Psjehahnji

Ehgtigfh kbgtjris

PIRA BLKIG
"Bstb ajvrh ifkjrévba hcbrbeb uki rjqubzi fb jgchrkiîòbs prétjeis fbtiadifis shorb kbgtjri
b fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris b uki igéajsb pbgbtrigtb fis jkpajeiîòbs êtjeis fbssbs
ehkphrtikbgths. Ê chrtbkbgtb rbehkbgfifh i kêfjehs, ifvhnifhs, fjpahkitis b thfhs
iqubabs qub fbvbk sb prbheupir ehk i fbtbeîåh fb bgnigh."
- Mbrhkb F. Crigl
Bsehai fb Kbfjejgi fi Rgjvbrsjfifb Mhdgs Dhpljgs 

Gbstb ghvh bxpigfjfh bfjîåh fi jgvbstjniîåh fh iuthr shorb h kugfh fhs kbgtjrhshs b
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris, Piua Blkig, uk bspbejiajsti fb rbghkb kugfjia bk pbsqujsi fb
bkhîòbs b ehkugjeiîåh gåh vbroia, triz, bk fhjs ghvhs eipëtuahs, suis fbsehobrtis kujth
fjvuanifis shorb ehkh fbtbetir kbgtjris piri h rbia kugfh.
Gh ghvh Eipëtuah :, "Ajb Eitedjgn jg tdb 9::0s", h iuthr rbvbai qub i kijhrji fiqubabs i
qubk itrjouëkhs i eipiejfifb fb fbtbetir kbgtjris - muëzbs, ifvhnifhs, phajejijs, phaënrichs,
inbgtbs igtjfrhnis b hutrhs - gåh rbiajzik kbadhr bk tbstbs fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris fh
qub ejfifåhs ehkugs, hu sbmi, gåh kbadhr fh qub h ieish. Iaêk fjssh, bab ejti h eish fh
tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Hajvbr Ghrtd b fh vjeb-iakjrigtb Mhdg Phjgfbxtbr furigtb h Jrå / ehgtri
bseïgfiah iufjígejis gh Ehgnrbssh, piri fbkhgstrir sbu ush erjtbrjhsh fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri fbtbetir kbgtjris.
Gh Eipëtuah 90, "Kbgtjris gi vjfi pýoajei", bab jgehrphri kujths kijs bstufhs fb
eish fh kugfh rbia - fbsfb kbgtjr gh gëvba prbsjfbgejia (_jedirf Gjxhg b ^itbrnitb b
Aygfhg Mhdgshg b i Nubrri fh Sjbtgå) itê iuthbgnigh gh ögjous bspiejia
Fbsicjifhr fbsistrb b is iufjígejis mufjejérjis fh Ubgifh fb 9::9 shorb h suphsth issêfjh sbxuia fb Igjti
Djaa pbah ghkbifh fi Uuprbki Ehrtb, Eairbgeb Vdhkis - piri fbajgbir kijs fbtiadifikbgtb sbus
kêthfhs fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris, obk ehkh piri ehkbgtir shorb h aunir fi kbgtjri gi vjfi pýoajei.

Piua Blkig ê prhcbsshr fb psjehahnji gi Rgjvbrsjfifb fi Eiajcõrgji, bk Uig

Crigejseh.

Fbsjng fi eipi phr Igfrbw K. Gbwkig Fbsjng nrécjeh

 

Ehgtigfh kbgtjris
 

VIKOÊK PH_ PIRA BLKIG

Bkhîåh gh rhsth dukigh ( ehk

ehk ^S Crjbsbg & P. Baaswhrtd)
Firwjg b Bxprbssåh ciejia ( bfjthr)
bfjthr)
Fbskiseirigfh h rhsth ( ehk
ehk ^S Crjbsbg)
Ujstbki fb ehfjcjeiîåh fb iîåh ciejia ( ehk
ehk ^S Crjbsbg)
_hsth fb Dhkbk 

Digfohhl hc Kbtdhfs jgGhgvbroia Obdivjhr _bsbired ( eh-bfjthr,

eh-bfjthr, ehk Laius
Uedbrbr)
Iohrfinbgs piri i bkhîåh ( eh-bfjthr,
eh-bfjthr, ehk Laius Uedbrbr)
Phr qub is erjigîis kbgtbk ( ehk
ehk Kiry Igg Kishg b Vhk Blkig)
 

PIRA BLKIG

Ehgtigfh kbgtjris
Pjstis piri bgnigir gh
kbreifh, gi phaëtjei b gh eisikbgth

^^ - GH_VHG & EHKPIGZ - Ghvi Zhrl-Ahgfrbs 

 

Ehpyrjndt © 9::?, 9:42 phr Piua Blkig. Vhfhs hs fjrbjths rbsbrvifhs.

Jkprbssh ghs Bstifhs Rgjfhs fi Ikêrjei. Puoajeifh pbai

prjkbjri vbz ehkh orheduri fh Ghrthg bk 9::9.

Vrbedhs fb Eisb ehkjnh, phr Mhdg Rpfjlb, såh rbjkprbsshs ehk pbrkjssåh fb Iacrbf
I. Lghpc, Jge. Ehpyrjndt © 9:>9, 9:>5, 9:>3, phr Mhdg Rpfjlb.

Chthnricjis gis pénjgis ?:2, ?:>, 590, 593, 594 ehrtbsji fi IP / ^jfb ^hraf Pdhths.

H tbxth fbstb ajvrh ê ehkphsth bk Migshg, ehk tjph fb fjspaiy fbcjgjfh bk Eisahg.
Ehkphsjîåh phr Vdb Diffhg Erictskbg, Jge.

Eitiahniîåh fi Ojoajhtbei fh Ehgnrbssh bk Fifhs fb

Puoajeiîåh Blkig, Piua.
Ehgtigfh kbgtjris.
Jgeauj rbcbrígejis ojoajhnrécjeis b ëgfjeb.
9. Sbriejfifb b ciasjfifb. Psjehahnji. J. Vëtuah.
OM96?9.B53 9:42 925,3 46->::6

JUOG 0-5:5-504>?-5

^^ Ghrthg & Ehkpigy, Jge.

200 Cjctd Ivbgub, Gbw Zhrl, GZ 90990
^^ Ghrthg & Ehkpigy Atf
90 Ehptje Utrbbt, Ahgfrbs ^EaI 9PR

623>4:0 
 

Bk kbkõrji fb 
Brvjgn Nhcckig,
Ikjnh b Ehabni Bxtrihrfjgérjh 

b piri kjgdi bsphsi,

Kiry Igg Kishg,
Erëtjeh b Ehgcjfigtb 
 

Yuigfh i sjtuiîåh pirbeb sbr bxitikbgtb h qub pirbeb sbr, i iatbrgitjvi kijs
prõxjki prhvévba ê qub i sjtuiîåh chj ehkpabtikbgtb ciasjcjeifi< quigfh i
ciasjcjeiîåh pirbeb bxtrbkikbgtb bvjfbgtb, i prõxjki phssjojajfifb kijs
prhvévba ê qub gifi ciasjcjeifh bstbmi prbsbgtb.-Brvjgn Nhcckig,
Jgtbriîåh Bstritênjei

I bstruturi rbabvigtb gåh ê fb khriajfifb, kis fb shorbvjvígeji. Bk thfhs

hs gëvbjs, fi eikucainbk oruti à vjsåh phêtjei, i eipiejfifb ajgnuëstjei fb
heuatir, fbsjgchrkir, fbjxir ikoënuh, chrkuair djpõtbsbs, jgvbgtir ê
jgfjspbgsévba ih bqujaëorjh fi ehgsejígeji dukigi b ih fbsbgvhavjkbgth fh
dhkbk bk shejbfifb. . . .-Nbhrnb Utbjgbr, Fbphjs fb Oioba

Ub i ciasjfifb, ehkh i vbrfifb, tjvbssb ipbgis uki cieb, bstirëikhs

bk kbadhr chrki. Phjs tbrëikhs ehkh ebrth h hphsth fh qub h
kbgtjrhsh fjssb. Kis h rbvbrsh fi vbrfifb tbk ebk kja chrkis b uk
eikph jajkjtifh.-Khgtijngb, Bgsijhs
 

Ehgtbýfh

Inrifbejkbgths 99

HGB • Jgtrhfuîåh 92

FHJU • Kbgtjri, Sizikbgth b Pjstis piri Bgnigir ?2

V_ÍU • Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik 65

YRIV_H • Fbtbeîåh fb bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph

40

EJGEH • Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir UBJU • 9?5

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs UBVB • H phaënrich 93?

ehkh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris 9:0

HJVH • Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris ?60

GHSB • I eipturi fb kbgtjris gi fêeifi fb ?>:

9::0 FB] • Kbgtjris gi vjfi pýoajei ?::

 

90  Ehgtbýfh 

Bpëahnh 5?2
Ipígfjeb 559

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 569

Ëgfjeb 529
 

Inrifbejkbgths

Jgstjtuth Giejhgia fb Uiýfb Kbgtia phr iphjir kjgdi

pbsqujsi
UHRshorb
N_IVHehkugjeiîåh
piri h _ikh gåh vbroia fbEaëgjei
fb Pbsqujsi 9:35 fh
itê 9:49 (KD99:>3). H Prhnriki fb Príkjh fb Ejbgtjsti bk

bu
Pbsqujsi fh Jgstjtuth Giejhgia fb Uiýfb Kbgtia iphjhu
tigth h fbsbgvhavjkbgth fb kbu prhnriki fb pbsqujsi
furigtb i kijhr pirtb fhs ýatjkhs vjgtb ighs quigth i
rbfiîåh fbstb ajvrh (KD 030:?). Fbsbmh inrifbebr à
Cugfiîåh Dirry C. Nunnbgdbjk b à Cugfiîåh Mhdg F. b
Eitdbrjgb V. KieIrtdur pbah iphjh i ianukis fis pbsqujsis
fbserjtis ghs eipëtuahs 6 b 2. ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg, ehk qubk
trioiadbj kijs fb vjgtb ighs, ê jnuiakbgtb rbsphgsévba
pbahs rbsuatifhs fi pbsqujsi qub rbaith gbssbs eipëtuahs<
kujtis fis fuis
bk ghssis jfbjisfêeifis
fbsbgvhavjfis gh ajvrh surnjrik prjkbjrh
fb fjéahnh.
Inrifbîh i Ujavig U. Vhkljgs, ikjnh, ehabni b prhcbsshr,
phr kb bgehrimir i bserbvbr bstb ajvrh b phr sbus ehkbgtérjhs b
sunbstòbs shorb h kiguserjth. Obgbcjejbj-kb fis erëtjeis fb
vérjhs ikjnhs qub abrik h kiguserjth fb sbus fjcbrbgtbs
phgths fb vjsti= _hobrt Oaiu, uk kêfjeh< Utigaby Eispir,
ifvhnifh fb fbcbsi< Mh Eirshg, uki rhkigejsti< _hss
Kuaaigby, uk inbgtb iphsbgtifh fh COJ< _hobrt Pjelus, uk
pbgsifhr phaëtjeh< _hobrt Hrgstbjg, psjeõahnh< b Ojaa ^jaajiks,
uk ehgsuathr fb nbståh. Kjgdi bsphsi,
 

9?  Inrifbejkbgths 

Kiry Igg Kishg, kjgdi prjkbjri abjthri, chj piejbgtb b

ehgstrutjvikbgtb erëtjei.
Fjseutj kujtis fis jfbjis fh ajvrh ehk Brvjgn Nhcckig, qub
sb jgtbrbsshu pbah bgnigh fb uk ïgnuah obk fjcbrbgtb b
nhsthu fb ghssis vjsòbs ehgtristigtbs, kis gåh
ehgtrifjtõrjis. Bu fbvbrji tbr tjfh h obgbcëejh fb sbus
ehkbgtérjhs shorb h kiguserjth, kis bab khrrbu
jgbspbrifikbgtb phueh igtbs fb bu bgvjé-ah. H abjthr b bu
pbrfbkhs pbah jgcbajz cith fb qub ghssh fjéahnh sõ phfbrji
hehrrbr bk kjgdi kbgtb.
 

Ehgtigfh kbgtjris
 

Jgtrhfuîåh

b khrtia fb bgnighs bsté prbstbs i ehkbîir. Ifhac

Djtabr,V JU
h edigebabr fi Iabkigdi,
92 fb sbtbkorh fb 9:54, b ukb fhs
Gbvjaab
kijsEdikobraijg,
jgcikbs
h prjkbjrh-kjgjstrh fi Nrå-Orbtigdi, bgehgtri-sb pbai prjkbjri vbz.

bu
H kugfh issjstb, ejbgtb fb qub bsti phfb sbr i ýatjki
bspbrigîi fb bvjtir hutri nubrri kugfjia. (Ipbgis sbjs kbsbs
igtbs, is trhpis fb Djtabr kiredirik piri i Éustrji, igbxigfh-
i à Iabkigdi. I Jgnaitbrri b i Crigîi prhtbstirik, kis gåh
cjzbrik kijs gifi.) Bk 9? fb sbtbkorh, trís fjis igtbs fb sb
bgehgtrir ehk Edikobraijg, Djtabr bxjnb qub pirtb fi
Vedbehsahvéquji sbmi igbxifi à Iabkigdi b jgejti tukuaths
giqubab piës. Djtabr mé khojajzhu sberbtikbgtb h Bxêrejth
iabkåh piri itieir i Vedbehsahvéquji, kis sbu bxêrejth gåh

bstiré prhgth itêjkpbfjr

Ub ehgsbnujr h cjgia qub
fb sbtbkorh.
hs tedbehs khojajzbk sbu bxêrejth
phr kijs ianukis sbkigis, Djtabr tbré i vigtinbk fb uk itiqub
surprbsi. Nigdigfh tbkph, Djtabr bsehgfb sbus paighs fb nubrri
fb Edikobraijg, figfh sui piaivri fb qub i piz phfb sbr
prbsbrvifi sb hs tedbehs itbgfbrbk suis fbkigfis. Edikobraijg
bsté bgnigifh< bab tbgti pbrsuifjr hs tedbehs i gåh khojajzirbk
sbu bxêrejth bgquigth ijgfi dé uki edigeb fb gbnhejir ehk Djtabr.
Fbphjs fb sbu bgehgtrh ehk Djtabr, Edikobraijg bserbvb piri sui
jrkå= "... ipbsir fi furbzi b erubafifb qub pbgsbj tbr vjsth bk sbu
rhsth, tjvb i jkprbssåh fb qub iquj
 

93  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bri uk dhkbk bk qubk sb phfji ehgcjir quigfh bab divji fifh sui
piaivri. . . . "[ Fbcbgfbgfh suis phaëtjeis ehgtri iqubabs qub fuvjfik
fi piaivri fb Djtabr, Edikobraijg ejgeh fjis fbphjs bk uk fjseursh
ih Piraikbgth bxpajei qub sbu ehgtith pbsshia ehk Djtabr adb
pbrkjtb fjzbr qub Djtabr" sjngjcjei h qub fjz. "?
Yuigfh ehkbebj i bstufir kbgtjris, qujgzb ighs itrés, gåh tjgdi
jfbji fb qub kbu trioiadh tbrji quiaqubr rbabvïgeji piri tia kbgtjri.
Iedbj qub sbrji ýtja ipbgis piri qubk trioiadi ehk piejbgtbs kbgtijs.
Kbu bstufh fis kbgtjris ehkbîhu quigfh hs tbripbutis qub bu bstivi
bgsjgigfh shorb kjgdis fbsehobrtis - qub is bxprbssòbs ciejijs såh
ugjvbrsijs bgquigth hs nbsths såh bspbeëcjehs piri eifi euaturi -
pbrnugtirik sb bssbs ehkphrtikbgths gåh-vbroijs phfbrjik rbvbair
qub uk piejbgtb bstivi kbgtjgfh.5 Ghrkiakbgtb jssh gåh ê uk
prhoabki, kis thrgi-sb uk quigfh hs piejbgtbs jgtbrgifhs gh dhspjtia
phr eiusi fb tbgtitjvis fb sujeëfjh fjzbk qub bståh sb sbgtjgfh kujth
kbadhr. Vhfh kêfjeh tbkb sbr bgnigifh phr uk piejbgtb qub ehkbtb
sujeëfjh fbphjs fb ajobrtifh fis rbstrjîòbs fh dhspjtia. Uui prbheupiîåh
prétjei abvigthu uki qubståh cugfikbgtia shorb i ehkugjeiîåh
dukigi= is pbsshis phfbk, kbskh quigfh bståh kujth pbrturoifis,
ehgtrhair is kbgsinbgs qub bkjtbk, hu sbu ehkphrtikbgth gåh vbroia
viziré h qub bsté heuath phr suis piaivris8
Prheurbj bk kbus cjakbs fb bgtrbvjstis ehk piejbgtbs
psjqujétrjehs phr uk bxbkpah fb kbgtjri. Bu divji cbjth bssbs
cjakbs ehk hutrh prhpõsjth - jshair bxprbssòbs b nbsths qub
pufbssbk
trigsthrghsimufir gh fjingõstjeh
kbgtijs. fi nrivjfifb
Inhri qub bstivi cheigfhbgh
fh bgnigh,
tjph fb
pbgsbj tbr vjsth sjgijs fb kbgtjri bk vérjhs cjakbs. H
prhoabki bri ehkh tbr ebrtbzi. Bk ipbgis uk eish gåh
dhuvb fývjfi - phr eiusi fh qub iehgtbebu ipõs i bgtrbvjsti.
Kiry bri uki fhgi fb eisi fb 6? ighs. I ýatjki fb suis trís
tbgtitjvis fb sujeëfjh chj oistigtb sêrji. Chj ipbgis uk iejfbgtb
qub ianuêk i bgehgtrhu igtbs qub uki hvbrfhsb fb pëauais piri
fhrkjr i kitissb. Uui djstõrji gåh bri kujth fjcbrbgtb fi fb
kujtis hutris kuadbrbs qub shcrjik fb fbprbssåh gi kbji-
jfifb. Is erjigîis erbsebrik b gåh prbejsirik
 

Jgtrhfuîåh  9> 

sui. Ubu kirjfh pirbeji prbheupifh ehk sbu trioiadh. Kirji

sb sbgtju jgýtja. Yuigfh bai bgtrhu gh dhspjtia, bai gåh
ehgsbnuji kijs eujfir fi eisi, gåh ehgsbnuji fhrkjr obk b
cjeivi sbgtifi shzjgdi edhrigfh i kijhr pirtb fh tbkph. Bk
suis prjkbjris
kbfjeiîåh trís sbkigis
b tbripji ghBai
fb nruph. dhspjtia,
pirbejibai rbebobu kujth
rbsphgfbr
obk= sui itjtufb sb jaukjghu b bai gåh kijs ciaivi bk
sujeëfjh. Bk uki fis bgtrbvjstis qub cjakikhs, Kiry fjssb ih
kêfjeh ehkh bai sb sbgtji kujth kbadhr b pbfju uk pissb fb
cjk fb sbkigi. Igtbs fb rbebobr h pissb, bai ehgcbsshu qub
kbgtju piri hotí-ah. Bai ijgfi qubrji fbsbspbrifikbgtb sb
kitir. Fbphjs fb kijs trís kbsbs gh dhspjtia, Kiry divji
kbadhrifh nbgujgikbgtb, bkohri dhuvbssb uki rbeiëfi uk
igh fbphjs. Bai siju fh dhspjtia b ipirbgtbkbgtb bsté obk dé

kujths ighs. cjakifi ehk Kiry bgnighu i kijhrji fhs mhvbgs

I bgtrbvjsti
b itê kbskh kujths fhs psjqujitris b psjeõahnhs bxpbrjbgtbs i
qubk i khstrbj.6 Gõs h bstufikhs phr ebgtbgis fb dhris,
rbpissigfh-h vérjis vbzbs, jgspbejhgigfh eifi nbsth b bxprbssåh
bk eïkbri abgti piri fbsehorjr quijsqubr pjstis phssëvbjs piri
bgnigir. Bk uki piusi fb uk khkbgth igtbs fb rbsphgfbr à
pbrnugti fh kêfjeh shorb sbus paighs piri h cuturh, vjkhs bk
eïkbri abgti uki cuniz bxprbssåh ciejia fb fbsbspbrh, tåh
répjfi qub gåh tëgdikhs vjsth gis prjkbjris vbzbs qub

bxikjgikhs h cjakb.phfbk
sbgtjkbgths heuaths . Rki vbz
sbr qub tjvbkhs
bvjfbgtbs i jfbji
gbstis fb qub
orbvbs
kjerh bxprbssòbs, prheurikhs b bgehgtrikhs kujths kijs, ghrkiakbgtb
ehobrths bk uk jgstigtb phr uk shrrjsh. Gõs tikoêk bgehgtrikhs uk
kjerh nbsth. Ih fjzbr ih kêfjeh ehkh bai bstivi ajfigfh obk ehk sbus
prhoabkis, Kiry às vbzbs khstrivi uk crinkbgth fb uk bgehadbr fb
hkorhs - gåh i ehjsi thfi, ipbgis uki pirtb fbai. Bai bgehadji hs hkorhs
ehk ipbgis uki fis kåhs, njrigfh-i uk phueh. Hu, suis kåhs cjeirjik
qujbtis, kis divbrji uki babviîåh khkbgtïgbi fb uk hkorh.

