesn’t make Art’. Some
even feared that ‘if too much nature was allowed in, it would lead Art away from its proper
course of the Ideal.
21. NO
The painter Gauguin, at the end of the nineteenth century, worried about future developments in
photography. If ever the process went into colour, what painter would labour away at a likeness
with a brush made from squirrel-tail? But painting has proved robust.
22. NOT GIVEN

23. NO
In some cases, this is merely self-serving, with the new art using the old to justify itself.
24. YES
Few of us can look at a medieval altarpiece as its painter intended. We believe too little and
aesthetically know too much, so we recreate and find new fields of pleasure in the work.
25. B
The most significant impact of this piece is on the eye, in the contradiction between unexpected
size and verisimilitude.
26. D
What counts is the surviving object and our response to it.

Exercise 27:
Going nowhere fast

New transport mode PRT RUF
A
This is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few
hours. We can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities,
we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler.
B
In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about
transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic
growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities
any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars,
after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping
knows.
C
A professor of mechanical engineering sits typing at a computer keyboard, conjuring up a scene
on his monitor that looks something like the classic computer game PacMan. White dots stream
in from the right of the screen, switch to red and merge with green boxes, which swiftly change
colour to yellow and the red while moving through a bewildering maze. But this is not a video
game. J. Edward Anderson of Boston University is testing an urban transit system that he
believes could revolutionise public transport worldwide.
D
For the past quarter of a century, Anderson has been promoting his version of personal rapid
transit (PRT). Other versions came and went in the 1970s, from Europe, Japan and elsewhere in
the US, but he was so convinced of the idea’s potential that the stuck with it and, in 1983,
founded the Taxi 2000 Corporation to ‘commercialise’ the initiative. Although the University of
Minnesota, Anderson’s employer until 1986, holds the patents to the technology, he is licensed
to develop it and to sub-license other developers. So politicians should be trying to lure people
out of their cars, not forcing them out. There’s certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the
most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in
the US and Europe in the 1950s.
E
The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car which can
whisk you to your destination along with a network of guideways. You wouldn’t have to share
your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked card to slow things
down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than any inner-city road. It’s a
wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars
ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular – and after governments started
earning revenue from them – that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was
built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first – and that would cost megabucks.
F
What’s more, any transport system that threatened the car’s dominance would be up against all
those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and
oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much
difference. Superior technology doesn’t always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and
Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed.
G
But “dual-mode” systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF
system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference:
vehicles have wheels as well as a lot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off
the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer,
and the RUF vehicle – the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to “go fast” – would
become an electric car.
H
Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive
not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters
could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work,
they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could
grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could
buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could
easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles.
I
The RUF system can reduce the energy consumption from individual traffic. The main factor is
the reduction of air resistance due to close coupling of vehicles. The energy consumption per ruf
can be reduced to less than 1/3 at 100 km/h. Since RUF is an electric system, renewable sources
can be used without problems. A combination of windmills and a RUF rail could be used over
water. Solar cells can also be integrated into the system and ensure completely sustainable
transportation.
J
Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a
dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such
as Jensen’s could transform cities. The vehicles in a RUF system “rides” very safely on top of a
triangular monorail. This means that derailments are impossible and that the users will feel safe
because it is easy to understand that when the rail is actually inside the vehicle it is absolutely
stable. The special rail brake ensures that braking power is always available even during bad
weather. The brake can squeeze as hard against the rail as required in order to bring the vehicle
to a safe stop. If a vehicle has to be evacuated, a walkway between the two rails can be used.
K
And it’s not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than
30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century – three times the number killed
in the First World War – and the annual death toll is rising. And what’s more, the Red Cross
believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020,
ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around.
Questions 14-17
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false

14 City transport developed slower than other means of communication.
15 Many states in the US consider reducing cars growth.
16 Car pollution has been concerned these days.
17 Trains and buses are not suitable to drive on an uphill road.
Questions 18-24
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-C) with the description below.
Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 18-24 on your answer sheet.
A ONLY PRT
B ONLY RUF
C BOTH OF THEM
18 Totally apply computer system
19 Opposition to the system from companies
20 Reach destination fast
21 Not necessary to share with the public
22 Work on existing road
23 Individuals can buy cars after all
24 Controlled both by computer and manual
Questions 25-27
Choose THREE correct letters from followings that are advantages of developing a NEW
TRANSPORT SYSTEM:
Write your answers in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.
A Stimulating economy
B Successful application in Europe
C Safety consideration
D Less pollution to the environment
E Economical budget
F Public popularity
G Fast speed
14. TRUE
We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. We can even
send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on
systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler.
15. NOT GIVEN
16. TRUE
transport.
17. NOT GIVEN
18. A
The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car which can
whisk you to your destination along with a network of guideways.
19. A
Other versions came and went in the 1970s, from Europe, Japan and elsewhere in the US, but he
was so convinced of the idea’s potential that the stuck with it
20. C
PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than any inner-city road.
Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle – the
term comes from a Danish saying meaning to “go fast” – would become an electric car.
21. C
You wouldn’t have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or
parked card to slow things down
not just to use public RUF vehicles
22. B
vehicles have wheels as well as a lot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off
the rail onto a normal road.
23. B
not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle.
24. B
Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area
around it and people nearby could buy into it.
25-26-27: C, D, G
The brake can squeeze as hard against the rail as required in order to bring the vehicle to a safe
stop. If a vehicle has to be evacuated, a walkway between the two rails can be used.
And it’s not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day
transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic
growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities
any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars,
after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping
knows.
Exercise 28:
Implication of False Belief Experiments

A
A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been
termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can
have different beliefs and representations of the world– a capacity that is shown by four years of
age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work
out that another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social
development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from
this condition do not have a theory of mind(TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s
TOM has attracted considerable attention.
B
Wimmer and Perner devised a ‘false belief task’ to address this question. They used some toys to
act out the following story. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out.
When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to
predict where Maxi willlook for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years
gave the incorrect answer, that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years
tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect
answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and
representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that
Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised.
C
A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms
that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the
story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls, Sally and Anne,
who have a basket and a box， respectively. Sally also has a marble, which she places in her
basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room, Anne takes the marble
from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns，and child is then asked where
Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the
basket, where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the
box，where the child knows the marble is hidden， even though Sally cannot know, since she
did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task, the child must be able to understand that
another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own, and the child must be
able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief
tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks
until around age four.
D
Leslie argues that, before 18 months, children treat the world in a literal way and rarely
demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish
between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be
able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play
becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to
secondary representations. For example, children, when pretending a banana is a telephone,
would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation
and they would use their stored knowledge of ‘telephone’ to build on this pretence.
E
There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and
her colleagues have found that what they term mind mindedness in maternal speech to six-month
old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mind Mindedness
involves speech that discusses infants’ feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental
stages(e.g “you1 re feeling hungry”)
F
Lewis investigated older children living in extended families in Crete and Cyprus. They found
that children who socially interact with more adults，who have more friends. And who have
more older siblings tend to pass TOM tasks at a slightly earlier age than other children.
Furthermore, because young children are more likely to talk about their thoughts and feelings
with peers than with their mothers, peer interaction may provide a special impetus to the
development of a TOM. A similar point has been made by Dunn, who argues that peer
interaction is more likely to contain pretend play and that it is likely to be more challenging
because other children, unlike adults, do not make large adaptations to the communicative needs
of other children.
G
In addition, there has been concern that some aspects of the TOM approach underestimate
children’s understanding of other people. After all，infants will point to objects apparently in an
effort to change a person’s direction of gaze and interest; they can interact quite effectively with
other people; they will express their ideas in opposition to the wishes of others; and they will
show empathy for the feeling of others. Schatz studied the spontaneous speech of three-year-olds
and found that these children used mental terms，and used them in circumstances where there
was a contrast between, for example, not being sure where an object was located and finding it,
or between pretending and reality. Thus the social abilities of children indicate that they are
aware of the difference between mental states and external reality at ages younger than four.
H
A different explanation has been put forward by Harris. He proposed that children use
‘simulation’. This involves putting yourself in the other person’s position, and then trying to
predict what the other person would do. Thus success on false belief tasks can be explained by
children trying to imagine what they would do if they were a character in the stories, rather than
children being able to appreciate the beliefs of other people. Such thinking about situations that
do not exist involves what is termed counterfactual reasoning.
I
A different explanation has been put forward by Harris. He proposed that children use “simula-
tion”. This involves putting yourself in the other person’s position, and then trying to predict
what the other person would do. Thus, success on false belief tasks can be explained by children
trying to imagine what they would do if they were a character in the stories, rather than children
being able to appreciate the beliefs of other people. Such thinking about situations that do not
exist involves what is termed counterfactual reasoning.
Questions 14-20
Look at the following statements (Questions 14-20) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-G.
Write the correct letter. A-G. in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Researchers
A Baron-Cohen
B Meins
C Wimmer and Pemer
D Lewis E Dunn F Schatz G Harris
E Dunn
F Schatz
G Harris
14 gave an alternative explanation that children may not be understanding other’s belief
15 found that children under certain age can tell difference between reality and mentality
16 conducted a well-known experiment and drew conclusion that young children were unable
to comprehend the real state of the world
17 found that children who get along with adults often comparatively got through the test more
easily
18 revised an easier experiment to rule out the possibility that children might be influenced by
sophisticated reasoning
19 related social factor such as mother-child communication to capability act in TOM
20 explained children are less likely to tell something interactive to their mother than to their
friends
Questions 21-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
In 1980s, research studies were designed to test the subject called Theory of Mind that if children
have the ability to represent the reality. First experiments were carried out on this subject on a
boy. And questions had been made on where the boy can find the location of
the 21 …………………… . But it was accused that it had excessive 22 ……………………….
So second modified experiment was can ducted involving two dolls, and most children passed
the test at the age of 23…………………….. Then Lewis and Dunn
researched 24 ……………………….. children in a certain place, and found children who have
more interaction such as more conversation with 25……………………. have better performance
in the test, and peer interaction is 26………………………. because of consisting pretending
elements.
Exercise 29:
Inside the mind of a fan

