PAPER

AND
PULP
PRODUCTION
DEFINITION USES TYPES PROPERTIES PROCESSES
PAPER
 D EFI N I T I O N
Paper is thin material mainly used for writing
upon, printing upon, and packaging. It is
produced by the amalgamation of fibers,
typically vegetable fibers composed of cellulose,
which are subsequently held together by
hydrogen bonding. It was derived from the
Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing
material called papyrus, which was formed from
beaten strips of papyrus plants.
 U s es o f pa p ers
1. To represent a value
paper money, bank note, cheque,
security, voucher and ticket

2. For entertainment
book, magazine, newspaper, art, zine

3. For packaging
corrugated box, paper bag, envelope,
wrapping tissue, charta emporetica and
wallpaper
4. For cleaning
toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial
tissue and cat litter

5. For construction
papier-mâché, origami, quilling, Paper
honeycomb, used as a core material in composite
materials, paper engineering, construction paper
and clothing

6. Other uses
emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper,
litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper
chromatography and Capacitor Dielectrics
 TY P ES o f pa p ers
Barograph Paper
Abrasive Kraft Base Paper
Absorbent Kraft Battery Jacket
Alkaline Paper Beedi Wrap Paper
Anti Rust Paper Bible Paper
Antique Paper Blade Wrapper (SS)
Art Paper Bond Paper
Azure laid Paper Book Paper
Business Forms Paper
Carbon Base Cinema Poster
Carbon Paper Clay Coating Base Paper
Carbonless Paper Coated Paper
Cardboard Copier Paper
Cast Coated Paper Cream wove Paper
Chromo Paper Defence Krafts
Cigarette Slide Diary Paper
Cigarette Tissue Diazo Base Paper
Electrical Insulating Papers
Glassine Paper
Extensible Sack Kraft
Greaseproof Paper
Fax Base Paper
Gypsum Board
Flexible Carton Board
Ice Cream Cup
Fluorescent Paper
Inter Leaving Kraft
Fluting Medium
Kite Poster
Foil Base Poster, Board
Label Paper
General Writing Paper
(Note book)
P RO P ERT I ES O F PA P ER
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES

3. STRENGTH PROPERTIES

4. MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
 Physical
properties
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Basis Weight or Grammage
is the most fundamental property of
paper board. It is the weight per unit
area.
 Bulk
is another very important parameter of
paper particularly for printers. It is a term
used to indicate volume or thickness in
relation to weight.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Caliper or Thickness
for a given basis weight, thickness
determines how bulky or dense paper is.
 Curl
paper curl can be defined as a
systematic deviation of a sheet from a flat
form. It results from the release of stresses
that are introduced into the sheet during
manufacture and subsequent use.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
THREE BASIC TYPES OF CURL
Mechanical curl develops when one side of the paper is
stretched beyond its elastic limits. One example of this is
the curl in the sheet which forms near the center of a
roll.
Structural curl is caused by two-sidedness in the sheet,
that is a difference in the level of fines, fillers, fiber area
density or fiber orientation through the sheet thickness.
Moisture curl can develop when the paper sheet is
being offset printed. One side of the sheet may pick up
more moisture than the other, the higher moisture side
releases the built in drying strains and the paper will curl
towards the drier.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

 Dimensional Stability
Dimensional changes in paper originate in
the swelling and contraction of the
individual fibers. Dimensional stability of
paper can be improved by avoiding fiber
to absorb moisture. Well sized papers have
better dimensional stability.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Formation
Formation is an indicator of how uniformly
the fibers and fillers are distributed in the
sheet. Formation plays an important role as
most of the paper properties depend on it.
 Friction
Friction is the resisting force that occurs
between two paper or paperboard
surfaces in contact when the surfaces are
brought to slide against each other.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

 Machine and Cross Direction

All papers have a definite grain direction
due to greater orientation of fibers in the
direction of paper machine run. This grain
direction is known as machine direction.
The cross direction is the direction of paper
at right angles to the machine direction.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Moisture
Almost all grade of paper has some
percentage of moisture. Moisture in paper
varies from 2 - 12% depending on relative
humidity, type of pulp used, degree of
refining and chemical used.
 Smoothness
is most important parameter for printer.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Temperature and Humidity: Conditioning of
Paper
Conditioning of paper is also of important in
many printing and converting operations. In
addition to the effect of moisture content on
physical properties, it also determines the
build up of static of the paper sheet subjected
to pressure and to friction. The tendency for
paper to develop static becomes greater
with increasing dryness.
01 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Wire side and Felt side
also referred as wire side and top side. The
side which is in contact with the paper
machine wire during manufacturing is
called the wire side. The other side is top
side. Before a thin layer of fibers deposit on
machine wire, fines and fillers drain out
hence wire side has less fines and fillers
compared to top side.
 optical
properties
02 Optical PROPERTIES

 Brightness, Whiteness and Color

Brightness may or may not add much
value to the 'useful' properties of the
paper but it is the most important selling
feature. It is a bragging right every paper
manufacturer wants to have that he/she
produces most bright paper.
02 Optical PROPERTIES
BRIGHTNESS, WHITENESS AND COLOR
Brightness is defined as the percentage reflectance
of blue light only at a wavelength of 457 nm.
Whiteness refers to the extent that paper diffusely
reflects light of all wave lengths throughout the
visible spectrum. Whiteness is an appearance term.
Color is an aesthetic value. Color may appear
different when viewed under a different light
source.
02 Optical PROPERTIES
 Color
The quality of light given off by a sheet as
described by its hue (tint), saturation
(strength), and value (darkness or
lightness).
 Fluorescence
Fluorescence measures the amount of
fluorescent whitening agent present in
the paper.
02 Optical PROPERTIES
 Gloss
Gloss is the specular reflection of light,
which is reflected at an equal and
opposite angle.

