ACCORDING TO NEW SYLLABUS OF ALL BOAICDS. Practical Journal ZOOLOGY FOR CLASS XII Dr. Muhammad Farid Akhtar Principal Govt. Degree Science College Malir, Karachi. Name Roll No. Group Science (Pre-Medical) Practical Bench No. College Lindual KIFAYAT ACADEMY Karachi — Lahorebald! Kitayat Academy 370 Hamidia Mansion, Neor Frere Market, Shahrah-e-Liaquat, Karachi. Phone : 021-32723031, 021-32764582, e-moil: info@kifayatpublishers.com.pk edad! is o Registered Trade Mark of Kifayat Academy in Pakistan. Trode Mark No. 349962 © 2012 baka Publications. All Rights Reserved. No parts of this publication moy be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. 1st Edition August 2012 2nd Edition August 2014 4th Edition ‘August 2018 Price: Rs. be had from: * Kifayat Chambers, Urdu Bazar, Karachi. Phone: 021-32211722 * 5 Mian Market, Ghazni Steet, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Phone: 042-37248219 * All Leading Book Stockists.CONTENTS PART-I: DISSECTION BDissection-1: Exposure of Urino-genital System of Frog ())_ Urino-genital System of Male Frog (ii) Urino-genital System of Female Frog Dissection-2: Exposure of Brain and Spinal Cord of Frog / Dissection-3: Exposure of Reproductive System of Earthworm Dissection-4: Exposure of Nervous System of Cockroach Slide-1: ‘Septal Nephridia of Earthworm Malpighian Tubules of Cockroach Striated Muscle Fibres from the Leg of Cockroach to Study its Structure / Slide-4: Unstriated Muscles (Smooth Muscles) of Frog PART - Ill: SPOTTING: Appendix-A Bones of Frog Section4: (a) Skull of Frog (b) Vertebral Column of coal (Axial Skeleton) Section-tl: LIMBS AND GIRDLES (Appendicular Skeleton) * Pectoral Girdle * Fore limb Humerus ¢ Radio ulna + Pelvic Girdle + Hind limb oy Femur J Tibio-fibula * Astragalus Calcaneum ‘Second Row of Tarsals J Metatarsals + Phalanges Permanent Slides Permanent Slide of Striated Muscle Fibres (Skeletal Muscle) Non-Striated Muscle Fibres (Smooth Muscles) Cardiac Muscle Fibres Slide of TS. of Pancreas Slide of T.S. of Thyroid Gland 48-Hours Chick Embryo 72-Hours Chick Embryo VIVA VOCE Page eave 1 4 8a RB BEN BESSSBSHLVGRES RIVSLLR xBOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION KARACHI H.S.C PART-II ANNUAL EXAMINATION ZOOLOGY PRACTICAL-II INSTRUCTION FOR THE EXAMINERS 4. One mark is equivalent to 10 points, hence 07 marks equal to 70 points. 2. Marks are to be awarded in points. 3. Distribution of points 4s under. 1: DISSECTION (with labelled diagram) -- 20 Points Q2: SLIDE PREPARATION (labelled diagram not required) 10 Points Q3: SPOTS 30 Points Q4: VIVA -- 05 Points Q5: CERTIFIED JOURNAL AND RECORD GRAND TOTAL 70 Points Q4: DISSECTION Select any two of the following for each batch to be given alternately a) URINOGENITAL SYSTEM OF FROG (BOTH SIDES) b) BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF FROG c) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF EARTHWORM (BOTH SYSTEM) d) NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH 22: SLIDES PREPARATION @) SEPTAL NEPHRIDIA OF EARTHWORM b) MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF COCKROACH ¢) STRIATED MUSCLES OF COCKROACH d) UNSTRIATED MUSCLES OF FROG Q3: SPOTS 1TO3 ‘Select 3 spots in all. 1, Two bones from appendix “A” (one from section (a) & one from Section (b) 2. One spot from Appendix “B” Q4: VIVA ‘Simple & straight forward questions from dissection. 5: CERTIFIED JOURNAL AND RECORDINDEX at Ty PAGE | INITIAL | REMARKS axilla, Mavila (B= oubev yleuo- 4 Quadrato -juqal (ventyal-uiew)| 24 S re cewek of Frans Stull’ | 39 Vertibral Columa of Fing 43 TTrysical vertebra (Pxbevior view) \2 [ees bya at Toy 1A _| Uro- Stule -10tk A cbra of F > Peckoral Cuvale ot Fvog(vectval 2 aE a us tov avd Dolevior Vi A Radio-Ulna, ase a5 l 5 esal ALS: 2 the Pelvic Girdle of FrPART - I DISSECTION Dissection-1: Exposure of Urino-genital System of frog Dissection-2: Exposure of Brain and Spinal Cord of Frog Dissection-3: Exposure of Reproductive System of Earthworm (both sides) Dissection-4: Exposure of Nervous System of Cockroach Practical Journal Zoology XIt 12 Detailed Distribution of Marks (NEW PATTERN) 20 Points URINO-GENITAL ORGANS OF FROG: MALE FEMALE | Testes 2 points Ovaries 2 points Kidneys tpoint | Kidneys 4 point Vasa-efferentia 5 points Oviducts 5 points Vasadieferentia 5 points (Uncoiled upto Oviducal funnel and all regions clearly exposed) Urinary Bladder 1 point Ureters 5 points Cloaca cut, open to show the Aperture 1 points Urinary Bladder 1 point Labelled Diagram 5 points Cloaca cut, open to show the Aperture 1 points Labelled Diagram 5 points REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF EARTHWORM ‘Spermathecae 5 points, Seminal Vesicles 1 point Oviducts 2 points Prostate Gland & Ducts 2 points Vasa-deferentia 5 points Labelled Diagram 5 points NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH Brain 4 points ‘Sub-oesophageal Ganglia 2 points Circum Oesophageal 3 points Complete Nerve Cords 2 points Connectives all the Thoracic and Labelled Diagram 5 points ‘Abdominal Ganglia 4 points BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF FROG Complete Brain upto Olfactory Nerves 10 points Complete Spinal Cord 5 points Labelled Diagram 5 points es Practical Journal Zoology XIIDISSECTION - 1 Exposure of Urino-genital System of Frog Requirement: (i) Achloroformed frog (ii) Dissection box (iii) Dissection tray (iv) Office pins (v) Hand lens Procedure: ()) Lay down the chloroformed frog on a white paper in a dissecting tray on its back. (ii) Stretch the fore and hind limbs and pin them, (ii) Add water in the tray, and submerge the frog in it. (iv) Dissect the frog longitudinally in the mid ventral line from posterior to the anterior end. Pin the skin laterally on both sides. (v) Cut the skin of fore and hind limbs. (vi) Cut the muscles of abdomen on both sides of anterior abdominal vein upto Pectoral girdle. (vii) Cut the Pectoral girdle from the centre to expose body. (vii) Expose the urino-genital system. Sexes are separate in male and female frog, but urinary systerm is common. Parts should be exposed URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM OF MALE FROG: The male urinogenital system of frog consists of following organs: (1) Apair of Testes (2) Apair of kidneys (3) Vasa-efferentia (4). Urino-genital Ducts (Ureters) (5) Urinary Bladder (6) Cloaca cut, open to show the Aperture (7) Labelled Diagram APair of Testes: In male frog the testes are situated on the dorsal surface of Kidneys. In the testes sperms are Produced. Practical Journal Zoology XII 3Fat body f Testis \Vasa-efferentia Fold of peritoneum Urinogenital Kidney duct Cloaca Rectum Cloacal opening Urinary Bladder Fig. 1: FROG — Male Urino-genital System Kidneys: These are two oval-shaped structures and dark red in colour. These are attached with the dorsal abdominal wall, one kidney is present on each side of vertebral column. Each kidney internally consists of many nephrons which take part in excretion of urine. In Frog the kidneys also help in the passage of sperms. On the ventral surface of each kidney yellowish adrenal glands are present. Vasa-efferentia: From each testes six fine ducts arise, called vasa-efferentia which are used for the passage of ‘sperms from testes to the kidneys. Urino-genital Ducts (Ureters): From kidneys a pair of tube like structures arise, called urino-genital duct (ureter). These ducts carry sperms. They also carry urine to the urinary bladder and cloaca, Urinary Bladder, Cloaca and Cloacal Aperture: The urine is either stored in the urinary bladder or passed out directly through cloacal aperture. 4 Practical Journal Zoology XIIFunnel of oviduct Oviduet Adrenal body Over Ureter Rectum Cloacal opening Urinary bladder Fig. 2: FROG — Female Urino-genital System Parts should be exposed URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM OF FEMALE FROG: (1) Apair of ovaries (2) Apair of kidneys (3) Oviduets (Uncoiled upto Oviducal Funnel and all Regions Clearly Exposed (4) Ureters (6) Urinary Bladder (6) Cloaca cut open to show the Aperture (7) Labelled Diagram Ovaries: In female frog ovaries are situated near the kidneys. These ovaries produce ova. The ovaries are large, irregular, folded sac like structures. At the anterior end of kidneys fat bodies are present. Kidneys: These are two oval-shaped structures and dark red in colour. These are present on the dorsal abdominal wall, one kidney is present on each side of vertebral column. Each kidney internally consists of many nephrons which take part in excretion of urine. 