How watching sport affects the brain
A
At about the same time that the poet Homer invented the epic here, the ancient Greeks started a
festival in which men competed in a single race, about 200 metres long. The winner received a
branch of wild olives. The Greeks called this celebration the Olympics. Through the ancient
sprint remains, today the Olympics are far more than that. Indeed, the Games seem to celebrate
the dream of progress as embodied in the human form. That the Games are intoxicating to watch
is beyond question. During the Athens Olympics in 2004, 3.4 billion people, half the world,
watched them on television. Certainly, being a spectator is a thrilling experience: but why?
B
In 1996, three Italian neuroscientists, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Forgassi and Vittorio
Gallese, examined the premotor cortex of monkeys. The discovered that inside these primate
brains there were groups of cells that ‘store vocabularies of motor actions’. Just as there are
grammars of movement. These networks of cells are the bodily ‘sentences’ we use every day, the
ones our brain has chosen to retain and refine. Think, for example, about a golf swing. To those
who have only watched the Master’s Tournament on TV, golfing seems easy. To the novice,
however, the skill of casting a smooth arc with a lop-side metal stick is virtually impossible. This
is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain next to the
premotor cortex. To the expert, on the other hand, a perfectly balanced stroke is second nature.
For him, the motor action has become memorized, and the movements are embedded in the
neurons of his premotor cortex. He hits the ball with the tranquility of his perfected autopilot.
C
These neurons in the premotor cortex, besides explaining why certain athletes seem to possess
almost unbelievable levels of skill, have an even more amazing characteristic, one that caused
Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese to give them the lofty title ‘mirror neurons’. They note, The main
functional characteristic of mirror neurons is that they become active both when the monkey
performs a particular action (for example, grasping an object or holding it) and, astonishingly,
when it sees another individual performing a similar action.’ Humans have an even more
elaborate mirror neuron system. These peculiar cells mirror, inside the brain, the outside world:
they enable us to internalize the actions of another. In order to be activated, though, these cells
require what the scientists call ‘goal-orientated movements’. If we are staring at a photograph, a
fixed image of a runner mid-stride, our mirror neurons are totally silent. They only fire when the
runner is active: running, moving or sprinting.
D
What these electrophysiological studies indicate is that when we watch a golfer or a runner in
action, the mirror neurons in our own premotor cortex light up as if we were the ones competing.
This phenomenon of neural mirror was first discovered in 1954, when two French physiologists,
Gastaut and Berf, found that the brains of humans vibrate with two distinct wavelengths, alpha
and mu. The mu system is involved in neural mirroring. It is active when your bodies are still,
and disappears whenever we do something active, like playing a sport or changing the TV
channel. The surprising fact is that the mu signal is also quiet when we watch someone else
being active, as on TV, these results are the effect of mirror neurons.
E
Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese call the idea for mirror neurons the ‘direct matching hypothesis’.
They believe that we only understand the movement of sports stars when we ‘map the visual
representation of the observed action onto our motor representation of the same action’.
According to this theory, watching an Olympic athlete ‘causes the motor system of the observer
to resonate. The “motor knowledge” of the observer is used to understand the observed action.’
But mirror neurons are more than just the neural basis for our attitude to sport. It turns out that
watching a great golfer makes us better golfers, and watching a great sprinter actually makes us
run faster. This ability to learn by watching is a crucial skill. From the acquisition of language as
infants to learning facial expressions, mimesis (copying) is an essential part of being conscious.
The best athletes are those with a premotor cortex capable of imagining the movements of
victory, together with the physical properties to make those movements real.
F
But how many of us regularly watch sports in order to be a better athlete? Rather, we watch sport
for the feeling, the human drama. This feeling also derives from mirror neurons. By letting
spectators share in the motions of victory, they also allow us to share in its feelings. This is
because they are directly connected to the amygdale, one of the main brain regions involved in
emotion. During the Olympics, the mirror neurons of whole nations will be electrically identical,
their athletes causing spectators to feel, just for a second or two, the same thing. Watching sports
brings people together. Most of us will never run a mile in under four minutes, or hit a home run.
Our consolation comes in watching, when we gather around the TV, we all feel, just for a
moment, what it is to do something perfectly.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 an explanation of why watching sport may be emotionally satisfying
28 an explanation of why beginners find sporting tasks difficult
29 a factor that needs to combine with mirroring to attain sporting excellence
30 a comparison of human and animal mirror neurons
31 the first discovery of brain activity related to mirror neurons
32 a claim linking observation to improvement in performance
Questions 33-35
33 The writer uses the term ‘grammar of movement’ to mean
A a level of sporting skill.
B a system of words about movement.
C a pattern of connected cells.
D a type of golf swing.
34 The writer states that expert players perform their actions
A without conscious thought.
B by planning each phase of movement.
C without regular practice.

