PRELIMINARIES

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

The term was derived from the Greek word "charassein,” referring to an engraving instrument, originally
used of a mark impressed upon a coin o the mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a distinctive mark of
the personality; and gradually, to the sum total of such marks, each individual one is called characteristics
(Bartemeier, 2009).
Basically, the character is defined as a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling
and reacting of a person that distinguish one individual from another. It is the trademark of being a
person.
Character as defined by the American Psychiatric Association, signifies the relatively fixed or continuing
group of an individual personality attributes of a person or the characteristic pattern of behaviour of an
individual. The social, emotional and intellectual manifestations of a character are called personality, and
character is roughly equivalent to personality.
WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?
Character formation as defined by Donald (2006), is the process by which the individual, through
interaction of biologically transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable pattern of
functioning, thinking and feeling. It is also known as, Character Building. It is that deeply internalized
patterns of values and attitudes and the consequent actions that are often established in precognitive times
of life through the natural and normal educational patterns that are appropriate for young children.
Nursing, weaning, toilet training, birth of siblings and the early relationship to the parents (especially to
the mother) are some of the examples of character formation. Character traits are usually formed through
the identification with parents and other important adults in the child's environment.
Everyone is partly responsible for one's character. Aristotle noted that character develops over time as one
acquires habits from parents and the environment either through reward and punishment. Developing a
good character is much learning to play a musical instrument. Initially, an individual may be under some
pressure to practice, but eventually, enjoys playing with skill and understanding (Hartman, 2013).
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER FORMATION
1. Parental Influence
Parental influence is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality development. The
way parents behave with the child, how much he is allowed to socialize, the kind of culture he is
subjected to by them, and the emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a great bearing on the
child's mental growth. In early stage of their human existence, children adapt their parent's mannerisms.
Thus, parents should be careful in their ways for they establish a great influence to their children's
character.
2. Home Environment
Home as cradle of human character and personality largely contribute to the character formation of a
child. It is said that the parents are the first educators of the children. It is their parental guidance and
discipline that creates the kind of character, personality and attitude the child has.
Parents should make sure that the child incorporates the positive emotions in his personality and stays
away from the negative ones. A child needs both his parents, to develop his personality. An absentee
father can be a negative influence on the child. To make a child a confident, positive person, parents
should avoid being too authoritative, trying to discipline excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging
him, comparing him with others, and being partial.
3. School Environment
To perfect the total development of a child's character and attitude, besides the home environment, a
child's school environment too plays a major role in shaping a child's personality. Once a child starts
going to school, he learns how to interact and deal with his peers. He comes to know how to engage in
“playing” according to the rules and regulations. He gets educated, and learns how to read, write and
communicate effectively. A child's personality is greatly influenced by the way he is treated at school,
both by his teachers as well as his peers. The school reinforces the education that the child needs that
home fails to provide.
4. Culture
Everyone has different character and values because of the different cultures where everyone is exposed.
Sociologists found out that different cultures have different values and a child grows up with them, sub-
consciously absorbing the same. The influence of culture on personality and social development cannot
be ignored. Those who were born and grew up in western countries are influenced to be individualistic
and competitive, while those children brought up in Asian, African, and South American countries are
taught to be cooperative.
Infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, and school-age are the various phases that a child passes through and
each of these stages has its own share of problems and challenges, which a child has to overcome, with
his parent's assistance, to turn out to be a well-developed personality.

DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES

Five (5) Factors that Determine Character Personality Traits.
1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of experiences
2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead rather than being spontaneous.
3. Extraversion: being sociable, energetic and talkative.
4. Agreeableness: being kind, sympathetic, and happy to help.
5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be vulnerable or temperamental

GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS

1. Positive Character /Good Character / Positive Trait - These are attributes such as integrity, honesty,
courage, loyalty fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behavior and habits. Further, it
is said that:
a. Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions are admirable qualities.
b. Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can help you get along with others.
C. Drive and determination will help you keep going no matter what.
d. Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to others.
e. Patience is a virtue and also a good personality trait.
f. Courage will help you do what's right in tough situations.
g. Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust you

. 2. Negative Character / Negative Character / Negative Trait - A person's predisposition to commit

evil acts.
a. A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility for our actions is a deplorable quality.
b. Being rigid and selfish, and unyielding to the needs of others are not endearing qualities.
C. Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive others away, too.
d. A hot temper and an inability to empathize with others will also alienate us from others.
e. Being quick to anger will turn people away.
f. Being distant · Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their backs or, worse, stab them in the
back for personal gain also falls high on the

The Six (6) Pillars of Good Character

(Source: Josephson Institute-charactercounts.org)

1. Trustworthiness
This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most complicated of the six core ethical values
and concerns a variety of qualifies like honesty, integrity, reliability, and loyalty.
When a person is given a greater leeway and no need to be monitored just to assure that they meet their
obligations. When they are trusted, we develop in them higher esteem which may be satisfying to them.
They must constantly live up to the expectations of others and refrain from even small lies or selfserving
behavior that can quickly destroy relationship.