6 Practical Journal Zoology XIIOviducts: These are two ducts, each duct consists of two parts, upper straight part and lower convoluted part. The mature ova are discharged from ovaries and enter the mouth of oviduct. Ovisac: The oviduct opens into a broad part, called ovisac. In the ovisac ova are stored. Ureter: From kidneys a pair of tube like structures arise, called ureters. These ureters carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder and cloaca. Urinary bladder: It is a special sac like structure, which stores urine. Cloaca and Cloacal Aperture: From the uterus the ova come into cloaca and release into water through cloecal aperture.DISSECTION - 2 Exposure of Brain and Spinal Cord of Frog Parts should be exposed BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF FROG: (1) Complete Brain upto Olfactory Nerves (2) Complete Spinal Cord upto Filum terminale (3) Labelled Diagram Method to Expose the Brain and Spinal Cord: (i) Hold the head of Frog between the thumb and fore fingers. (ii) Cut the cartilage of the back of cranium horizontally on both sides by the help of scalpel. Olfactory nerve Olfactory lobe a Fore Brain Vv Const Cerebral hemisphere | Fore Brain hemisphere Pineal body Pineal body Dienceptalon Mid ain Diencephaion Optic lobe Optic lobe Hind Brain} Trigeminal Soe aye Cerebellum oblongata Facial nerve Hind Brain a Medulla wditory nerve oblongata Spinal Cord Spinal Cord First spinal Glossopharyngeal and nena pneumogastric nerves Spinal cord Spinal Cord Fitum terminale (8) Fig. 3: Brain and Spinal Cord of Frog 8 Practical Jounal Zoology Xi!J fo Weve / - at orfadory abe Cerebral lemisphene Pinend Body Drencephalor optic Ube Tae ‘epg esis <8 pl, beng irs spinel Nowe ios redee Spine) cot conten ecu ant peg an cord Tore Brain ome 2 SF Mid Brain 2 ol Vind Brain(iii) The roof of cranium can be removed easily. (iv) By the help of one blade of scissors expose the optic lobes and cerebral hemispheres. vertebral column. Cut the neural arches and (v) Carefully remove the muscles on both sides of \d spinal cord can be observed. remove the neural spines. Medulla oblongata an (vi) Press the sides of skull it will break to expose the brain completely. (vii) Observe the brain and spinal cord. Brain of Frog: The brain of Frog is located in the cavity of skull and well protected. It consists of following parts: (ii), Mid brain (iii) Hind brain (i) Fore brain (1) Fore Brain: Itis the upper part. It consists of: (i) Olfactory Lobes: These are two bodies present at the ant e of smell. ferior region of brain. Function: They control senst (ii) Cerebral Hemispheres or Telencephalon: These are two large structures, form main part of brain. Function: These are centre of intellengence and memory, control all important functions. (ili) Diencephalon: Itis present between ct gland erebral hemispheres, and optic lobes. It contains pineal body and pituitary Function: It receives messages from external and external environment of body. (2) Mid Brain: It consists of two optic lobes. Function: Optic lobes control the function of eyes and vision. (3) Hind Brain: it consists of: (i) Cerebellum: itis a narrow bond between optic lobes and medulla oblongata. Function; it controls balance and body movement. (ii), Medulla Oblongata: It is the posterior part of brain. Eunction: It controls i internal reflex actions, such as respiration, circulation and digestion. 10 Practical Journal Zoology XiDISSECTION - 3 Exposure of Reproductive System of Earthworm Procedure: (i) Dissect the earthworm from mid-dorsal line. (ii) Pin it after stretching the skin on the lateral side. (iii) Remove the alimentary canal carefully and expose the different parts of reproductive system in the following way: Pa Id xposed REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF EARTHWORM: (1) Spermathecae (2) Oviducts (3) Vasa-deferentia (4) Seminal Vesicles (5) Prostate Gland and Ducts (6) Labelled Diagram Male Reproductive Organs of Earthworm: (1) Two pairs of testes — in 10th and 11th se (2) Two pairs of testes sacs — in 10th and 11th segments (3) Two pairs of seminal vesicles — in 11th and 12th segments (4) Two pairs of vasa-deferentia — in 11th and 12th up to 18th segm nts gments ents (5) One pair of prostrate glands — in 16th to 21 segmel (6) Two pairs of accessory glands — in 17th and 19th segments Female Reproductive Organs of Earthworm: (1) Apair of ovaries — in 13th segments (2) Apair of oviducts — in 13th and 14th segments (3) Four pairs of spermathecae — in 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th segments. Practical Journal Zoology XII 145\)\\_ seminal BY vesicies Ciitettum, ‘Accessory gland ‘Common prostatic and spermatic duct, Fig. 4: Reproductive Systems of Earthworm, 12. Practical Journal Zoology Xi!Sper othe cat ’ \ — ovi ducal Chiko 4 Yo — Acces’ {3 Vrostobe ] Coren — Corer ct “ =<. Repad chile Systems ot Eau Practical Journal Zoology Xi! 13DISSECTION - 4 Exposure of Nervous System of Cockroach Procedure: (i) Dissect out the body of cockroach and expose the nervous system. (ii) Remove the dorsal covering of head capsule. Also remove the dorsal plates. (ili). Remove the fat bodies. (iv) Stretch the alimentary canal and pin it outside the body cavity. (V) Inthe head region locate the supra-oesophageal and sub-oesophageal ganglia. (vi) Locate the ventral nerve cord in thoracic and abdominal regions. Optic Nerve ‘Antennary Nerve Mandibular Nerve Maxillary Nerve Brain Circum oesophageal ‘connective ‘Sub-oesophageal ganglia Prothoracic ganglia Mesothoracic ganglion > Thoracic ganglia Matathoracic ganglion Double ventral Abdominal nerve cord, P ganglia Cercus styles Fig. 5: Nervous System of Cockroach 44 Practical Journal Zoology XI!hou NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH: (1) Brain (2) Circum Oesophageal (3) Connectives all the Thoracic and Abdominal Ganglia (4) Sub-oesophageal Ganglia (5) Complete Nerve Cords (6) Labelled Diagram Moraes gangs ic et rot! eee Cockroach Newwous System ef Berane zosouy X45Nervous System of Cockroach consists of following parts: (i) Supra-oesophageal Ganglia (Brain) These are boiled ganglia in the head region above the oesophagus. (li) Sub-cesophageal Ganglia These are two ganglia present below the oesophagus (ill) Circum Oesophageal Connective (Nerve ring) ‘The supra-cesophageal ganglia and sub-oesophageal ganglia are connected with each other around the pharynx by @ ring, called circum oesophageal connectives, (iv) Paired Nerve Cords: ‘The sub-oesophagesl ganglia give out paired nerve cords which run in the posterior region along the mid-ventral side of the thorax and abdomen. Ganglia: The ventral nerve cords give three ganglia in the thorax and six ganglia in the upper six segments of abdomen. v) 16 Practical Jounal Zoology XiPART - II SLIDE PREPARATION Slide: 1. Septal Nephridia of Earthworm Slide: 2. Malpighian Tubules of Cockroach Slide: 3. Striated Muscle of Cockroach Slide: 4, Unstriated Muscle of Frog Detailed Distribution of Marks 10 Points SLIDE PREPARATION Procurement of Material 3 points Staining & Mounting 2 points Identification of Characters 3 points 2 points Labelled Diagram Practical Journal Zoology Xil 17SLIDE - 1 Septal Nephridia of Earthworm Procedure: (i) Dissect the earthworm from mid-dorsal line. (i) Pin it after stretching the skin. (ji) Septal nephridia are present along the septa, take the septa with the help of forceceps. (iv) Put the septa on a slide and observe under microscope. Take out the nephridia, (v) Puttwo drops of eosin or safranin for staining, (vi) After that put two or three drops of glycerine and cover the nephridia by cover slip. Septal Nephridia of Earthworm A septal nephridium can be studied as a typical nephridium. It consists of three parts: () Aciliated funnel or nephrostome (i) The main body of nephridium (iil) Terminal duct of nephridium Spiraly twisted loop Forests of Integumentary nephridia Distal limb Citelium Proximal tim Dorsal vessel Intestine Straight lobes ‘Septal nephrils| Funnel Terminal Nephrostome Nephvidial duct Ciiated tract Fig, 6: Septal Nephridium of Earthworm Fig. 7: General plan of Nephridial System 48 Practical Journal Zoology X!!Nephrostome: Nephrostera 's @ rounded ellated funnel which communicates with the coetom by a silt like opening or mouth The nephrostome opens into @ short narrow tube, called neck, The neck open into the main body of the nephridinm Main Body: ‘The main body of nephridium consists of two