D by thinking about the actions of others.
35 The writer states that the most common motive for watching sport is to
A improve personal performance.
B feel linked with people of different nationalities.
C experience strong positive emotions.
D realize what skill consists of.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
36 Inexpert sports players are too aware of what they are doing.
37 Monkeys have a more complex mirror neuron system than humans.
38 Looking at a photograph can activate mirror neurons.
39 Gastaut and Bert were both researchers and sports players.
40 The mu system is at rest when we are engaged in an activity.
27. F
Rather, we watch sport for the feeling, the human drama. This feeling also derives from mirror
neurons. By letting spectators share in the motions of victory, they also allow us to share in its
feelings.
28. B
To the novice, however, the skill of casting a smooth arc with a lop-side metal stick is virtually
impossible. This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain
next to the premotor cortex.
29. E
The best athletes are those with a premotor cortex capable of imagining the movements of
victory, together with the physical properties to make those movements real.
30. C
The main functional characteristic of mirror neurons is that they become active both when the
monkey performs a particular action (for example, grasping an object or holding it) and,
astonishingly, when it sees another individual performing a similar action.’ Humans have an
even more elaborate mirror neuron system.
31. D
This phenomenon of neural mirror was first discovered in 1954, when two French
physiologists, Gastaut and Berf, found that the brains of humans vibrate with two distinct
wavelengths, alpha and mu.
32. E
It turns out that watching a great golfer makes us better golfers, and watching a great sprinter
actually makes us run faster. This ability to learn by watching is a crucial skill. From the
acquisition of language as infants to learning facial expressions, mimesis (copying) is an
essential part of being conscious.
33. C
The discovered that inside these primate brains there were groups of cells that ‘store vocabularies
of motor actions’. Just as there are grammars of movement. These networks of cells are the
bodily ‘sentences’ we use every day, the ones our brain has chosen to retain and refine.
34. A
To the expert, on the other hand, a perfectly balanced stroke is second nature. For him, the
motor action has become memorized, and the movements are embedded in the neurons of his
premotor cortex. He hits the ball with the tranquility of his perfected autopilot.
35. C
paragraph F
36. YES
To the novice, however, the skill of casting a smooth arc with a lop-side metal stick is virtually
impossible. This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain
next to the premotor cortex.
37. NO
Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system.
38. NO
If we are staring at a photograph, a fixed image of a runner mid-stride, our mirror neurons are
totally silent. They only fire when the runner is active: running, moving or sprinting.
39. NOT GIVEN
40. NO
The mu system is involved in neural mirroring. It is active when your bodies are still, and
disappears whenever we do something active, like playing a sport or changing the TV channel.
Exercise 30:
Movie of Metropolis
…being the science-fiction film that is steadily becoming a fact
A
When German director Fritz Lang visited the United States in 1924, his first glimpse of the
country was a night-time view of the New York skyline from the deck of an ocean liner. This, he
later recalled, was the direct inspiration for what is still probably the most innovative and
influential science-fiction film ever made – Metropolis.
B
Metropolis is a bleak vision of the early twenty-first century that is at once both chilling and
exhilarating. This spectacular city of the future is a technological marvel of high-rise buildings
connected by elevated railways and airships. It’s also a world of extreme inequality and social
division. The workers live below ground and exist as machines working in an endless routine of
mind-numbing 10-hour shifts while the city’s elite lead lives of luxury high above. Presiding
over them all is the Master of Metropolis, John Fredersen, whose sole satisfaction seems to lie in
the exercise of power.
C
Lang’s graphic depiction of the future is conceived in almost totally abstract terms. The function
of the individual machines is never defined. Instead, this mass of dials, levers and gauges
symbolically stands for all machines and all industry, with the workers as slave-live extensions
of the equipment they have to operate. Lang emphasizes this idea in the famous shift-change
sequence at the start of the movie when the workers walk in zombie-like geometric ranks, all
dressed in the same dark overalls and all exhibiting the same bowed head and dead-eyed stare.
An extraordinary fantasy sequence sees one machine transformed into a huge open-jawed statue
which then literally swallows them up.
D
On one level the machines and the exploited workers simply provide the wealth and services
which allow the elite to live their lives of leisure, but on a more profound level, the purpose of all
this demented industry is to serve itself. Power, control and the continuance of the system from
one 10-hour shift to the next is all that counts. The city consumes people and their labour and in
the process becomes a perverse parody of a living being.
E
It is enlightening, I think, to relate the film to the modern global economy in which multinational
corporations now routinely close their factories in one continent so that they can take advantage
of cheap labour in another. Like the industry in Metropolis, these corporations’ goals of
increased efficiency and profits have little to do with the welfare of the majority of their
employees or that of the population at large. Instead, their aims are to sustain the momentum of
their own growth and to increase the monetary rewards to a tiny elite – their executives and
shareholders. Fredersen himself is the essence of the big company boss: Rupert Murdoch would
probably feel perfectly at home in his huge skyscraper office with its panoramic view of the city
below. And it is important that there is never any mention of government in Metropolis – the
whole concept is by implication obsolete. The only people who have power are the supreme
industrialist, Fredersen, and his magician/scientist cohort Rotwang.
F
So far so good: when the images are allowed to speak for themselves the film is impeccable both
in its symbolism and in its cynicism. The problem with Metropolis is its sentimental story-line,
which sees Freder, Fredersen’s son, instantly falling in love with the visionary Maria. Maria
leads an underground pseudo-religious movement and preaches that the workers should not rebel
but should await the arrival of a ‘Mediator’ between the ‘Head’ (capital) and the ‘Hands’
(labour). That mediator is the ‘Heart’ – love, as embodied, finally, by Freder’s love of Maria and
his father’s love of him.
G
Lang wrote the screenplay in collaboration with his then-wife Thea von Harbou. In 1933 he fled
from the Nazis (and continued a very successful career in Hollywood). She stayed in Germany
and continued to make films under the Hitler regime. There is a constant tension within the film
between the too-tidy platitudes of von Harbou’s script and the uncompromisingly caustic vigour
of Lang’s imagery.
H
To my mind, both in Metropolis and in the real world, it’s not so much that the ‘Head’ and
‘Hands’ require a ‘Heart’ to mediate between them but that the ‘Hands’ need to develop their
own ‘Head’, their own political consciousness, and act accordingly – through the ballot box,
through buying power and through a sceptical resistance to the materialistic fantasies of the
Fredersens.
I
All the same, Metropolis is probably more accurate now as a representation of industrial and
social relations than it has been at any time since its original release. And Fredersen is certainly
still the most potent movie symbol of the handful of elusive corporate figureheads who
increasingly treat the world as a Metropolis-like global village.
Questions 27-30
27 The inspiration of the movie-Metropolis-comes from the director’s visit in the USA in 1924.
28 The Master of Metropolis, John Fredersen, is portrayed from an industrialist that the director
met in the US.
29 The start of the movie exhibits the workers working in full energy.
30 The director and his wife got divorced because his wife decided to stay in Germany.
Questions 31-36
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
The director depicts a world of inequality and 31………………………. In the future, the
mindless masses of workers living underground are treated as 32………………………. And the
master of them is 33……………………….., who is in charge of the whole city. The writer
claims that the director, Fritz Lang, presents the movie in an 34……………………….. term,
where the 35……………………… of the individual machines is not defined. Besides the writer
compares the film to the modern global economy in which multinational corporations concern
more about the growing 36………………………….. and money.
Questions 37-40
37 The first sentence in paragraph B indicates
A the author’s fear about technology
B the inspiration of the director
C the contradictory feelings towards future
D the city elite’s well management of the workers
38 Why the function of the individual machines is not defined?
A Because Lang sticks to theme in a symbolic way.
B Because workers are more important to exploit.
C Because the fantasy sequence is difficult to take.
D Because the focus of the movie is not about machines.
39 The writer’s purpose in paragraph five is to
A emphasize the multinational corporations’ profit-oriented goal.
B compare the movie with the reality in the modern global economy
C exploit the difference between fantasy and reality
D enlighten the undeveloped industry
40 What is the writer’s opinion about the movie?
A The movie’s story-line is excellent.
B The movie has a poor implication in symbolism.
C The movie is perfect in all aspects.
D The movie is good but could be better.
27. YES
paragraph A
28. NOT GIVEN
29. NO
the workers walk in zombie-like geometric ranks, all dressed in the same dark overalls and all
exhibiting the same bowed head and dead-eyed stare.
30. NOT GIVEN
31. social division
It’s also a world of extreme inequality and social division.
32. machines
The workers live below ground and exist as machines working in an endless routine of mind-
numbing 10-hour shifts while the city’s elite lead lives of luxury high above.
33. John Fredersen
Presiding over them all is the Master of Metropolis, John Fredersen, whose sole satisfaction
seems to lie in the exercise of power.
34. abstract
Lang’s graphic depiction of the future is conceived in almost totally abstract terms.
35. function
The function of the individual machines is never defined.
36. efficiency
Like the industry in Metropolis, these corporations’ goals of increased efficiency and profits
have little to do with the welfare of the majority of their employees or that of the population at
large.
37. C
38. A
The function of the individual machines is never defined. Instead, this mass of dials, levers and
gauges symbolically stands for all machines and all industry, with the workers as slave-live
extensions of the equipment they have to operate.
39. B
40. D
paragraph H
Exercise 31:
Grey Workers
A. Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little
about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of,
rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers
are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier
this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy
to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
B. In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for
Hakuhodo, Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the
retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts – and in some cases, such as Nissan,
to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the
percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from
11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994，it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have
become the most intractable item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts.
C. In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The
company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for
replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture. Older workers
are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible.”
Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would
like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not
down. The reason, says the company’s Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more.
It is collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers
that may retire early.
D. Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity.
But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for goods management,
such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it
blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says
that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
E. And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept on
older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good，,” says Mr Peterson.
“Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s young high-school
graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are
reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently
that they offer the worst returns on training. “The median age for employer-driven training is the
late 40s and early 50s，,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes mainly to managers.”
F. Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more
attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable
with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-rates often earn
less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new
ways.
G. One innovation, described in Mr Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was devised by
IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to concentrate cuts on 55-
60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the
early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill
Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full
period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to
retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
H. The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs: part-
time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to
retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly
half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such
“bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who
carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge job-holders – those
who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want
to, even though they could afford to retire.”
I. If the hob market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they
will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey
of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55
survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work
will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream
trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe
Clarks.
Questions 1-4
TRUE, if the statement is true
FALSE, if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN, if the information is not given in the passage
1. Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made a decision that it would hire more Canadian
employees rather than British ones in order to get a fresh staff.
2. Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed
3. Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture
4. According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution
they make.
Questions 5-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
According to the passage, there are several advantages to hire elder people, please
choose TWO from below：
A. their products are more superior to the young.
B. paid less compared with younger ones.
C. run fast when there is a meeting
D. have a better inter-person relationship
E. identify problems in an advanced time
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.