A. Honesty
There is no more fundamental ethical value than honesty. Honesty is associated with honor. A person of
good character must be a person of honesty in both communications and conduct. Honesty in
communications is expressing the truth as best we know it and not conveying it in a way likely to mislead
or deceive.

Dimensions of Honesty
a) Truthfulness. Presenting the facts to the best of our knowledge. Take note that, intent is the
crucial distinction between truthfulness and truth itself. Being wrong is not the same thing as lying,
although honest mistakes can still damage trust insofar as they may show sloppy judgment.
b) Sincerity. One must observe genuineness, being without trickery or duplicity for it precludes all
acts, including half-truths, out-of-contexts statements, and even silence, that are intended to create beliefs
or leave impressions that are untrue or misleading.
c) Candor. In relationships involving legitimate expectations of trust, honesty, may also require
candor, forthrightness, and frankness, imposing the obligation to volunteer information that another
person needs to know.
d) Integrity. Persons of integrity are those who acts according to expediency. He is also consistent.
There is no difference in the way he makes decisions from situations from to situation; his principles do
not vary at work or at home, in public or alone.
The person of integrity takes time for self-reflection, so that events, crises, and seeming necessities of the
day do not determine the course of his moral life. He stays in control. He may be courteous, even
charming, but he is never duplicitous or unfaithful. He never demeans himself with obsequious behavior
toward those he thinks might do him some good. He is trusted because you know who he is: What You
See is What You Get. People integrity are called "hypocrites" or "two faced".
1. Reliability (Promise-Keeping).
Reliable persons are those who keep their promises for he believes that doing so create legitimate basis
for another person to rely on him, and that he undertakes special moral duties. They accept the
responsibility of making all reasonable efforts to fulfill their commitments. Because promise-keeping is
such an important aspect of trustworthiness.

Considerations to Maintain Reliability

•Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses. Interpret your promises fairly and honestly. Do not try to rationalize
noncompliance.
•Avoid Unwise Commitments. Before making a promise consider carefully whether you are willing and
likely to keep it. Think about unknown, or future events that could make it difficult, undesirable, or
impossible. Sometimes, all we can promise is to our best.
•Avoid Unclear Commitments. Be sure that when you make a promise, the other person understands
what you are committing to do.
B. Loyalty
To be trusted one must be loyal to his or husband or wife, friends, employer, employee, organization,
citizen, and country.
Our relationships with other people create an expectation of allegiance, fidelity, and devotion. Hence,
loyalty is a responsibility that each one should develop and maintain to promote the interests of certain
people, organizations, or affiliations. This duty goes beyond the normal obligation we all share to care for
others.
However, one should not sacrifice ethical principles when giving allegiance, fidelity, and devotion to the
other people to preserve his or her integrity, and dignity. We are only demanded to go with what is right
and legal. We should rather choose to lose our relationship with others than our legitimacy.
So many individuals and groups make loyalty claims on us that we must rank our loyalty obligations in
some rational fashion. For example, it is perfectly reasonable, and ethical, to look out for the interests of
our children, parents, and spouses even if we have to subordinate our obligations to other children,
neighbors, or co-workers in doing so. To be loyal we must develop the ability of safeguarding
confidential information. However, when keeping a secret breaks the law, threatens, or jeopardize others,
it is more important to "blow the whistle." Employees and public servants have a duty to make all
professional decisions on merit, unimpeded by conflicting personal interests. They owe ultimate loyalty to
the public.