parts, a short straight lobe and long spirally twisted- loop. The twisted loop is more than twice the length of the straight lobe and consists of two limbs, @ proximal and a distal, The two limbs are spirally Wwisted round each other. Terminal Nephridial Duct: The proximal limb of the twisted loop gives off a duct, called terminal nephridial duct. sally wished doy \ nie wage se st a, joloe Septal Needy To? of Earthworm Terinel —— Nephnidial Ciliated cluct Aract Practical Journal Zoology Xi! 19SLIDE - 2 Malpighian Tubules of Cockroach Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs of cockroach. These are attached at the anterior region of ileum in the form of a group. Procedure: (i) Dissect out the body of cockroach. (ii) Locate the digestive system. (i). Identify the ileum and expose the malpighian tubules. (iv) Take out the malpighian tubule, put on a slide and add two drops of eosin or safranin. (v)_ After staining add few drops of glycerine and cover the material with cover slip. Salivary gland Salivary receptacie esophagus Hepatic caecum: _ Gizzard Mesenteron Malpighian tubule Neum Rectum Anus Fig. 8: 03 '9- 8: Cockroach ~ Alimentary Canal with Malpighian Tubules 20 Practical Journal Zoology XitCharacters of Malpighian Tubules; (i) ttis fine hair like structure about 25mm long and 0.5 or 0.6mm in diameter. (i) {outer layer is called basement membrane. (iii), The glandular epithelium contains nuclel inside the cells. Eunetions: They absorb nitrogenous waste products from the body and transfer into hind gut for excretion. soli cece \epatt Nese nbeto™ Malphighiow {ube yar i H Rectues Anus Cochroadh - Altmentaty Canol will Mafphigian Tales Eee Practical Journal Zoology XI 21SLIDE - 3 Striated Muscle Fibres from the Leg of Cockroach to Study its Structure Requirements: (i) Freshly killed cockroach (ii) Compound microscope (v)_ Stain - eosin or safranin or borax carmine (ii) Dissection box (iv) Glass slides and cover slips Theory: Cockroach is an insect, belongs to the Phylum Arthropoda. Its body contains striated muscles like vertebrate animals. The muscles are attached to the inner side of exoskeleton and these muscles help in locomotion of body. Procedure: The muscles are taken from any leg of cockroach by the help of forcep. ) of glycerine on a fresh slide and (ji) Wash the muscles with water, transfer few fibres in a drop cover it with cover slip and examine under microscope. Take few fibres of muscles and stain them in eosine or safranin or borax caramine for about (i) five minutes. (iv) Wash these fibres with water and prepare the slide again in the same manner. The muscles of both slides show the same structure. Their structure resembles the structure of striated muscle fibres of vertebrate animals. Characters of Muscle Fibres (Observation) (i) Each muscle fibre is a long and cylindrical structure. (i) tis multinucleate and covered by outer membrane, called sarcolemma. (ili) It shows dark and light bands, (iv) Each fibre consists of a bundle of myofibrils. Each myofibil consists of two types of filaments, actin filament and myosin filament. (v)_ These filaments overlap each other. The overlapped area is darker and without overlapped area is lighter, so due to dark and light bands the muscles are called striated muscles. Conclusion: The striated muscles of cockroach show alternate di n fark and light i the structure of striated muscles of vertebrates. nena aec es rue a 22 Practical Journal Zoology Xi!Coxa Striated muscles Femur Dark bands Connective tissue cell Five-jointed Light bands Fig, 9-A: The Striated Muscles of Fig. 9-B: Striated Muscles Leg of Cockroach — sarcolemma Practical Joumal Zoology XII 23SLIDE - 4 Unstriated Muscles (Smooth Muscles) of Frog Unstriated (smooth) muscles are present in Urinary bladder wall, gut wall and blood vessels. These are involuntary muscles (i) Slide is prepared by taking the muscles from urinary bladder or gut wall. (ii) Asmall piece is taken on a slide, stained it with eosin. (ii) Put few drops of glycerine and cover with coverslip. Examine the slide under microscope. Myoribfls Nucleus Sarcoplasm Fig. 10: Unstriated Muscles Characters of Unstriated (Smooth) Muscles (i) These are spindle-shaped muscles. (ii) The muscle contains cytoplasm, called Sarcoplasm. (li) In the cytoplasm single nucleus is present (wv) The muscle is covered by an outer membrane, called Sarcolemma. (v) They are involuntary muscles ic. their cor ntraction is not controlled by will power. T controlled by autonomous nervous system, 2 WE Dower, Phen ane 24 Practical Journal Zoology XiUnatriated Muscles i “y Practical Journal Zoology XII 25PART - III SPOTTING Appendix -A Bones of Frog Section -1 Section - Il e Skull of Frog e Pectoral Girdle e@ Vertebral Column of Frog e Fore limb 1. Atlas Vertebra — Humerus, Radio-ulna 2. Typical Vertebra e@ Pelvic Girdle 3. 8th Vertebra e Hind limb 4. 9th Vertebra ~ Femur, Tibio-fibula, 5. Urostyle (10th Vertebra) Astragalus-calcaneum Appendix -B Permanent Slides (i) Striated muscles (ii) Smooth muscles (iii) Cardiac muscles (iv) Slide of Pancreas (v) Slide of Thyroid gland (vi) 48 hours chick embryo (vii) 72 hours chick embryo Detailed Distribution of Marks 10 points each (A) SKELETON OF FROG | (B) HISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY Name of Bones with name of Animal 2 points__ | Complete identification 2 points Characters 3points | Labelled Diagram 4 points Atticulation ‘point | Character 4 points Labelled Diagram 4 points 26 Practical Journal Zoology XAPPENDIX - A BONES OF FROG ‘Two bones to be selected in all. One from each section. SECTION-I (a) SKULL. DORSAL SIDE or VENTRAL SIDE 1. Nasals 8. Vomer 2. Fronto-parietals 9. Palatines 3. Sphenethmoid 10. Parasphenoid 4. Squamosal 11. Pterygoid 5. Pre-Maxilla 12, Occipital Segment of Frog's Skull 6. Maxilla 13. Lower Jaw 7. Quadrato-Jugal (b) VERTEBRAL COLUMN 1. Atlas Vertebra Typical Vertebra 8th Vertebra 9th Vertebra Urostyle QLoONn SECTION-I — LIMBS AND GIRDLES 1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Fore limb 3. Pelvic Girdle 4. Hind limb Practical Journal Zoology Xil_ 27SKELETON OF FROG There are two types of skeleton in frog (i) In the longitudinal plane-constituting the axial skeleton, (ii) Along the transverse plane-constituting the appendicular skeleton. Observe the general plan of axial and appendicular skeleton and then the detailed structure of its constituent bones. Fig. 11: Skeleton of Frog in Dorsal View Axial Skeleton in Frog it includes skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The Sternum bone in frog becomes fused with pectoral girdle and will be dealt with there. Ribs are not present in frog 28 Practical Journal Zoology Xi—Skclelon f Fg in Doss Wow Practical Journal Zoology Xil 29SECTION — 1 (a) Skull of Frog Skull in the part of axial skeleton. It contains brain. The brain box is called cranium, which is formed by the combination of sphenethmoid and fronto-parietal. Skull is formed by the union of many bones. It is triangular, dorsoventrally compressed bony complex, It articulates posteriorly with the atlas (1st vertebra) with the help of two condyles. The important bones on the dorsal side are nasals, frontoparientals, sphenethmoid, squamosals, premaxillae, maxillae and quadrato-jugal Premaxilla Quadrato-jugal Quadrate cartilage Auditory capsule Exocciplal Foramen magnum Occipital eondyle YOY Ps Fig. 12-A: Skull (Dorsal view) Premaxilla Palatine Sphenethmoia Fronto-parietal Parasphenoid Foramen for il nerve +f Foramen for Vinerve Foramen for V, Vil nerve > Squamosal Pterygoid iS Quadrato gal cage. Auditory Occipital Foramen Foramen tor capsid Exoccipital condyle magnum IX, X nerves Fig, 12-B: Skull (Ventral view) 30 Practical Journal Zoology XI!