According to Mr.Peterson, Compared with elder employees, young graduates have several
weaknesses in workplace, please choose TWO of them below：
A. they are not worth training.
B. their productivity is lower than counterparts.
C. they change work more often
D. their academic criteria is someway behind elders’
E. they are normally high school graduates.
Questions 9-13
9. According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:
A. Older workers are more likely to attract other staff
B. people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.
C. Older people have more retaining motivation than young people
D. young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.
10. SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement:
A. Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis
B. Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment

C. Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay
D. Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower
11. which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn:
A. About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘Bridge’ jobs.
B. Only the worst-paid continue to work.
C. More men than women fell into the category of ’bridge’ work.
D. Some old people keep working for their motives rather than an economic incentive.
12. Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:
A. 70% of business is successful if hire more older people.
B. The average success of the self-employed business is getting lower.
C. Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.
D. Older people’s working hours are more flexible.
13. What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A. there must be a successful retiring program for the old
B. older people should be correctly valued in employment
C. old people should offer more helping young employees grow.
D. There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people
1.NOT GIVEN
2.TRUE
More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority.
3.TRUE
Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would
like.
4.FALSE
Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty
of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
5-6. D,E
But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for goods management,
such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem
before it blows up.
7-8. C,D
Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s young high-school
graduates.”
in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that they offer the worst returns on
training.
9.B
But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing
someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-rates often earn less over time.
10.D
IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired
who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the
age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88%
of his last IBM salary.
11.C
two very different types of bridge job-holders – those who continue working because they have
to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to
retire
12.C
70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%.
13.B
Exercise 32:
Urban planning in Singapore

British merchants established a trading post in Singapore in the early nineteenth century, and
for more than a century trading interests dominated. However, in 1965 the newly independent
island state was cut off from its hinterland, and so it set about pursuing a survival strategy. The
good international communications it already enjoyed provided a useful base, but it was decided
that if Singapore was to secure its economic future, it must develop its industry. To this end, new
institutional structures were needed to facilitate, develop, and control foreign investment. One of
the most important of these was the Economic Development Board (EDB), an arm of
government that developed strategies for attracting investment. Thus from the outset, the
Singaporean government was involved in city promotion.
Towards the end of the twentieth century, the government realised that, due to limits on both
the size of the country’s workforce and its land area, its labour-intensive industries were
becoming increasingly uncompetitive. So an economic committee was established which
concluded that Singapore should focus on developing as a service centre, and seek to attract
company headquarters to serve South East Asia, and develop tourism, banking, and offshore
activities. The land required for this service-sector orientation had been acquired in the early
1970s, when the government realised that it lacked the banking infrastructure for a modern
economy. So a new banking and corporate district, known as the ‘Golden Shoe’, was planned,
incorporating the historic commercial area. This district now houses all the major companies and
various government financial agencies.
Singapore’s current economic strategy is closely linked to land use and development
planning. Although it is already a major city, the current development plan seeks to ensure
Singapore’s continued economic growth through restructuring, to ensure that the facilities
needed by future business are planned now. These include transport and telecommunication
infrastructure, land, and environmental quality. A major concern is to avoid congestion in the
central area, and so the latest plan deviates from previous plans by having a strong
decentralisation policy. The plan makes provision for four major regional centres, each serving
800,000 people, but this does not mean that the existing central business district will not also
grow. A major extension planned around Marina Bay draws on examples of other ‘world cities’,
especially those with waterside central areas such as Sydney and San Francisco. The project
involves major land reclamation of 667 hectares in total. Part of this has already been developed
as a conference and exhibition zone, and the rest will be used for other facilities. However the
need for vitality has been recognised and a mixed zoning approach has been adopted, to include
housing and entertainment.
One of the new features of the current plan is a broader conception of what contributes to
economic success. It encompasses high quality residential provision, a good environment, leisure
facilities and exciting city life. Thus there is more provision for low-density housing, often in
waterfront communities linked to beaches and recreational facilities. However, the lower housing
densities will put considerable pressure on the very limited land available for development, and
this creates problems for another of the plan’s aims, which is to stress environmental quality.
More and more of the remaining open area will be developed, and the only natural landscape
surviving will be a small zone in the centre of the island which serves as a water catchment area.
Environmental policy is therefore very much concerned with making the built environment more
green by introducing more plants – what is referred to as the ‘beautification’ of Singapore. The
plan focuses on green zones defining the boundaries of settlements, and running along transport
corridors. The incidental green provision within housing areas is also given considerable
attention.
Much of the environmental provision, for example golf courses, recreation areas, and
beaches, is linked to the prime objective of attracting business. The plan places much emphasis
on good leisure provision and the need to exploit Singapore’s island setting. One way of doing
this is through further land reclamation, to create a whole new island devoted to leisure and
luxury housing which will stretch from the central area to the airport. A current concern also
appears to be how to use the planning system to create opportunities for greater spontaneity:
planners have recently given much attention to the concept of the 24-hour city and the cafe
society. For example, a promotion has taken place along the Singapore river to create a cafe
zone. This has included the realisation, rather late in the day, of the value of retaining older
buildings, and the creation of a continuous riverside promenade. Since the relaxation in 1996 of
strict guidelines on outdoor eating areas, this has become an extremely popular area in the
evenings. Also, in 1998 the Urban Redevelopment Authority created a new entertainment area in
the centre of the city which they are promoting as ‘the city’s one-stop, dynamic entertainment
scene’.
In conclusion, the economic development of Singapore has been very consciously centrally
planned, and the latest strategy is very clearly oriented to establishing Singapore as a leading
‘world city’. It is well placed to succeed, for a variety of reasons. It can draw upon its historic
roots as a world trading centre; it has invested heavily in telecommunications and air transport
infrastructure; it is well located in relation to other Asian economies; it has developed a safe and
clean environment; and it has utilised the international language of English.
Questions 14-19
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
decentralisation fuel industry agriculture hospitals loans deregulation service
trade transport entertainment recycling labour tourism hygiene beautification
Singapore
When Singapore became an independent, self-sufficient state it decided to build up its 14…….. ,
and government organisations were created to support this policy. However, this initial plan met
with limited success due to a shortage of 15……… and land. It was therefore decided to develop
the 16…….. sector of the economy instead.
Singapore is now a leading city, but planners are working to ensure that its economy continues to
grow. In contrast to previous policies, there is emphasis on 17…….. . In addition, land will be
recovered to extend the financial district, and provide 18……… as well as housing. The
government also plans to improve the quality of Singapore's environment, but due to the shortage
of natural landscapes it will concentrate instead on what it calls 19……….. .
Questions 20-26
In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet write
TRUEif the statement agrees with the information

FALSEif the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVENif there is no information on this
20After 1965, the Singaporean government switched the focus of the island's economy
21The creation of Singapore's financial centre was delayed while a suitable site was found.
22Singapore's four regional centres will eventually be the same size as its central business
district.
23Planners have modelled new urban developments on other coastal cities.
24Plants and trees are amongst the current priorities for Singapore's city planners.
25The government has enacted new laws to protect Singapore's old buildings.
26Singapore will find it difficult to compete with leading cities in other parts of the world.
14. industry
The good international communications it already enjoyed provided a useful base, but it was
decided that if Singapore was to secure its economic future, it must develop its industry.
15. labour
Towards the end of the twentieth century, the government realised that, due to limits on both the
size of the country’s workforce and its land area, its labour-intensive industries were becoming
increasingly uncompetitive.
16. service
So an economic committee was established which concluded that Singapore should focus on
developing as a service centre
17. decentralisation
A major concern is to avoid congestion in the central area, and so the latest plan deviates from
previous plans by having a strong decentralisation policy.
18. entertainment
Thus there is more provision for low-density housing, often in waterfront communities linked to
beaches and recreational facilities.
19. beautification
Environmental policy is therefore very much concerned with making the built environment more
green by introducing more plants – what is referred to as the ‘beautification’ of Singapore.
20. TRUE
Towards the end of the twentieth century, the government realised that, due to limits on both the
size of the country’s workforce and its land area, its labour-intensive industries were becoming
increasingly uncompetitive. So an economic committee was established which concluded that
Singapore should focus on developing as a service centre
21. FALSE
when the government realised that it lacked the banking infrastructure for a modern economy. So
a new banking and corporate district, known as the ‘Golden Shoe’, was planned, incorporating
the historic commercial area.
22. NOT GIVEN
23. TRUE
A major extension planned around Marina Bay draws on examples of other ‘world cities’,
especially those with waterside central areas such as Sydney and San Francisco.
24. TRUE
The plan focuses on green zones defining the boundaries of settlements, and running along
transport corridors. The incidental green provision within housing areas is also given
considerable attention.
25. NOT GIVEN
26. FALSE
It is well placed to succeed, for a variety of reasons.

Exercise 33:
HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?