2. Respect
The Golden Rule in Human Relation, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," perfectly
illustrates "respect'. When respect is observed we would prevent and pre-empt violence, humiliation. It
notions such as civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance, and acceptance.
Everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty to hold dignity. We
have no ethical duty to hold all people in high esteem, but we should treat everyone with respect,
regardless of who they are and what they have done. We have a responsibility to be the best we can be in
all situations, even when dealing with unpleasant people.
Qualities of a Respectful Person
a) Ability to Listen - When somebody is talking, he is attentively listening.
b) Treat Others with Consideration — Respectful person does not resort to intimidation, coercion,
or violence except in extraordinary and limited situations to defend others, including maturing children, to
have a say in the decisions that affect them.
c) Capable of Accepting Individual differences and Beliefs — Respectful individuals without
prejudice openly accept principles and ideologies of others. They judge others only on their negative
character, abilities, and conduct.

3. Responsibility
 It is understood that life is full of choices and everyone has its own judgement and decisions to take in
life. However, we are expected to be responsible for our actions and behaviors as rational being. Being
responsible means to take charge and accountable of the consequences of what we think and do. Our
capacity to reason and our freedom to choose, make us morally autonomous and, therefore, answerable
for whether we honor or degrade the ethical principles that give life meaning and purpose. Thus, an
individual must be responsible and accountable, pursue excellence and exercise self-restraint. They
exhibit the ability to respond to expectations.
In the doctrine of Command Responsibility in accordance with the professional conduct of criminology
students or police officers, it imposed to commensurate accountability to the one who is vested with
authority to exercise management leadership functions (Guerero et. al., (2016).
Additionally, as noted by Guerero et al. (2016), one of the canons of police ethics is the primordial police
responsibility which is to serve and protect citizenry.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, in
particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its country of origin
(smith. 2010).
Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention. that a
nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate source of political
authority (Finlayson, 2014).
It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics
such as culture, language, religion, politics, and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote
national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012).
Nationalism, therefore, seeks to preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, and cultural
revivals have been connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in domestic accomplishments
and is strongly associated with patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998).
Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance, conservatism or socialism
(Finlayson2014).
Types of Nationalism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious, or ideological lines. This
self-definition Of countries is used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these categories are
not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of
these components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the
concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.
The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic
group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to
promote its family and social life.
In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony Smith
utilizes the word “ethnic nationalism' for non-Western notions of nationalism.
The word “ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit
ideology along these lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism" and is used by nationalists who
hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner
The pejorative type of both is ethnocentric nationalism or tribal nationalism although trivial nationalism"
may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other nationalisms
that publicly claim a tribal identity.
2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)
The state derives political legitimacy from its citizen's active involvement and the extent to which it
reflects the "will of the individuals.” Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and
liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of nationalism.
Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy in nations
such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.
State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means that
the country is a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and that there
is the person to contribute to that objective.
The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and
strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often
results in fascism - generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political
ideology.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with faith in expansionism,
generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as European powers
indulged in the 'Scramble for Africa ' in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely linked with
militarist governments in the 20th century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanes, Empire,
and the Balkan nations of Albania (Grea Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia),
Hungary.
Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination, some countries are believed
to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist nationalism
argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of its neighbors.

4. Romantic Nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism in
which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation's natural. It is based on
the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.
It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic
culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a
romantic nationalist notion.
5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance
of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the nation is
neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
However, traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly the
person can obtain his or her abilities at a point in his or her own lives. (Conversi, 2008). Cultural
nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civic or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).
6. Third World Nationalism
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a domestic
identity.
7. Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form
of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist
(Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995).
It is asserted that in order to lead a meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity and
those liberal democracies need a domestic identity to work correctly.
Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people need a
domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal democratic
politics need a domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995, Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of
"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?" and John Stuart Mill are often thought to be early liberal nationalists.

8. Religious Nationalism
Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This
connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects on
politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity;
a common bond when the nation's people. The support of a national entity, comparable to a shared
ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of
religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts political activism and action; for
instance, les are enacted to encourage stricter religious adhe (Juergensmeyer, 1996).
9. Pan - Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural
communities (such as Turkish peoples).
10. Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism,
there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere,
etc.
11. Stateless Nationalism
On a nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within a
nation-state aims for independence.
12. National Conservatism
A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more on
domestic interests than conventional conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far
right agenda.
13. Revolutionary nationalism
Revolutionary nationalism is an ideology theory that calls for a domestic group united by a shared sense
of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism It was first ascribed and strongly promulgated by
Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at the start of the 20th
century, this intellectual synthesis of "radical nationalism and dissident society" was created.
14. Left-Wing Nationalism
Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.
PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication, and attachment to a country and an
alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many
distinct emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political, or historical elements, related to one's own country.
It is a predominant virtue linked to a nation's love, with a greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One
who is patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He'll never live alone egotistically. For
example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason
than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In essence, patriotism is a
sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, political community or just country love.
The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th
century) patriota via Middle French, meaning "countryman," finally from Greek (patriotēs), meaning
'from the same nation' (patris), meaning "fatherland” (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun
patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced. This is the reverse of the church
separation requested by the Enlightenment intellect who saw patriotism and religion as analogous
opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern the
distinction between patriotism and faith and depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the
label (Bin 1995).
Kinds of Patriotism
1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and other
selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one can
truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfill a patriotic duty and yet feel
apathetic about the country's welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's hand heart
during the national anthem. It can be by anyone without actually needing affection or duty patriotism.
While the above types of patriotism show, at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the
patriotism of matters establishes mostly a set of protocols