Pbgsikhs tbr vjsth hutris pjstis gåh vbroijs piri bgnigir, kis
 

94  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gåh phfëikhs tbr ebrtbzi sb hs bstévikhs fbsehorjgfh hu jkinjgigfh.

H ehkphrtikbgth pbrcbjtikbgtb jghebgtb pirbeb suspbjth sb vheí
shuobr qub ianuêk kbgtju. Uhkbgtb i kbfjîåh hombtjvi, gåh
jgcaubgejifi pbah ehgdbejkbgth shorb sb uki pbsshi bstivi kbgtjgfh

hu fjzbgfh i vbrfifb, phfbrji tbstir h qub fbsehorjkhs. B, kujtis

pbsshis tjvbrik qub sbr bstufifis piri qub tjvêssbkhs i ebrtbzi fb qub
is pjstis piri bgnigir qub bgehgtrikhs gåh såh jfjhssjgerétjeis. Ubrji
kijs sjkpabs piri i pbsshi qub tbgti aheiajzir uki kbgtjri, h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, sb hs ehkphrtikbgths qub tribk h bgnigh fb
uki pbsshi tikoêk chrbk bvjfbgtbs quigfh hutri pbsshi kbgtb< kis
hs sjgijs fb bgnigh phfbk sbr pbeuajirbs i eifi pbsshi. Prhmbtikhs uk
bxpbrjkbgth khfbaifh i pirtjr fi kbgtjri fb Kiry, gh quia is pbsshis
qub bstufikhs sbrjik chrtbkbgtb khtjvifis i bsehgfbr jgtbgsis
bkhîòbs gbnitjvis sbgtjfis gh khkbgth fi kbgtjri. Bgquigth issjstji i
uk cjakb kujth pbrturoifhr, qub khstrivik ebgis ejrýrnjeis
signrbgtis, ghsshs sumbjths fb pbsqujsi tjvbrik qub bsehgfbr sbus
vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths fb ignýstji, fhr b rbpuasi b ehgvbgebr uk
bgtrbvjstifhr, qub gåh phfji vbr h cjakb, fb qub bstivik eurtjgfh uk
cjakb fb ajgfis cahrbs. (Ghsshs rbsuatifhs såh fbserjths ghs eipëtuahs 6 b
2).
Gåh sb pisshu kijs fb uk igh - quigfh ijgfi bstévikhs
ghs bsténjhs jgjejijs fb ghsshs bxpbrjkbgths kbgtjrhshs - igtbs
qub pbsshis jgtbrbssifis bk kbgtjris obk fjcbrbgtbs kb
prheurissbk. Kjgdis fbsehobrtis hu kêthfhs phfbrjik sbr

usifhs
Ehk piri pbnir
h pissir ikbrjeighs
fhs ighs, à kbfjfisuspbjths
qub ghssisfb sbrbk bspjòbs8
fbsehobrtis shorb
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir bgtrb piejbgtb b kêfjeh
chrik puoajeifis bk rbvjstis ejbgtëcjeis, is pbsqujsis
iukbgtirik. Yub tia trbjgir iqubabs qub nuirfik hs hcjejijs fb
niojgbtb piri qub phssik fbtbetir uk tbrrhrjsti fbtbrkjgifh i
sbr ississjgifh phr sbu igfir hu nbsths8 Phfbkhs khstrir ih
COJ ehkh trbjgir phajejijs piri jfbgtjcjeir kbadhr sb uk suspbjth
bsté kbgtjgfh8 Gåh cjqubj kijs surprbsh quigfh qubstjhgifh sb
phfbrji imufir hs gbnhejifhrbs fi eýpuai i jfbgtjcjeir is
kbgtjris fb sbus hphgbgtbs,
 

Jgtrhfuîåh  9: 

aifråh. Ghs ýatjkhs ejgeh ighs, h jgtbrbssb sb thrghu

jgtbrgiejhgia. Cuj iohrfifh phr rbprbsbgtigtbs fb fhjs piësbs
ikjnhs fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs< b, quigfh fbj uki piabstri gi
Rgjåh Uhvjêtjei, phr cugejhgérjhs qub fjssbrik sbr fb uk
"jgstjtuth baêtrjeh" rbsphgsévba pbais jgtbrrhniîòbs.
Gåh cjqubj sitjscbjth ehk bssb jgtbrbssb, ehk kbfh fb qub kjgdis
fbsehobrtis chssbk kia utjajzifis, iebjtis sbk erëtjei, usifis ehk kujth
bgtusjiskh. Iedbj qub is pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri bgnigir gbk sbkprb sbrjik
bvjfbgtbs gi kijhrji fhs bgnighs erjkjgijs, phaëtjehs hu fjpahkétjehs. Chj
ipbgis uk piapjtb. Yuigfh qubstjhgifh, gåh ehgsbnuj bxpajeir phr quí. Piri
cizbr jssh, bu tjvb qub iprbgfbr phr qub is pbsshissbkprb ciîi ehkbti brrhs
quigfh kbgtbk. Gbk thfis is kbgtjris ciadik. Ianugs såh bxbeutifhs
pbrcbjtikbgtb. Pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir - uki bxprbssåh ciejia

kigtjfi phr kujth tbkph, uk nbsth iusbgtb, uki kufigîi khkbgtïgbi gi

vhz - gåh prbejsik iehgtbebr. Gåh prbejsi divbr sjgijs rbvbaifhrbs qub tribk
h kbgtjrhsh. Kbskh issjk, bu sioji qub phfb divbr pjstis piri bgnigir. Hs
kbgtjrhshs kijs fbtbrkjgifhs phfbk sbr triëfhs phr sbu prõprjh
ehkphrtikbgth. Uiobr quigfh is kbgtjris firåh ebrth b quigfh ciadiråh,
ehkh aheiajzir pjstis piri bgnigir b quigfh gåh viab i pbgi tbgtir,
sjngjcjeivi bgtbgfbr ehkh is kbgtjris, hs kbgtjrhshs b hs ipigdifhrbs
ipigdifhrbs fb
kbgtjris fjcbrbk.
I kbgtjri fb Djtabr i Edikobraijg b i fb Kiry i sbu kêfjeh
bgvhavjik bgnighs khrtiakbgtb sêrjhs, bk qub h qub bstivi bk

 mhnh bribiikois
cuturhs prõprji vjfi. Ikois
vjfi.
ehaheirik is pbsshis
bkhîòbs bbsehgfbrik
qub gåh sehgfbrik paighs
sbgtjik ehkh pirtb
ebgtria fb sui kbgtjri. Kis is fjcbrbgîis bgtrb suis kbgtjris såh
bghrkbs. Djtabr ê uk bxbkpah fh qub kijs tirfb fbserbvh ehkh uk
irtjsti gituria. Iaêk fb sui diojajfifb jgbrbgtb, Djtabr tikoêk tjgdi
kujth kijs prétjei bk bgnigir fh qub Kirji.
Djtabr tikoêk tjgdi i vigtinbk fb bgnigir qubk qubrji sbr
bgnigifh. Edikobraijg bri uki vëtjki vhaugtérji qub qubrji
ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri fb Djtabr fb qub bab gåh paigbmivi i nubrri sb
ipbgis is crhgtbjris fi Vedbehsahvéquji chssbk rbfbsbg
rbfbsbgdifis
difis piri
itbgfbr às suis fbkigfis. Eish ehgtrérjh, Edikobraijg tbrji
 

?0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

tbvb qub ifkjtjr qub sui phaëtjei fb ipizjnuikbgth divji ciadifh

b fb cith bgcriqubejfh sbu piës. Uhorb uk issugth rbaiejhgifh, i
ejbgtjsti phaëtjei _hobrti ^hdastbttbr fbstiehu bssb phgth bk sui
igéajsb fi tripiîi gis ehrrjfis irkikbgtjstis. Fjseutjgfh is
vjhaiîòbs fi Iabkigdi ih Iehrfh Givia Ignah-Iabkåh fb 9:53,
bai fjssb= "... h tripiebjrh b h aifh tripiebirik
. . . tík jgtbrbssb bk pbrkjtjr qub h brrh pbrsjsti. Ikohs
gbebssjfifb fb prbsbrvir i jausåh fb qub h iehrfh gåh chj
vjhaifh. H kbfh orjtïgjeh fb uki ehrrjfi irkikbgtjsti,
kigjpuaifi tåh diojakbgtb phr Djtabr, abvhu i uk Iehrfh
Givia, gh quia hs orjtïgjehs (sbk ehgsuatir hs crigebsbs hu hs
jtiajighs) rbvjsirik tiejtikbgtb h Vritifh fb Sbrsiadbs< b h
kbfh fb Ahgfrbs fb uki ehrrjfi irkikbgtjsti i jkpbfji fb
rbehgdbebr hu rbehgdbebr is vjhaiîòbs fh ghvh iehrfh. "2

Bk kujths bgnighs, i vëtjki jnghri hs brrhs fh kbgtjrhsh,

figfh i kbadhr abjturi ih ehkphrtikbgth ikoënuh, imufigfh
bk ehgaujh i kigtbr i kbgtjri, i bvjtir is tbrrëvbjs
ehgsbquígejis fb fbsehorjr i kbgtjri. Ih jnghrir hs sjgijs fhs
eishs fb sui bsphsi, h kirjfh phfb pbah kbghs ifjir i
dukjadiîåh fb sbr bxphsth ehkh uk ehrgh b i phssjojajfifb fb
fjvõrejh. Kbskh qub bab ifkjti i jgcjfbajfifb fbai i sj kbskh,
bab phfb ehhpbrir bk gåh rbvbair suis kbgtjris piri bvjtir tbr
qub ifkjtjr jssh piri bai hu piri bvjtir uk ehgcrhgth. Bgquigth
gifi chr fjth, bab ijgfi phfb tbr i bspbrigîi, phr kbghr qub sbmi,
fb qub i tbgdi muanifh kia, fb qub bai phssi gåh bstir tbgfh uk
eish.
Gbk thfi vëtjki bsté tåh fjsphsti. Às vbzbs, gåh dé gifi i nigdir
jnghrigfh hu ehhpbrigfh ehk uki kbgtjri. Ianugs ipigdifhrbs fb
kbgtjris nigdik ipbgis bxphgfh uki kbgtjri b, sb h cjzbrbk, gåh
pbrfbk gifi. H jgtbrrhnifhr fi phaëeji sõ pbrfb sb chr pbnh, issjk ehkh
h hcjejia fb erêfjth fh oigeh, b ikohs cizbk obk h sbu trioiadh ipbgis
fbsehorjgfh h kbgtjrhsh b rbehgdbebgfh i vbrfifb. Kujtis vbzbs, i
vëtjki nigdib pbrfb phr sbr bgnigifh hu phr rbvbair i kbgtjri< kis hs
fhjs phfbk gåh bstir bqujajorifhs fb kigbjri ugjchrkb.
ugj chrkb. H kêfjeh fb

Kiry tjgdi ipbgis uki pbqubgi iphsti bk ierbfjtir bk sui kbgtjri.

 

Jgtrhfuîåh  ?9

Ub bai gåh bstjvbssb kijs fbprjkjfi, bab phfbrji rbebobr ianuk

erêfjth phr bcbtuir sui rbeupbriîåh. Kis sb bai gåh chj rbiakbgtb
rbeupbrifi, bab gåh shcrbu nrigfbs pbrfis. Ih ehgtrérjh fb
Edikobraijg, thfi i eirrbjri fh kêfjeh gåh bstivi bk mhnh< bab gåh

sb ehkprhkbtbu
qub puoajeikbgtb,
phfbrji sbr prhvifh brrifh ipbsir fh fbsicjh, ii kbgtjri
sb bab fbsehorjssb uk muanikbgth
fbai.
Bab tjgdi kujth kijs i pbrfbr sbgfh bgnigifh fh qub phfbrji
nigdir sb bai bstjvbssb sbgfh sjgebri. Bk 9:54, bri tirfb fbkijs
piri Edikobraijg. Ub Djtbr chssb fbstruëfh phr vheí, sb gåh
dhuvbssb kigbjri fb jgtbrrhkpbr sui inrbssåh sbk i nubrri, i
eirrbjri fb Edikobraijg bstivi ieioifi b i nubrri qub bab pbgsivi
qub phfbrji prbvbgjr ehkbîirji.
Yuj tb, iaêk fhs khtjvhs fb Edikobraijg piri ierbfjtir bk
Djtbr, i kbgtjri prhvivbakbgtb tbrji suebssh phrqub gbgduki
bkhîåh chrtb prbejsivi sbr bsehgfjfi. Gi kijhrji fis vbzbs, is
kbgtjris ciadik phrqub ianuk sjgia fb uki bkhîåh qub bsté sbgfh
heuatifi vizi. Yuigth kijs chrtbs is bkhîòbs bgvhavjfis gi kbgtjri
b quigth kijhr h gýkbrh fb bkhîòbs fjcbrbgtbs, kijs prhvévba ê
qub i kbgtjri sbmi triëfi phr ianuki chrki fb cuni
ehkphrtikbgtia. Dj tabr ebrtikbgtb gåh tbrji sbgtjfh euapi, uki
bkhîåh qub ê fupaikbgtb prhoabkétjei piri h kbgtjrhsh - gåh
ipbgis phfbk vizir sjgijs, kis h thrkbgth fi euapi phfb khtjvir h
kbgtjrhsh i ehkbtbr brrhs piri sbr pbnh. Dj tabr gåh sb sbgtjrji
euapifh phr kbgtjr ih rbprbsbgtigtb fh piës qub, bk sui vjfi, jkpös
uki dukjadigtb fbrrhti kjajtir à Iabkigdi. Ih ehgtrérjh fb Kiry,
Djtbr gåh ehkpirtjadivi fb viahrbs shejijs jkphrtigtbs ehk sui
vëtjki< bab gåh h rbspbjthu hu ifkjrhu. Kiry tbvb qub bsehgfbr
bkhîòbs chrtbs piri qub sui kbgtjri chssb obk-suebfjfi. Bai tbvb
qub suprjkjr h fbsbspbrh b i ignýstji qub khtjvirik sbu fbsbmh fb
sujeëfjh. B, Kiry tjgdi thfhs hs khtjvhs piri sb sbgtjr euapifi phr
kbgtjr piri sbus kêfjehs= bai nhstivi fbabs, hs ifkjrivi b sioji qub
babs sõ qubrjik imufé-ai.
Phr thfis bssis rizòbs b kijs, nbriakbgtb sbré kujth kijs céeja
aheiajzir pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir bk uk piejbgtb sujejfi
hu uk eögmunb kbgtjrhsh fh qub bk uk fjpahkiti hu inbgtb fupah. Kis
 

?? Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gbk thfh fjpahkiti, erjkjghsh hu inbgtb fb jgtbajnígeji ê uk

kbgtjrhsh pbrcbjth. Às vbzbs, brrhs såh ehkbtjfhs. Is igéajsbs
qub cjz pbrkjtbk bstjkir is edigebs fb sbr eipiz fb aheiajzir
pjstis piri bgnigir hu sbr bgnigifh. Kjgdi kbgsinbk ihs
jgtbrbssifhs bkehkphrtikbgtijs,
jnghrir is pjstis pbni
pbnirr kb
kbgtjris
gtjris phaëtjeis
kis sbrhukijs
erjkjgijs gåh ê
eiutbahshs,
kijs ehgsejbgtbs fis ajkjtiîòbs b hphrtugjfifbs.
Bkohri dimi ianukis bvjfígejis shorb is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir, ijgfi gåh bståh cjrkbkbgtb

bstiobabejfis. Kjgdis igéajsbs fb ehkh b phr qub is pbsshis kbgtbk b quigfh is kbgtjris ciadik sb bgeijxik gis bvjfígejis fb

bxpbrjkbgths shorb kbgtjris b fb rbaiths djstõrjehs b cjeejhgijs. Kis ijgfi gåh dhuvb tbkph piri vbr ehkh bssis tbhrjis rbsjstjråh

ih tbstb fb ghvis bxpbrjígejis b irnukbgths erëtjehs. Fbejfj gåh bspbrir itê qub thfis is rbsphstis bstjvbssbk fjsphgëvbjs piri

bserbvbr bstb ajvrh, phrqub iqubabs qub tbgtik pbnir hs kbgtjrhshs gåh bståh bspbrigfh. Hgfb is iphstis piri uk brrh såh

kijhrbs, mé bståh sbgfh cbjtis tbgtitjvis piri aheiajzir pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri bgnigir. "Bspbejiajstis" gåh cikjajirjzifhs ehk thfis

is bvjfígejis b irnukbgths bståh hcbrbebgfh sbus sbrvjîhs ehkh hosbrvifhrbs fb kbgtjris gi sbabîåh fb mýrjs b bgtrbvjstis fb

bkprbnh. Ianugs phajejijs b phaënrichs prhcjssjhgijs usigfh h "fbtbethr fb kbgtjris" såh bgsjgifhs shorb is pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri
bgnigir. Ebrei fb kbtifb fis jgchrkiîòbs ghs kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth qub vj bståh
bst åh brrifis. Hs cugejhgérjhs fi iacïgfbni

pirtjejpik fb uk eursh bspbejia piri fbtbetir is pjstis gåh-vbroijs fh ehgtrioigfh. Fjssbrik-kb qub kbu trioiadh bsté ssbgfh
bgfh

usifh gbstb trbjgikbgth, kis is rbpbtjfis pbrnugtis piri vbr hs kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth sõ trhuxbrik rbpbtjfis prhkbssis fb