AOur life span is restricted. Everyone accepts this as ‘biologically’ obvious. ‘Nothing lives
forever!’ However, in this statement, we think of artificially produced, technical objects,
products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at
some time or other the object stops working and is unusable (‘death’ in the biological sense). But
are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms
really similar or comparable?
BOur ‘dead’ products are ‘static’, closed systems. It is always the basic material which
constitutes the object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes
‘older’. Ageing in this case, must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of
thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not
inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a biological system has the ability to renew itself
it could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system through
which new material continuously flows. Destruction of old material and formation of new
material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of which the organism is
formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new,
just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water
molecules are always different.
CThus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses
many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and
die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life.
The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are
regularly replaced by new types. Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations), these
have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives, they are tested for optimal or
better adaptation to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system — it
needs room for new and better life. This is the basic problem of evolution.
DEvery organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in
life span between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant.
For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years.
Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical
care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further
argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which
organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several
thousand years, as with mammoth trees.
EIf a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to

propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some way measures and controls the ageing
process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like the life
span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body
mass. In comparison to the life span this relationship is 'inverted': the larger the organism the
lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also, similarly on
average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular
organisms).
FAnimals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly old, for example, crocodiles
and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up. Thus they are not able to
‘experience life’ and so they attain a high life pan in captivity. Animals which save energy by
hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always
active. The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger
diet). They then may live twice as long as their well fed comrades. Women become distinctly
(about 10 per cent) older than men. If you examine the metabolic rates of the two sexes you
establish that the higher male metabolic rate roughly accounts for the lower male life span. That
means that they live life ‘energetically’ — more intensively, but not for as long.
GIt follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life.
Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite
certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in
general an equable and balanced personality. Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy
saving programme’ with a little self-observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical
consistency. Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the lifespan but is
also very healthy. This final aspect should not be forgotten.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The biological clock
ii Why dying is beneficial
iii The ageing process of men and women
iv Prolonging your life
v Limitations of life span
vi Modes of development of different species
vii A stable lifespan despite improvements
viii Energy consumption

ix Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organisms
x Repair of genetic material
Example Answer
Paragraph A v
27 Paragraph B ........
28 Paragraph C ........
29 Paragraph D ........
30 Paragraph E ........
31 Paragraph F ........
32 Paragraph G ........
Questions 33-36
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
-Objects age in accordance with principles of 33………. and of 34………..
-Through mutations, organisms can 35…………… better to the environment
-36………….. would pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution
Questions 37-40
In boxes 3740 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37 The wear and tear theory applies to both artificial objects and biological systems. ........
38 In principle, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing. ........
39 Within seven years, about 90 per cent of a human body is replaced as new. ........
40 Conserving energy may help to extend a human's life. ........

27. ix
28. ii
29. vii
30. i
31. viii
32. iv
33. physical chemistry/thermodynamics
Ageing in this case, must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of
thermodynamics.
34. physical chemistry/thermodynamics
Ageing in this case, must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of
thermodynamics.
35. adapt
Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations), these have new characteristics and in the
course of their individual lives, they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the
environmental conditions.
36. immortality
Immortality would disturb this system — it needs room for new and better life.
37. NO
Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses
many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and
die.
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES
Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self-observation,
critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency. Experience will show that to live in this
way not only increases the lifespan but is also very healthy.
Exercise 34:
Climate change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic

and the problems faced by Canada's Inuit people
A
Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles
to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of
mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the
snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking
up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a
rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects - if
summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become
virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier
skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out
what's going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming - a
warning of what's in store for the rest of the world.
B
For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest
environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life.
Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand
back and let outside experts tell them what's happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are
jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they
believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral
knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
C
The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this
home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in
the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The
environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they
failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well
adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska,
bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit
people.
D
Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square
kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to
2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have
abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they
still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.
Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air
networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It
would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through
hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state
benefits are their only income.
E
While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change,
there has certainly been an impact on people's health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are
beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has
been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have
begun to disappear. In Nunavut's ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos
have children who may never have been out on the land, there's a high incidence of depression.
F
With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of
climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of
traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this
wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Inuit Qaujimajatugangit’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists
ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don't know
very much so we won't ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in
recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for
anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are
helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down
applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that
will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
G
Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic
doesn't go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far
north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and
despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to
bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is
natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
Questions 27-32
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below..
Write the correct number i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
The reaction of the Inuit community to climate

i
change
ii Understanding of climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential supplies
iv Respect for Inuit opinion grows
v A healthier choice of food
vi A difficult landscape
vii Negative effects on well-being
Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the
viii
Arctic
ix The benefits of an easier existence
Example Paragraph A Answer viii

27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
Questions 33-40
Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.
If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by
people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to
engage in 33 .................... as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of
years they have had to rely on catching 34 .................... and 35 .................... as a
means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there
pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The 36 .................... people
were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove
unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The

territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37 .................... .
In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up
their 38 .................... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly
on 39 .................... their food and clothes. 40 .................... produce is particularly
expensive.
27. i
28. vi
29. iii
30. vii
31. iv
32. ii
33. farming
The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year.
Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this
home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings.
34. sea mammals
35. fish
Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals
and fish.
36. Thule
Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh.
37. islands
Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the
North Pole.
38. nomadic
Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28
isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.
39. nature
they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing.
40. imported
It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through
hunting with imported meat.
Exercise 35:
Wealth in a cold climate

A
Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was
this anecdote about the great yellow fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793,” Masters
recalls. “This epidemic decimated the city until the first frost came.” The inclement weather
froze out the insects, allowing Philadelphia to recover.
B
If weather could be the key to a city’s fortunes, Masters thought, then why not to the historical
fortunes of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic
mysteries of all — why are almost all the wealthy, industrialised nations to be found at latitudes
above 40 degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle.
Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at
Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich
nations from poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth.
The pair speculates that cold snaps have two main benefits — they freeze pests that would
otherwise destroy crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The
result is agricultural abundance a big workforce.
C
The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the
second climate data from the University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the
sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich; those with fewer than
five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the
minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil. Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small
country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isn’t growing at all. Perhaps
climate has something to do with that.” In fact, limited frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The
chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of plant and animal
material in the soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in the
ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold
equals rich” argument. There are well-heeled tropical countries such as Hong Kong and
Singapore (both city-states, Masters notes), a result of their superior trading positions. Likewise,
not all European countries axe moneyed — in the former communist colonies, economic
potential was crushed by politics.
D
Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor 一 the wealth of nations is too
complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other
factors — such as the presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading
routes — to determine whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists
thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the economy, because they brought order to a
country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. With order, so the thinking went,
came affluence. “But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been
able to get around,” he says. “My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better
institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both
helped by a favourable environment, including climate.”
E
This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to
remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given.
Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to
improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one example: “There are regions in
India that have been provided with irrigation — agricultural productivity has gone up and there
has been an improvement in health.” Supplying vaccines against tropical diseases and
developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty cycle.
F
Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing
anthropological, climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent.
In 350BC, Aristotle observed that “those who live in a cold climate… are full of spirit”. Jared
Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs
and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned
north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are
similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East
into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern
United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a
faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates.
The region also boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive
power in the fields. Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off
economically.
G
John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations
between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries
between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the
Harvard International Review, they concluded that “development surely seems to favour the
temperate-zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have
managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But Masters cautions against
geographical determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human health and
agriculture can be made better through scientific and technological research,” he says, “so we
shouldn’t be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be
rich.”
Questions 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The positive correlation between climate and wealth
ii Other factors besides climate that influence wealth
iii Inspiration from reading a book
iv Other researchers’ results do not rule out exceptional cases
v different attributes between Eurasia and Africa
vi Low temperature benefits people and crops
vii The importance of institution in traditional views.

viii The spread of crops in Europe, Asia and other places
ix The best way to use aid
x confusions and exceptional
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Questions 21-26
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Dr William Master read a book saying that a (an) 21………………….. which struck an
American city of years ago was terminated by a cold frost. And academics found that there is a
connection between climate and country’s wealthy as in the rich but small country
of 22…………………..; Yet besides excellent surroundings and climate, one country still need
to improve both their 23………………….. to achieve long prosperity,
Thanks to resembling weather condition across latitude in the continent of 24…………………..
’crops such as 25…………………… is bound to spread faster than from South America to the
North. Other researchers also noted that even though geographical factors are important, a
tropical country such as 26………………….. still became rich due to scientific advancement.
14. iii
15. vi
16. i
17. ii
18. ix
19. v
20. iv
21. yellow fever epidemic
Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was
this anecdote about the great yellow fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793,”
22. Finland
They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month
are uniformly rich; those with fewer than five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the
five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil.
Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a
small country that isn’t growing at all.
23. Governing institutions
“My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of
wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both helped by a favourable environment,
including climate.”
24. Europe
So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar.
25. einkorn wheat
One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into
Europe
26. Singapore
Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich.”