Types of Patriotism
1.Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values such
as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include
enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other
forms of activism.
2. Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content.
It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the
common good of the political community.
National monuments and veterans' days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples. Often
official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or specific
pledges and displays of allegiance.
Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national
anthem, saying a pledge, participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one's vehicle,
or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.
3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot
does not see it as inferior.
Levels of patriotism vary across time among political communities. Typically intensity is higher when the
state is under threat.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM
While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct
connotations were assumed. While both are people's feelings of affection for their nation, the values on
which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the country's positive values-like
liberty, justice, and equality. The patriot thinks that both their country's state system and individuals are
inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life.

On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the belief that one's nation is superior to all
others. It also holds a connotation of other countries 'distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that
other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do,
sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar
opposite of globalism
Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While it has
motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist movement that formed contemporary Israel, it
was also the main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the Holocaust (Longley, 2019).

According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and the
nationalist is proud of his nation for whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of
accountability, and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war

Module 4
Filipino Nationalism refers to the awakening and support towards a political identity associated with
modern Philippines leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the
Philippines. This gradually emerged out of various political and armed movements throughout most of the
Spanish East Indiesalbeit has long been fragmented and inconsistent with contemporary definitions of
such nationalism-as a consequence of more than three centuries of Spanish rule.
These movements are characterized by the upsurge of anti-colonialist sentiments and ideals which peaked
in the late 19th century led mostly by the ilustrado or landed, educated elites, whether peninsulares,
insulares, or native (Indio). This served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia. the
Philippine Revolution of 1896 The modern concept would later be fully actualized upon the inception of
the Philippine state with its contemporary border after being granted independence by the United States
by th 1946 Treaty of Manila.
Background in the years before the 11th century the Philippines was divided into numerous principalities
known as barangays, a name derived from Malayan boats called balangays. These small political units
were rule by datus, rajahs or sultans. In 1565, European colonization began in earnest when Spanish
explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and formed the first European settlements in
Cebu.
Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks, and further
strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and
create the foundation for the Spanish colonization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish occupied the
kingdom of Maynila and Tondo and established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. This
Spanish colonization united the Philippine archipelago into a single political entity.

The start of Filipino nationalism (1760s-1820s)

The term “Filipino” originally referred to the Spanish criollos of the Philippines. During their 333-year
rule of the Philippines, the Spanish rulers referred to the natives as Indios.
Also during the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were more known as insulares,
criollos, or Creoles, were also called “Filipinos.” Spanish-born Spaniards or mainland Spaniards residing
in the Philippines were referred to as Peninsulares. Those of mixed ancestry were referred to as Mestizos.
The Creoles, despite being regarded by the Peninsulares as inferior to them, had enjoyed various
government and church positions, and composed the majority of the government bureaucracy. The sense
of national consciousness came from the creoles, who now regard themselves as «Filipino». It was
brought to its advent by three major factors:
1) economy,
2) education and
3) secularization of parishes.

These factors contributed to the birth of Filipino Nationalism. The opening of the Philippines to
international or world trade, the rise of the middle class, and the influx of Liberal ideas from Europe were
only a few examples of how the Philippines developed into a stable country. “The first manifestation of
Philippine nationalism followed in the decades of the 1880s and the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda
movement, conducted both in Spain and in the Philippines, for the purpose of “propagandizing”
Philippine conditions in the hopes that desired changes in the social, political and economic life of the
Filipinos would come about through peaceful means."