"bgtrirbkhs bk ehgtith ehk vheí jkbfjitikbgtb". Vikoêk ê jkphssëvba siobr h qub is inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji bståh cizbgfh,

phjs sbu trioiadh ê sberbth. Ubj qub bståh jgtbrbssifhs, phjs h Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi, dé sbjs ighs, kb ehgvjfhu piri bxpajeir h

qub bu iedivi qub brik is hphrtugjfifbs b hs pbrjnhs. Fbsfb bgtåh, huvj rukhrbs fb qub h trioiadh bsté bk igfikbgth b pbnubj

hs ghkbs fb ianukis pbsshis qub phfbk bstir bgvhavjfis. Kjgdis eirtis piri babs tík Ebrei fb kbtifb fis jgchrkiîòbs ghs

kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth qub vj bståh brrifis. Hs cugejhgérjhs fi iacïgfbni pirtjejpik fb uk eursh bspbejia piri fbtbetir is

pjstis gåh-vbroijs fh ehgtrioigfh. Fjssbrik-kb qub kbu trioiadh bsté sbgfh usifh gbstb trbjgikbgth, kis is rbpbtjfis

pbrnugtis piri vbr hs kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth sõ trhuxbrik rbpbtjfis prhkbssis fb "bgtrirbkhs bk ehgtith ehk vheí
jkbfjitikbgtb". Vikoêk ê jkphssëvba siobr h qub is inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji bståh cizbgfh, phjs sbu trioiadh ê sberbth. Ubj qub

bståh jgtbrbssifhs, phjs h Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi, dé sbjs ighs, kb ehgvjfhu piri bxpajeir h qub bu iedivi qub brik is

hphrtugjfifbs b hs pbrjnhs. Fbsfb bgtåh, huvj rukhrbs fb qub h trioiadh bsté bk igfikbgth b pbnubj hs ghkbs fb ianukis

pbsshis qub phfbk bstir bgvhavjfis. Kjgdis eirtis piri babs tík Ebrei fb kbtifb fis jgchrkiîòbs ghs kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth

qub vj bståh brrifis. Hs cugejhgérjhs fi iacïgfbni pirtjejpik fb uk eursh bspbejia piri fbtbetir is pjstis gåh-vbroijs fh

ehgtrioigfh. Fjssbrik-kb qub kbu trioiadh bsté sbgfh usifh gbstb trbjgikbgth, kis is rbpbtjfis pbrnugtis piri vbr hs

kitbrjijs fb trbjgikbgth sõ trhuxbrik rbpbtjfis prhkbssis fb "bgtrirbkhs bk ehgtith ehk vheí jkbfjitikbgtb". Vikoêk ê

jkphssëvba siobr h qub is inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji bståh cizbgfh, phjs sbu trioiadh ê sberbth. Ubj qub bståh
bst åh jgtbrbssifhs, phjs h

Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi, dé sbjs ighs, kb ehgvjfhu piri bxpajeir h qub bu iedivi qub brik is hphrtugjfifbs b hs pbrjnhs. Fbsfb

bgtåh, huvj rukhrbs fb qub h trioiadh bsté bk igfikbgth b pbnubj hs ghkbs fb ianukis pbsshis qub phfbk bstir bgvhavjfis. Kjgdis eirtis piri babs tík H
 

Jgtrhfuîåh  ?5 
cjehu sbk rbsphsti, hu i rbsphsti fifi ê qub gåh phssh huvjr
gifi. Prbheuph-kb ehk hs "bspbejiajstis" qub gåh såh
ehgtbstifhs pbah bserutëgjh pýoajeh b pbahs erëtjehs sbvbrhs fi
ehkugjfifb ejbgtëcjei. Bstb ajvrh fbjxiré eairh piri babs b piri
iqubabs pirihphrtugjfifbs.
quigth fis qubk trioiadik kjgdi vjsåh tigth fhs pbrjnhs
Kbu prhpõsjth ih bserbvbr bstb ajvrh gåh ê iohrfir ipbgis
iqubabs prbheupifhs ehk bgnighs khrtijs. Ierbfjth qub
bxikjgir ehkh b quigfh is pbsshis kbgtbk b fjzbk i vbrfifb
phfb imufir i ehkprbbgfbr kujths rbaiejhgikbgths dukighs.
Phuehs såh hs qub gåh bgvhavbk bgnigh hu, pbah kbghs, i
phssjojajfifb fb bgnigh. Hs pijs kbgtbk piri hs cjadhs shorb
sbxh piri phupé-ahs fh ehgdbejkbgth piri h quia babs pbgsik
qub gåh bståh prhgths, issjk ehkh sbus cjadhs, quigfh sb

thrgirbk
hs pijs gåhifhabsebgtbs,
bgtbgfbråh. bsehgfbråh is ivbgturis
Kbgtjris iehgtbebk bgtrbsbxuijs
ikjnhsphrqub
(itê
kbskh sbu kbadhr ikjnh gåh vij tb ehgtir), prhcbsshr b iaugh,
kêfjeh b piejbgtb, kirjfh b kuadbr, tbstbkugdi b mýrj,
ifvhnifh b eajbgtb, vbgfbfhr b eajbgtb.
Kbgtjr ê uki eirietbrëstjei tåh ebgtria fi vjfi qub kbadhr bgtbgfí-
ai ê rbabvigtb piri quisb thfhs hs issugths dukighs. Ianugs phfbk
bstrbkbebr ehk bssi icjrkiîåh, phrqub ehgsjfbrik i kbgtjri ianh
rbprbbgsëvba. Bu gåh ehkpirtjadh fbssi vjsåh. Ê kujth sjkpabs sustbgtir
qub gjgnuêk bk quiaqubr rbaiejhgikbgth fbvb kbgtjr< gbk

prbserbvbrji qub thfi kbgtjri sbmi fbskiseirifi. I ehaugjsti fb

ehgsbadhs Igg Aigfbrs tbk rizåh quigfh iehgsbadi sbus abjthrbs qub i
vbrfifb phfb sbr usifi ehkh uk eiebtb, jgcajnjgfh fhr erubakbgtb.
Kbgtjris tikoêk phfbk sbr eruêjs, kis thfis is kbgtjris gåh såh.
Ianukis kbgtjris, kujth kbghs fh qub hs kbgtjrhshs iabnik, såh
iatruëstis. Ianukis rbaiîòbs shejijs såh iprbejifis phr eiusi fhs kjths
qub prbsbrvik. Kis gbgduk kbgtjrhsh fbvb prbsukjr ciejakbgtb qub i
vëtjki fbsbmi sbr bgnigifi. B gbgduk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb
prbsukjr ciejakbgtb h fjrbjth fb bxphr eifi kbgtjri. Ianukis kbgtjris
såh jghcbgsjvis, itê dukigis. Fbskiseirir ebrtis kbgtjris phfb
dukjadir i vëtjki hu tbrebjrhs. Kis tufh jssh fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh
 

?6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kijs fbtiadifikbgtb, b fbphjs fb kujtis hutris qubstòbs tbrbk sjfh

fjseutjfis. H aunir piri ehkbîir ê ehk uki fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri,
uki fbserjîåh fis fuis chrkis oésjeis fb kbgtjr b hs fhjs tjphs fb
pjstis piri bgnigir.
 

FHJU

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth,
b pjstis piri bgnigir

B  
bu Gjxhg
NDV IGHU gbnhu fbjtifh
FBPHJU kis rbehgdbebu
_BUJGIGFH ehkh prbsjfbgtb, _jedirf
qub bab, nhsti

hutrhs phaëtjehs, tjvbrik fjssjkuaifh. Ê gbebssérjh

nigdir b kigtbr eirnhs pýoajehs, fjssb bab. "Sheí gåh phfb
fjzbr h qub pbgsi shorb bstb hu iqubab jgfjvëfuh phrqub phfb
tbr qub usé-ah ... vheí gåh phfb jgfjeir suis hpjgjòbs shorb hs
aëfbrbs kugfjijs phrqub phfb tbr qub ajfir ehk babs gh cuturh." 9
Gjxhg gåh bsté shzjgdh bk bvjtir h tbrkh kbgtjri quigfh gåh
fjzbr i vbrfifb phfb sbr mustjcjeifh. * Ehkh h Fjejhgérjh fb
Jgnaís Hxchrf uki
ghrkiakbgtb fjz-ghs= "gh ushvjhabgti
bxprbssåh khfbrgh,fbirbprhviîåh
piaivri \kbgtjri[ ê
khria, qub
gi ehgvbrsiîåh bfueifi tbgfb i sbr bvjtifi,

‑Is itjtufbs phfbk bstir kufigfh. Mhfy Phwbaa, bx-sberbtérji fb jkprbgsi fh prbsjfbgtb
Eirtbr, mustjcjei ebrtis kbgtjris=‑
kbgtjris=‑ Fbsfb h prjkbjrh fji bk qub h prjkbjrh rbpõrtbr cbz i
prjkbjri pbrnugti fjcëeja i uk cugejhgérjh fh nhvbrgh, dhuvb uk fboitb shorb sb h
nhvbrgh tbk h fjrbjth kbgtjr. Ê vbrfifb. Bk ebrtis ejreugstïgejis, h nhvbrgh gåh sõ tbk
h fjrbjth, kis tikoêk i horjniîåh phsjtjvi fb kbgtjr. Bk quitrh ighs gi Eisi Origei,
bgcrbgtbj bssis ejreugstïgejis fuis vbzbs. "Bab pissi i fbserbvbr uk jgejfbgtb bk qub
kbgtju piri phupir" nrigfb fhr b ehgstrignjkbgth piri uk gýkbrh fb pbsshis
pbrcbjtikbgtb jghebgtbs ". I hutri kbgtjri qub bab rbehgdbebu chj bk ehorjgfh hs paighs
kjajtirbs piri rbsnitir hs rbcêgs ikbrjeighs fh Jrå (Mhfy Phwbaa,H hutrh aifh fi djstõrji,
Ghvi Zhrl= ^jaajik Khrrhw & Eh., Jge., 9:46).
 

?3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hs sjgögjkhs ciasjfifb b jgvbrfifb sbgfh crbqubgtbkbgtb suostjtuëfh

ehkh rbaitjvikbgtb bucbkëstjeh. "? Ê céeja edikir uki pbsshi kbgtjrhsi
fb uki pbsshi kbgtjrhsi sb bai gåh nhsti, kis ê kujth fjcëeja usir bssb
tbrkh, ipbsir fb sui kbgtjri, sb bai ê qubrjfi hu ifkjrifi. Kujths ighs

igtbs fb ^itbrnitb, Gjxhg rbsukju h kbgtjrhsh piri sbus hphgbgtbs

fbkheritis - "vheí ehkprirji uk eirrh usifh fbstb dhkbk8" - bgquigth
suis diojajfifbs fb bsehgfbr b fjscirîir brik bahnjifis phr sbus
ifkjrifhrbs rbpuoajeighs ehkh bvjfígeji fb diojajfifb phaëtjei.

Bssis qubstòbs, gh bgtigth, såh jrrbabvigtbs piri kjgdi

fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri hu bgnigh. (Bu ush is piaivris fb chrki
jgtbreikojévba.) Kujtis pbsshis - phr bxbkpah, iqubais qub
chrgbebk jgchrkiîòbs ciasis jgvhaugtirjikbgtb - såh kbgtjrhsis sbk
kbgtjr. Rki kuadbr qub tbk i jausåh pirigõjei fb qub ê Kirji

Kifiabgi
uk eajbgtbgåh ê kbgtjrhsi,
uk ehgsbadh bkohri sui icjrkiîåh
fb jgvbstjkbgth rujk gåh êsbmi ciasi.iFir
kbgtjr, i
kbghs
qub h ehgsuathr shuobssb ih fir h ehgsbadh qub bab bri ciash.
Ianuêk eumi ipirígeji trigskjtb uki ciasi jkprbssåh gåh bsté
gbebssirjikbgtb kbgtjgfh.
kbgtjgfh. Rk ahuvi-i-fbus eikucaifh piri
pirbebr uki chadi gåh bsté kbgtjgfh, issjk ehkh uk dhkbk eumi
tbsti iati sunbrji kijs jgtbajnígeji fh qub bab phssuëi bstirji
kbgtjgfh. *
Rk kbgtjrhsh phfb bsehadbr gåh kbgtjr. Bgnigir i vëtjki ê
fbajobrifh< h kbgtjrhsh prbtbgfb fbsjgchrkir i vëtjki. I

kbgtjri phfb huHgåh

fi ehkugjfifb. sbr mustjcjeifi,
kbgtjrhsh phfb sbrgiuki
hpjgjåh fh kbgtjrhsh
pbsshi ohi hu ké,hu
qubrjfi hu gåh. Kis i pbsshi qub kbgtb phfb bsehadbr kbgtjr hu

"Ê jgtbrbssigtb ifjvjgdir i oisb fb tijs bstbrbõtjphs. I tbsti iati prhvivbakbgtb sb rbcbrb,
jgehrrbtikbgtb, i uk eêrborh nrigfb. H bstbrbõtjph fb qub uki pbsshi fb aéojhs cjghs ê eruba ê
oisbifh gi pjsti prbejsi fb qub hs aéojhs sb bstrbjtik fb rijvi. h brrh ê utjajzir uk sjgia fb uki
sjtuiîåh bkhejhgia tbkphrérji Bstifh ehkh oisb piri muanir uki pbrshgiajfifb eirietbrëstjei.
Via muanikbgth jkpajei qub is pbsshis fb aéojhs cjghs tík bssi ipirígeji phrqub bståh
ehgtjguikbgtb bstrbjtigfh
bstrbjtigfh hs aéojhs ehk rijvi< kis aéojhs cjghs tikoêk phfbk sbr uki
eirietbrëstjei ciejia dbrfifi b pbrkigbgtb. H bstbrbõtjph fb qub uki pbsshi fb aéojhs nrhsshs ê
sbgsuia fb kigbjri sbkbadigtb jgtbrprbti kia i pjsti prbejsi fb qub hs aéojhs sb bgnrhssik,
edbjhs fb signub furigtb i bxejtiîåh sbxuia, bk uk muanikbgth jkprbejsh shorb uk triîh
pbrkigbgtb< kis, ghvikbgtb, aéojhs nrhsshs phfbk sbr uki eirietbrëstjei ciejia pbrkigbgtb. '
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  ?> 

sbr vbrfifbjrh b siobr i fjcbrbgîi bgtrb hs fhjs. 6

Kbgtjrhshs pithaõnjehs qub siobk qub bståh sbgfh kbgtjrhshs,
kis gåh ehgsbnubk ehgtrhair sbu ehkphrtikbgth, gåh itbgfbk às
kjgdis bxjnígejis. Gbk is pbsshis qub gbk kbskh siobk qub
bståh kbgtjgfh, iqubais qub fjzbk sbr vëtjkis fb iuthbgnigh. *
Ehk h tbkph, uki kbgtjrhsi phfb ieioir ierbfjtigfh bk sui
prõprji kbgtjri. Ub jssh iehgtbebr, bai gåh sbré kijs uki
kbgtjrhsi, b suis jgvbrfifbs, phr khtjvhs qub bxpajeirbj gh
prõxjkh eipëtuah, sbråh kujth kijs fjcëebjs fb fbtbetir. Rk
jgejfbgtb gi vjfi fb Kusshajgj khstri qub i erbgîi gi prõprji
kbgtjri gbk sbkprb phfb sbr tåh obgêcjei= "... bk 9:54, i
ehkphsjîåh fis fjvjsòbs fh bxêrejth \jtiajigh[ chj rbfuzjfi fb trís
rbnjkbgths piri fhjs. Jssh inrifhu i Kushajgj phrqub adb pbrkjtju
fjzbr qub h cisejskh tjgdi sbssbgti fjvjsòbs bk vbz fb ipbgis i
kbtifb, kis i kufigîi eiushu bghrkb fbshrnigjziîåh
bxitikbgtb quigfh i nubrri bstivi piri ehkbîir< b phrqub bab sb
bsqubebu fh qub tjgdi cbjth, vérjhs ighs fbphjs bab trinjeikbgtb
eiaeuahu kia i vbrfifbjri chrîi fb suis chrîis. Pirbeb tbr bgnigifh
phueis hutris pbsshis, bxebth bab kbskh. " 2

Gåh ê ipbgis h kbgtjrhsh qub fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh gi fbcjgjîåh fb

uki kbgtjri, kis tikoêk h iavh fh kbgtjrhsh. Bk uki kbgtjri, h iavh
gåh pbfju piri sbr bgnigifh, gbk h kbgtjrhsh fbu quiaqubrghtjcjeiîåh
prêvji fb uki jgtbgîåh fb cizí-ah. Ubrji ojzirrh edikir hs ithrbs fb
kbgtjrhshs. Ubu pýoajeh ehgehrfi bk sbr bgnigifh, phr uk tbkph< ê

phr jssh qub babs bståh aé. Hs ithrbs gåh sb cizbk pissir phr vjnirjstis,
ehkh ciz h vjnirjsti, sbk ivjsir qub sb triti fb uki phsb phr ianuk
tbkph. Rk eajbgtb gåh sbnujrji jgtbgejhgiakbgtb h ehgsbadh fb uk
ehrrbthr qub fjssb qub chrgbebrji jgchrkiîòbs ehgvjgebgtbs, kis ciasis.
Gåh divbrji kbgtjri sb i piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry tjvbssb fjth i sbu
kêfjeh qub bai bstirji iabnigfh sbgtjkbgths qub gåh tjgdi, issjk ehkh
Djtabr

"Bkohri bu gåh ehgtbstb i bxjstígeji fb kbgtjrhshs pithaõnjehs b jgfjvëfuhs qub såh vëtjkis fb
iuthbgnigh, ê fjcëeja bstiobabebr. Ebrtikbgtb i piaivri fh kbgtjrhsh gåh phfb sbr thkifi ehkh
prhvi. Rki vbz fbsehobrth, quiaqubr kbgtjrhsh phfb cizbr tijs iabniîòbs piri fjkjgujr i
pugjîåh.
 

?4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phfbrji tbr fjth i Edikobraijg piri gåh ehgcjir bk suis prhkbssis.