Exercise 36:
HELIUM’S FUTURE UP IN THE AIR

A
In recent years we have all been exposed to dire media reports concerning the impending demise
of global coal and oil reserves, but the depletion of another key nonrenewable resource continues
without receiving much press at all. Helium – an inert, odourless, monatomic element known to
lay people as the substance that makes balloons float and voices squeak when inhaled – could be
gone from this planet within a generation.
B
Helium itself is not rare; there is actually a plentiful supply of it in the cosmos. In fact, 24 per
cent of our galaxy’s elemental mass consists of helium, which makes it the second most
abundant element in our universe. Because of its lightness, however, most helium vanished from
our own planet many years ago. Consequently, only a miniscule proportion – 0.00052%, to be
exact – remains in the earth’s atmosphere. Helium is the byproduct of millennia of radioactive
decay from the elements thorium and uranium. The helium is mostly trapped in subterranean
natural gas bunkers and commercially extracted through a method known as fractional
distillation.
C
The loss of helium on Earth would affect society greatly. Defying the perception of it as a
novelty substance for parties and gimmicks, the element actually has many vital applications in
society. Probably the most well known commercial usage is in airships and blimps (non-
flammable helium replaced hydrogen as the lifting gas du jour after the Hindenburg catastrophe
in 1932, during which an airship burst into flames and crashed to the ground killing some
passengers and crew). But helium is also instrumental in deep-sea diving, where it is blended
with nitrogen to mitigate the dangers of inhaling ordinary air under high pressure; as a cleaning
agent for rocket engines; and, in its most prevalent use, as a coolant for superconducting magnets
in hospital MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.
D
The possibility of losing helium forever poses the threat of a real crisis because its unique
qualities are extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible to duplicate (certainly, no biosynthetic
ersatz product is close to approaching the point of feasibility for helium, even as similar
developments continue apace for oil and coal). Helium is even cheerfully derided as a “loner”
element since it does not adhere to other molecules like its cousin, hydrogen. According to Dr
Lee Sobotka, helium is the “most noble of gases, meaning it’s very stable and non-reactive for
the most part … it has a closed electronic configuration, a very tightly bound atom. It is this
coveting of its own electrons that prevents combination with other elements’. Another important
attribute is helium’s unique boiling point, which is lower than that for any other element. The
worsening global shortage could render millions of dollars of high-value, life-saving equipment
totally useless. The dwindling supplies have already resulted in the postponement of research and
development projects in physics laboratories and manufacturing plants around the world. There
are an enormous supply and demand imbalance partly brought about by the expansion of high-
tech manufacturing in Asia.
E
The source of the problem is the Helium Privatisation Act (HPA), an American law passed in
1996 that requires the U.S. National Helium Reserve to liquidate its helium assets by 2015
regardless of the market price. Although intended to settle the original cost of the reserve by a
U.S. Congress ignorant of its ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices
are so artificially deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it
judiciously. Deflated values also mean that natural gas extractors see no reason to capture
helium. Much is lost in the process of extraction. As Sobotka notes: “The government had the
good vision to store helium, and the question now is: Will the corporations have the vision to
capture it when extracting natural gas, and consumers the wisdom to recycle? This takes long-
term vision because present market forces are not sufficient to compel prudent practice”. For
Nobel-prize laureate Robert Richardson, the U.S. government must be prevailed upon to repeal
its privatisation policy as the country supplies over 80 per cent of global helium, mostly from the
National Helium Reserve. For Richardson, a twenty- to fifty-fold increase in prices would
provide incentives to recycle.
F
A number of steps need to be taken in order to avert a costly predicament in the coming decades.
Firstly, all existing supplies of helium ought to be conserved and released only by permit, with
medical uses receiving precedence over other commercial or recreational demands. Secondly,
conservation should be obligatory and enforced by a regulatory agency. At the moment some
users, such as hospitals, tend to recycle diligently while others, such as NASA, squander massive
amounts of helium. Lastly, research into alternatives to helium must begin in earnest.
Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A–F.
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 27–31 on your answer sheet.
27 a use for helium which makes an activity safer
28 the possibility of creating an alternative to helium
29 a term which describes the process of how helium is taken out of the ground
30 a reason why users of helium do not make efforts to conserve it
31 a contrast between helium’s chemical properties and how non-scientists think about it
Questions 32–35
In boxes 32–35 on your answer sheet, write
32 Helium chooses to be on its own.
33 Helium is a very cold substance.
34 High-tech industries in Asia use more helium than laboratories and manufacturers in other
parts of the world.
35 The US Congress understood the possible consequences of the HPA.
Questions 36–40
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 36–40 on your answer sheet.
Sobotka argues that big business and users of helium need to help look after helium stocks
because 36……………….. will not be encouraged through buying and selling alone. Richardson
believes that the 37……………….. needs to be withdrawn, as the U.S. provides most of the
world’s helium. He argues that higher costs would mean people have 38……………….. to use
the resource many times over.
People should need a 39……………….. to access helium that we still have. Furthermore,
a 40……………….. should ensure that helium is used carefully.
27. C
But helium is also instrumental in deep-sea diving, where it is blended with nitrogen to
mitigate the dangers of inhaling ordinary air under high pressure; as a cleaning agent for rocket
engines; and, in its most prevalent use, as a coolant for superconducting magnets in hospital MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.
28. D
no biosynthetic ersatz product is close to approaching the point of feasibility for helium, even as
similar developments continue apace for oil and coal
29. B
The helium is mostly trapped in subterranean natural gas bunkers and commercially extracted
through a method known as fractional distillation.
30. E
Although intended to settle the original cost of the reserve by a U.S. Congress ignorant of its
ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices are so artificially
deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it judiciously.
31. A
Helium – an inert, odourless, monatomic element known to lay people as the substance that
makes balloons float and voices squeak when inhaled – could be gone from this planet within a
generation.
32. Yes
it’s very stable and non-reactive for the most part … it has a closed electronic configuration, a
very tightly bound atom. It is this coveting of its own electrons that prevents combination with
other elements’
33. Not given

34. Not given
35. No
Congress ignorant of its ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices
are so artificially deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it
judiciously.
36. prudent practice

This takes long-term vision because present market forces are not sufficient to compel prudent
practice
37. privatisation policy
For Nobel-prize laureate Robert Richardson, the U.S. government must be prevailed upon to
repeal its privatisation policy as the country supplies over 80 per cent of global helium, mostly
from the National Helium Reserve.
38. incentives
For Richardson, a twenty- to fifty-fold increase in prices would provide incentives to recycle.
39. permit
Firstly, all existing supplies of helium ought to be conserved and released only by permit
40. regulatory agency
Secondly, conservation should be obligatory and enforced by a regulatory agency.

Exercise 37:
Love stories
“Love stories” are often associated – at least in the popular imagination – with fairy tales,
adolescent day dreams, Disney movies and other frivolous pastimes. For psychologists
developing taxonomies2 of affection and attachment, however, this is an area of rigorous
academic pursuit. Beginning in the early 1970s with the groundbreaking contributions of John
Alan Lee, researchers have developed classifications that they believe better characterise our
romantic predispositions. This involves examining not a single, universal, emotional expression
(“love”), but rather a series of divergent behaviours and narratives that each has an
individualised purpose, desired outcome and state of mind. Lee’s gritty methodology
painstakingly involved participants matching 170 typical romantic encounters (e.g., “The night
after I met X…”) with nearly 1500 possible reactions (“I could hardly get to sleep” or “I wrote X
a letter”). The patterns unknowingly expressed by respondents culminated in a taxonomy of six
distinct love “styles” that continue to inform research in the area forty years later.
The first of these styles – eros – is closely tied in with images of romantic love that are
promulgated in Western popular culture. Characteristic of this style is a passionate emotional
intensity, a strong physical magnetism – as if the two partners were literally being “pulled”
together – and a sense of inevitability about the relationship. A related but more frantic style of
love called mania involves an obsessive, compulsive attitude toward one’s partner. Vast swings
in mood from ecstasy to agony – dependent on the level of attention a person is receiving from
his or her partner – are typical of manic love.
Two styles were much more subdued, however. Storge is a quiet, companionate type of loving –
“love by evolution” rather than “love by revolution”, according to some theorists. Relationships
built on a foundation of platonic affection and caring are archetypal of storge. When care is
extended to a sacrificial level of doting, however, it becomes another style – agape. In an agape
relationship one partner becomes a “caretaker”, exalting the welfare of the other above his or her
own needs.
The final two styles of love seem to lack aspects of emotion and reciprocity altogether.
The ludus style envisions relationships primarily as a game in which it is best to “play the field”
or experience a diverse set of partners over time. Mutually-gratifying outcomes in relationships
are not considered necessary, and deception of a partner and lack of disclosure about one’s
activities are also typical. While Lee found that college students in his study overwhelmingly
disagreed with the tenets of this style, substantial numbers of them acted in a typically ludic style
while dating, a finding that proves correct the deceit inherent in ludus. Pragma lovers also
downplayed emotive aspects of relationships but favoured practical, sensible connections.
Successful arranged marriages are a great example of pragma, in that the couple decides to make
the relationship work; but anyone who seeks an ideal partner with a shopping list of necessary
attributes (high salary, same religion, etc.) fits the classification.
Robert J. Sternberg’s contemporary research on love stories has elaborated on how these
narratives determine the shape of our relationships and our lives. Sternberg and others have
proposed and tested the theory of love as a story, “whereby the interaction of our personal
attributes with the environment – which we in part create – leads to the development of stories
about love that we then seek to fulfil, to the extent possible, in our lives.” Sternberg’s taxonomy
of love stories numbers far more, at twenty-six, than Lee’s taxonomy of love styles, but as
Sternberg himself admits there is plenty of overlap. The seventh story, Game, coincides
with ludus, for example, while the nineteenth story, Sacrifice, fits neatly on top of agape.
Sternberg’s research demonstrates that we may have predilections toward multiple love stories,
each represented in a mental hierarchy and varying in weight in terms of their personal
significance. This explains the frustration many of us experience when comparing potential
partners. One person often fulfils some expected narratives – such as a need for mystery and
fantasy – while lacking the ability to meet the demands of others (which may lie in direct
contradiction). It is also the case that stories have varying abilities to adapt to a given cultural
milieu and its respective demands. Love stories are, therefore, interactive and adaptive
phenomena in our lives rather than rigid prescriptions.
Steinberg also explores how our love stories interact with the love stories of our partners. What
happens when someone who sees love as art collides with someone who sees love as a business?
Can a Sewing story (love is what you make it) co-exist with a Theatre story (love is a script with
predictable acts, scenes and lines)? Certainly, it is clear that we look for partners with love
stories that complement and are compatible with our own narratives. But they do not have to be
an identical match. Someone who sees love as mystery and art, for example, might locate that
mystery better in a partner who views love through a lens of business and humour. Not all love
stories, however, are equally well predisposed to relationship longevity; stories that view love as
a game, as a kind of surveillance or as addiction are all unlikely to prove durable.
Research on love stories continues apace. Defying the myth that rigorous science and the
romantic persuasions of ordinary people are incompatible, this research demonstrates that good
psychology can clarify and comment on the way we give affection and form attachments.
—————
2
Taxonomy = the science of classifying and categorising data.
Questions 27-34
Look at the following statements (Questions 27–34) and the list of styles in the box below.
Match each statement with the correct term, A–F.
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 27–34 on your answer sheet.
27 My most important concern is that my partner is happy.
28 I enjoy having many romantic partners.
29 I feel that my partner and I were always going to end up together.
30 I want to be friends first and then let romance develop later.
31 I always feel either very excited or absolutely miserable about my relationship.
32 I prefer to keep many aspects of my love life to myself.
33 When I am in love, that is all I can think about.
34 I know before I meet someone what qualities I need in a partner.
List of Love Styles