Effect of the progress during the period (1760s-1820s)

The earliest signs of the effect to Filipino Nationalism developments mentioned could be seen in the
writings This Rodríguez Varela, a Creole educated in liberal France and highly exposed to the Age of
Enlightenment. Knighted under the Order of Carlos III, Varela was perhaps the only Philippine Creole
who was actually part of European nobility. The court gazette in Madrid announced that he was to
become a Conde and from that point on proudly called himself El Conde Filipino. He championed the
rights of Filipinos in the islands and slowly made the term applicable to anyone born in the Philippines

1. Economy
The decline of Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco was caused by the arrival of the ship Buen
Consejo in 1765. The Buen Consejo took the shorter route via Cape of Good Hope, a rocky headland on
the Atlantic coast controlled by Portugal. The journey through the Cape of Good Hope takes three months
from Spain to the Philippines, whereas the journey of the galleon trade takes five months. The event
proved that Portugal was already past its prime in controlling the route via the Cape of Good Hope, which
was already under Dutch control as early as 1652.
Shorter journeys to and from Spain brought faster trade and a quicker spread of ideas from Europe. Also,
the growing sense of economic insecurity in the later years of the 18th century led the Creoles to turn
their attention to agricultural production. The Creoles gradually changed from a very government-
dependent class into capital-driven entrepreneurs. Their turning of attention toward guided soil caused the
rise of the large private haciendas. Various government and church positions were transferred to the roles
of the Peninsulares who were characterized mostly in 19th-century Philippine history as corrupt
bureaucrats.
During the 1780s, two institutions were established in order to enhance the economic capacity of the
Philippines. These were the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country and the Royal Company of the
Philippines. The former, introduced by Governor-General Jose Basco in 1780, was composed of leading
men in business, industry, and profession, the society was tasked to explore and exploit the natural
resources of the archipelago. It offered local and foreign scholarships, besides training grants in
agriculture, and established an academy of design.
It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and gold beaters guild,
and the construction of the first paper mill in the Philippines in 1825. The latter, created by Carlos III on
March 10, 1785, was granted an exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila; Chinese and Indian goods
and shipping them directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. It was stiffly objected to by the Dutch
and English who saw it as a direct attack on their trade of Asian goods. It was also vehemently opposed
by the traders of the Galleon trade who saw it as competition
2. Education
During the administration of Governor-General Jose Raon, a royal order from Spain, which stated that
every village or barrio must have a school and a teacher, was implemented. The implementation of the
order expanded the reach of basic education during the Spanish era. Also, during the 18th century,
modern agricultural tools made many people leave farming for pursuing academic and intellectual
courses. After the arrival of Buen Consejo, the Philippines had more direct contact with Europe and the
ideas circulating. Thus, the Philippines was influenced by the principles of the Age of Enlightenment and
radical changes during the French Revolution.
3. Secularization of parishes
By royal decree on February 27, 1767, King Carlos III ordered the Jesuits to be expelled from Spain, and
from all her colonies. The decree reached the Philippines in early 1768, wherein Governor-General Raon
tried to do the Jesuits a favor by delaying the implementation of the royal order in exchange of bribes.
This gave the Jesuit priests to hide all of their possessions and destroy documents that could be held
against them, which were supposed to be confiscated. The first batch of Jesuits, numbered 64, left Manila
only by May 17, 1768. This event caused Raon to face prosecution from the next Governor-General, as
ordered by the King of Spain. Raon died before the judgment for him was laid.
The expulsion of Jesuit priests from the country resulted in a shortage of priests in the parishes. This
prompted the current Manila archbishop, Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa, to launch his favorite project: the
secularization of Philippine parishes. Sancho reasoned out that priests were only sent to facilitate missions
to areas that are not yet much Christianized. Native priests must be ordained to facilitate the parishes
since the Philippines was already a Christian country.
Sancho recruited every Indio he got to become a priest. There was even a joke at the time that there was
no one to man the galleons anymore since Sancho had made them all priests. The secularization partly
failed because many members of the newly formed native clergy soiled the parishes with their ignorance,
sloth, and the like. One achievement of Sancho's secularization project was the establishment of a school
for native boys who aspire to become priests.

Philippines symbols that promotes a sense of nationalism

Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are
related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:
1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces
of the country.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
provinces in the Philippines.
3. National anthem -Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)
4. The Philippine Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines;
symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong,
sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) – The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to
be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is
extreme punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this
dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and
hardwork due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many
ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -(untucked shirt of thin fabric
displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt
and blouse with no collar)
13. "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal -Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis - The Philippine national Sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine plant is often used as a hat umbrella, or fan
symbolizing Filipino resourcefulness.
16. . Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house is typically a small bamboo house with a thatched
roof.
IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic policies
1834 - 1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the country because foreigners shared
their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860
in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.
Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated which made the lives of the Filipinos
prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation and
communication that boost financial advances, boost tobacco, sugar, and abaca manufacturing.

