SAN ACADEMY SCHOOL

(Session 2022-23) Class: XII

Chemistry

Investigatory project

On

DYEING OF FABRICS

PREPARED BY: Anish. R and Nithya Shree. k

TEACHERS NAME: Mrs. poongodhai
This is to certify that, Anish. R and Nithya
Shree. K students of class XII of San
Academy, kamakoti Nagar, Chennai,
session 2022-23, has satisfactorily
completed the required Chemistry project
work as per the syllabus of XII in the
Laboratory of the school

Date: Teachers signature:

 CONTENTS

SN0 TOPIC
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. TYPES OF DYES
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF DYES.
5. OBJECTIVES AND
REUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE
6.
OBSERVATIONS
7.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
8.

Acknowledgment
We selected this project as a part of my
studies, titled “DYEING OF FABRICS”.
As gratitude, I convey my sincere thanks to
our Principal Mrs. Ganga Natarajan and
chemistry teacher Mrs. Poongodhai who
gave me this opportunity to work on the
project.
We would like to thank my chemistry
teacher for the constant guide during the
period of study and without whose help it
would not have been possible for to
complete this project and personally thank
my friends for their support and
encouragement in making me choose and
complete this project.

INTRODUCTION
Dyes are colored substances which can
adhere to the surface of materials and are
used to give colors to paper, food stuffs and
various other textiles such as cotton, wool,
synthetic fibers, silk, etc. Chemically a dye
contains:
1)Some group which is responsible for the
color of the dye.
2)Some group which makes the dye stick to
the fabric by formation of some salt.
The dyed fabrics appear to be colored
because a particular dye absorbs radiations
of some specific wavelengths from the
visible spectrum of light. The remaining
radiations of light are reflected.

TYPES OF DYES.
1. Acid dyes are water- soluble anionic dyes
that are applied to fibers such as silk,
wool, nylon and modified acrylic
fiber using neutral to acid dye baths.
Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at
least partly, to salt formation between
anionic groups in the dyes and cationic
groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not
substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most
synthetic food colors fall in this category.
Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure
Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
2. Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic
dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic
fibers, but find some use for wool and silk.
Usually, acetic acid is added to the dye
bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the
fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the
coloration of paper.
3. Direct or substantive dyeing is normally
carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline
dye bath, at or near boiling point, with the
addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl)
or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used
 on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and
nylon. They are also used as pH
indicator and as biological stains.
4. Mordant dyes require a mordant, which
improves the fastness of the dye against
water, light and perspiration The choice of
mordant is very important as different
mordants can change the final color
significantly. Most natural dyes are
mordant dyes and there is therefore a
large literature base describing dyeing
techniques. The most important mordant
dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or
chrome dyes, used for wool; these
comprise some 30% of dyes used for
wool, and are especially useful for black
and navy shades. The mordant,
potassium dichromate is applied as an
after-treatment. It is important to note that
many mordants, particularly those in the
heavy metal category, can be hazardous
to health and extreme care must be taken
in using them.
5. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water
and incapable of dyeing fibers directly.
 However, reduction in alkaline
liquor produces the water-soluble alkali
metal salt of the dye, which, in this form,
has an affinity for the textile fiber.
Subsequent oxidant reforms the original
insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to
indigo, the original vat dye,
6. Reactive dye utilizes a
chromophore attached to a
substituent that is capable of directly
reactive with the fiber substrate. The
covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to
natural fibers make them among the most
permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes,
such as Procion MX Cibacron F, and
Dimarene K, are very easy to use
because the dye can be applied at room
temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the
best choice for dyeing cotton and other
cellulose fibers at home or in the art
studio.
7. Dispersive dyes were originally developed
for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and
are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely
ground in the presence of a dispersing
 agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried
and sold as a powder. Their main use is to
dye polyester, but they can also be used
to dye nylon, triacetate nylon and acrylic
fibers. In some cases, a dyeing
temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is
required, and a pressurized dyebath is
used. The very fine particle size gives a
large surface area that aids dissolution to
allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate
can be significantly influenced by the
choice of dispersing agent used during the
grinding.
8. Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an
insoluble Azo dye is produced directly
onto or within the fiber. This is achieved
by treating a fiber with both diazoic and
coupling components. With suitable
adjustment of dyebath conditions, the two
components react to produce the required
insoluble azo dye. This technique of
dyeing is unique, in that the final color is
controlled by the choice of the diazoic and
coupling components. This method of
dyeing cotton is declining in importance
 due to the toxic nature of the chemicals
used.
9. Sulfur dye are inexpensive dyes used to
dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is
affected by heating the fabric in a solution
of an organic compound, typically a
nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or
polysulfide. The organic compound reacts
with the sulfide source to form dark colors
that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1,
the largest selling dye by volume, does
not have a well-defined chemical structure

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE:
1. It must have a suitable color.
2. It must be capable of being fixed to the
material.
3. When fixed, it must be fast enough to
detergents, soaps, water, dry cleaning
solvents, light and dil. Acids.
OBJECTIVE AND THEORY:
To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite
green.
Requirements:
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze,
glass rod, spatula, wool cloth, cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartar emetic
and malachite green
Procedure:
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION- Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and
dissolve it in 250ml of water.
2. PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC SOLUTION-
Take about 0.2g of tartar emetic and dissolve in
100ml of water by stirring with the help of a glass
rod.
3. PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION-
Take 100ml of water and add about 1g of tannic
acid to it. Heat the solution.
4. PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about
0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of
water. On warming a clear solution of the dye
results.
 5. DYEING OF WOOL- Take about 200ml of dye
solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed.
Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that
remove the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4
times, squeeze and keep it for drying.
6. DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t absorb
malachite green readily. So, it requires the use of
mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with
water. Then put the water in hot tannic acid solution
for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from
tannic acid solution and keep it in tartare medic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove the excess
solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution of
the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the
dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and
keep it for drying.

OBSERVATION:
 1. The color of the wool cloth dyed directly by
dipping in the hot solution of malachite green
is fast.
2. The color of the cotton cloth dyed indirectly by
using mordant and then by dipping in the hot
solution of malachite green is fast to washing
and of high intensity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Practical chemistry by Laxmi publications.
2. Wikipedia
3. Google
4. Chemlab.com
5. Chemistry ncert book.
6. Fellow students and teachers.