(1) Nasals: (i) These are two bones, present in the anterior region of the skull and fused in the mid-dorsal line. (ii) Each nasal is a flat triangular bone forming the roof of the nasal capsules. Articulation: Anteriorly each nasal is fused with premaxilla whereas its outer process is fused with maxilla, Posteriorly it covers the sphenethmoid. {2) Fronto-Parietals: (i) Itis the largest bone of the skull of frog. It is present on the dorsal side. It forms roof of cranium, (ii) It is formed by the fusion of both frontals and both parietal bones. Articulation: Anteiorly, it connects with nasal bones and overlaps sphenethmoid whereas posteriorly it is fused with occipital region prootic bones of skull (3) Sphenethmoid: (i) It is @ small cartilage bone tubular in shape. On its ventral surface it is covered by parasphenoid bone. (ii) It has two parts anterior part is called ethmoial portion and posterior is called sphenoidal portion, (iil) Its anterior portion encloses olfactory sacs whereas its posterior portion sphenoidal portion encloses the fore brain. (iv) It forms anterior part of cranium. Articulation; \t articulates with fronto-parietal at dorsal side and with parasphenoid at ventral side 32 Practical Journal Zoology Xi Fig. 13: Nasal (Dorsal view) (Ventral view) Fig. 14: Fronto-parietals Olfactory sac Ethmoidal portior Diamond shaped area Sphenoidal portion ‘Cavity for fore brain (Dorsal view) (Ventral view) Fig. 15: SphenethmoidPractical Journal Zoology XII 33(4) Squamosal: (i) Itis a T-shaped hammer like bone. (ii) It forms the postero-dorsal border of optic, capsule. Articulation: Its posterior long handle like portion is fused with quadrato-jugal. The inner portion of the head articulates with the pro-otic and fronto-parietal bone. Anterior end “ is free Fig. 16: Squamosal 7 Pre-mavilary teeth (5) Pre-maxilla: ())_Itis a thin and small bone forming the anterior most tip of the upper jaw. (ii) Both pre-maxillae are fused with each other in the mid-dorsal line. Articulation: Each pre-maxilla has a row of small conical teeth on its margin. Each pre-maxilla is attached on its outer side with the maxilla and posteriorly its processes are fused with vomers. (A) Maxilary teeth Maxilary teeth Fig. 18: Maxilla — (A) Outer view; (B) Inner view (6) Maxilla: (i) Iisa Jong thin slightly curved bone, attached with pre-maxilla to form ramus of the upper jaw (ii) Itis provided with a row of small pointed teeth along its inner margin. (iii) A small projection in the middle connects it with nasal on the dorsal side and palatine on the ventral side. Articulation: + Anteriorly it articulates with pre-maxilla, + Inthe middle region it articulates with pterigoid and palatine. + Posteriorly with quadrato-jugal. 34 Practical Journal Zoology XiHand ndle | Squamosal _Fig. 19: Quadrato-jugal (Ventral view) (7) Quadrato-jugal: ())__Itis a small comma shaped bone. (ii) Itis formed by the fusion of quadrate and jugal bones. Articulation: It articulates anteriorly with maxilla. Posteriorly it forms the junction of quadrato-jugal, pterygoid and squamosal. (8) Vomer: (i) Itis a small triangular bone present below the nasal and forming the floor of nasal chambers. Outer notch (i) Onits ventral side it bears an oblique row of usually seven small pointed homodont teeth called vomerine teeth. Articulation: At the anterior region it is attached with premaxilla and at posterior region it Vomerine articulates with palatine, teeth (9) Palatines: Fig. 20: Vomer (Ventral view) (i) It is a small rod like bone present below the processes of nasal bone and behind vomer. (il) It supports the cranium by fusing with it on its inner side whereas fusing with maxilla on the outer side Articulation: Anteriorly it articulates with cranium and posteriorly with inner region of maxilla, Fig. 21: Palatine 36 Practical Journal Zoology XilQuad rato-jugal Nenkral view Practical Journal Zoology Xi! 37(19) Parasphenoid: (i) Itis a large inverted T (L) shape bone which Blade forms the floor of the cranium after fusing with sphenethmoid. (ii) Posterior transverse handle fuses with the oe ocipital region of the skull. (iii) Laterally it covers the auditory capsule and together with pterygoid forms the posterior and lateral margin of optic capsule. (Dorsal view) (Ventral view) Articulation: Anteriorly it articulates with sphenethomoid and palatine. Posteriorly it articulates with auditory capsules and pterygoid. Fig. 22: Parasphenoid (11) Pterygoid: ‘Anterior limbs (i) Itis a large bone consists of three branches. Itis present on ventral side of squamosal (ii) Itforms the posterior boundry of optic capsule. (ii) Its inner branch fuses with parasphenoid. Articulation: Anterior branch is fused with maxilla and posterior Inner tim branch with quadrato-jugal. Posterior limo (12) Occipital Segment of Frog’s Skull: (i) It is the posterior part of skull where it articulates with vertebral column. Fig. 23: Pterygoid (ii) In the centre of occipital segment is a large opening from which spinal cord emerges. This hole is called foramen magnum. Frontoparietal Foramen magnum Prootic Exoccipital ‘Auditory capsule Occipital condyle Fig, 24: Occipital Segment of Frog's Skull 38 Practical Journal Zoology XilOcci pital segment of Frogs Skull Practical Joumal Zoology Xi! 39(iil) {ts roof is formed by fronto-parietal, floor by parasphenoid whereas the lateral side are formed by small bones called exoccipitals. (iv) On the exoccipitals are present convex bony balls, one on each side, called occipital condyles with the help of which skull articulates with the atlas (first) vertebra. (v) On each side of occipital condyle is seen a rounded hollow bony capsule called auditory capsule which encloses the internal ear. Articulation: Anteriorly it articulates with fronto-parietal. Posteriorly it articulates with first vertebra altas. (13) Lower Jaw of Frog: Mento-meckelian (i) itis @ semicircular bony struc- Dentary ture without teeth. (ii) Lower jaw consists of two symmetrical halves called rami which join together anteriorly with the help of a ligament. ‘Angulo splenial (ii) Posteriorly the lower jaw articulates with skull at the junction of quadrato-jugal, Coronoid process pterygoid and squamosal. Each ramus of the lower jaw consists of three portions described pelo Fig. 25: Lower Jaw of the Frog (Dorsal view) (1) Mento-meckelian: Itis small knob like cartilage in the middle of both the rami (il) Dentry: (a) tis flat elongated knife shaped bone forming the outer anterior half of each ramus lower jaw. (b) Its broader end joins the mento-meckelian whereas posterior pointed portion is fu along, on the outer surface of angulo-splenial. (\ll) Angulo-splenial: (a) _Itis along curved bone which forms the most of inner and entire posterior half of the of lower jaw. (b) Its anterior flat half is fused with the dentry on its inner surface. (0) Its posterior broader end is called articular surface. It articulates with skull. (3) Near the articular surface and towards inner side a protuberance is present which is coronary process, 40 Practical Joumal Zoology XII(b) Vertebral Column of Frog The vertebral column of frog consists of 10 bones, first nine are called vertebrae whereas the tenth one is a long bone called urostyle. Vertebra number 2 to 7 are structurally similar and called typical vertebrae whereas 1st, 8th ang 9th are structurally different. First vertebra is commonly called atlas, 8th is given no particular name whereas ninth is sometimes called sacral vertebra. R+TP IL R+TP IIL ‘Sacrum Fig. 26: Vertebral Column of Frog 42 Practical Journal Zoology XIVertebral Co of Frog _ Column Practical Journal Zoology.1. Atlas Vertebra: Post MD) Zyaapophysis Itis the first vertebra of verte- bral column of frog, Neural Canal ii) Ithas a broad, flat and shieled shaped centrum. Post (ii) thas @ broad neural canal Zygapophysis but a short depressed neural spine. (Ww) Transverse processes are totally absent (v) Pre-zygapophysis are absent. (vi) Postzygapophysis are pres- Facats for Facets or nt for articulation with typical ‘occipital condyles occipital condyles = a co (Dorsal view) (Ventral view) vertebra Articulation: Fig, 27: The atlas vertebra as seen anteriorly. | articulates with it. It articulates with occipital condyle The skull articu of skull at the anterior side and posteriorly with 2nd vertebra \ 2. ‘Typical Vertebrae: (@ Any vertebra from 2nd to 7th, is called a typi- cal vertebra. (i) A tyical vertebra is a ring shaped structure consisting of a centrum and 2 neural arch. (i) In the neural arch a Transverse large hole is present, Process called neural canal. Neural spine Prezygapophysis Neural canal (iv) The anterior surface of centrum is concave and posterior surface is convex, it is called procoelous centrum, Post zygapophysis Convexity of centrum Fig, 28: Typical vertebra (Posterior view) () On each side of neural arch a pair of processes is present, called transverse processes. (v) Italso has a pointed structure in the mid dorsal line, called neural spine. (vi) It contains a pair of small projections on the anterior side, called pre-zygapophyses. (vil) On the posterior side post-zygapophyses are present Articulatior The 2nd typical vertebra articules anteriorly with first altas vertebra and 7th typical vertebra articulates posteriorly with 8th vertebra, 44 Practical Joumal Zoology Xit. C Typical vertebra (Posterior view) Practical Joumal Zoology Xil 453. 