How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the "Illustrados were educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, novels or publication
in news journal called “la Solidaridad." campaigned for reform in the colony peaceful way. They were
made up of the “principalia" or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to Filipino
or upper class. Their families were inquilinos" who leased property to the friars. Agricultural production
evolved during Philippine's opening world trade, which led them to become rich. They were able to
improve their social status and send their children to European schools. They later clamored for reforms
and equality, and their children became propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal's opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain. This paved the way for
liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and brotherhood
and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and imparted liberal
thoughts to the Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not only in Manila, but
also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the amount of Spaniards is
increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and · gain social prestige by gaining authority
in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly protected.

Secularization Movement
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from Spanish friars were one of the effects of Europe's
Spreading of liberal ideas.
There Are Two Types of Priests:
1. Bular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests -These priests were not religious orders and were under the
archbishop's oversight.
1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the Augustinians. Recollects,
Dominican, and Franciscan.
Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should the parishes relates to deacons and priests who are monastics or
members of a religious institute. But secular priests are accessible because some of them have been sent
to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergy and the racial and national
conflict with the Friars.
19th Century - The majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the one who boost and inspired the
Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic w is an autocratic and oppressive ruler, replaced Gov Torre.
He boasted that he ruled with a crucial hand and a sword in the other. He decide to restore old order and
repealed the exemption of the Filipinos from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and
tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and employees led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against the Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench
the rebellion
The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the
rebellion's mastermind.
Francisco Zaldua - the Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA
February 17. 1872 - The day of execution of the 3
COMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, was born in Cavite and held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as
though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the
Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor-General de la Torre. He was 35
years old at the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He
wrote to defend the seculars and was known to weep like a child.
Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina
and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior
from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
Issues On The Three Priests
Fr. Gomez - Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more than 80
years old.
Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
Fr.Zamora - Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose hora, a
known critic of the Spanish Government at that time.

GomBurza Execution
The parishes were assigned because of the death of the regular priests in the 19th century. The Spaniards
wanted the secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez. Jacinto Zamora-
was executed by Garrote after being implicated as a mastermind in Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the
three crowds paid respect when they removed their hatsand knelt down. The bells rang all over the City
order of Archbishop Melito Martinez

Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to
strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is said to form of execution performed on the three priests.

The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution

It is considered the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in Philippine history because the three priests were
innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.

Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement

Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad. was founded in
19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes implemented in
the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who
foundation of the movement in Madrid.

Propaganda refers to the systematic effort to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and tongue; a
literally means the propagation of a given opinio

Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformer's country to escape persecution in 1872. They didn't have the intention
of achieving social changes struggle and revolution rather they campaign for reform or change by way of
writing. They advocated reform by writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly known
as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain, England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch of the Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priests the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression, and assembly.
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement The following causes of the
creation of the Propaganda Movement:
1. Emergence of Middle Class
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos
Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted in the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and a prolific writer among the Propagandists. His pen
names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly
known and acclaimed as the "Father of the Philippines Nationalism" due to his intellectual and idealistic
support for Philippine Independence. For him, Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the
unfortunate state of the Filipinos and the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his alphabet,
at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga Kabata"(To My Fellow children) a poem that
talks about love for one's language. At the age of 9, he was sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino
Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado to Rizal because Mercado was closely identified
to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated Bachelor of Arts in
Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine while taking up
agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo, Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) won the
first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero LiterarioArtisticio.
The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge learned that it was written by Filipino. In
1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his parents and finished medicine in Universidad
Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his
written essay, where he showed how the ancient civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa
Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young women of Malolos) He commended the 20 women of Malolos
who bravely disobeyed their parish priest by establishing a night school where they could learn the
Spanish language.
He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the Philippines in 19th century,
On February 1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and England
causing him to learned numerous language. On July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo
Manila, to foster cooperation among Filipinos, to help each other in times of needs, to promote education
and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little
boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he served as a doctor, and met
Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to serve as military doctor, but he was arrested for
allegedly being connected with revolution which broke out in the Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned
at Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal association. On December 30,1896, he was executed in
Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla
de alcohol (cooking lamp).