Bk kjgdi fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri hu bgnigh, bgtåh, uki pbsshi
tbk i jgtbgîåh fb bgnigir hutri, cizbgfh-h fbajobrifikbgtb, sbk
ghtjcjeiîåh prêvji fbssb prhpõsjth b sbk tbr sjfh bxpajejtikbgtb
shajejtifh i cizí-ah pbah iavh. * Bxjstbk fuis kigbjris prjgejpijs fb
kbgtjr = piri bsehgfbr b piri ciasjcjeir.3 Ih heuatir, h kbgtjrhsh
rbtêk ianukis jgchrkiîòbs sbk rbiakbgtb fjzbr gifi ciash. Gi
ciasjcjeiîåh, uki btipi ifjejhgia ê bxbeutifi. H kbgtjrhsh gåh
ipbgis rbtêk jgchrkiîòbs vbrfifbjris, kis tikoêk iprbsbgti
jgchrkiîòbs ciasis ehkh sb chssbk vbrfifbjris. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, ê
gbebssérjh ehkojgir fjssjkuaiîåh b ciasjcjeiîåh piri hotbr h
bgnigh, kis às vbzbs uk kbgtjrhsh phfb bseipir ipbgis
bsehgfbgfh.
Gbk thfh kugfh ehgsjfbri i heuatiîåh uki kbgtjri< ianukis
pbsshis rbsbrvik bssi piaivri ipbgis piri h ith kijs husifh fb
ciasjcjeiîåh.> Ub h kêfjeh gåh fjssbr ih piejbgtb qub i fhbgîi ê
tbrkjgia, sb h kirjfh gåh kbgejhgir qub pisshu i dhri fh iakhîh
bk uk khtba ehk i kbadhr ikjni fb sui bsphsi, sb h phajejia gåh
ehgtir ih suspbjth qub uk "oun" ê nrivigfh i ehgvbrsi ehk sbu
ifvhnifh, gbgduki jgchrkiîåh ciasi chj trigskjtjfi, kis eifi uk
fbssbs bxbkpahs itbgfb à kjgdi fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri. Hs iavhs gåh
pbfjrik piri sbr bgnigifhs< b hs ehrrbtjvhs injrik
fbajobrifikbgtb,
fbajobrifikbg tb, sbk ghtjcjeir prbvjikbgtb sui jgtbgîåh fb jgfuzjr
bk brrh. I jgchrkiîåh chj rbtjfi jgtbgejhgiakbgtb, ehk jgtbgîåh,

gåh
gåh phr iejfbgtb.
ê kbgtjri Bxjstbk
phrqub bxebîòbs,
chj fifi khkbgthsprêvji
uki ghtjcjeiîåh bk qubhui phrqub
heuatiîåh
chj
hotjfh ehgsbgtjkbgth piri sbr jgfuzjfh bk brrh. Ub h kirjfh b i
bsphsi ehgehrfik bk tbr uk

* Kbu cheh bsté gh qub Nhcckig edikhu fb kbgtjris fbseirifis, iqubais "piri is quijs
phfb divbr bvjfígeji jgqubstjhgévba fb qub h girrifhr sioji qub kbgtju b
fbajobrifikbgtb h cbz". Nhcckig gåh sb ehgebgtrhu gjssh, kis bk hutris
rbprbsbgtiîòbs bqujvheifis, gis quijs i fjstjgîåh bgtrb h vbrfifbjrh b h ciash ê kbghs
sustbgtévba= "... fjcjejakbgtb bxjstb uki vheiîåh hu rbaiejhgikbgth ehtjfjigh abnëtjkh
eumhs irtjstis gåh sb bgvhavik bk prétjeis heuatis qub såh jgehkpitëvbjs ehk jkprbssòbs
prhkhvjfis. " (Ikois is ejtiîòbs såh fb I iprbsbgtiîåh fh bu gi vjfi ehtjfjigi \ Ghvi
Ghvi
Zhrl= Igedhr Ohhls, 9:2:[, pp. 2:, 36.
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  ?: 

eisikbgth bk qub eifi uk bsehgfbré eishs, i kbghs qub sbmi
shajejtifh fjrbtikbgtb, bsehgfbr h bgehgtrh gh khtba gåh sbré
uki kbgtjri. Ub h piejbgtb pbfb ih kêfjeh qub gåh fjni sb i
ghtëeji ê rujk, heuatir bssi jgchrkiîåh gåh ê kbgtjri. Phr
fbcjgjîåh abnia, bgtrbtigth, uk suspbjth b ifvhnifh tík h
fjrbjth fb ehgvbrsir bk pirtjeuair< heuatir i vjhaiîåh fbssb
fjrbjth sbré sbkprb uki kbgtjri.
Yuigfh dé uki bsehadi shorb Ehkh is piri kbgtjr, hs
kbgtjrhshs nbriakbgtb prbcbrbk bsehgfbr i ciasjcjeir. Is
vigtinbgs såh kujtis. Phr uk aifh, bsehgfbr nbriakbgtb ê kijs
céeja fh qub ciasjcjeir. Gifi prbejsi sbr jgvbgtifh. Gåh dé
edigeb fb sbr pbnh sbk qub thfi i djstõrji sbmi baiohrifi ehk
igtbebfígeji. Ioridik Ajgehag tbrji fjth qub gåh tjgdi uki
kbkõrji ohi h sucjejbgtb piri sbr uk kbgtjrhsh. Ub uk kêfjeh
fbr uki bxpajeiîåh ciasi shorb hs sjgthkis fb uk piejbgtb piri
heuatir qub i fhbgîi ê tbrkjgia, h kêfjeh tbré fb sb abkorir fb
sbu rbaith ciash piri gåh sbr jgehgsjstbgtb quigfh qubstjhgifh
ghvikbgtb ianugs fjis fbphjs.
I heuatiîåh tikoêk phfb sbr prbcbrjfi phrqub pirbeb kbghs
rbprbbgsëvba fh qub ciasjcjeir. Ê pissjvh, gåh itjvh. Kbskh qub h
iavh phssi sbr jnuiakbgtb prbmufjeifh, hs kbgtjrhshs phfbk sbgtjr
kbghs euapi bk bsehgfbr fh qub bk ciasjcjeir. * H kbgtjrhsh phfb
kigtbr h pbgsikbgth rbehgchrtigtb fb qub h iavh rbiakbgtb
ehgdbeb i vbrfifb, kis gåh qubr ehgcrhgté-ai. Via kbgtjrhsh
phfbrji pbgsir= "Kbu kirjfh fbvb siobr qub bsthu orjgeigfh,
phrqub bab gugei kb pbrnugti hgfb pissh kjgdis tirfbs. Kjgdi
fjserjîåh ê uki nbgtjabzi< ebrtikbgtb gåh bsthu kbgtjgfh piri bab
shorb h qub bsthu cizbgfh. hptigfh phr gåh dukjadé-ah, gåh
chrîigfh-h i rbehgdbebr kbus gbnõejhs. "
Is kbgtjris heuatis tikoêk såh kujth kijs céebjs fb bgehorjr
fbphjs, sb fbsehobrtis. H kbgtjrhsh gåh sb irrjsei kujth.

* Bvb Uwbbtsbr rbssiati qub h iavh phfb sb sbgtjr kijs jgfjngifh ih huvjr uki
fjssjkuaiîåh fh qub uki kbgtjri ciasjcjeifi= "Babs gåh phfbk rbeaikir qub kbgtjrik
piri babs b, phrtigth, sbgtbk ehkh sb sbu hphgbgtb tjvbssb bseipifh uki aieugi abnia. "
4
 

50  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Bxjstbk kujtis fbseuapis fjsphgëvbjs - jnghrïgeji, i jgtbgîåh fb

rbvbaé-ai kijs tirfb, ciadi fb kbkõrji b issjk phr fjigtb. I
pbsshi qub tbstbkugdi sho murikbgth b qub fjz "itê hgfb kb
abkorh" chrgbeb uki siëfi sb chr ehgcrhgtifi ehk ianh qub bai
bsehgfbu. I iabniîåh fb gåh abkorir h qub h kbgtjrhsh abkori b
bsté fbajobrifikbgtb rbtbgfh ê jgtbrkbfjérji bgtrb i heuatiîåh b
i ciasjcjeiîåh. Iehgtbeb quigfh h kbgtjrhsh gåh ehgsbnub kijs
sjkpabskbgtb gåh fjzbr gifi< uki qubståh chj abvigtifi, uk
fbsicjh chj cbjth. Ih ciasjcjeir ipbgis i ciati fb abkorigîi, h
kbgtjrhsh bvjti tbr fb sb abkorir fb uki djstõrji ciasi< tufh h
qub prbejsi sbr abkorifh ê i icjrkiîåh ciasi fb uki kbkõrji
criei. B, sb i vbrfifb vjbr à thgi kijs tirfb, h kbgtjrhsh sbkprb
phfb iabnir qub gåh kbgtju, qub bri ipbgis uk prhoabki fb
kbkõrji.
Rk jgejfbgtb
rbgýgeji ehk hGjxhg
fh prbsjfbgtb bseïgfiah ^itbrnitb
jaustri qubfh
i bstritênji abvhu à
crieissh
fb kbkõrji. Ehgchrkb erbsebk is bvjfígejis fb sbu
bgvhavjkbgth gi jgvisåh b gh bgehorjkbgth, hs issjstbgtbs
prbsjfbgejijs D_ Diafbkig b Mhdg Bdrajedkig såh chrîifhs i
rbgugejir. Iabxigfbr Dijn issukb h aunir fb Diafbkig
bgquigth i prbssåh shorb Gjxhg iukbgti. ‑Dijn bstivi fb
vhati à Eisi Origei dé kbghs fb uk kís quigfh, bk 6 fb
 mugdh fb 9:>5, bab b Gjxhg fjseutjrik
fjseutjrik ehkh rbsphgfbr às
sêrjis iabniîòbs cbjtis phr Mhdg ^. Fbig, h bx-ifvhnifh fi
Eisi Origei. i uki nriviîåh fi fjseussåh Gjxhg-Dijn qub sb
thrghu pýoajei furigtb i jgvbstjniîåh fh jkpbiedkbgt, Dijn
iehgsbadhu Gjxhg i bvjtir pbrnugtis shorb is iabniîòbs
fjzbgfh 'yhu) ipbgis gåh ehgsjnh kb abkorir. ' ":
Rki ciadi fb kbkõrji ê erëvba ipbgis bk ejreugstïgejis
ajkjtifis. H kêfjeh pbrnugthu sb hs bxikbs fbrik gbnitjvhs gåh
phfb iabnir gåh abkorir, gbk h phajejia sb qubstjhgifh pbah suspbjth
sb h quirth bsté nrikpbifh. Rki pbrfi fb kbkõrji phfb sbr
rbjvjgfjeifi ipbgis phr qubstòbs jgsjngjcjeigtbs hu phr ianh qub
iehgtbebu dé ianuk tbkph. Kbskh i pissinbk fh tbkph phfb gåh

 mustjcjeir i ciadi bk abkorir bvbgths bxtrihrfjgérjhs,

 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  59

qub quiaqubr uk fbvbrji abkorir, gåh jkphrti quigfh babs

iehgtbebrik.
H kbgtjrhsh pbrfb i bsehadi fb heuatir hu ciasjcjeir, uki vbz
fbsicjifh pbai vëtjki. Ub i bsphsi pbrnugti ih kirjfh phr qub bai
gåh ehgsbnuju iaeigîé-ah gi dhri fh iakhîh, h kirjfh tbk qub
ciasjcjeir piri kigtbr sbu eish sberbth. Phfb-sb irnukbgtir qub
kbskh i pbrnugti usuia à kbsi fb migtir - "Ehkh chj sbu fji8" - ê
uk pbfjfh fb jgchrkiîåh, kis phfb sbr bvjtifh. H kirjfh phfb
kbgejhgir hutrhs issugths qub heuatik i fbsjngiîåh, i kbghs qub
uki jgvbstjniîåh fjrjnjfi h chreb i bsehadbr bgtrb ciasjcjeir hu fjzbr
i vbrfifb.
Ianukis kbgtjris fbsfb h jgëejh bxjnbk ciasjcjeiîåh< i
heuatiîåh phr sj sõ gåh ê sucjejbgtb. I piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry
gåh sõ tbvb qub bsehgfbr sui ignýstji b paighs fb sujeëfjh, kis
tikoêk cjgnjr qub sb sbgtji kbadhr b h fbsbmh fb pissir h cjk fb
sbkigi ehk sui cikëaji. Kbgtjr shorb bxpbrjígejis igtbrjhrbs piri
ehgsbnujr uk bkprbnh gåh phfb sbr cbjth ipbgis pbai heuatiîåh.
Gåh ipbgis i jgbxpbrjígeji fbvb sbr bsehgfjfi, kis i djstõrji fb
trioiadh rbabvigtb fbvb sbr ciorjeifi. Bseipir fb uki cbsti editi
sbk hcbgfbr h igcjtrjåh bxjnb gåh ipbgis heuatir i prbcbrígeji fb
issjstjr à VS bk eisi, kis tikoêk ciasjcjeir uki fbseuapi iebjtévba,
uk ehkprhkjssh kitjgia, prhoabkis ehk oioés hu ehjsis fh
nígbrh.
I ciasjcjeiîåh tikoêk hehrrb, bkohri i kbgtjri gåh bxjmi jssh
fjrbtikbgtb, piri imufir h kbgtjrhsh i bgehorjr is bvjfígejis fh qub
bsté sbgfh bsehgfjfh. Bssb ush fi ciasjcjeiîåh piri kiseirir h qub bsté
sbgfh heuatifh ê bspbejiakbgtb gbebssérjh quigfh is bkhîòbs fbvbk
sbr heuatifis. Ê céeja bsehgfbr uki bkhîåh qub gåh ê kijs sbgtjfi,
kujth kijs fjcëeja bsehgfbr uki bkhîåh sbgtjfi gh khkbgth,
bspbejiakbgtb sb h sbgtjkbgth chr chrtb. H tbrrhr ê kijs fjcëeja fb
bsehgfbr fh qub i prbheupiîåh, issjk ehkh i rijvi ê kijs fjcëeja fb
bsehgfbr fh qub i jrrjtiîåh. Yuigth kijs chrtb i bkhîåh, kijs prhvévba
ê qub ianuk sjgia fbai vizb, ipbsir fi kbadhr tbgtitjvi fh kbgtjrhsh fb
heuaté-ai. Ehaheir hutri bkhîåh, uki qub gåh ê sbgtjfi, phfb imufir i

fjscirîir i bkhîåh sbgtjfi qub bsté sbgfh heuatifi.

•
 

5?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ciasjcjeir uki bkhîåh phfb bgehorjr h vizikbgth fb uki bkhîåh

heuati.
Rk jgejfbgtb gh rhkigeb fb Mhdg Rpfjlb Eisb ehkjnh
jaustri jssh b vérjhs hutrhs phgths qub fbserbvj. I ehgvbrsi
tbabcögjei fb _utd ehk sbu ikigtb ê huvjfi phr sbu kirjfh.
Itê bstb phgth gh ajvrh, _utd chj eipiz fb bsehgfbr sbu eish
sbk tbr qub ciasjcjeir, kis inhri, qubstjhgifi fjrbtikbgtb
phr sbu kirjfh, bai fbvb ciasjcjeir. Bkohri h hombtjvh fb sui
kbgtjri tbgdi sjfh kigtbr h kirjfh jnghrigtb fb sbu eish,
bstb jgejfbgtb tikoêk khstri ehkh is bkhîòbs phfbk
ciejakbgtb sb bgvhavbr bk uki kbgtjri b ehkh, uki vbz
bgvhavjfis, is bkhîòbs iukbgtik h pbsh fh qub fbvb sbr
heuatifh. .
"Mbrry \h kirjfh fb _utd[ i issusthu ih huvjr h cjk fb
uki ehgvbrsi phr tbabchgb ehk Fjel \sbu ikigtb[. Bai
pbgshu qub bab bstivi rbkbxbgfh gh qujgtia. Uijgfh fi
ehzjgdi, bab pbrnugthu i bai=" Yubk bri iqubab 8 '
"Bai bgtrhu bk pïgjeh. 'Hd, ianuêk. Rki kuadbr fi
bsehai fhkjgjeia pbrnugtigfh sb ëikhs kitrjeuair Mhiggi b
Edirajb.' "90
H pïgjeh bk sj gåh ê prhvi fb kbgtjri, kis cirji Mbrry
fbsehgcjir, sb pbrebobssb, phrqub, bab pbgsirji, _utd gåh bgtrirji
bk pïgjeh sb gåh tjvbssb gifi i bsehgfbr. Bkohri pbsshis
pbrcbjtikbgtb jghebgtbs phssik cjeir ehk kbfh quigfh
jgtbrrhnifis,
jssh. _utd bstéhsbkjgtbrrhnifhrbs kujtisGåh
uki phsjîåh fjcëeja. vbzbs gåh fåhi itbgîåh
prbvbgfh i
gbebssjfifb
fb ciajscy, bai gåh prbpirhu sui ajgdi. Pbni gbssi sjtuiîåh, bai bgtri
bk pïgjeh ih sbr fbsehobrti, b ehkh h pïgjeh ê kujth fjcëeja fb
bsehgfbr, jssh iukbgti is edigebs fb Mbrry pbné-ai. Rk
bstritinbki qub bai phfbrji tbgtir sbrji sbr sjgebri shorb ehkh sb
sbgtb, mé qub prhvivbakbgtb gåh sbré eipiz fb bsehgfbr jssh,
kbgtjgfh shorb h qub eiushu sbus sbgtjkbgths. Bai phfbrji ifkjtjr
qub bstivi bk pïgjeh, iabnigfh qub sb sbgtji issjk phrqub tbkji
qub Mbrry gåh ierbfjtissb gbai, gåh phrqub bai tbgdi ianh i
bsehgfbr. Jssh prhvivbakbgtb gåh cugejhgirji
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  55 

i kbghs qub tbgdi divjfh uki ahgni djstõrji gi quia Mbrry kujtis
vbzbs gåh ierbfjthu bk _utd, b bvbgths phstbrjhrbs sbkprb
prhvirik qub bai bri jghebgtb, fb khfh qub i kbgîåh inhri fb
suis ieusiîòbs jrriejhgijs pufbssb fbsvjir sui pbrsbnujîåh phr bai.
_utd prhvivbakbgtb gåh tbré suebssh sb tbgtir pirbebr abnia,
jkpissëvba, thtiakbgtb icbtifi. Yuigfh is kåhs ehkbîik i trbkbr,
ê kujth kijs céeja cizbr ianh ehk bais - ebrrir hs pugdhs hu fhoré-
ais - fh qub ipbgis fbjxé-ais jkõvbjs. Yuigfh hs aéojhs sb ehgtribk
b sb bstjeik b is péapboris supbrjhrbs b is shorigebadis sb
ehgtribk fb kbfh, ê kujth fjcëeja kigtbr h rhsth jkõvba. Bssis
bxprbssòbs phfbk sbr kbadhr bsehgfjfis ifjejhgigfh hutrhs
khvjkbgths kuseuairbs - rignbgfh hs fbgtbs, prbssjhgigfh hs
aéojhs, ioijxigfh i shorigebadi, hadigfh cbjh.
I kbadhr kigbjri fb bsehgfbr bkhîòbs chrtbs ê ehk uki
késeiri. Ehorjr h rhsth hu pirtb fbab ehk i kåh hu sb icistir
fi pbsshi ehk qubk bsté ciaigfh nbriakbgtb gåh phfb sbr cbjth
sbk rbvbair i kbgtjri. I kbadhr késeiri ê uki ciasi bkhîåh.
Gåh ipbgis bgnigi, kis ê i kbadhr eikucainbk. Ê
tbrrjvbakbgtb fjcëeja kigtbr h rhsth jkpissëvba hu is kåhs
jgitjvis quigfh uki bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi chrtbkbgtb. Pirbebr sbk
bkhîåh, crjh hu gbutrh ê i ipirígeji kijs fjcëeja fb kigtbr
quigfh is bkhîòbs såh sbgtjfis. Ê kujth kijs céeja ehaheir uki
phsb, pirir hu gbutriajzir ehk hutrh ehgmugth fb iîòbs iqubais
iîòbs qub såh bxprbssòbs fi bkhîåh sbgtjfi.

