Ques.

1 What is
geography? What are
their branches?
It is the study of physical features of the earth and its
atmosphere and of human activity as it affects and is
affected by these including the distribution of
population and resources and political and economic
activities.

• The nature and its relative arrangements of

places and physical features.
Geography is the study of places and the relationships
between people and their environments. Geographers
explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the
human societies spread across it

• Geography is a field of science devoted to study of

lands,features ,inhabitants and phenomena of
earth. The first person to use the word was
Eratosthenes .

Geography is an all-compassing discipline that seeks an

understanding of earth and its human and natural
complexities not merely where objects are but also how
they changed and come to be . While geography is
specific to Earth . many concepts can be applied more
broadly to other celestial bodies in the field plantery
science. It is the study of places and relationship
between people and their environments.

BRANCHES Of GEOGRAPHY…
Geography is often defined in terms of two branches:
physical geography and human geography .

Physical geography is concerned with the study of process

and patterns in the natural environment like atmosphere ,
hydrosphere , biosphere and geosphere. It aims to understand
the physical problems and the issues
of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and
global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Physical
geography is the study of earth's
seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and
oceans.

• Physical geography can be divided into many broad

categories, including:

Biogeography

Climatology & meteorology

 • Human geography is the study of people and their
communities ,cultures , economies and interaction with
the environment by studying the relations with and
across space and place. Human geography (or
anthropogeography) is a branch of geography that
focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape
the human society. It encompasses the human,
political, cultural, social, and economic aspects.

• Human geography can be divided into many broad

categories, such as:

Cultural geography

Development geography

There are many other branches of geography.

Geomorphology , political Geography , economic Geography ,
Population Geography , Health and Culture geography etc .
QUES.2 What are the
importance of Socio-Economic
Survey ?
A socio-economic survey is regarded as one of the
most important sources of statistical data on household
expenditure and income as well as other data on the
status of housing, individual and household
characteristics and living conditions.

• Social economics is a social science and branch of

economics that focuses on the interrelationship
between economic activity and social behavior.

• Social economics attempts to explain how members of

certain socioeconomic classes act and how the
economy is impacted.

• Social economics attempts to explain how social factors

impact economic activity in society by drawing upon
information from fields such as history, philosophy,
sociology, and political science. It uses information
from different areas to examine how it influences
consumer behavior, shapes buying trends, and affects
other activities within business and economics.
• It is interesting to note that social economic theories
are somewhat unorthodox with regards to considering
factors that are not usually focused on in traditional or
mainstream economics, such as environmental effects
on wealth and consumption behavior in society.

• Socio-Economic survey is a very development activity.

In socio-economic we prepare demographic details,
household category wise, population report, education
status, land holding and cropping pattern, lives stock
details of the village. We know the actual condition of
area that what kind of people lives in this area? It tells us
about the economic condition that what types of
economic activities are coming out by them. It tells about
the social condition of the people in any area.
QUES.3 What are their
objectives ?
[ occupation , literacy ]
Socio-economic survey tools are designed
to collect information as a means of improving
understanding of local resource management
systems, resource use and the relative
importance of resources for households and
villages.

The objectives of socio-economic survey in literacy

and occupation are:-
Socio - Economic survey is an important part of
education to know the status of the people of
various society. The sole aim of the Socio Economic
planning of our country is to transform the socio -
economic condition of the people living in the rural
areas.

To bring about the economic development the

transformation of Socio-Economic condition and control
of population growth is necessary. Hence, it is the need
of the hour to analyses the socio-economic condition of
the rural areas and put forward the suggestions for the
steps to be taken in order to solve the problems
prevailing in the rural areas.

Education provides a foundation for development,

the groundwork on which much of our economic
and social well being is built. It is the key to increasing
economic efficiency and social consistency. By
increasing the value and efficiency of their labor, it helps
to raise the poor from poverty.

This report contain's the analytical study of socio -

economic factors with practical approach. while
conducting the survey we studied the Socio-Economic
and cultural aspects, living conditions, health and
hygiene, educational status transport and
communication facilities, occupation, water supply and
the problems faced by the people of the village.

This survey report is a modest attempt to develop an

awareness and insight to Socio -Economic Study of the
various social ,cultural and economic aspects of the
population .

QUES.4 Discuss
metholodogy
The term "methodology" is associated with a variety of
meanings. In its most common usage, it refers either to
a method, to the field of inquiry studying methods, or
to philosophical discussions of background assumptions
involved in these processes. Some researchers
distinguish methods from methodologies by holding that
methods are modes of data collection while
methodologies are more general research strategies
that determine how to conduct a research project. In this
sense, methodologies include various theoretical
commitments about the intended outcomes of the
investigation.
In its most common sense, methodology is the study
of research methods. However, the term can also refer
to the methods themselves or to
the philosophical discussion of associated background
assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for
bringing about a certain goal. In the context of research,
this goal is usually to discover new knowledge or to
verify pre-existing knowledge claims. This normally
involves various steps, like choosing
a sample, collecting data from this sample, and
interpreting this data. The study of methods involves a
detailed description and analysis of these processes. It
includes evaluative aspects by comparing different
methods to assess their advantages and disadvantages
relative to different research goals and situations. This
way, a methodology can help make the research
process efficient and reliable by guiding researchers on
which method to employ at each step. These
descriptions and evaluations of methods often depend
on philosophical background assumptions. The
assumptions are about issues like how the studied
phenomena are to be conceptualized, what
constitutes evidence for or against them, and what the
general goal of research is. When understood in the
widest sense, methodology also includes the discussion
of these more abstract Issues.

TYPES
• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research is closely associated with
the natural sciences. It is based on precise
numerical measurements, which are then used to
arrive at exact general laws. This precision is also
reflected in the goal of making predictions that can
later be verified by other researchers.
Examples of quantitative research include
physicists at the Large Hadron Collider measuring
the mass of newly created particles and positive
psychologists conducting an online survey to
determine the correlation between income and self-
assessed well-being.

• Qualitative research is characterized in various

ways in the academic literature but there are very
few precise definitions of the term. It is often used in
contrast to quantitative research for forms of study
that do not quantify their subject matter
numerically. However, the distinction between these
two types is not always obvious and various
theorists have argued that it should be understood
as a continuum and not as a dichotomy.
Examples of the qualitative method are a market
researcher conducting a focus group in order to
learn how people react to a new product or a
medical researcher performing an unstructured in-
depth interview with a participant from a new
experimental therapy to assess its potential benefits
and drawbacks. Qualitative research is frequently
employed in fields where the pre-existing
knowledge is inadequate.
IMPORTANCE
It is important because methodology will give you that
path. And choosing a wholly suitable and sound method that is
right for your research project will give you the path to help you
succeed. A methodology will give you the guidelines to make
your project manageable, smooth and effective.
CRITICISM
Methodological criticism may be defined as the critique of
scientific practice in the light of methodological principles,
and critical methodology as the study of proper methods of
criticism; the problem is that of the interaction between the
scientific methods which give methodological criticism its
methodological character and the critical methods which give
it its character of criticism. These ideas and this problem are
illustrated by an examination of Karl Popper's critique of
Marxian social science. It is argued that though Popper's
favorable articulations of Marx are valuable, his unfavorable
criticism is invalid, the grounds of my argument being certain
ideas in critical methodology relating to the distinctions
between theory and practice, between inaccurate and invalid
criticism, and between the justification of favorable criticism
and the justification of unfavorable criticism.