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of the Reform Movement. Born on August
30, 250 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his
and mother's surname based on Gov. General Narciso Slaverias's decree in 1849- "Filipinos should adopt
a Spanish Surname."
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de San
Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he was suspended when
he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married
his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He
was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even
in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the injustices his family experienced from them.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of
contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was the co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in
the Philippines “Diariong Tagalog” where he published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog
translation of Jose Rizal's “El Amor Patrio." His other writings were:
a. Caingat Cayo - He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan - Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed the true nature of the
friars.
C. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina ( The Frailocracy in the Philippines) Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first president the
Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in the Philippines known as the “Junta de propaganda His
pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat, V Garcia and Plaridel.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages him to become a priest. However,
Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the School of Medicine in
University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial difficulties he wasn't able to finish his medical degree and
forced to go back in Ilollo. The poor people of Ilollo consulted him for medical problems. He started the
campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing “Fray Botod” (La hija de fraile) means “Big - Bellied Friar." In
his work he Revealed the in the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars
He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880 and then he went to Valencia Spain and continues
his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of LOS DOS
MINDO - News organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the "Prince of the Filipino Orators" and the great
orator of the Reform Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura and he founded the La Solidaridad
(Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote articles campaigning
for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of freemasonry and founded masonic lodge for
Filipinos in 1889.
For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the root cause of
impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight
trom the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear it the next day without being laundry.

OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS

DR. PEDRO PATERNO
A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled Ningu,” the 1st Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino's
developed culture.
ANTONIO LUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the Philippines.
La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the educational system for women. His pen name was Taga-
ilog.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters,
essays and dialogue while his writing are:
• Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving motherland.
• Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of darkness under the
Spaniards
He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to particular ethnic group but to
all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called Tagalog.
His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros
"Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bauan” but later adopted the “Kartilla ng Katipunan” of Emilio
Jacinto
EMILIO JACINTO
Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan. Born on Dec. 15. 1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took up Bachcio of
Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He looks up law from the University of Sto. Tomas was not
able to finish it because of the revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He
wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan which served as a moral and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works
are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria.
He became editor-in-chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He was assigned to rescue
Rizal while waiting for the ship to go to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with cazadere
spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to
malaria April 6. 1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates armed struggle to achieve
liberty.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, the same day that news about Rizal's exile to Dapitan. Deodato
Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The
KKK members were divided when it increased to more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, and Bayani.
Each category has its own password and members undergo blood compact.
Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, who used the triangle method to recruit members, where
every member should recruit two new members who would only know each other after passing the
initiation rites.

Module 6
Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies,
reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and a duty of protection on the part of the
State.
A citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who
enjoys full civil and political rights and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State.

CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL

From the point of view of international law. "citizenship” and “citizen” do not exactly mean the same as
“nationality “and "national.” The national of a State includes not only its citizens who enjoy full civil and
political privileges but also all others who are not its citizens, but because they owe allegiance to it, are
not regarded as aliens. While all citizens are nationals of a State, not all nationals are citizens of a state.
MEANING OF SUBJECT AND ALIEN
A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights. In Monarchist
State, He is often called Subject.
An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country. He is a popularly
called “foreigner.” He is not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive protection as to
his person or property.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
1. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth,
2. Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in the case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants
of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of conquest or treaty.

WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIP CITIZENSHIP?

1. Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by
the place of birth (e.g. the territory of a given state)
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual acquires the
nationality of his/her natural parent/s.The Philippines adheres to this principle.
2. Filipino By Naturalization | Naturalized
Citizen - which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-
born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance into a similar
relation towards a new body.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZENS

(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law.

IDEALS POLICY ON NATURALIZATION –

The policy on naturalization should be guided by our own national interest. Perhaps the idea is that only
those who have come to love the country, who have integrated themselves into the citizenry, and who can
contribute to the development of the nation should be conferred citizenship by naturalization.
Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing
him with the rights and privilege of citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the
fact of the entrance into a similar relation towards a new body politic.