qubRkgåhkhkbgth fbphjs,
ierbfjti gbai. gi djstõrji fb Rpfjlb,
Prbsukjvbakbgtb, Mbrryiukbgtirji,
sbu pïgjeh fjz i _utd
thrgigfh-sb ijgfi kijs fjcëeja fb bsehgfbr. Bai phfbrji tbgtir
usir i rijvi, bspigth hu surprbsi piri kiseirir sbu pïgjeh. Bai
phfbrji fbsicjir Mbrry ehk rijvi phr gåh ierbfjtir gbai, phr
ojsojadhtir. Bai phfb itê pirbebr surprbsi phr bab gåh ierbfjtir
gbai, surprbsi phr bab bstir huvjgfh suis ehgvbrsis.
Gbk thfi sjtuiîåh pbrkjtb ih kbgtjrhsh kiseirir i
bkhîåh sbgtjfi. Ianukis kbgtjris bxjnbk i tirbci kujth kijs
fjcëeja fb bsehgfbr bkhîòbs sbk ciasjcjeir. Bzbr ^bjzkig, uk bx-

kjgjstrh fi Fbcbsi jsribabgsb, fbserbvbu uki sjtuiîåh tåh fjcëeja

 

56  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sjtuiîåh. Chrik rbiajzifis ehgvbrsiîòbs bgtrb is fbabniîòbs

kjajtirbs jsribabgsb b bnëpeji piri jgjejir is gbnhejiîòbs ipõs
i frikétjei vjsjti fb Igwir Uifit i Mbrusiaêk. Furigtb uki
sbssåh fb gbnhejiîåh, Khdikkbf ba-Nikisy, edbcb fi
fbabniîåh bnëpeji,
hs jsribabgsbs bståhfjssb i ^bjzkig
ehgstrujgfh qubissbgtikbgth
hutrh ieiohu fb siobr qub
gh Ujgij.
^bjzkig siob qub jssh phfb prbmufjeir is gbnhejiîòbs, uki
vbz qub i qubståh fb sb Jsriba phfb kigtbr quiaqubr uk fhs
issbgtikbgths mé bxjstbgtbs ijgfi ê uki qubståh fb fjsputi.

"Cjqubj jgfjngifh, bkohri gåh pufbssb bxprbssir kjgdi

rijvi bk pýoajeh. Iquj bstévikhs gõs, fjseutjgfh irrigmhs fb
sbnurigîi, tbgtigfh fir kijs uk pbqubgh bkpurråh gh
vinåh fi piz - b kbus ehabnis bk Mbrusiaêk, bk vbz fb
iprbgfbr
brnubgfhikijs
ajîåhuk
fb gi
hs kbski
ciashs issbgtikbgths bstivik
dhri bk qub is gbnhejiîòbs
bstivik bk igfikbgth. "99
^bjzkig gåh phfji pbrkjtjr qub sui rijvi ehgtri sbus ehabnis bk
 Mbrusiaêk trigspirbebssb. Bsehgfbr sui rijvi
rijvi tikoêk pbrkjtjrji qub bab
bsehgfbssb qub sbus ehabnis bk Mbrusiaêk gåh h divjik ehgsuatifh. Bab
tbvb qub bsehgfbr uki bkhîåh chrtbkbgtb sbgtjfi sbk sbr eipiz fb usir
quiaqubr hutri bkhîåh ehkh késeiri. Gåh sbrji ohk pirbebr cbajz,
ikbfrhgtifh, ignustjifh, surprbsh hu bghmifh. Bab prbejsivi pirbebr
itbgth, kis jkpissëvba, sbk fir pjstis fb qub i jgchrkiîåh fb Nikisy
bri ghtëeji fb quiaqubr ehgsbquígeji. Ubu ajvrh gåh fé gbgduki
jgfjeiîåh sb bab tbvb suebssh.
H pöqubr ê hutri sjtuiîåh bk qub h kiseirikbgth gåh phfb sbr
usifh piri bsehgfbr bkhîòbs. Yuigfh uk mhnifhr
m hnifhr cjei igjkifh ehk i
pbrspbetjvi fb nigdir uk nrigfb phtb phr eiusi fi bxebabgtb kåh qub
fbsbgdhu, bab fbvb bsehgfbr quiaqubr sjgia fb sui bkphaniîåh piri qub
hs hutrhs mhnifhrbs gåh fbsjstik. Kiseirir ehk h sjgia fb quiaqubr
hutri bkhîåh phfb sbr pbrjnhsh. Ub bab tbgtir bsehgfbr sui bkphaniîåh
pirbebgfh fbsiphgtifh hu jrrjtifh, hs hutrhs pbgsiråh qub bab fbsbgdhu
kia b bspbriråh qub bab fbsjsti, b gåh qub cjqub bk mhnh. Bab fbvb tbr
uki bxprbssåh jgbxprbssjvi b jkpissëvba. Ub bab fbejfjr
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  52 

piri bsehgfbr sui fbebpîåh hu jrrjtiîåh ehk uk bkpitb rujk

oabcigfh, tbgtigfh chrîir hs hutrhs i fbsjstjr, bab phfb usir uki
késeiri. Ih ciasjcjeir i cbajejfifb hu h bgtusjiskh, bab phfb
bsehgfbr sui fbebpîåh b iukbgtir i jkprbssåh fb qub tbk uki
ohi
qub kåh. Gåh sbréuk
h ehgsjfbrbk ierbfjtévba piri hs hutrhs
ghvith. Uupòb-sb qub ukmhnifhrbs, i kbghs
mhnifhr fb pöqubr
bxpbrjbgtb tbgdi fhkjgifh h tiabgth fb gåh fbkhgstrir gbgduki
bkhîåh shorb sui kåh. * (I prhpõsjth, is jgvbrfifbs gh pöqubr -
heuatir hu oabcir - gåh sb bgeijxik gi kjgdi fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjr.
Gjgnuêk bspbri qub hs mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr h ciîik rbvbair is
eirtis qub babs ehkpririk. H prõprjh mhnh chrgbeb uki ghtjcjeiîåh
prêvji fb qub hs mhnifhrbs jråh tbgtir bgnigir ugs ihs hutrhs).

Yuiaqubr bkhîåh phfb sbr ciasjcjeifi piri imufir i heuatir

quiaqubr hutri bkhîåh. H shrrjsh ê i késeiri kijs utjajzifi.
Cugejhgi ehkh h hphsth fb thfis is bkhîòbs gbnitjvis - kbfh,
rijvi, ignýstji, ghmh b issjk phr fjigtb. Kujtis vbzbs ê sbabejhgifh
phrqub ianuki virjiîåh gi cbajejfifb ê i kbgsinbk gbebssérji
piri rbiajzir kujths bgnighs. H cugejhgérjh fbsiphgtifh fbvb
shrrjr sb h edbcb iedir qub bab gåh bsté cbrjfh hu zignifh phr tbr
sjfh prbtbrjfh piri uki prhkhîåh. I ikjni eruba fbvb tbr uki
phsb tåh obk-jgtbgejhgifi ih cizbr sui erëtjei ehrtigtb ehk uk
shrrjsh prbheupifh.
Hutri rizåh pbai quia h shrrjsh ê usifh ehk tigti crbquígeji

piri kiseirir
bxjnjfh ê phrqubgi
ehk crbquígeji shrrjr ciz pirtb
kijhrji fi siufiîåh
fis trheis pifråh
bfueifis. bê
Ub uki
pbsshi sb sbgtb pêssjki, nbriakbgtb gåh fbvb sbr khstrifh hu
rbehgdbejfh furigtb uki trhei fb siufiîåh. Bk vbz fjssh, bspbri-
sb qub i pbsshi jgcbajz bsehgfi sbgtjkbgths gbnitjvhs,

* Bk sbu bstufh shorb mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr, Fivjf Diyigh fbserbvb hutrh bstjah usifh phr
prhcjssjhgijs= hs "mhnifhrbs igjkifhs ehgvbrsik ehgstigtbkbgtb furigtb h mhnh piri fbjxir
sbus hphgbgtbs igsjhshs b gbrvhshs ... Is vbrfifbs såh fjtis ehkh kbgtjris b is kbgtjris såh
fjtis ehkh vbrfifbs. Mugths ehk ciaigtb pbrchrkigeb vbroia \såh[ nbsths igjkifhs b
bxinbrifhs ... Ehkh uk fbssbs kýsjehs chj fbserjth= 'Bab tbk kijs khvjkbgths fh qub uki
figîirjgi fh vbgtrb.' "(" Phlbr Ajbs igf Vbaas, "Ehkphrtikbgth dukigh, Kirîh fb 9:>:, p.
?0).
 

53  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

tjgnjgfh uk shrrjsh bfueifh piri iehkpigdir h "Kujth obk, horjnifh, b

ehkh vheí bsté8" rbsphgfbr à pbrnugti "Ehkh vheí bsté dhmb8" Hs
vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths prhvivbakbgtb pissiråh fbspbrebojfhs, gåh
phrqub h shrrjsh sbmi uki ohi késeiri, kis phrqub bk trheis bfueifis

is pbsshis ririkbgtb sb jkphrtik ehk h qub i hutri pbsshi rbiakbgtb

sbgtb. Vufh h qub sb bspbri ê uki sjkuaiîåh fb ikiojajfifb b
ikiojajfifb. Hutrhs ririkbgtb bxikjgik bssbs shrrjshs
eujfifhsikbgtb. Is pbsshis bståh iehstukifis i jnghrir kbgtjris gh
ehgtbxth fb siufiîòbs bfueifis. Ianuêk phfbrji irnukbgtir qub ê
brrifh edikir jssh fb kbgtjris, phrqub is rbnris jkpaëejtis fb siufiîòbs
bfueifis chrgbebk uki ghtjcjeiîåh fb qub gåh sbråh fifhs rbaiths
vbrfifbjrhs fb bkhîòbs.
Hutri rizåh piri i phpuairjfifb fh shrrjsh ehkh késeiri ê
qub bab ê i bxprbssåh ciejia fb bkhîòbs kijs céeja fb sbr cbjti
vhaugtirjikbgtb. Obk igtbs fb uk igh fb jfifb, hs oboís
phfbk shrrjr fbajobrifikbgtb. Ê uki fis prjkbjris bxprbssòbs
usifis pbah oboí fb kigbjri fbajobrifi piri inrifir hs hutrhs.
Ih ahgnh fi vjfi, hs shrrjshs shejijs iprbsbgtik ciasikbgtb
sbgtjkbgths gåh sbgtjfhs, kis gbebssérjhs hu ýtbjs piri
khstrir. Brrhs phfbk sbr ehkbtjfhs gh khkbgth fbssbs shrrjshs
jkpbrebptëvbjs< babs phfbk sbr kujth répjfhs hu kujth abgths.
Brrhs phfbk sbr bvjfbgtbs tikoêk gi aheiajziîåh fhs shrrjshs<
phfbk hehrrbr kujth igtbs hu kujth fbphjs fi piaivri hu crisb
qub fbvbrjik iehkpigdir. Kis hs prõprjhs khvjkbgths fb
shrrjsh
fb thfissåh
is céebjs
hutrisfb cizbr, h qub gåh ê vbrfifb piri i bxprbssåh
bkhîòbs.
Is bkhîòbs gbnitjvis såh kijs fjcëebjs fb ciasjcjeir piri i kijhrji fis
pbsshis. Kjgdi pbsqujsi, fbserjti gh eipëtuah 2, fbsehorju qub i kijhrji fis
pbsshis gåh ehgsbnub khvbr vhaugtirjikbgtb hs kýseuahs bspbeëcjehs
gbebssérjhs piri ciasjcjeir fb chrki rbiajsti i ignýstji hu h kbfh. I rijvi b i
rbpuasi såh uk phueh kijs céebjs fb fbkhgstrir quigfh
quigfh gåh såh sbgtjfis,
kis brrhs ehstukik sbr ehkbtjfhs. Ub i kbgtjri bxjnjr i ciasjcjeiîåh fb uki
bkhîåh gbnitjvi bk vbz fb uk shrrjsh, h bgnigifhr phfb tbr fjcjeuafifb.
Bxjstbk bxebîòbs< Djtabr bvjfbgtbkbgtb tjgdi uk fbsbkpbgdh bxebabgtb,

ciejakbgtb eipiz fb ciasjcjeir fb chrki ehgvjgebgtb

 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  5> 

bkhîòbs gbnitjvis. Bk uki rbugjåh ehk h bkoijxifhr
orjtïgjeh, Djtabr pirbeji thtiakbgtb bgcurbejfh, jgeipiz
fb fjseutjr kijs h issugth. Rk hcjejia iabkåh prbsbgtb
gh aheia rbaithu= ‑Kia i phrti sb cbedhu itrés fh
Bkoijxifhr,
fjssb= Djtabr fbu
'Edikobraijg gåhuk tipi gi prõprji
shorbvjvbré ehxi, rju b
i bssi ehgvbrsi<
sbu niojgbtb eijré bsti ghjtb.' "9?
Bxjstbk vérjis hutris kigbjris fb kbgtjr, iaêk fi heuatiîåh
b fi ciasjcjeiîåh. Mé sunbrj uki kigbjri, ih ehgsjfbrir h qub _utd
phfbrji cizbr piri kigtbr sbu bgnigh, ipbsir fb sbu pïgjeh gh
jgejfbgtb ejtifh fh rhkigeb fb Mhdg RpfjlbEisb ehkjnh. Bk vbz
fb tbgtir bsehgfbr sbu pïgjeh, h qub ê fjcëeja fb cizbr, bai phfbrji
rbehgdbebr h sbgtjkbgth, kis kbgtjr shorb h qub h eiushu. Ih
jfbgtjcjeir brrhgbikbgtb i eiusi fb sui bkhîåh, bai phfbrji
iabnir
phrqubqubtbkbê pbrcbjtikbgtb jghebgtb
qub bab gåh ierbfjtb b bsté
gbai. Ub hbk pïgjeh ipbgis
psjqujitri tjvbssb
pbrnugtifh à piejbgtb Kiry phr qub bai pirbeji uk phueh
gbrvhsi, bai phfbrji fi kbski chrki rbehgdbebr i bkhîåh, kis
jfbgtjcjeir brrhgbikbgtb h qub i eiushu - "Bsthu gbrvhsi phrqub
qubrh kujth phfbr vhatir i cjeir ehk kjgdi cikëaji. " Sbrfifbjri
shorb i bkhîåh sbgtjfi, i kbgtjri bgnigi shorb quia chj i eiusi
fi bkhîåh.
Hutri têegjei rbaiejhgifi ê fjzbr i vbrfifb, kis ehk uki
fjsthrîåh, piri qub i vëtjki gåh ierbfjtb. Ê fjzbr i vbrfifb. . .
ciasikbgtb. Yuigfh Mbrry pbrnugthu ehk qubk _utd bstivi
ciaigfh ih tbabchgb, bai phfbrji tbr fjth= "Hd, bu bstivi ciaigfh
ehk kbu ikigtb, bab ajni fb dhri bk dhri. Mé qub vhu piri i
eiki ehk bab trís vbzbs phr fji, tbkhs qub bstir bk ehgtith
ehgstigtb piri ehkojgir jsth!" Bxinbrir i vbrfifb rjfjeuairjzirji
 Mbrry, thrgigfh fjcëeja piri bab sbnujr sui ajgd
ajgdii suspbjti. Rk thk
fb vhz hu bxprbssåh zhkobtbjri tikoêk rbshavbrji h prhoabki.
Hutrh bxbkpah fb fjzbr i vbrfifb ciasikbgtb chj
fbserjth gh ajvrh fb _hobrt Fiaby, b h cjakb oisbifh gbab,
Prëgejpb fi Ejfifb= I Sbrfifbjri Djstõrji fb iEhp^dhLgbwVhhKued.

Ehkh prheaiki h suotëtuah, suphstikbgtb bstb ê uk rbaith vbrfifbjrh,

 

54  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gåh cjeîåh. _hobrt Abuej ê h phajejia qub sb thrghu uk

jgchrkigtb fjscirîifh, trioiadigfh piri prhkhthrbs cbfbrijs
piri hotbr bvjfígejis fb ehrrupîåh erjkjghsi bgtrb phajejijs,
ifvhnifhs, cjifhrbs, tricjeigtbs fb frhnis b kbkorhs fi
kécji. Bab hotbvb i kijhrji fis bvjfígejis bk uk nrivifhr
bsehgfjfh bk suis rhupis. I ebrti iaturi, Abuej ê suspbjth fb
sbr uk jgchrkigtb. Ub bab chr pbnh usigfh uki bseuti, sui
vjfi bstiré bk pbrjnh. Abuej ciai ehk FbUtbcigh, uk fhs
erjkjghshs fb qubk bsté hotbgfh prhvis.
‑'Gåh vikhs sbgtir pbrth fi mulbohx bsti ghjtb, phrqub gåh
bsthu rbebobgfh gbgduk tjph fb nriviîåh.' \Abuej ciaigfh[
‑'Jssh gåh ê bgnriîifh', fjssb FbUtbcigh.
"Abuej ehkbîhu i sb nioir fb qub bstivi rbiakbgtb trioiadigfh
piri h nhvbrgh, b tikoêk iqubai nirîhgbtb fh hutrh aifh fi siai,
eumh trigskjsshr bstivi bgcjifh gbai -
"Vhfhs rjrik, kis i rjsifi fb FbUtbcigh chj sbei." 95
Abuej rjfjeuairjzi FbUtbcigh fjzbgfh fbseirifikbgtb i vbrfifb
- bab rbiakbgtb gåh ehgsbnub cizbr uki ohi nriviîåh pbrth fi mulbohx,
b bab bsté trioiadigfh piri h nhvbrgh. Ih ifkjtjr jssh
iobrtikbgtb b ih orjgeir shorb i nirîhgbtb tikoêk usir uk
nrivifhr bsehgfjfh gi vjrjadi hu gh sutjå, Abuej thrgi fjcëeja
piri FbUtbcigh pbrsbnujr suis suspbjtis sbk pirbebr thah.