A Eros
B Mania
C Storge
D Agape
E Ludus
F Pragma
Questions 35–40
35 People’s notions of love affect their relationships, rather than vice versa.
36 Some of our love stories are more important to us than others.
37 Our love stories can change to meet the needs of particular social environments.
38 We look for romantic partners with a love story just like our own.
39 The most successful partners have matching love stories.
40 No love story is more suited to a long relationship than any other.
27. D
When care is extended to a sacrificial level of doting, however, it becomes another style – agape.
In an agape relationship one partner becomes a “caretaker”, exalting the welfare of the other
above his or her own needs.
28. E
or experience a diverse set of partners over time.
29. A
The first of these styles – eros – is closely tied in with images of romantic love that are
promulgated in Western popular culture.
30. C
Storge is a quiet, companionate type of loving – “love by evolution” rather than “love by
revolution”, according to some theorists. Relationships built on a foundation of platonic affection
and caring are archetypal of storge.
31. B
A related but more frantic style of love called mania involves an obsessive, compulsive attitude
toward one’s partner. Vast swings in mood from ecstasy to agony – dependent on the level of
attention a person is receiving from his or her partner – are typical of manic love.
32. E
or experience a diverse set of partners over time.
33. B
A related but more frantic style of love called mania involves an obsessive, compulsive attitude
toward one’s partner.
34. F
Successful arranged marriages are a great example of pragma, in that the couple decides to
make the relationship work; but anyone who seeks an ideal partner with a shopping list of
necessary attributes (high salary, same religion, etc.) fits the classification.
35. YES
Robert J. Sternberg’s contemporary research on love stories has elaborated on how these
narratives determine the shape of our relationships and our lives.
36. YES
Sternberg’s research demonstrates that we may have predilections toward multiple love stories,
each represented in a mental hierarchy and varying in weight in terms of their personal
significance.
37. YES
It is also the case that stories have varying abilities to adapt to a given cultural milieu and its
respective demands. Love stories are, therefore, interactive and adaptive phenomena in our lives
rather than rigid prescriptions
38. NO
Certainly, it is clear that we look for partners with love stories that complement and are
compatible with our own narratives. But they do not have to be an identical match.
39. NOT GIVEN
40. NO
Not all love stories, however, are equally well predisposed to relationship longevity; stories that
view love as a game, as a kind of surveillance or as addiction are all unlikely to prove durable.
Exercise 37:
FAIR GAMES?
For seventeen days every four years the world is briefly arrested by the captivating, dizzying
spectacle of athleticism, ambition, pride and celebration on display at the Summer Olympic
Games. After the last weary spectators and competitors have returned home, however, host cities
are often left awash in high debts and costly infrastructure maintenance. The staggering expenses
involved in a successful Olympic bid are often assumed to be easily mitigated by tourist
revenues and an increase in local employment, but more often than not host cities are short
changed and their taxpayers for generations to come are left settling the debt.
Olympic extravagances begin with the application process. Bidding alone will set most cities
back about $20 million, and while officially bidding only takes two years (for cities that make
the shortlist), most cities can expect to exhaust a decade working on their bid from the moment it
is initiated to the announcement of voting results from International Olympic Committee
members. Aside from the financial costs of the bid alone, the process ties up real estate in prized
urban locations until the outcome is known. This can cost local economies millions of dollars of
lost revenue from private developers who could have made use of the land, and can also mean
that particular urban quarters lose their vitality due to the vacant lots. All of this can be for
nothing if a bidding city does not appease the whims of IOC members – private connections and
opinions on government conduct often hold sway (Chicago’s 2012 bid is thought to have been
undercut by tensions over U.S. foreign policy).
Bidding costs do not compare, however, to the exorbitant bills that come with hosting the
Olympic Games themselves. As is typical with large-scale, one-off projects, budgeting for the
Olympics is a notoriously formidable task. Los Angelinos have only recently finished paying off
their budget-breaking 1984 Olympics; Montreal is still in debt for its 1976 Games (to add insult
to injury, Canada is the only host country to have failed to win a single gold medal during its
own Olympics). The tradition of runaway expenses has persisted in recent years. London
Olympics managers have admitted that their 2012 costs may increase ten times over their initial
projections, leaving tax payers 20 billion pounds in the red.
Hosting the Olympics is often understood to be an excellent way to update a city’s sporting
infrastructure. The extensive demands of Olympic sports include aquatic complexes, equestrian
circuits, shooting ranges, beach volleyball courts, and, of course, an 80,000 seat athletic stadium.
Yet these demands are typically only necessary to accommodate a brief influx of athletes from
around the world. Despite the enthusiasm many populations initially have for the development of
world-class sporting complexes in their home towns, these complexes typically fall into disuse
after the Olympic fervour has waned. Even Australia, home to one of the world’s most sportive
populations, has left its taxpayers footing a $32 million-a-year bill for the maintenance of vacant
facilities.
Another major concern is that when civic infrastructure developments are undertaken in
preparation for hosting the Olympics, these benefits accrue to a single metropolitan centre (with
the exception of some outlying areas that may get some revamped sports facilities). In countries
with an expansive land mass, this means vast swathes of the population miss out entirely.
Furthermore, since the International Olympic Committee favours prosperous “global” centres
(the United Kingdom was told, after three failed bids from its provincial cities, that only London
stood any real chance at winning), the improvement of public transport, roads and
communication links tends to concentrate in places already well-equipped with world-class
infrastructures. Perpetually by-passing minor cities create a cycle of disenfranchisement: these
cities never get an injection of capital, they fail to become first-rate candidates, and they are
constantly passed over in favour of more secure choices.
Finally, there is no guarantee that the Olympics will be a popular success. The “feel good” factor
that most proponents of Olympic bids extol (and that was no doubt driving the 90 to 100 per cent
approval rates of Parisians and Londoners for their cities’ respective 2012 bids) can be an elusive
phenomenon, and one that is tied to that nation’s standing on the medal tables. This ephemeral
thrill cannot compare to the years of disruptive construction projects and security fears that go
into preparing for an Olympic Games, nor the decades of debt repayment that follow (Greece’s
preparation for Athens 2004 famously deterred tourists from visiting the country due to
widespread unease about congestion and disruption).
There are feasible alternatives to the bloat, extravagance and wasteful spending that comes with
a modern Olympic Games. One option is to designate a permanent host city that would be re-
designed or built from scratch especially for the task. Another is to extend the duration of the
Olympics so that it becomes a festival of several months. Local businesses would enjoy the extra
spending and congestion would ease substantially as competitors and spectators come and go
according to their specific interests. Neither the “Olympic City” nor the extended length options
really get to the heart of the issue, however. Stripping away ritual and decorum in favour of
concentrating on athletic rivalry would be preferable.
Failing that, the Olympics could simply be scrapped altogether. International competition could
still be maintained through world championships in each discipline. Most of these events are
already held on non-Olympic years anyway – the International Association of Athletics
Federations, for example, has run a biennial World Athletics Championship since 1983 after
members decided that using the Olympics for their championship was no longer sufficient.
Events of this nature keep world-class competition alive without requiring Olympic-sized
expenses.
Questions 14-18
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–K, below.
Write the correct letter, A–K, in boxes 14–18 on your answer sheet.
14 Bids to become a host city
15 Personal relationships and political tensions
16 Cost estimates for the Olympic Games
17 Purpose-built sporting venues
18 Urban developments associated with the Olympics
A often help smaller cities to develop basic infrastructure.
B tend to occur in areas where they are least needed.
C require profitable companies to be put out of business.
D are often never used again once the Games are over.
E can take up to ten years to complete.
F also satisfy needs of local citizens for first-rate sports facilities.
G is usually only successful when it is from a capital city.
H are closely related to how people feel emotionally about the Olympics.
I are known for being very inaccurate.
J often underlie the decisions of International Olympic Committee members.
K are holding back efforts to reform the Olympics.
Questions 19–25
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
19 Residents of host cities have little use for the full range of Olympic facilities.
20 Australians have still not paid for the construction of Olympic sports facilities.
21 People far beyond the host city can expect to benefit from improved infrastructure.
22 It is difficult for small cities to win an Olympic bid.
23 When a city makes an Olympic bid, a majority of its citizens usually want it to win.
24 Whether or not people enjoy hosting the Olympics in their city depends on how athletes
from their country perform in Olympic events.
25 Fewer people than normal visited Greece during the run up to the Athens Olympics.
Questions 26 and 27
Choose TWO letters, A–E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following does the author propose as alternatives to the current Olympics?
A The Olympics should be cancelled in favour of individual competitions for each sport.
B The Olympics should focus on ceremony rather than competition.
C The Olympics should be held in the same city every time.
D The Olympics should be held over a month rather than seventeen days.
E The Olympics should be made smaller by getting rid of unnecessary and unpopular sports.
14. E
while officially bidding only takes two years (for cities that make the shortlist), most cities can
expect to exhaust a decade working on their bid from the moment it is initiated to the
announcement of voting results from International Olympic Committee members.
15. J
All of this can be for nothing if a bidding city does not appease the whims of IOC members –
private connections and opinions on government conduct often hold sway (Chicago’s 2012 bid is
thought to have been undercut by tensions over US foreign policy).
16. I
As is typicalwith large-scale, one-off projects, budgeting for the Olympics is a notoriously