8th Vertebra: Anterior concavity of centrum zygapophysis Posterior concavity of centrum Fig. 29: Eighth Vertebra of the Frog (Ventral view) (0) In 8th vertebra centrum is concave on both surfaces, itis called amphicoelous. (ii) Ithas wide neural canal. (ii) Pre and post-zygapophysis are present. (v) Transverse processes are slender and directed outwards. (v)_ Neural spine is present. Articulation: \Crticulates anteriorly with 7th typical vertebra and posteriorly with the convexity of Sth vertebra 4. 9th Vertebra: Neural spine Anterior convexity of centrum Posterior convexities of centrum: Fig. 30: 9th vertebra of Frog (i) This vertebra is also called sacral vertebra. () The centrum, is amphicondylous. The surfaces ofits centrum are convex. (ii) Anterior surface has only one convexi convexities, lying side by side (iv) Neural spine is short (v) Prezygapophysis are present but Postzygapophysis are absent (\)) Transverse processes are strong, stout and backwardly directed (vil) Neural arch is present (vill) Neural canal is narrow. ity whereas the posterior surface has two small 48 Practical Jounal Zoology XxilVertebra_ of Frog Practical Journal Zoology Xi 47riorly with 8th vertebra whereas posteriorly both of its convexities of urostyle. Its transverse processes also articulate with the pelvic (hip) 5. Urostyle: (10th vertebra of Frog) Ridge Centrum Concavity for Sth Vertebra Fig. 31: Urostyle - 10th Vertebra of Frog It is the 10th vertebra and represents the caudal region. jl)_ Its centrum is elongated and solid bone. Its anterior end is raised. ili) The centrum has a ventral ridge, all along its length in the mid dorsal line. iv) Neural canal is short and narrow. (v) Prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis and transverse processes are absent (vi) The centrum has two small concavities at its anterior end. Arti ul: The urostyle articulates anteriorly with 9th vertebra and posteriorly with pelvic girdle 48 Practical Journal Zoology Xi!{ Jrostyle-10th Vertebra of Fired aaaSECTION — II Limbs and Girdles (Appendicular Skeleton) It includes the bones of pectoral girdles, fore limbs, pelvic girdle and hind limbs. 1. Pectoral Girdle: (i) {tis present in the thoracic region and are attached with fore limbs. (ii) It protects heart and lungs. (iii) Each half is semicircular and consists of different parts, scapular part, coracoidal part and sternum part. Episternum (Omosternum Supra-scapula Glenoid cavity Mesosternum: Xiphistemum Fig. 32: Pectoral Girdle of Frog in ventral view (1) Scapular part: It consists of: (2) Supra scapula is the dorsal part of girdle. It is a flat, broad, cartilagenous plate on either side. (b) Seapula is a broad flat bone forming the lateral part of girdle. It has glanoid cavity and a pointed process, called acromion process. (2) Coracoidal part: it consists of: (a) Claviele: Upper rod like part. (b) Goraceid: Lower broad, hammer like part (3) Sternum part; Itis the breast bone. It consists of four parts, episternum, omosternum, mesostet num and xiphisternum, 50 Practical Journal Zoology XitPectoral Girdle of Frog Ventral Vfeuy)Ai The head of humerus bone articulates with the glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle 2. Fore limb: It consist of: (a) Humerus: It is the upper bone of arm (b) Radio-ulna: These are two bones radius and ulna. They form lower part of arm (©) Carpets: These bones form wrist (carpels). (d) Metacarpels: These bones form palm (metacarpels), (e) Phalanges: These bones form fingers (phalanges) (a) Humeru: (i) It is the upper bone of fore limb (upper arm). (ii) Its proximal end is smooth, broad and cap like, called head. (iii) It has an elongated and slightly curved shaft. (iv) Its distal end is called capitulum. It has a ball like structure, called condyle, which is provided with pulley like trochlea, (v) Below the head a prominent raised structure is present, called deltoid ridge. It is for the attachment of muscles, Articulation The head of humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle and its trochlea articulates with radio-ulna bones. 52. Practical Journal Zoology Xil Head Deli ridge (Humerus) Trochles Ranon process of uina Radius | [Ragion vina {| ina (Carpais) Metacarpal of first digit [Metacarpals (Phalanges | Fig 33: Bones of the Fore-limb of Frog 4 Head Deltoid ridge Shaft Shaft Aticular facet’ for olecranon process of ulna Trochlea Trochlea Condytar ridge ‘Condylar ridge Anterior view Fig 34: Humerus Posterior viewArkerior view Practical Jounal Zoology(b) Radio-ulna: Olecranon, process (i) These are two lower bones of fore limb, parallel to each Be avy for other and fused together. ae (ii) The radius is smaller and inner bone. Ulna is longer of humerus and outer bone. (il) in the middle of these bones a groove is present WA (iv) Atthe anterior end of ulna there is a projection, called Radius olecranon process. (v) Atthe proximal end a cup like cavity is present, called sigmoid notch or trochlear cavity. (vi) Distal end of radio ulna is flat and broad. Uina Articulati Groove The sigmoid notch or trochlear cavity articulates with trochlea of humerus. The distal end articulates with carpels of vast ‘Asticular surface for metacarpals (c) Carpals: Fig 35: Radio-ulna (i) Carpals are the small six bones of wrist, arranged in two rows. (il) The row which articulates with radio-ulna is called the proximal row and consists of three carpals. (a) Intermedium - in the middle (b) Radial - below the radius (c)_ UInare - below the ulna (i) The distal row of carpals articulating with metacarpals also contains three bones called trapezium, trapezoid and capitohamatum from inner to outer respectively. (iv) All the six carpals are collectively called carpus. (dy Metacarpals: (i) The bones of palm are called metacarpals are small rod like, (ii) These are five in number but the first one is very much reduced because it follows no finger. (e) Phalanges: (The bones of fingers, called, phalanges, are short and slender. (i) There are four rows one row in each finger. (ii) The first and second di igit has two phalanges each whereas 3rd & 4th have thee phalanges each. Fig 36: Bones of hand 54 Practical Journal Zoology XII lllolecranon process _erochlen dy ramenus Os, ad Wine Radio-ulna__Pelvic Girdle: (i) Itis present in the lower region of body, attached with hind limbs, also connected with urostyle and 9th vertebra (ii) Itis v-shaped and consists of two similar halves, called in- nominate. Pubis Fig 37: The Pelvic Girdle of Frog (Lateral view) (iii), Each pelvic girdle consists of three bones, the ilium, is- chium, and pubis, and a cup like cavity the acetabulum. (iv) ium is a long roughly ‘T’ shaped bone with a thin membranous bony ridge called iliac crest all along the dorsal surface of its handle like portion. (v)_Ischium is a flat rectangular bone present dorsally and completely fused with its counterpart on the other side (vi) The joint between the two is called ischiac symph- e Head of femur ysis. (vil) Pubis is the smallest of the three pelvic girdle bones. Both the pubis are fused together at pubic symphysis. rom (vili)Acetabulum is a cup shaped cavity situated on the outer surface of the innominate at the junction of ilium, Condyle ischium and pubis. “Anterior oa Articulatior The head of femur articulates in the acetabulum of pelvic Tibio-fbula Girdle, The anterior tips of iia articulate with the transverse |: oe processes of Sth vertebra whereas ischiac symphysis articulates with the tip of urostyle Posterior articular 4. Hind limb: It consist of: (2) Femur: tis the upper bone of hind limb. (6) Tibio-fibula: These are two bones, tibia and fibula. These bones form lower part of hind limb. Metatarsal (©) Astragalus calcaneum: These are bones of ankle, collectively called farsus, (d) Tarsals: These are present on distal end of Astra- galus calcaneum, v (ec) Metatarsals. These are bones of sole region of foot, Fig 38: Bones of (f) Phalanges: These are fingers of feet Hind Limb of Frog 56 Practical Journal Zoology Xi(a) Femur: )_ Femur in a bone of thigh ie. upper bone of hind fimb, (i) tis along cylindrical bone and con- sists of a slightly curved structure, called shaft. (iil) tts proximal rounded ball fike end is called head. (iv) The distal end is broad, smooth, roughly rectangular, called condyle. Articulation: The head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of pelvic girdle. Its broad distal end articulates with tibio-fibula. (5) Tibio-fibula: () These are two lower bones of hind limb, run parallel to each other and are fused together. (ii) Tibia is on the inner side and fibula on the outer side. (ii) They have a vertical shallow groove. (iv) They also have a hole in the middle, called nutrient foramen. (v) The proximal end of tibio-fibula is rectangular and distal end is flat. Articulation: The anterior (proximal) part of tibio-fibula articulates with femur bone. The posterior (distal) part articulates with astragalus-calcaneum. 