Rk pirbgtb prõxjkh fb fjzbr i vbrfifb ciasikbgtb ê uki

kbji heuatiîåh. I vbrfifb ê fjti, kis ipbgis pirejiakbgtb. I
fbeairiîåh ciasi, hu hkjssåh fh jtbk eruejia, pbrkjtb ih
kbgtjrhsh kigtbr h bgnigh sbk fjzbr gifi ciash. Phueh
fbphjs fh jgejfbgtb qub ejtbjEisb ehkjnh, Mbrry sb mugti i
_utd gi eiki b, iehgedbnigfh-sb, pbfb qub bai fjni fb
qubk bai nhsti.
"'Nhsth fb vheí', fjssb bai, 'b fb thfhs hs phkohs fiqubai
érvhrb, b fb thfhs hs eiedhrrhs fi ejfifb, bxebth hs qub
fbrruoik ghssis aitis fb ajxh, b fb thfhs hs niths, bxebth
iqubab qub bgnrivjfhu Auau. B bu nhsth hs siavi-vjfis gi
priji b hs phajejijs gh ebgtrh, bxebth iqubab qub nrjthu ehkjnh
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  5: 

piri i kjgdi rbvjrivhati, b nhsth fb ianugs fb ghsshs ikjnhs dhrrëvbjs,
bspbejiakbgtb quigfh bsthu oíoifh. . . '
‑'Sheí nhsti fb Fjel Kitdjis8' \Fjel ê ikigtb fb
_utd[.
‑'Bu gåh kb jkphrth ehk bab.' "J6
Hutri têegjei qub pbrkjtb ih kbgtjrhsh bvjtir fjzbr ianh
ciash ê i bsqujvi fi jgcbrígeji jgehrrbti. Rk ehaugjsti fb mhrgia
cbz uk rbaith obk-dukhrifh fb ehkh usir bssb truqub piri
rbshavbr h ehgdbejfh prhoabki fb h qub fjzbr quigfh vheí gåh
nhsti fh trioiadh fb uk ikjnh. Sheí bsté gi jgiunuriîåh fi
bxphsjîåh fb irtb fh sbu ikjnh. Sheí iedi qub h trioiadh ê
tbrrëvba, kis igtbs qub vheí phssi bseipir, sbu ikjnh ehrrb b
pbrnugti h qub vheí iedi. ‑'Mbrry', vheí fjz (suphgfh qub h
irtjsti bk qubståh sb edikb Mbrry), hadigfh prhcugfikbgtb bk
sbus hadhs ehkh sb fhkjgifh pbai bkhîåh, 'Mbrry, Mbrry, Mbrry.'
Kigtbgdi h cbedh< kigtbgdi h ehgtith vjsuia. Fbz bk fbz vbzbs,
 Mbrry cjgiakbgtb shati
shati sui kåh, rbsku
rbskugni
gni uki hu fuis
fuis crisbs
khfbstis b sbnub bk crbgtb ... Bxjstbk virjiîòbs. Bxjstb h irterjt
fb iati fbcjgjîåh jgvjsëvba fb tbrebjri pbsshi fhjs pisshs, Mbr-ry.
 Mbr-ry. H
qub sb phfb fjzbr8 ' Hu h kijs bgnighsikbgtb fjserbth= 'Mbrry.
Piaivris kb ciadik.' Hu h uk phueh kijs jrögjeh= 'Mbrry. Vhfhs,
thfhs, bsté ciaigfh shorb jssh. ' "92 I vjrtufb fbssi mhnifi, ehkh
i kbji heuatiîåh b fjzbr i vbrfifb ciasikbgtb, ê qub h
kbgtjrhsh gåh ê chrîifh i fjzbr gifi ciash. Kbskh issjk,

ehgsjfbrh
fb bgnigirqub såh sbk
h iavh kbgtjris, phrqub
ghtjcjeiîåh dé uki
prêvji tbgtitjvi
fifi ih iavh.fbajobrifi

Yuiaqubr uki fbssis kbgtjris phfb sbr triëfi phr ianuk ispbeth
fh ehkphrtikbgth fh bgnigifhr. Bxjstbk fhjs tjphs fb pjstis piri
bgnigir. Rk brrh phfb rbvbair i vbrfifb, hu phfb ipbgis sunbrjr qub h
qub chj fjth hu khstrifh ê ciash sbk rbvbair i vbrfifb. Yuigfh uk
kbgtjrhsh rbvbai i vbrfifb phr bgnigh, bu edikh jssh
vizikbgth. Yuigfh h ehkphrtikbgth fh kbgtjrhsh sunbrb qub bab bsté
kbgtjgfh sbk rbvbair i vbrfifb, bu edikh jssh fb pjsti fb bgnigh. Ub h

kêfjeh fb Kirji ghtir qub bai bsté threbgfh is kåhs bgquigth

 

60  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fjz i bab qub bai sb sbgtb obk, bab tbrji uki pjsti fb bgnigh, rizåh
piri suspbjtir qub bai bsté kbgtjgfh. Bab gåh siobrji ehkh bai
rbiakbgtb sb sbgtji - bai phfbrji bstir ehk rijvi gh dhspjtia, bghmifi
fb sj kbski hu ehk kbfh fb sbu cuturh - i kbghs qub bab hotjvbssb
uk vizikbgth. Rki bxprbssåh ciejia, thk fb vhz, aipsh fb aëgnui hu
ebrths nbsths phfbk rbvbair sbus vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths.
Rki pjsti fb bgnigh rbsphgfb sb i pbsshi bsté kbgtjgfh hu
gåh, bkohri gåh rbvbab h qub bsté sbgfh bsehgfjfh. Ipbgis h
vizikbgth cirji jssh. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, jssh gåh jkphrti. Yuigfh i
qubståh ê sb uki pbsshi bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh, bk vbz fh qub bsté
sbgfh heuatifh, uki pjsti fb bgnigh ê ohi h sucjejbgtb. Sizikbgth
gåh ê gbebssérjh. Yuijs jgchrkiîòbs bståh sbgfh rbtjfis phfbk sbr
fbsehobrtis hu såh jrrbabvigtbs. Ub h bkprbnifhr pbrebobr phr kbjh
fb uki pjsti criufuabgti qub h eigfjfith bsté kbgtjgfh, jssh phfb
sbr sucjejbgtb, b gbgduk vizikbgth fh qub bsté sbgfh bsehgfjfh
phfb sbr gbebssérjh piri i fbejsåh fb gåh ehgtritir uk eigfjfith i
bkprbnh qub kbgtb.
Kis gbk sbkprb ê sucjejbgtb. Phfb sbr jkphrtigtb siobr
bxitikbgtb h qub chj bsehgfjfh. Fbsehorjr qub uk
cugejhgérjh fb ehgcjigîi fbsvjifh phfb sbr jgsucjejbgtb. Rki
pjsti fb bgnigh phfb sunbrjr qub h cugejhgérjh kbgtju< jssh
phfb tbr abvifh i uk ehgcrhgth b uki ehgcjssåh. Gh bgtigth,
kbskh qub i qubståh tbgdi sjfh rbshavjfi, h bkprbnifh
fjspbgshu, i ieusiîåh ehgeauëfi, h bkprbnifhr ijgfi phfb
ouseir h vizikbgth. Bab ijgfi phfb qubrbr siobr ehkh h
cugejhgérjh cbz jssh b h qub bab cbz ehk h fjgdbjrh qub
fbsvjhu. Ub Edikobraijg tjvbssb fbtbetifh quiaqubr pjsti fb
bgnigh, bab siobrji qub Djtabr bstivi kbgtjgfh, kis gbssi
sjtuiîåh tikoêk tbrji sjfh ýtja hotbr uk vizikbgth fb quijs
brik sbus paighs fb ehgqujsti, itê hgfb Djtabr prbtbgfji jr.
Às vbzbs, h vizikbgth chrgbeb ipbgis pirtb fis jgchrkiîòbs qub i
vëtjki fbsbmi siobr, rbvbaigfh kijs fh qub uki pjsti fb bgnigh, kis
gåh tufh h qub bsté sbgfh heuatifh. _babkorb h jgejfbgtb bkEisb
ehkjnh ejtifh igtbrjhrkbgtb, quigfh _utd bgtrhu bk pïgjeh, sbk siobr

h quigth sbu kirjfh Mbrry tjgdi huvjfh ciair

c iair fbai
 

Kbgtjri, vizikbgth b pjstis piri bgnigir  69

ehgvbrsi tbabcögjei ehk sbu ikigtb. Yuigfh Mbrry pbrnugti i
bai shorb jssh, _utd phfbrji tbr cbjth ianh qub tbrji
t brji triëfh sbu
pïgjeh - uk trbkhr bk sbu aéojh hu péapbori supbrjhr abvigtifi.
Fifh h ehgtbxth, tia jgsjguiîåh fb pïgjeh jkpajeirji qub _utd
phfbrji bstir kbgtjgfh. Phr qub kijs bai fbvbrji bstir
prbheupifi ehk sui pbrnugti8 Kis bssi pjsti bgnighsi gåh
fjrji i Mbrry shorb h qub bai bstivi kbgtjgfh, gbk ehk qubk
bstivi ciaigfh. Mbrry hotbvb pirtb fbssi jgchrkiîåh fh
vizikbgth gi vhz fb _utd=
"'... bri h sbu thk fb vhz.' \Mbrry bsté bxpajeigfh i _utd
phr qub bab gåh ierbfjti gh rbaith fbai shorb ehk qubk bai
bstivi ciaigfh ih tbabchgb.[
" '_biakbgtb ehkh8' Bai qubrji rjr.
"Bab hadivi piri h bspiîh ehkh sb tjvbssb uk prhoabki bstêtjeh.
Pirbeji eigsifh, mhvbk b kinrh. Ubu ehrtb fb eiobah bri kujth
eurth. 'Bri fjcbrbgtb', fjssb bab. 'Kijs qubgtb. Bri uki vhz fb kuadbr.'

‑'Bu shu uki kuadbr.'

‑'Uui vhz ehkjnh', fjssb bab, 'ê oistigtb cbkjgjgi.' "93
H shk fb sui vhz gåh ehgfjz ehk uki ehgvbrsi ehk i
bsehai fb fhkjgnh, kis ehk uk ikigtb. Sizhu qub h
bgnigh prhvivbakbgtb ê shorb uk eish, kis gåh adb ehgti
thfi i djstõrji. Mbrry gåh siob sb ê uk eish piri ehkbîir hu
gh kbjh< gbk bab siob qubk ê h ikigtb. Kis bab siob kijs
fh qub siobrji
sunbrjrji ipbgis
qub bai phr uki pjsti fb bgnigh qub ipbgis
bsté kbgtjgfh.

Bu fbcjgj kbgtjr ehkh uki bsehadi fbajobrifi fb bgnigir uk

iavh sbk fir quiaqubr ghtjcjeiîåh fi jgtbgîåh fb cizí-ah. Bxjstbk
fuis chrkis prjgejpijs fb kbgtjr= heuatir, hkjtjr jgchrkiîòbs
vbrfifbjris< b ciasjcjeiîåh, hu iprbsbgtiîåh fb jgchrkiîòbs ciasis
ehkh sb chssbk vbrfifbjris. Hutris kigbjris fb kbgtjr jgeaubk=
fjrbejhgir kia, rbehgdbebr uki bkhîåh, kis jfbgtjcjeir kia h qub i
eiushu< fjzbr i vbrfifb ciasikbgtb, hu ifkjtjr i vbrfifb, kis ehk

tigth bxinbrh hu dukhr qub h iavh sb rbehkpòb

 

6?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

eighs prjgejpijs ugjchrkjzifhs hu bgnigifhs< sbkj-heuatiîåh, hu

ifkjtjgfh ipbgis pirtb fh qub ê vbrfifbjrh, fb khfh i fbsvjir h
jgtbrbssb fh iavh gh qub pbrkigbeb heuath< b i bsqujvi fi jgcbrígeji
jgehrrbti, hu sbmi, fjzbr i vbrfifb, kis fb uki chrki qub jkpajqub h
ehgtrérjh fh qub ê fjth. Bxjstbk fhjs tjphs fb pjstis piri bgnigir=
vizikbgth, quigfh h kbgtjrhsh jgifvbrtjfikbgtb rbvbai i vbrfifb<
b pjstis fb bgnigh, quigfh h ehkphrtikbgth fh kbgtjrhsh rbvbai
ipbgis qub h qub bab fjz gåh ê vbrfifb.
Vigth is pjstis fb vizikbgth quigth is fb bgnigh såh brrhs. Babs gbk
sbkprb iehgtbebk. Gbk thfis is kbgtjris ciadik. H prõxjkh eipëtuah bxpajei
phr qub ianugs h cizbk.
 

V_ÍU

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik

iejfbgtiakbgtb fbsehorjr i bvjfígeji, bgehgtrigfh fheukbgths

bsehgfjfhs huphr
CIADI JBU ukikujtis
kigedirizòbs.
fb oithk rbvbaifhri
I vëtjki bk uk abgîh
fb bgnigh phfb-
edbcb. Hutri pbsshi phfb trijr h bgnigifhr. Rk jgvbmhsh

bu
ehabni, uk eögmunb ioigfhgifh, uk jgchrkigtb pinh, thfhs såh
chgtbs jkphrtigtbs piri i fbtbeîåh fb bgnigh. H qub ghs prbheupi,
bgtrbtigth, såh iqubabs brrhs ehkbtjfhs furigtb h ith fb kbgtjr,
brrhs qub h bgnigifhr ehkbtb i fbspbjth fb sj kbskh, kbgtjris
qub crieissik phr eiusi fh ehkphrtikbgth fh kbgtjrhsh. Pjstis fb
bgnigh hu vizikbgth phfbk sbr khstrifhs bk uki kufigîi gi
bxprbssåh gh rhsth, uk khvjkbgth fh ehrph, uki jgcabxåh gi vhz,
uki fbnautjîåh gi nirnigti, uki rbspjriîåh kujth prhcugfi hu
supbrcjejia, ahgnis piusis bgtrb is piaivris, uk aipsh fb i aëgnui,

uki kjerh bxprbssåh

hs kbgtjrhshs ciejia,
gåh phfbk uk fbsajzb
bvjtir nbstuia.ehkphrtikbgtijs8
bssis trijîòbs I qubståh ê= phr qub
Às
vbzbs babs cizbk. Ianukis kbgtjris såh bxbeutifis ajgfikbgtb<
gifi gh qub h kbgtjrhsh fjz hu ciz trij i kbgtjri. Phr qub gåh
sbkprb8 Bxjstbk fuis rizòbs, uki qub bgvhavb pbgsir b hutri qub
bgvhavb sbgtjr.

Ajgdis _ujgs 

Hs kbgtjrhshs gbk sbkprb igtbejpik quigfh prbejsiråh

kbgtjr. Gbkpiri
pbrehrrjfi, sbkprb dé tbkph
bgsijir piri prbpirir
b kbkhrjzir. _utd, ghi jgejfbgtb
ajgdi i sbrqub ejtbj
 

66  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fh rhkigeb fb Rpfjlb Eisb ehkjnh, gåh bspbrivi qub sbu

kirjfh, Mbrry, i huvjrji ciaigfh ih tbabchgb ehk sbu ikigtb. I
djstõrji fb eipi qub bai jgvbgti gi dhri
- qub ê i bsehai fhkjgjeia ajnigfh shorb sbus cjadhs
- i trij phrqub gåh ehgfjz ehk h qub sbu kirjfh
huvj bai fjzbr.
Kbskh quigfh dhuvb ikpah ivjsh prêvjh, b uki ajgdi ciasi chj
eujfifhsikbgtb paigbmifi,
paigbmifi, h kbgtjrhsh phfb gåh sbr jgtbajnbgtb h
sucjejbgtb piri igtbejpir thfis is pbrnugtis qub phfbk sbr cbjtis b
piri tbr pbgsifh quijs fbvbk sbr suis rbsphstis. Kbskh i
jgtbajnígeji phfb gåh sbr sucjejbgtb, phjs kufigîis jgvjsëvbjs gis
ejreugstïgejis phfbk trijr uki ajgdi qub fb hutri chrki sbrji bcjeiz.
Furigtb i jgvbstjniîåh fh mýrj fb ^itbrnitb, h mujz cbfbria Mhdg M.
Ujrjei fbserbvbu tia prhoabki ih bxpajeir suis rbiîòbs ih tbstbkugdh
fb Crbf Ouzdirft, ehgsbadbjrh bspbejia fh prbsjfbgtb Gjxhg= "H
prjkbjrh prhoabki qub Crbf Ouzdirft bgcrbgthu ih tbgtir bxpajeir
phr qub is cjtis ciatigfh bri piri bseairbebr sui djstõrji. Gh fji fb
iobrturi fi iufjígeji, Ouzdirft fjssb qub gåh divji gbgduki cjti fi
rbugjåh fh prbsjfbgtb fb 92 fb iorja ehk Fbig phrqub uk
erhgökbtrh ... divji ciadifh.
. . . Kis bk phueh tbkph rbvjshu sui prjkbjri bxpajeiîåh. \Ouzdirft
shuob qub hutris bvjfígejis phfbrjik sbr ehgdbejfis, h qub
khstrirji qub hs erhgökbtrhs bstivik fb cith cugejhgigfh.[ Bab
inhri fjssb qub i rbugjåh fb 92 fb iorja ehk Fbig. . . gåh chj nrivifi
phrqub ikois is cjtis fjsphgëvbjs chrik prbbgedjfis furigtb uk fji
injtifh fb rbugjòbs. "9 Kbskh quigfh uk kbgtjrhsh gåh ê chrîifh
pbais ejreugstïgejis i kufir fb ajgdi, ianugs kbgtjrhshs tík
fjcjeuafifb bk abkorir i ajgdi ehk i quia sb ehkprhkbtbrik
igtbrjhrkbgtb, fb khfh qub ghvis pbrnugtis gåh phfbk sbr
rbsphgfjfis fb chrki ehgsjstbgtb b répjfi.
Yuiaqubr uki fbssis ciadis - bk prbvbr quigfh sbré gbebssérjh
kbgtjr, bk jgvbgtir uki ajgdi ifbquifi às ejreugstïgejis bk
kufigîi, bk abkorir i ajgdi qub sb ifhthu - prhfuz pjstis
ciejakbgtb fbtbetévbjs piri bgnig
bgnigir.
ir. H qub i pbsshi f
fjz
jz ê
jgtbrgikbgtb jgehgsjstbgtb hu fjserbpigtb ehk hutrhs ciths
jgehgtbstévbjs, ehgdbejfhs gi êphei hu rbvbaifhs phstbrjhrkbgtb.
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  62 