formidable task. Los Angelinos have only recently finished paying off their budget-breaking
1984 Olympics; Montreal is still in debt for its 1976 Games (to add insult to injury, Canada is the
only host country to have failed to win a single gold medal during its own Olympics). The
tradition of runaway expenses haspersisted in recent years. London Olympics managers have
admitted that their 2012 costs may increase ten times over their initial projections, leaving tax
payers 20 billion pounds in the red
17. D
Despite the enthusiasm many populations initially have for the development of world-class
sportingcomplexes in their home towns, these complexes typically fall into disuse after the
Olympic fervour has waned.
18. B
Furthermore, since the International Olympic Committee favours prosperous “global” centres
(the United Kingdom was told, after three failed bids from its provincial cities, that only London
stood any real chance at winning), the improvement of public transport, roads and
communication links tends to concentrate in places already well-equipped with world-class
infrastructures.
19. TRUE
Yet these demands are typically only necessary to accommodate a brief influx of athletes from
around the world. Despite the enthusiasm which may populations initially have for the
development of world-class sporting complexes in their home towns, these complexes typically
fall into disuse after the Olympic fervour has waned
20. NOT GIVEN
21. FALSE
Another major concern is that when civic infrastructure developments are undertaken in
preparation for hosting the Olympics,these benefits accrue to a single metropolitan centre (with
the exception of some outlying areas that may get some revamped sports facilities).
22. TRUE
Perpetually by-passing minor cities creates a cycle of disenfranchisement: these cities never get
an injection of capital, they fail to become first-rate candidates, and they are constantly passed
over in favour of more secure choices.
23. NOT GIVEN

24. TRUE
The “feel good” factor that most proponents of Olympic bids extol (and that was no doubt
driving the 90 to 100 per cent approval rates of Parisians and Londoners for their cities’
respective 2012 bids) can be an elusive phenomenon, and one that is tied to that nation’s
standing on the medal tables.
25. TRUE
Greece’s preparation for Athens 2004 famously deterred tourists from visiting the country due to
widespread unease about congestion and disruption
26&27. A, C
Exercise 38:
Environmental medicine
– also called conservation medicine, ecological medicine, or
medical geology –
A
In simple terms, environmental medicine deals with the interaction between human and animal
health and the environment. It concerns the adverse reactions that people have on contact with or
exposure to an environmental excitant1. Ecological health is its primary concern, especially
emerging infectious diseases and pathogens from insects, plants and vertebrate animals.
B
Practitioners of environmental medicine work in teams involving many other specialists. As well
as doctors, clinicians and medical researchers, there may be marine and climate biologists,
toxicologists, veterinarians, geospatial and landscape analysts, even political scientists and
economists. This is a very broad approach to the rather simple concept that there are causes for
all illnesses, and that what we eat and drink or encounter in our surroundings has a direct impact
on our health.
C
Central to environmental medicine is the total load theory developed by the clinical ecologist
Theron Randolph, who postulated that illness occurs when the body’s ability to detoxify
environmental excitants has reached its capacity. His wide-ranging perception of what makes up
those stimuli includes chemical, physical, biological and psychosocial factors. If a person with
numerous and/or chronic exposures to environmental chemicals suffers a psychological upset,
for example, this could overburden his immune system and result in actual physical illness. In
other words, disease is the product of multiple factors.
D
Another Randolph concept is that of individual susceptibility or the variability in the response of
individuals to toxic agents. Individuals may be susceptible to any number of excitants but those
exposed to the same risk factors do not necessarily develop the same disease, due in large part to
genetic predisposition; however, age, gender, nutrition, emotional or physical stress, as well as
the particular infectious agents or chemicals and intensity of exposure, all contribute.
E
Adaptation is defined as the ability of an organism to adjust to gradually changing circumstances
of its existence, to survive and be successful in a particular environment. Dr Randolph suggested
that our bodies, designed for the Stone Age, have not quite caught up with the modern age and
consequently, many people suffer diseases from maladaptation, or an inability to deal with some
of the new substances that are now part of our environment. He asserted that this could cause
exhaustion, irritability, depression, confusion and behavioural problems in children. Numerous
traditional medical practitioners, however, are very sceptical of these assertions.
F
Looking at the environment and health together is a way of making distant and nebulous notions,
such as global warming, more immediate and important. Even a slight rise in temperature, which
the world is already experiencing, has immediate effects. Mosquitoes can expand their range and
feed on different migratory birds than usual, resulting in these birds transferring a disease into

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Page Tài Liệu Tiếng Anh Nâng Cao

B Their main value is in teaching others.

C They act on an urge that is common to everyone.

D They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others.

29 The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that

A Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration.

B Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration.

C Hardy's aim was to investigate people's emotional states.

D Hardy's aim was to show the attraction of isolation.

A the amount of useful information produced by exploration has decreased.

B fewer people are interested in exploring than in the 19th century.

C recent developments have made exploration less exciting.

D we are wrong to think that exploration is no longer necessary.

A people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests.

B certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration.

C the generally accepted definition has changed over time.

32 In the last paragraph, the writer explains that he is interested in

A how someone's personality is reflected in their choice of places to visit.

C how travel writing has evolved to meet changing demands.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

33 He referred to the relevance of the form of transport used.

34 He described feelings on coming back home after a long journey.

35 He worked for the benefit of specific groups of people.

36 He did not consider learning about oneself an essential part of exploration.

37 He defined exploration as being both unique and of value to others.

Can we call it “ART”

At the time, the casts were used for medical research

22. NOT GIVEN

What counts is the surviving object and our response to it.

Going nowhere fast

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

15. NOT GIVEN

17. NOT GIVEN

And it’s not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day

Implication of False Belief Experiments

Inside the mind of a fan

C without regular practice.

Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system.

39. NOT GIVEN

28. NOT GIVEN

30. NOT GIVEN

31. social division

It’s also a world of extreme inequality and social division.

33. John Fredersen

The function of the individual machines is never defined.

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE, if the statement is true

FALSE, if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN, if the information is not given in the passage

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.

Write your answers in boxes 5-6 on your answer sheet.

A. their products are more superior to the young.

B. paid less compared with younger ones.

C. run fast when there is a meeting

D. have a better inter-person relationship

E. identify problems in an advanced time

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.