58 Practical Journal Zoology Xi! Fig 39: Femur of Frog Fig 40: Tibio-fibula of FrogCondyes ibio-f ibula of Frog orticular facele Prosienod Tibio) crest Gye Nubyient foramen Distal arbiealar Facet(c) Astragalus Calcaneum: (i) These are the bones of ankle, collec- tively called tarsus. (ji) These are longer and fused at both the tips but free having a wide gap in the middle. (iii) The outer wide and straight bone is called Caleaneum or Fibular. (iv) The inner, thin and curved bone is known as astragalus or tibial. (v) The upper end is called proximal epiphysis and lower endis called distal epiphysis. Articulation: It articulates anteriorly with tibio-fibula and posteriorly with bones of foot (d) Second Row of Tarsals: On their distal end is present the second row of tarsals which are fused together to form two small bones which come to lie between astragalus - calcaneum and metatarsals. (e) Metatarsals: (i) Metatarsals are the long and slender bones of the sole region of foot. They are five in number arranged in rows and are collectively called metatarsus. (f) Phalanges: (i) The small bones of the toes (fingers of feet) are called phalanges. (ii) They are arranged in rows, one row in each toe (ii) The number of phalanges in toe 1 to 5 are 2, 2, 3, 4, 3 respectively 60 Practical Journal Zoology Xi! epiphysis Fibulare or calcaneum Tibial or astragalus Distal epiphysis Fig 41: Astragalus (Tibiale) and Caleaneum (Fibulare) of Frog Fibulare or Caleaneum Tibiate or astragalus Distal Tarsals epiphysis Metatarsais Fig 42: Bones of Foot of FrooAPPENDIX - B PERMANENT SLIDES Any one spot be selected from the following: \) Striated Muscle Fibers il) Non-Striated Muscle Fibers ill) Cardiac Muscle Fibers iv) VS. of Mammalian Pancreas v) _V.S. of Mammalian Thyroid Gland vi) 48 Hours Chick Embryo vil) 72 Hours Chick Embryo SLID Permanent Slide of Striated Muscle Fibres (Skeletal Muscle) Nucleus Light Dark band band Sarcolemma Fig. 43: Structure of Striated Muscle Fibres (Skeletal Muscle) (0) The skeletal muscle consists of long, cylindrical, closely packed thread like structures, muscle fibres, ii) Each muscle fibre contains cytoplasm, called sarcoplasm, in which many nuclei are present (iy ‘The muscle fibre is covered by an outer membrane, called sarcolemma. ('v) Each muscle fibre also consists of many small fibres, called myofibrils, (¥) Each myofibrial is made up of two types of filaments, called actin filament and myosin filament. (vi) The myosin and actin fllaments are overlay ipping. The overlapped region is dark and without overlapped region Is lighter, 80 they show light and drk bands. (vil) Due to the presence of light and dark bands, they are called striated muscles. (vill) These muscles are attached with bones, so called skeletal muscles, ((x) These are voluntary muscles and help in the locomotion of body. 62 Practical Jounal Zoology XiStructure of Striated Muscle Fibres é:») SS SS REEBOK scle J ae Practical Journal Zoology Xil 63SLIDE-2 Non-Striated Muscle Fibres (Smooth Muscles) (i) These are unstriated muscles. (li) These are flat sheets of long, thin and spindle-shaped cells, contain single nucleus. (ill) Their contraction is slow and auto- nomic j.e. itis not under conscious control of animal, so they are called involuntary muscles. (iv) Each muscle has cytoplasm, called sarcoplasm. (v) Around the nucleus the cytoplasm is granular, while its remaining part contains elongated fibres, known as myofibrils. Fig. 44: Smooth Muscle res (vi) These are found in digestive tract, urinary bladder and blood vessels. SLIDE-3 Cardiac Muscle Fibres (i) These muscles are only found in the walls of heart. (i) They are striated muscles, They are short cylindrical unin- ucleate or binucleate fibres, arranged parallel to each other. (iil) Their cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells. (iv) They are capable of rapid contraction. Fig. 45: Cardiac Muscle Fibres (v) They have intercalated disc or functional complex due to which they appear branched and connected to each other in such a manner that a network of cells is formed. They show zig-zag arrangement, (vi) They contain myosim and actin proteins. (vii) Cardiac muscles have more mitochondria to maintain a continuous supply of energy to the tissues of heart. (vil) Their contraction is not controlled by nervous system. It is regulated by the sinoauricular node (SAN). Itis termed as pace-maker. The wave of impulses initiated by pace-maker travels the entire heart without involving nerves, 64 Practical Journal Zoology Xitate ude” oe cotter po Cardiac Muscle ‘Vibre S Practical Journal Zoology Xi 65SLIDE-4 Slide of Pancreas ‘Acinl (lobules) Blood vessel! SE Islet’s of — Langerhans Connective tissue Fig. 46: T.S. of Pancreas of a Mammal T.S. of Pancreas: (i) tis an exocrine and also endocrine gland. (li) As endocrine gland it secretes two hormones, insulin and glucagon. (i) The pancreas contains patches of some special cells, called islets of Langerhan's. These cals secrete hormones. These cells are of three types: (a) Alpha Cells: These cells are present in the peripheral (outer) region. These are larger but fewer number. These are densely stained Function: They secrete glucagon hormone which increases the glucose level in the body. 66 Practical Journal Zoology Xil(b) Beta Cells: These cells are present in the central region. These are more numerous in number. Function: These cells secrete insulin hormone which decreases the level of glucose in blood. (c) Delta Cells: These cells secrete somatostatin. It helps to control diagestion. In the slide of pancreas pancreatic duct, artery, vein and capillaries are also visible. T.S. of Pancreas of _a Mammal Practical Journal Zoology XII 6768 SLIDE-5 7 Slide of Thyroid Gland rile cyus %) connective tissue } Thyroid follicles Epithelium Blood capillaries and sinusoids Interfollicular tissue Colloid Fig. 47: V.S. of Thyroid Gland of a Mammal Thyroid gland Is situated at the base of neck, infront of trachea. Itis a bilobed, butterfly shaped gland. (li) It consists of spherical or oval-shaped follicles. (iil) Ww ) The follicle consists of a simple epithelial round structure, which contains a lumen (cavity). The gland Is covered by a capsule of connective tissue. The lumen of follicle contains colloid which is a gelatinous substance. Eunction: Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine hormone, which contains iodine, helps in the development of body, Practical Journal Zoology Xi)SLIDE-6 <7 48-hours Chick Embryo Characters: (i) The embryo consists of head, neck, body and tail. (ii) The head contains brain, divided into prosencephalon, mesencephalon and metencephalon. (iii) The head also contains optical resicle and auditory vesicle. (iv) Paired blocks of muscles or somites are observed. There are 23 pairs of somites which will develop into vertebral column. (v) Heart is visible with beating and blood vessels, This embryo can be preserved in 70% alcohol. Prosencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon: Truncus arteriosus: Ventricular region Arterial region Heart Somites Lateral mesoderm Neural tube Primitive plate Fig. 48: Chick Embryo 48 hours 70 Practical Joumal Zoology XI!wom Ww Prose® seabo sencel™ \ Arter (caer Latecal mest rhet gl wube ok ore To Practical Journal Zoology Xil_ 74SLIDE-7 72-hours Chick Embryo Characters: (i) The embryo consists of head, neck, body and short tail. (ii) The head is curved, contains brain. Nervous system 's well-developed (ili) thas sense organs, like eyes, lens, nasal pits (iv) Itcontains gil sits. (v)_ Limbs arise from the body in the form of buds. (vi) 36 pairs of somites are present. (vii) Heart with blood vessels are well-developed. Preserve this embryo in 70% ethanol. Gill salts Hind-brain Mid-brain Optic lens Fore-brain. Auricle Ventricle 2 Re wing bud Left wing bud > % Vitelline vein