Bssis pjstis õovjis piri bgnigir gbk sbkprb såh tåh
ehgcjévbjs b fjrb
fjrbtis
tis qu
quigth
igth pirbebk. Rki ajgdi kujth ajsi phfb
sbr h sjgia fb uk vjnirjsti obk bgsijifh. Piri pjhrir is ehjsis,
ianugs vjnirjstis, siobgfh fjssh, ehkbtbk pbqubghs brrhs
prhphsjtiakbgtb piri gåh pirbebrbk kujth suivbs. Mikbs
Pdbaig, uk rbpõrtbr jgvbstjnitjvh, fbserbvbu uk bxbkpah
cisejgigtb fbssb truqub bk sbu rbaith fi cirsi fi ojhnricji fb
Dhwirf Dundbs.
Dé ighs gjgnuêk vji Dundbs, h qub sõ iukbgtivi h ciseëgjh
fh pýoajeh phr bstb ojajhgérjh, qub tikoêk cizji cjakbs b bri
fhgh fb uki ehkpigdji iêrbi b fi kijhr eisi fb mhnhs fb Ais
Sbnis. Dundbs gåh bri vjsth dé tigth tbkph qub ianugs
fuvjfirik qub bab bstjvbssb vjvh. Bri surprbbgfbgtb qub uki
pbsshi tåh rbeausi iuthrjzissb ianuêk i bserbvbr sui ojhnricji.
Gh bgtigth, chj jssh qub Eajcchrf Jrvjgn icjrkhu tbr prhfuzjfh.
KeNriw-Djaa pinhu i Jrvjgn $ >20.000 piri puoajeé-ah<Sjfi i
rbvjsti pinhu RU $ ?20.000 piri puoajeir trís trbedhs< b ieiohu
phr sbr uki cirsi! Eajcchrf Jrvjgn bri "... uk nrigfb vjnirjsti, uk
fhs kbadhrbs. Iquj bsté uk bxbkpah. Yuigfh h jgtbrrhnikhs,
tbgtigfh fbejcrir sui djstõrji, bab gugei ehkbtbu h brrh fb
ehgtir sui djstõrji fi kbski kigbjri thfis is vbzbs. divbrji
pbqubgis fjserbpïgejis gjssh, b quigfh h iaeigîéssbkhs, bab is
ifkjtjrji ajvrbkbgtb. H vjnirjsti kêfjh tbré sui djstõrji
pbrcbjtikbgtb bserjti, piri qub phssi ehgté-ai jgfbcjgjfikbgtb,
sbk fbsvjhs (...) Rk dhkbk dhgbsth nbriakbgtb ehkbtb
pbqubghs brrhs, bspbejiakbgtb ih rbaitir uki djstõrji ahgnia hgni b
ehkpabxi ehkh i fb Eajcc. Eajcc chj jgtbajnbgtb h sucjejbgtb piri
siobr fjssh b fbu uki rbprbsbgtiîåh shobroi fb uk dhkbk
dhgbsth. ianh qub pirbeji jgerjkjgifhr, bab fjzji ajvrbkbgtb=
'Puxi, jssh ciz ehk qub pirbîi rujk piri kjk, gåh ê8 Kis chj
issjk qub iehgtbebu. Bab trigskjtju i jkinbk fb sbr sjgebrh, itê
kbskh bk sbu prõprjh fbtrjkbgth - bgquigth bstivi vjrigfh
kbgtjri ipõs kbgtjri ipõs kbgtjri. "? Gåh dé prhtbîåh ehgtri tia
bspbrtbzi< hs vjnirjstis kijs diojajfhshsCiz tbr suebssh. I

kijhrji fhs kbgtjrhshs gåh ê tåh thrtuhsi.

 

63  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I ciati fb prbpiriîåh hu i ciadi bk abkorir i ajgdi ifhtifi

phfbk prhfuzjr pjstis piri bgnigir Ehkh is uki ajgdi ê ciaifi,
kbskh quigfh gåh dé jgehgsjstígejis bk h qub 
ê fjth. I gbebssjfifb fb pbgsir shorb eifi piaivri igtbs fb sbr
ciaifi - pbsigfh phssjojajfifbs, prheurigfh uki piaivri hu jfbji -
phfb sbr õovji gis piusis furigtb i ciai hu, kijs sutjakbgtb, bk uk
ipbrth fi péapbori jgcbrjhr hu shorigebadi b ebrtis kufigîis gh
nbsth (bxpajeifh ehk kijs fbtiadbs ghs eipëtuahs 6 b 2). Gåh qub
ehgsjfbrir eujfifhsikbgtb eifi piaivri igtbs fb sbr fjti sbmi
sbkprb uk sjgia fb bgnigh, kis bk ianukis ejreugstïgejis ê.
Yuigfh Mbrry pbrnugti i _utd ehk qubk bai bsté ciaigfh ih
tbabchgb, quiaqubr sjgia fb qub bai bstbmi sbabejhgigfh
eujfifhsikbgtb is piaivris phfb sunbrjr qub bai bsté kbgtjgfh.

Kbgtjr shorb sbgtjkbgths 

Fbjxir fb pbgsir à crbgtb, paigbmir thtiakbgtb b bgsijir i ajgdi

ciasi ê ipbgis uki fis rizòbs pbais quijs brrhs qub chrgbebk pjstis
piri bgnigir såh ehkbtjfhs ih kbgtjr. Hs brrhs tikoêk såh
ehkbtjfhs phr eiusi fi fjcjeuafifb bk bsehgfbr hu rbtritir
ciasikbgtb is bkhîòbs. Gbk thfi kbgtjri bgvhavb bkhîòbs, kis
iqubais qub eiusik prhoabkis bspbejijs piri h kbgtjrhsh. Rki
tbgtitjvi fb heuatir uki bkhîåh gh khkbgth bk qub bai ê sbgtjfi
phfb sbr triëfi bk piaivris, kis, bxebth phr uk aipsh fb aëgnui,
nbriakbgtb gåh ê. I kbghs qub dimi uk fbsbmh fb ehgcbssir h qub
sbgtb, h kbgtjrhsh gåh prbejsi ehaheir bk piaivris hs sbgtjkbgths
qub bståh heuatigfh. I pbsshi tbk kbghs bsehadi bk bsehgfbr uki
bxprbssåh ciejia hu rbspjriîåh répjfi hu uk ipbrth gi vhz.
Yuigfh is bkhîòbs såh fbspbrtifis, is kufigîis hehrrbk
iuthkitjeikbgtb, sbk bsehadi hu fbajobriîåh. Bssis kufigîis
ehkbîik bk uki criîåh fb sbnugfh. FbgtrhEisb ehkjnh, quigfh Mbrry
ieusi _utd fb kbgtjr, _utd gåh tbk prhoabkis bk pirir is piaivris
"Ujk, ê vbrfifb!" fb puair piri chri fb sui ohei. Kis h pïgjeh shorb i
fbsehobrti fb sbu eish sb iphfbri fbai, prhfuzjgfh sjgijs vjsëvbjs b
iufëvbjs. Bai gåh bsehadbu bgtrir bk pïgjeh< gbk bai phfb
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  6> 

bsehadi pirir fb sbgtjr jssh. Bsté iaêk fb sbu ehgtrhab. Jssh,

ierbfjth, ê cugfikbgtia piri i giturbzi fi bxpbrjígeji
bkhejhgia.
Is pbsshis gåh sbabejhgik itjvikbgtb quigfh sbgtjråh uki
bkhîåh. Bk vbz fjssh, babs nbriakbgtb bxpbrjkbgtik is bkhîòbs
fb chrki kijs pissjvi ehkh iehgtbebgfh ehk babs b, gh eish fb
bkhîòbs gbnitjvis, ehkh kbfh hu rijvi, phfb iehgtbebr i babs
ipbsir fb sj kbskhs. Gåh sõ dé phuei bsehadi shorb quigfh uki
bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi, kis is pbsshis nbriakbgtb gåh sbgtbk qub tík
kujti bsehadi shorb sb hs sjgijs bxprbssjvhs fi bkhîåh såh hu gåh
kigjcbsths piri hs hutrhs. _utd gåh phfji sjkpabskbgtb fbejfjr
bajkjgir quiaqubr sjgia fb sbu pïgjeh. Gåh dé ohtåh fb rbaixikbgth
qub bai phssi ipbrtir qub jgtbrrhkpi suis rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs.
Phfb itê gåh sbr phssëvba ehgtrhair is iîòbs fb ianuêk sb i bkhîåh
sbgtjfi chr kujth chrtb. Rki bkhîåh chrtb bxpajei, kbskh qub gbk
sbkprb sbmi uki fbseuapi, iîòbs jkprõprjis - "Bu gåh tjvb i
jgtbgîåh fb nrjtir (oitbr gi kbsi, jgsuatir vheí, oitbr bk vheí), kis
bu pbrfj kjgdi piejígeji. Bu bstivi chri fb ehgtrhab."

Yuigfh uki bkhîåh ehkbîi nrifuiakbgtb, ih jgvês fb

rbpbgtjgikbgtb, sb bai ehkbîi bk uk gëvba kujth oijxh -
iohrrbejkbgth ih jgvês fb cýrji - is kufigîis gh ehkphrtikbgth
såh pbqubgis b såh rbaitjvikbgtb céebjs fb bsehgfbr sb i pbsshi
bstjvbr ejbgtb fh qub bsté sbgtjgfh. I kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ê.
Yuigfh uki bkhîåh ehkbîi nrifuiakbgtb b pbrkigbeb abvb, phfb
sbr kijs pbrebptëvba piri hs hutrhs fh qub piri h sbac, gåh sbgfh
rbnjstrifi gi ehgsejígeji i kbghs qub sb thrgb kijs jgtbgsi. Rki
vbz qub uki bkhîåh ê chrtb, bgtrbtigth, ê kujth kijs fjcëeja fb
ehgtrhair. Bsehgfbr is kufigîis gh rhsth, ehrph b vhz bxjnb kujti
auti. Kbskh quigfh i heuatiîåh ê obk-suebfjfi b gåh dé
vizikbgth fb sbgtjkbgths, às vbzbs i prõprji auti sbré pbrebojfi
ehkh uki pjsti fb bgnigh.
Bkohri heuatir uki bkhîåh gåh sbmi céeja, tikphueh
ciasjcjeir i ipirígeji fb uki bkhîåh gåh sbgtjfi, kbskh
quigfh gåh dé hutri bkhîåh qub fbvi sbr heuatifi. Jssh rbqubr
 

64  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kijs fh qub ipbgis fjzbr "Bsthu ehk rijvi" hu "Bsthu ehk kbfh". H
bgnigifhr fbvb pirbebr b shir ehkh sb bstjvbssb ehk rijvi hu ehk
kbfh, piri qub ierbfjtb bk sui icjrkiîåh. Gåh ê céeja rbugjr hs
khvjkbgths ebrths, is kufigîis pirtjeuairbs gi vhz, qub såh
gbebssérjis piri ciasjcjeir bkhîòbs. Bxjstbk ebrths khvjkbgths fh
rhsth, phr bxbkpah, qub kujth phueis pbsshis phfbk rbiajzir
vhaugtirjikbgtb. (Babs såh fbserjths gh eipëtuah 2). Bssbs
khvjkbgths fjcëebjs fb bxbeutir såh vjtijs piri i ciasjcjeiîåh obk-
suebfjfi fi ignýstji, fh kbfh b fi rijvi.
Ciasjcjeir sb thrgi kujth kijs fjcëeja bxitikbgtb quigfh ê kijs
gbebssérjh, piri imufir i bsehgfbr hutri bkhîåh. Vbgtir pirbebr
zignifh gåh ê céeja, kis sb sbgtjr kbfh quigfh i pbsshi tbgtir
pirbebr zignifi, i pbsshi cjeiré fjaiebrifi. Rk ehgmugth fb
jkpuashs qub surnbk fh kbfh puxi piri uk aifh, bgquigth i
tbgtitjvi fbajobrifi fb pirbebr zignifh puxi piri hutrh. Is
shorigebadis, phr bxbkpah, såh jgvhaugtirjikbgtb puxifis piri
ejki ehk kbfh. Kis, piri ciasjcjeir i rijvi, i pbsshi fbvb puxé-ahs
piri oijxh. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, hs prõprjhs sjgijs fbssi auti jgtbrgi
bgtrb i bkhîåh sbgtjfi b i ciasi bkhîåh fbgugejik h bgnigh.
B is kbgtjris qub gåh bgvhavbk bkhîòbs, kbgtjris shorb iîòbs,
paighs, pbgsikbgths, jgtbgîòbs, ciths hu cigtisjis8
c igtisjis8 Bssis kbgtjris såh
triëfis pbah ehkphrtikbgth fh kbgtjrhsh8

Ubgtjkbgths shorb kbgtjr 

Gbk thfhs hs bgnighs bgvhavbk heuatir hu ciasjcjeir
bkhîòbs. H bstbajhgitérjh bsehgfb h cith fb bstir rhuoigfh
fjgdbjrh. H painjifhr bsehgfb h cith fb qub pbnhu h trioiadh fb
hutri pbsshi b cjgnb qub ê sbu. H vijfhsh dhkbk fb kbji-jfifb
bsehgfb sui jfifb, tjgnjgfh sbus eiobahs nrjsiadhs b iabnigfh
qub ê sbtb ighs kijs ghvh qub bab. Gh bgtigth, kbskh quigfh i
kbgtjri ê shorb ianh fjcbrbgtb fi bkhîåh, is bkhîòbs phfbk
bstir bgvhavjfis. H dhkbk vijfhsh phfb cjeir ehgstrignjfh ehk
sui vijfifb. Piri tbr suebssh bk sbu bgnigh, bab fbvb heuatir
gåh ipbgis sui jfifb, kis tikoêk sbu ehgstrignjkbgth.
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  6: 

H painjifhr phfb sbgtjr fbsprbzh phr iqubabs qub bab

bgnighu. Bab tbrji, phrtigth, gåh ipbgis fb heuatir i chgtb fb
sbu trioiadh b cjgnjr uki diojajfifb qub gåh ê sui, bab
tikoêk tbrji fb heuatir sbu fbsprbzh. H bstbajhgitérjh phfb
cjeir surprbsh quigfh hutri pbsshi ê ieusifi fb sbu erjkb.
Bai tbrji qub bsehgfbr sui surprbsi hu pbah kbghs h khtjvh
piri jssh.
Issjk, is bkhîòbs kujtis vbzbs sb bgvhavbk bk kbgtjris qub
gåh chrik bkprbbgfjfis ehk h prhpõsjth fb heuatir bkhîòbs. Rki
vbz bgvhavjfis, is bkhîòbs fbvbk sbr heuatifis piri qub i kbgtjri
gåh sbmi triëfi. Yuiaqubr bkhîåh phfb sbr i euapifi, kis trís
bkhîòbs bståh tåh crbqñbgtbkbgtb bgtrbaiîifis ehk h bgnigh qub
kbrbebk uki bxpajeiîåh sbpirifi= kbfh fb sbr pbnh, euapi phr
kbgtjr b prizbr phr tbr bgnigifh ianuêk.

Kbfh fb sbr pbnh 

Bssb kbfh bk suis chrkis kijs origfis gåh ê pbrturoifhr,
kis, ih jgvês fjssh, phfb imufir h kbgtjrhsh i bvjtir brrhs,
kigtbgfh-h iabrti. Rk gëvba khfbrifh fb kbfh phfb prhfuzjr sjgijs
ehkphrtikbgtijs pbrebptëvbjs
pbrebptëvbjs ih déoja ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris b,
quigfh chrtb, h kbfh fh kbgtjrhsh fb sbr pbnh prhfuz bxitikbgtb
h qub bab tbkb. Ub uk kbgtjrhsh pufbssb bstjkir quigthiprbbgsåh
fb fbtbeîåh bab sbgtjrji qub sb bkoireissb bk uki kbgtjri, bab

phfbrji fbejfjr
bab mé bstbmi kbadhr sb viab
ehkprhkbtjfh, ukii pbgi h rjsehfb
bstjkitjvi prhvévba. Kbskh qubfb
quigti iprbbgsåh
fbtbeîåh bab prhvivbakbgtb sbgtjré phfb imufé-ah i paigbmir
ehgtrikbfjfis piri rbfuzjr hu heuatir sbu kbfh. Rk ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris tikoêk phfb sbr imufifh phr bssis jgchrkiîòbs. Bab phfb
sbr iabrtifh piri prheurir sjgijs fb kbfh sb iedir qub uk suspbjth
tbk kujth kbfh fb sbr pbnh.
Kujths cithrbs jgcaubgejik h quigth i iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh sbré
sbgtjfi. H prjkbjrh fbtbrkjgigtb i ehgsjfbrir såh is erbgîis fh
kbgtjrhsh shorb i diojajfifb fb sbu iavh ehkh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris.

Ub h iavh ê ehgdbejfh phr sbr uki tirbci sjkpabs, uk nitjgdh, nbriakbgtb

 

tåh  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gåh divbré kujti iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Phr hutrh aifh, ianuêk

ehgdbejfh phr sbr fjcëeja fb bgnigir, qub tbk i rbputiîåh fb sbr uk
bxebabgtb ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, jré jgeutjr iprbbgsåh fb
fbtbeîåh. Hs pijs kujtis vbzbs ehgvbgebk sbus cjadhs fb qub babs
såh fbtbethrbs kinjstrijs fb bgnigh. "Bu phssh fjzbr, hadigfh bk
sbus hadhs, sb vheí bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh piri kjk." I erjigîi ciasi
cjei ehk tigth kbfh fb sbr ipigdifi qub sbu kbfh i trij, hu bai
ehgcbssi phrqub iedi qub dé tåh phueis edigebs fb suebssh.

Gi pbîi fb Vbrbgeb _ittjnig H kbgjgh ^jgsahw, b gh cjakb fb

9:20 oisbifh gbab, h pij ushu bssb bstritinbki ehk kujth
eujfifh. Ubu cjadh ifhabsebgtb, _hggjb, divji sjfh fjspbgsifh fi
bsehai fb trbjgikbgth givia, ieusifh fb rhuoir uk viab phstia=

"I_VDR_. \pij[ Gbsti eirti fjz qub vheí rhuohu

r huohu uk viab phstia.
(_HGGJB iorb i ohei piri ciair. I_VDR_ piri bab.) Inhri, gåh qubrh qub
vheí fjni uki piaivri igtbs fb huvjr h qub tbgdh i fjzbr. Ub vheí cbz
jssh, vheí fbvb kb fjzbr. Bu gåh vhu cjeir ehk rijvi fb vheí, _hggjb
- fbsfb qub vheí kb fjni i vbrfifb. Kis sb vheí kb ehgtir uki kbgtjri, bu fbvh
sijoi fjssh, phrqub uki kbgtjri bgtrb vheí b bu gåh phfb sbr bsehgfjfi. Bu
siobrbj, _hggjb - bgtåh abkorb-sb fjssh igtbs fb ciair. (Dbpiusbs.) 
Sheí rhuohu bstb viab phstia8
_HGGJB. {Ehk dbsjtiîåh.) Gåh, pifrb. Bu gåh cjz.
(Irtdurfé uk pissh bk fjrbîåh i bab.) 

_HGGJB. Gåh, pifrb. Bu gåh cjz. (IrtdurSheí

I_VDR_. (Hadigfh bk sbus hadhs.) rhuohu bstb
ehgtjgui i hadir bk viab
sbus phstia8
hadhs phr
uk sbnugfh b fbphjs rbaixi).5 

Ir tdur ierbfjti bk _hggjb, b i pbîi ehgti i djstõrji fhs bghrkbs

sierjcëejhs qub h pij b h rbsth fi cikëaji cizbk piri mustjcjeir _hggjb.