 Opacity
is the measure of how much light is kept
away from passing through a sheet.
 Strength
properties
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Bursting Strength
Bursting strength tells how much pressure
paper can tolerate before rupture.
 Compressibility
It influences the ability of paper to
change its surface contour and to
conform to and make contact with the
printing plate or blanket during printing
impression.
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Folding Endurance (Double Folds)
Folding endurance is the paper's
capability of withstanding multiple folds
before it breaks.
 Hardness
The degree to which paper will resist
indentation by some other material such
as a stylus, pen or printing plate.
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Ply Bond/ Scott Bond
The Internal Bond Strength of paper or
paperboard (also known as Ply Bond
Strength or Z Directional Strength) is the
ability of the product to resist splitting
when a tensile load is applied through the
paper’s thickness i.e. in the Z direction of
the sheet.
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Resiliency
The ability of paper to recover its original
thickness and surface contour after
release of the compressive forces of
printing nips.
 Stiffness
is the measure of force required to bend
a paper through a specified angle.
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Stretch (Elongation)
Stretch is the amount of distortion which
paper undergoes under tensile stress.
 Surface Strength (Wax Pick No.)
A measure of the surface strength of the
sample or surface resistance to picking.
 Tearing Resistance
Tearing resistance/ strengths is the ability
of the paper to withstand any tearing
force when it is subjected to.
03 Strength PROPERTIES
 Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is indicative of fiber
strength, fiber bonding and fiber length.
 Wet Strength
Some grades of paper such as tea bag
paper, coffee filter paper etc. come in
contact with water in use. So these paper
have to be strong enough to withstand
tear, rupture or falling apart when
saturated with water.
Miscellaneous
properties
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
 Ash Content
The residue left after complete
combustion of paper at high temperature.
 Dirt Content
The paper may have number of dirt
specks or contraries. These specks can be
any unwanted foreign particle that is
visible to the eye such as bark,
undigested wood (shives), pitch, rust,
plastic, slime etc.
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
 pH
The pH value of paper can show residual
acidic/alkaline chemicals in pulp, or
atmospheric pollutants (e.g. SO2) in valuable
paper archives.

The pH value of paper can be determined by:

o Disintegrating the paper in hot distilled water and
determining the pH of the extract.
o Disintegrating the paper in cold distilled water and
determining the pH of the extract.
o Directly using a wet electrode on the paper surface.
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
 Permanence
Permanence is degree to which paper
resists deterioration over time.
 Pin Holes
Imperfections in paper which appear as
minute holes upon looking through the
sheet.
 Porosity
Porosity of sheet is an indication of
absorptivity or the ability of the sheets to
accept ink or water.
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES

 Print Quality
The degree to which the appearance and
other properties of a print approach a
desired result.
 Printability
The extent to which properties of paper
lends them to the true reproduction of the
original artwork.
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES

 Sizing / Cobb
the term "sizing" was applied to the
treatment of paper stock prior to the
formation of the sheet, with water-repellent
materials such as rosin or wax. Resistance
towards the penetration of aqueous
solution/water is measured by Sizing or Cobb
values.
04 MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES
 Water Absorption (EDGE WICK)
It is an important test for measuring the
water absorption capacity of cupstock
grade, which is used for the manufacture of
soft drink cups.
P RO D U CT I O N P RO C ESS ES
PAPER MAKING

1. Chemical pulping
2. Mechanical pulping
3. Recycled paper
4. Additives
5. Drying
6. Finishing
 P RO D U CT I O N P RO C ESS ES
PAPER MAKING PROCEDURE
 P RO D U CT I O N P RO C ESS ES
PAPER RECYCLING
Paper recycling is the process of recovering
waste paper and remaking it into new paper
products. There are three categories of paper
that can be used as feedstocks for making
recycled paper:
Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper
scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is
recycled internally in a paper mill.
 P RO D U CT I O N P RO C ESS ES
Pre-consumer waste is material that was
discarded before it was ready for consumer use.
Post-consumer waste is material discarded after
consumer use, including OM (old magazines),
OTD (old telephone directories), and RMP
(residential mixed paper).

Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap

paper".
PULP
 PA P ER A N D P U LP
Paper plays a key role in our daily life and papers
have been used for many years from now. Papers are
made with the pulp of the woods, which is an Eco-
friendly product.

Pulp and paper are made from cellulosic fibers and

other plant materials.
 PA P ER A N D P U LP
As one of the largest industrial sectors in the world,
the pulp and paper industry has an enormous
influence on global forests. U.S. is still one of the
world’s largest paper consumers.

Unsustainable pulp and paper operations have

contributed to conversion of high conservation value
forests, illegal harvesting, human rights and social
conflicts, and irresponsible plantation development.
 PA P ER A N D P U LP

Responsible pulp and paper operations can

bring many benefits to forests, local
economies and people, particularly in rural
areas.
 PA P ER A N D P U LP p ro c ess es
Paper is made through the following processes:
1) Pulping procedure will be done to separate and clean
the fibers
2) Refining procedure will be followed after pulping
processes
3) Dilution process to form a thin fiber mixture
4) Formation of fibers on a thin screened
5) Pressurization to enhance the materials density
6) Drying to eliminate the density of materials
7) Finishing procedure to provide a suitable surface for
usage
PA P ER A N D P U LP p ro c ess es
1. Timber and de-barking
PA P ER A N D P U LP p ro c ess es
2. Chipping machine and pulping process
PA P ER A N D P U LP p ro c ess es
3. Cleaning and bleaching
PA P ER A N D P U LP p ro c ess es
4. Washing and drying
PA P ER A N D P U LP P RO C ESS ES
PA P ER A N D P U LP P RO C ESS ES
D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n pa p e r a n d p u l p