Mesodermal Viteline artery Somites 7 (36 pairs) Neural tube Len Leg bud Tail bud Fig. 49: Chick Embryo — 72 hours (Dorsal View) 72. Practical Joumal Zoology XIIChick E whick EMOryo 72 w ov so 1 of ot a. Auwicle Ventaicle onl a eaduune! S - mo aa Vitelline vein ee) =ai Ans. a2 Ans. Q3, Ans. a4, Ans. Qs. Ans. a6, Ans. a7. Ans. a8. Ans. as, Ans. ato. Ans, a1. Ans. a2. Ans. PART - 4 DISSECTION - 4 Exposure of Urino-genital System of Frog What is urino-genital system? ‘The system in which excretion and reproduction take place Is called urino-genital system. What are the vasa efferentia? Vasa efferentia are six fine ducts, arise from each testes. They serve to transfer the sperms from testes to the kidneys. What is the role of kidneys? Kidneys are paired oval-shaped dark structures, take part in excretion as well as for the passage of sprms in frog. What is urinary bladder? Urinary bladder is a bilobed, sac lke structure, it stores urine What is ureter? What is its function? Ureter is the tube like structure, which arises from kidney. It carries urine to the urinary bladder. What are testes? Testes are the male reproductive organs, produce sperms. What are the ovaries? Ovaries are the female reproductive organs, which produce ova. What are the oviducts? Oviducts are long, coiled tube like structures. Ova enter the oviducts and discharge outside the body through an aperture. What is ovisac? The lower dilated part of oviduct is called ovisac. It stores ova, What is the path of ova from ovaries to outside the body? The ova enter the oviducts, come into the ovisac, then pass through the cloaca and discharge outside the body through cloacal aperture. DISSECTION - 2 Exposure of Brain and Spinal Cord of Frog What are the differ nt parts of brain? The brain of frog consists of three parts, fore brain, mid brain and hind brain, What are the parts of fore brain? The fore brain consists of olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon) and diencephalon, 74 Practical Jourmal Zoology Xi!a3. Ans. aa. Ans. as. Ans a6. Ans, a7. Ans. as. Ans. as Ans. ai Ans. a2. Ans. a3, Ans, a4 Ans. as. Ans a6. Ans. q7. Ans. as. Ans. What are the olfactory lobes? These are tw: © bodies at the anterior region of brain, They control sense of smell Wha are the cerebral hemispheres? Cerebral hemispheres ar Seebre beniay © two large structures. These are the centre of intellegence, memory and control What are the optic lobes? Optic lobes are two pri the function of eyes and vine Coves Behind the cerebral hemispheres. They form mid brain and control What is diencepalon? \tis present between cerebral hemispheres and receives many messages {rom internal internal and exter What are the parts of hind brain? The hind brain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata What is cerebellum? optic lobes. It contains pineal body and pituitary gland. It mal environment of the body. It's present below the optic lobes. It controls the body movement and balance of the body. What is medulla oblongata? iS the lower most part of brain. It controls intemal relex actions, such as respiration, circulation and ion. DISSECTION - 3 Exposure of Reproductive System of Earthworm What are the male reproductive organs of Earthworm? The male reproductive organs of Earthworm are two pairs of testes, two pairs of seminal vesicles, two pairs Of testes sacs, vasa deferentia, prostrate glands and acessory glands Where testes are located in Earthworm? In Earthworm testes are located in 10th and 11th segments, What are testes sacs? The testes sacs are two sac like structures present in the 10th and 11th segments and contain testes. What are seminal vesicles? ‘These are two pairs of structures, present in the 11th and 12th segments. They receive sperms from testes and maturation of sperms takes place in seminal vesicles, What are the vasa deferentia? ‘These are two pairs of ducts present from 42th to 18th segments, They carry the sperms to the male genital aperture, What are the prostrate glands? Prostrate glands are two glands, found from 17th to 20th segment. The fluid of prostrate glands make the sperms active, Where male genital aperture Is present in Earthworm? Tin Earthworm male genital aperture is present in 18th segment, What are the female reproductive organs of Earthworm? The female reproductive organs of Earthworm are one pair of ovaries, one pair of oviduets, with funnels ‘and four pairs of spermathecae. Practical Journal Zoology XiI_75ag, Ans. Q10, Ans. an, Ans. 12, Ans. 13, Ans. 14, Ans. a4 Ans. a2 Ans. a3. Ans. a4 Ans, Qs. Ans. a6 Ans. a7. Ans ae. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q 10. Ans. Where ovaries are located In Earthworm? In Earthworm the ovaries are located in 12-13 segments. What Is the position of oviducts? \n Earthworm oviduets aro present in 13th and 14th segments. Their funnels are in 13th segments ang ©viducts open to the outside through female genital aperture. What are spermathecae? These are four pairs of pear-shaped bodies found in 6th, 7th, 6th and 9th sex from another earthworm during copulation. }aments. They receive sperms 's Earthworm mooocious or dioclous? Earthworm Is monoecious (hermaphrodite), contains both male and female reproductive organs What are the prostrate glands in Earthworm? \n Earthworm prostrate glands are fan lke irregular bodies found from 16/17 segment to the 20-22 segments What is the biological name of Earthworm? The biological name of Earthworm is Pheretima posthema. DISSECTION - 4 Exposure of Nervous System of Cockroach What is CNS? CNS |s the central nervous system, consists of brain and nerve cords. What is ganglion? Ganglion Is a mass of nerve cells or neurons. How many nerve cords are present in cockroach? |m cockroach double nerve cord is present, arises from sub-oesophageal ganglia upto the 6th abdominal segment What ro the parts of nervous system in cockroach? The nervous system of cockroach consists of supra-oesophageal ganglia (brain), sub-oesophageal ganglia, Supra-esophageal connectives and double nerve cord. What are the supra oesophageal ganglia? Supra oesophageal ganglia are in the form of large bilobed mass present in the head region above the oesophagus. They form brain of cockroach What are the sub-oesopha: ganglia? Sub-oesophageal ganglia are two ganglia present below the oesophagus. What are the circum oesophageal connective? The circum oesophageal connectives are two thick lateral bands, ‘and sub-oesophageal ganglia in ring like manner. How many ganglia connect the supra-cesophageal ganglia Present in the thoracic region of nerve cord in cockroach? ‘There are 3 ganglia in the thoracic region, one in prothorax, one in mesothorax and one in meta thorax. How many ganglia found in the abdominal region of nerve cord? In abdomen 6 ganglia are present in the nerve cord. These are from 4st to the 6th abdominal segments. What is the biological name of cockroach? The biological name of cockroach is Periplanata americana, 76 Practical Journal Zoology XI)at Ans. a2 Ans. a3. Ans. a4, Ans. as. a6. Ans. Q7. Ans. at. Ans. a2 Ans. a3 Ans. a1 Ans. az Ans. a3 Ans, PART - 2 SLIDE - 4. Septal Nephridia of Earthworm What are the nephridia? Nephridia are the excretory organs of Earthworm, What are the types of nephridia in Earthworm? Pharyngeal nephridia, Integumentary nephridia, Septal nephridia What are the septal nephridia? ‘These nephridia are attached along the septa of segments of the body. What are the different parts of septal nephridia? ‘The septal nephridia consists of three parts, nephrostome, main body and terminal nephridial duct What is nephrostome? {lis the rounded ciliated funnel-ike structure. It absorbs nitrogenous products from body fluid and transfer them into main body. What is main body of septal nephridia? {tis the main part and consists of two portions, a shor straight tube and a long spirally twisted loop. What is terminal duct of nephridia? tis the proximal (lower) end, opens outside through nephriiopore. SLIDE - 2 Malpighian Tubules of Cockroach What are the excretory organs of cockroach? The excretory organs of cockroach are called Malpighian tubules. These are fine hair like structures. Where the malpighian tubules are found? The malpighian tubules arise from the anterior region of ileum in the form of a group. How malpighian tubules perform excretion? The malpighian tubules absorb nitrogenous products from blood and pour them into hind gut, from where these are removed from the body through anus. SLIDE - 3 Striated