NATURE OF NATURALIZATION
An alien does not have a natural, inherent, or vested fight to be admitted to citizenship in a state.
Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor, or privilege that a sovereign government may confer on, or
withhold from, an alien or grant to him under such conditions as it sees fit without the support of any
reason whatsoever.
Citizenship in our republic is ever the most powerful nation if the world, can take such citizenship for
granted or assume it as a matter of right. In view of the above principles, the rule is that in case of doubt
concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in favor of the state and against the applicant
for naturalization

THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING BY NATURALIZATION

1. By judgment of the court
The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must apply for naturalization with the proper
Regional Trial Court / Court of First Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act is the present naturalization
| law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art.
XVIII, Sec.3.);
2. By direct act of Congress
In this case, our law-making body simply enacts an act directly conferring citizenship to a foreigner.
3. By administrative proceeding
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,"aliens born and residing
in the Philippines may be granted Philippine citizenship by administrative proceedings before a special
committee on naturalization. The petition for citizenship shall be filled with the committee which has the
power to approve, deny or reject the application as provided in the law.

WHO MAY QUALIFY AS A PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY NATURALIZATION UNDER THE

REVISED NATURALIZATION ACT?
Under Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law the applicant must possess the following
qualifications:
1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition;
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years;
3. He must be of good moral character and beliefs in the principles underlying the Philippine
Constitution, and must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire
period of his residence in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with
the community in which he is living;
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency,
or must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
5. He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or any one of the principal languages;
6. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any of the public or private schools
recognized by the Bureau of Public Schools of the Philippines where Philippine history, government, and
civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of residence in the
Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of the petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen;

WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION LAW?
Under Section 4 of the Revised Naturalization Law, the following persons cannot qualify for Philippine
citizenship:
1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any association or group of persons who
uphold and teach doctrines opposing all organized governments;
2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination
for the success and predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or believers in the practice of polygamy;
3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious diseases;
5. Persons who during the period of their stay
The Philippines, have not mingled socially with Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere I to learn
and embrace the customs, traditions ideals of the Filipinos;
6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom The Philippines is at war.
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United States, whose laws do not grant Filipinos
the right to become naturalized citizens or subject thereof;

LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
1. Voluntary
a. By Naturalization in a foreign country
b. By express renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support
the constitution and law of a foreign country
d. By rendering service to or accepting a commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
The voluntary loss or renunciation of one's nationality is called EXPATRIATION.
2. Involuntary
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court
b. By having been declared by a competent authority a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in times of
war.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
1. By naturalization
2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of the
Philippines and registering the same in the proper civil registry.
3. By direct act of congress
RETENTION AND ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP
Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the "Citizenship Retention and Re- acquisition Act of 2003” which
was approved on August 29, 2003, natural-born citizens of the Philippines who have lost their Philippine
Citizenship by reason of naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are deemed to have reacquired
Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of allegiance to the Philippine Republic.
OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
"I (Name), solemnly swear (or affirm will support and defend the Constitution of the Rer of the
Philippines and obey the laws and legal promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of the
Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize accept the supreme authority of the Philippines will
maintain true faith and allegiance thereto, and the I impose this obligation upon myself without mental
reservation or purpose of evasion.”
The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of the Act, become citizens of a
foreign country shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below 18 years of age, of those who
reacquire Philippine citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed citizens of the Philippines.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES
Those who shall retain or re - acquire Philippine citizenship under the Act shall enjoy full civil and
political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the
Philippines and the following conditions:
1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the requirement under Section 1, Article
V of the Philippine Constitution, RA 9189 otherwise known as “The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003 and other existing laws.
2. Those seeking elective public office in The Philippines shall meet the qualification for holding such
public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the
certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before
any public officer authorized to administer oath;
3. Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance to the Republic
of the Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their assumption of office. They must
renounce their oath of allegiance to the foreign country where they took that oath;
4. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the proper authority for
a license or permit to engage in such practice; and
5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines cannot be extended
to, those who:
a. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they are naturalized
citizens; and/or
b. Are in active service as commissioned or non- commissioned officers in the armed forces of the
country of which they are naturalized

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO AN ALIEN?

1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does not automatically lose his or her
citizenship, even if his or her nationality was granted by his or her husband's or wife's country.
2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law to have renounced their citizenship such
as taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign country.
3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her husband's citizenship, she will possess two
citizenship, Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 prohibits more particularly naturalized
Filipinos from practicing what is called "dual allegiance" declaring it inimical to national interests. Note
that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of citizens.
Dual citizenship refer to the possession of two citizenships by an individual, that of his original
citizenship and that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. It arises because our laws
cannot control laws of other states on citizenship but dual allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or
decision.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS?
1. To be loyal to the republic.
2. To defend the state
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state
4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities
6. To exercise rights responsively with the due regards to the rights of others
7. To engage in gainful work
8. To register and vote