Muscle Fibres from the Leg of Cockroach Name the muscles present in the leg of cockroach? In the leg of cockroach striated muscles are present What is the difference in location of striated muscle of cockroach and vertebrate animal? There is no difference What are the pair of muscle which move the leg joint called? The striated muscles which move the leg joint are called antagonistic muscles, these are flexor (bends the joint) and extensor (straingtens the joint), Practical Journal Zoology Xi 77Q4, What is the function of exoskeleton of cockroach? Ans. (i) Exoskeleton protects the body. (i) IUis attached with muscles, help in locomotion. (li) provides rigidity (iv) Itprevents loss of water. SLIDE - 4 Unstriated Muscle (Smooth Muscles) of Frog Q1, What are the smooth muscles? Ans, Smooth muscles are unstriated muscles, spindle-shaped and uninucleate. Q2,__ Inwhich organs smooth muscles are found? Ans. ‘Smooth muscles are found in urinary bladder wall, gut wall and blood vessels. Q3. How the smooth muscles perform their function? Ans. ‘Smooth muscles contract by autonomous nervous system, They are involuntary muscles. PART - 3 Appendix-A: Skull of Frog, Vertebral Column of Frog, Limbs and Girdles Q4. Whats skeleton? Ans. Skeleton is the hard framework of the body which gives the animal a particular shape. It also provides strength, support and protection to the body organs. Q2, _ Differentiate between exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Give example: ‘Ans. Exoskeleton is present on the outer side of body of animals. e.g. Insects, grasshopper, cockroach. Endoskeleton is present inside the body of animals e.g, vertebrate animals, frog, rabbit, man Q3, Name the two components of axilal skeleton in vertebrates. Ans. It includes skull and vertebral column. It also includes sternum and ribs. 4, Name the important bones which form the brain box of frog. Ans. ‘Sphenethomoid and frontoparietal form the brain box. Q5. Whatis skull? ‘Ans. Skull is @ bony skeleton, made up of many bones. It protects, brain, eyes, ears etc. 6, What is dicondylic skull? Ans. The skull which articulates with teh allas vertebra with teh help of two condyles is called dicondylic skull Example: Frog, Q7. — What is centrum of vertebra? What is its importance? Ans, Centrum is a thick and broad ventral portion of vertebra. Centrum forms a column Le. pillar like structure the vertebral column in mid-dorsal tine Q8, What is neural canal? What is its importance? Ans, Neural arches of all vertebrae form a bony tube like structure, called neural canal. It protects the spinal ‘cord, which runs inside it, Q9. Describe the unique characters of atlas vertebra of frog. Ans. Atlas is the 1st vertebra which lifts the skull It has broad, flat and shield shaped centrum, it has broad ‘neural canal, Il has short neural spine. Transverse processes are absent prezygopophyses are absent. postzygopophyses are present 78 Practical Journal Zoology Xil210. Mention three important ch: Ans. 9th vertebra is called 'aracters of Sth vertebra? ‘eral vertebra. Its centrum h: - Ne c 1a5 both surfaces convex, called amphicondylous. sre absent aeilt Surface has one convexity and poslerior surface toe tno een eorbon, Prezygopophyses Sent Transverse processes are strong, directed backward Q11. What are tall and socket ‘Ans. The joints which Examples: Shoulder joint, hip joint Joints, give examples? help in the movement of bone in all directions are called ball and socket joints. a12, Name the socket lke cavities of pectoral girdle and pelvic gird Ans. ‘The socket lke cavity of pectoral girls called glenold eavty and cavity of pelvic Girdle is called acetabulum. Q13, Name the various regions of fore limb, ‘Ans, The fore limb consists of humerus, radio-uina, Carpels, metacarpels and phalanges. 914, Name the various regions of hind limb. Ans. The hind imb consists of emer, tbio-ibula, tarsal (astragalus celeaneum), metatarsals and phalanges. 215. What are the astragalus calneum? Which region they are present in? Ans. Astragalus calcaneum are the bones of ankel, collectively called tarsus. These are two bones, fused at both tips, but free with a wide gap in the middle. Q16, Whats hinge joint? Give oxample. ‘Ans. The joint which helps in the movement of bone only in one direction is called hinge joint. Examples: Knew joint, albow joint. 17. What is appendicular skeleton? Ans. It consists of bones of fore limbs, hind limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. Q18, What are the parts of pectoral girdie? ‘Ans, Pectoral girdle consists of coracoid, scapular and sternum regions, 219. What are the parts of pelvic girdie? Ans. Pelvic girdle consists of ium, ischium, pubis. 20, What are the regions of pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle? What are their function? ‘Ans. Pectoral girdle is present in the thorax region. It attaches fore limb. It also protects heart and lungs. Pelvic Girdle is present in hip region. It attaches hind limb, 221. Whats protocelous centrum? ‘Ans. The centrum which is concave at the anterior end and convex at the posterior end is called protocelous centrum. 22, Whatis urostyle? ‘Ans, The 10th vertebra of frog is called urostyle. Ithas elongated solid centrum, which has a vertical ridge along its length, called dorsal crest. At the anterior end of centrum two concavities are present. It has narrow neural canal Appendix-B: Striated Muscle, Non-Striated Muscle, Cardiac Muscle Fibres Q1. What is muscle? What function do the muscle perform? ‘Ans. Muscle is made up of specialized cells, called muscle fibres. The contraction of muscles help in the move- ment of an organ or the body of animal 22, Whatare the different types of muscles in vertebrates? Ans. In vertebrates there are three types of muscles. () Striated muscles; (i) Non-striated(smooth) muscles; (ii) Cardiac muscles. Q3, Whatare the voluntary and involuntary muscles? ‘Ans. Voluntary muscles show contraction by will. Involuntary muscles show contraction without will of animal, it is autonomic Q4, Whatis the structure of skeletal muscles? ' cael oer 8, called muscle-fibres. Each muscle fibre has cytoplasm, nae rele Tonn‘lh‘one Rocave. The peta membrane ald ereslemma, oe Practical Journal Zoology Xi 79What are myofibrils? Each muscle fibre is made up of many fibres, called myofibrils. What are the two filaments of myofibrils? ‘The two laments of myofibrits are called actin and myosin filaments. What are the dark and light bands on the muscles? TRE actin and myosin flaments are overlapping. The area where they overtap is darker, called dark bang and the area where they don’t overiap is called light band. Why skeletal muscles are called striated muscles? ; ‘These muscies show light and dark bands, so called striated muscles. What are the characteristics of smooth muscles? Smpoth musces are flat sheets, consist of spindle-shaped cells with single nucleus. They are unstratee ‘and involuntary. How do cardiac muscles differ from striated and smooth muscles? eamoeumuscies have inerinked connections, so they appear inthe form of zigzag arrangement. They form uninucteate or binucleate bundles of fibres arranged parallel. What are the cardiac muscles? SRCiRC messes ar found in heart. These ae striated and involuntary muscles. These are uninuceate binucleate, arrange in zig-zag manner, because they have connections between each other Study of Pancreas, Slide of Thyroid Gland © What is endocrine gland? ‘The ductless gland is called endocrine gland. It secretes hormones. What type of gland is pancreas? Pancreas is exocrine as well as endocrine gland. What kinds of hormones are ‘secreted from pancrease? ‘The pancreas secretes two hormones, insulin and glucagon. Which cells of pancrease ‘secrete hormones? Islets of Langerhan's ‘secrete hormones. What is the role of insulin hormone? Insulin decreases the glucose level in the body. What is the role of glucagon? Glucagon hormone. increase the blood glucose level. Name the different cells of Islets of Langerhan? different celis of | Mf - i - rin Sn oe Se he On att of Langerhans secrete glucagon hormone? { Langerhans secrete glucagon hormone. Which cells of Islets of Lai Which hormone is secreted from thyroid gla nd? Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine hormone, which contains iodine. it helps in the development of body. 80 Practical Joumal Zoology x1BY THE SAME PUBLISHER KIFAYAT ACADEMY, sacyrou nnn 1 UL Au Shahrah-e-Liaqui fachi. Ph: 021-32723031, 021-32 ; irdwal