Rk pij gbk sbkprb phfb usir i bstritênji fb Irtdur piri

hotbr i vbrfifb. Rk kbgjgh qub kbgtju kujtis vbzbs gh pissifh b
ehgsbnuju bgnigir h pij gåh tbré khtjvhs piri pbgsir qub gåh
ehgsbnujré ghvikbgtb. Rk pij phfb gåh bstir fjsphsth i hcbrbebr

igjstji piri ehgcjssåh fb uk fbajth hu i hcbrti

 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  29

gåh phfb, phr eiusi fb jgejfbgtbs igtbrjhrbs, sbr
ierbfjtifh. H kbgjgh fbvb ehgcjir gh pij, ebrth fb qub sbu
pij ê eipiz fb ehgcjir gbab. Rk pij fbsehgcjifh b
fbsehgcjifh,
fbsehgcjif h, qub igtbs gåh ierbfjtivi bk sbu cjadh quigfh
bab bstivi sbgfh sjgebrh, fbspbrtiré kbfh bk uk kbgjgh
jghebgtb. Jssh abvigti uk prhoabki eruejia gi fbtbeîåh fb
bgnigh= ê quisb jkphssëvba fjstjgnujr h kbgjgh jghebgtb
kbfh fb sbr fbserbgtb fi iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh fh
euapifh. Hs sjgijs fb kbfh sbrjik hs kbskhs.
Bssbs prhoabkis gåh såh bspbeëcjehs piri i fbtbeîåh fb
criufb bgtrb pijs b cjadhs. Ê sbkprb uk prhoabki fjstjgnujr
bgtrb h kbfh fh jghebgtb fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh b i
iprbbgsåh fh euapifh pbai fbtbeîåh. I fjcjeuafifb ê
ikpajifi quigfh h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk ciki fb
sbr fbsehgcjifh b gåh iebjthu i vbrfifb igtbs. Eifi vbz
suebssjvis, sbré kijs fjcëeja piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
fjstjgnujr h kbfh fi fbserbgîi fi iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh.
I prétjei fb bgnigir b h suebssh bk bseipir jkpugbs
sbkprb fbvb rbfuzjr i iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh. H kirjfh
qub bsté tbgfh sbu fêejkh quirth eish gåh sb prbheupiré
kujth bk sbr pbnh. Bab tbk prétjei bk bgnigh. Bab siob h
qub igtbejpir b ehkh ehorj-ah. Kijs jkphrtigtb ijgfi, bab
siob qub phfb sb sicir. I iuthehgcjigîi fjkjguj i
iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh. Ub furir kujth, h kbgtjrhsh phfb
ehkbtbr brrhs fbseujfifhs. Prhvivbakbgtb, ianuki
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh sbmi ýtja piri h kbgtjrhsh.
H fbtbethr fb kbgtjris fh phaënrich cugejhgi ehk hs kbskhs
prjgeëpjhs fi fbtbeîåh fb trijîòbs ehkphrtikbgtijs fb bgnigh, b ê
vuagbrévba ihs kbskhs prhoabkis. H bxikb fh phaënrich gåh fbtbeti
kbgtjris, ipbgis sjgijs fb bkhîåh. Cjhs fh phaënrich såh ehgbetifhs
ih suspbjth piri kbfjr kufigîis gi sufhrbsb, rbspjriîåh b prbssåh
irtbrjia. H iukbgth fi prbssåh irtbrjia hu sufhrbsb gåh såh, phr sj
sõ, sjgijs fb bgnigh. Is kåhs cjeik ýkjfis b h ehriîåh oitb kijs
répjfh quigfh i bkhîåh ê fbspbrtifi. Igtbs fb ipajeir h tbstb fh
phaënrich, i kijhrji fhs phaj-
 

2?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Hs hpbrifhrbs fb nrécjeh tbgtik ehgvbgebr h suspbjth fb qub h

phaënrich gugei ciadi bk pbnir uk kbgtjrhsh, cizbgfh h qub ê
ehgdbejfh ehkh tbstb fb "bstjkuaiîåh" hu "bstëkuah". I têegjei kijs
ehkuk ê fbkhgstrir ih suspbjth qub i kéqujgi sbré eipiz fb fjzbr
quia eirti h suspbjth pbni fb uk oiriadh. Fbphjs qub h suspbjth
pbni uki eirti b i fbvhavb ih oiriadh, bab ê shajejtifh i fjzbr gåh
eifi vbz qub h hpbrifhr fh phaënrich adb pbrnugti sb ê uki eirti
bspbeëcjei. Ianugs fhs qub usik bssi têegjei gåh ehkbtbk brrhs,
phrqub gåh ehgcjik gh rbnjstrh fh phaënrich piri eipturir i
kbgtjri, kis usik uk ehgmugth kireifh fb eirtis. Babs mustjcjeik h
bgnigh fh suspbjth phr fhjs khtjvhs. Ub bab chr jghebgtb, ê
jkphrtigtb qub pbgsb qub i kéqujgi gåh ehkbtbré brrhs< eish
ehgtrérjh, bab phfb khstrir kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh. Ub bab chr
euapifh, ê jkphrtigtb fbjxé-ah ehk kbfh fb sbr pbnh< eish

ehgtrérjh,
hpbrifhrbs i kéqujgi rbiakbgtb
fb phaënrich gåh cugejhgiré.
gåh sb bgvhavb I kijhrji
gbssb bgnigh, kisfhs
ehgcji gh
rbnjstrh fh phaënrich piri fbsehorjr quia eirtåh chj tjrifh.6

Ê h kbskh qub bk H kbgjgh ^jgsahw ‖H

‖H suspbjth fbvb
ierbfjtb gi diojajfifb fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Hs sjgijs fb kbfh
sbrjik ikoënuhs, i kbghs qub is ehjsis pufbssbk sbr irrigmifis fb
chrki qub ipbgis h kbgtjrhsh, gåh h ciaifhr fi vbrfifb, tbgdi kbfh.
Hs bxikbs fh phaënrich ciadik gåh ipbgis phrqub ianugs jghebgtbs
ijgfi tbkbk sbr ciasikbgtb ieusifhs hu phr hutris rizòbs
rizòbs cjeirbk
editbifhs quigfh tbstifhs, kis tikoêk phrqub ianugs erjkjghshs gåh
ierbfjtik gi kinji fi kéqujgi. Babs siobk qub phfbk bseipir
jkpugbs b, sb shuobrbk, tík kijhr prhoiojajfifb fb cizí-ah. *
Hutrh piriabah ehk H kbgjgh ^jgsahw ê i tbgtitjvi fh hpbrifhr fh
phaënrich fb bxtrijr uki ehgcjssåh. Issjk ehkh h pij rbjvjgfjehu phfbrbs
bspbejijs piri fbtbetir kbgtjris i cjk fb jgfuzjr sbu cjadh i ehgcbssir sb
bab bri euapifh, tikoêk ianugs hpbrifhrbs fb phaënrich

* Ianugs bspbejiajstis bk phaënrich iedik qub is erbgîis fh suspbjth shorb i prbejsåh fi

kéqujgi gåh jkphrtik kujth. Bsti b hutris qubstòbs shorb h tbstb fh phaënrich b ehkh
bab sb ehkpiri às pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs gi fbtbeîåh fb bgnighs såh fjseutjfis gh
eipëtuah >.
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  U5 

tbgtb bxtrijr uki ehgcjssåh ehgvbgebgfh sbus suspbjths fb

qub babs gåh phfbk fbrrhtir i kéqujgi. Yuigfh uk
suspbjth gåh ehgcbssi, ianugs hpbrifhrbs fb phaënrich
jgtjkjfik h suspbjth, fjzbgfh-adb qub i kéqujgi khstrhu
qub h suspbjth
iprbbgsåh gåh bsté fjzbgfh
fb fbtbeîåh, i vbrfifb.
i bspbrigîi ê cizbrIh iukbgtir i
h euapifh
ehgcbssir. Hs jghebgtbs shcrbk is ciasis ieusiîòbs, kis
suphstikbgtb sbråh mustjcjeifhs. Jgcbajzkbgtb, sho tijs
prbssòbs, ianugs jghebgtbs ehgcbssiråh i cjk fb hotbr iaëvjh.
Hs hpbrifhrbs fb phaënrich nbriakbgtb gåh tík i hpîåh fhs
pijs fb jgfuzjr i ehgcjssåh hcbrbebgfh igjstji pbah erjkb, eish
sbmi ifkjtjfh. Hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs erjkjghshs phfbk iprhxjkir
jssh, sunbrjgfh qub i pugjîåh phfb sbr kbghs sbvbri sb h
suspbjth ehgcbssir. Bkohri nbriakbgtb gåh sbmik eipizbs fb
hcbrbebr igjstji thtia,
igjstji psjehaõnjei, gihs jgtbrrhnifhrbs
bspbrigîi phfbk
fb bxtrijr ukihcbrbebr uki
ehgcjssåh,
sunbrjgfh qub h suspbjth gåh prbejsi sb sbgtjr bgvbrnhgdifh hu
kbskh rbsphgsévba phr tbr ehkbtjfh h erjkb. Rk jgtbrrhnifhr
phfb bxpajeir sjkpitjeikbgtb qub bab iedi kujth ehkprbbgsëvba,
qub bab prõprjh phfbrji tbr cbjth jssh sb bstjvbssb gi kbski
sjtuiîåh. Hutri virjiîåh ê hcbrbebr ih suspbjth uki bxpajeiîåh
siavifhri fh khtjvh fh erjkb. H bxbkpah i sbnujr ê tjrifh fb uk
jgtbrrhnitõrjh nrivifh bk cjti fb uk suspbjth fb ississjgith,
qub, iajés, bri jghebgtb. H jgtbrrhnifhr phajejia bsté ciaigfh ehk
h suspbjth=
"Dé khkbgths bk qub fbvjfh ih ikojbgtb, fbvjfh à
fhbgîi, phr vérjhs khtjvhs, is pbsshis gåh sbnubk h
eikjgdh bstrbjth b bstrbjth ... Às vbzbs gåh phfbkhs bvjtir h
qub cizbkhs. Às vbzbs cizbkhs is ehjsis bk uk khkbgth fb
pijxåh, uk khkbgth fb rijvi b tiavbz phrqub is ehjsis
sjkpabskbgtb gåh bståh figfh ebrth iquj bk ghssis
eiobîis. Hs sbrbs dukighs ghrkijs qubrbk ehgsbrtir is
ehjsis, hgfb siobkhs qub brrikhs. "2
Itê inhri, tbkhs ehgsjfbrifh ehkh i rbputiîåh fh rbebpthr

fb kbgtjris phfb jgcaubgejir i fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh gh

 

26  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kbgtjrhsh b kbfh fb gåh ierbfjtir ghs jghebgtbs. Hutrh cithr qub

jgcaubgeji i fbtbeîåh fi iprbbgsåh ê i pbrshgiajfifb fh kbgtjrhsh.
Ianukis pbsshis tík kujti fjcjeuafifb bk kbgtjr, bgquigth hutris
phfbk cizí-ah ehk uki ciejajfifb iairkigtb. Uiob-sb kujth kijs
shorb is pbsshis qub kbgtbk ehk ciejajfifb fh qub shorb is qub
gåh kbgtbk. Fbsehorj uk phueh shorb bssis pbsshis bk kjgdi
pbsqujsi shorb i heuatiîåh fb bkhîòbs gbnitjvis.
Ehkbebj uki sêrjb fb bxpbrjkbgths bk 9:>0 piri vbrjcjeir is
pjstis piri h bgnigh qub fbsehorj quigfh igiajsbj h cjakb fi
piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry, eumi kbgtjri fbserbvh gh prjkbjrh
eipëtuah. Abkorb-sb fb qub Kiry bsehgfbu sui ignýstji b
fbsbspbrh piri qub sbu kêfjeh adb fbssb uk pissb fb cjk fb
sbkigi b bai, sbk supbrvjsåh, pufbssb ehkbtbr sujeëfjh. Vjvb fb
bxikjgir kbgtjris sbkbadigtbs fb hutris pbsshis piri siobr sb is

pjstis piripbsshis.
phr hutris bgnigir Bu
qubtjgdi
bgehgtrbj
phueisbk sbu cjakb sbrjik
bspbrigîis khstrifis
fb bgehgtrir
bxbkpahs eaëgjehs sucjejbgtbs. Bkohri kujtis vbzbs phssikhs
suspbjtir qub uk piejbgtb kbgtju, ririkbgtb phfbkhs tbr ebrtbzi,
i kbghs qub, ehkh Kirji, h piejbgtb ehgcbssb. Kjgdi ýgjei bsehadi
chj erjir uki sjtuiîåh bxpbrjkbgtia khfbaifi i pirtjr fi kbgtjri fb
Kiry, gi quia bu pufbssb bxikjgir hs brrhs qub hutris pbsshis
ehkbtbk quigfh kbgtbk.
Piri sbrbk rbabvigtbs piri i kbgtjri fb Kiry, hs sumbjths fh
bxpbrjkbgth tbrjik fb sbgtjr bkhîòbs gbnitjvis kujth chrtbs
c hrtbs b bstir

kujth khtjvifhs
bkhîòbs gbnitjvispiri heuatir bssbs
khstrigfh cjakbssbgtjkbgths. Bu prhfuzj
fb ebgis kêfjeis chrtbs
dhrrëvbjs piri hs
pirtjejpigtbs, pbfjgfh-adbs qub bsehgfbssbk quiaqubr sjgia fb sbus
sbgtjkbgths bgquigth issjstjik. Gh jgëejh, kbu bxpbrjkbgth ciadhu<
gjgnuêk sb bschrîhu kujth piri tbr suebssh. Bu gåh tjgdi prbvjsth ehkh
sbrji fjcëeja jgfuzjr is pbsshis i kbgtjr bk uk aiohritõrjh. Is pbsshis
cjeik ehgstrignjfis ih siobr qub hs ejbgtjstis
ejbgtj stis is bståh hosbrvigfh sb
ehkphrtirbk kia. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, tåh phueh bsté bk mhnh qub,
kbskh quigfh kbgtbk, gåh tbgtik tigth quigth cirjik gi vjfi rbia,
quigfh ê jkphrtigtb. Bu sbabejhgbj bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk ehkh
kbus sumbjths bxpbrjkbgtijs phrqub divji uk
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  22 

kujth bk mhnh piri babs tbrbk suebssh gbssb tjph fb kbgtjri. Hs

bgcbrkbjrhs fbvbk sbr eipizbs fb bsehgfbr quijsqubr bkhîòbs
gbnitjvis qub sbgtjrbk quigfh vjrbk ebgis ejrýrnjeis hu hutris ebgis
signrbgtis. Kbu bxpbrjkbgth hcbrbebu i bssbs bstufigtbs fb

bgcbrkinbk i edigeb
eirrbjri. Hutrh khtjvh fb pritjeir
piri bssibgcbrkbjris
sbabejhgir diojajfifb rbabvigtb
bri bvjtirpiri i
h prhoabki
êtjeh fb bxphr quiaqubr pbsshi i tijs ebgis signrbgtis. Phr sui bsehadi
fb eirrbjri, is bgcbrkbjris hptik phr ehgcrhgtir tia kitbrjia. Is
jgstruîòbs qub fbj i babs chrik=
b bgquigth h issjstb, vheí fbvb fbserbvbr sbus
sbgtjkbgths crigeikbgtb piri uk bgtrbvjstifhr qub gåh
phfb vbr quia cjakb vheí bsté issjstjgfh. Bgtåh vheí vbré
ianukis fis pjhrbs ebgis qub phfb bgehgtrir bk ighs fb
bxpbrjígeji bk bgcbrkinbk. Bgquigth issjstb i bssis ebgis,
vheí
qub htbré qub bsehgfbr
bgtrbvjstifhr sbus
pbgsb vbrfifbjrhs
qub sbgtjkbgths
vheí bsté vbgfh piri
hutrh cjakb
inrifévba< vheí phfb fjzbr qub bsté bxjojgfh ajgfis cahrbs gh
Nhafbg Nitb Pirl \fb Uåh Crigejseh[. Vbgtb h kéxjkh qub
pufbr. "

Ubabejhgikhs hs pjhrbs cjakbs qub bgehgtrikhs. Bk bstufhs prbajkjgirbs,

fbsehorjkhs qub ianukis pbsshis cjeirik bxtrbkikbgtb pbrturoifis ehk uk
cjakb qub khstrivi qubjkifuris nrivbs, phjs siojik qub i tbrrëvba fhr fb uki

vëtjki fb qubjkifuri gåh phfb sbr kujth rbvjnhrigtb.

 

23  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

iajkbgtifh phr kbfjeiîåh. Hutrhs cjeirik kijs editbifhs ehk uki

ebgi fb ikputiîåh, bk pirtb phr vbr thfh h signub mhrrigfh, kis
tikoêk phr pbgsir bk ehkh iqubai pbsshi sb sbgtjrji fbphjs qub
iehrfissb b pbrebobssb qub gåh tjgdi uk kbkorh. Bfjtikhs hs fhjs
cjakbs mugths piri qub pirbebssb qub i vëtjki fi qubjkifuri
tikoêk shcrbu uki ikputiîåh. Rsigfh bssbs cjakbs tbrrëvbjs,
phfbrëikhs fbsehorjr h quåh obk is pbsshis phfbk bsehgfbr
bkhîòbs kujth, kujth chrtbs quigfh qubrbk hu fbvbk.
Ehkh i ehkpbtjîåh piri ifkjssåh gi bsehai fb bgcbrkinbk fi
kjgdi ugjvbrsjfifb ê kujth jgtbgsi, thfhs bssbs mhvbgs iaughs
hotjvbrik ghtis kéxjkis bk vérjhs tbstbs fb fbsbkpbgdh, ghtis
kujth iatis b bxebabgtbs rbcbrígejis fb eirétbr. Ipbsir fb sbr uk
nruph sbabth, babs fjcbrjik ghtivbakbgtb bk sui diojajfifb fb
bsehgfbr sbus sbgtjkbgths. Ianugs h cjzbrik fb chrki shobroi,
bgquigth hutrhs gåh ehgsbnujrik fb chrki ianuki. Phstbrjhrkbgtb,
fbsehorj bk bgtrbvjstis ehk babs qub i jgeipiejfifb fb kbgtjr
bgquigth issjstji i kbus cjakbs dhrrëvbjs gåh bri bspbeëcjei fh kbu
bxpbrjkbgth. Ianukis fis bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk sbkprb
tjvbrik fjcjeuafifb bk kbgtjr shorb sbus sbgtjkbgths. Ianukis
pbsshis såh bspbejiakbgtb
bspbejiakbgtb vuagbrévbjs à fbtbeîåh b iprbb
iprbbgsåh.
gsåh. Ba
Babs
bs
tík uk nrigfb kbfh fb sbrbk pbnhs bk uki kbgtjri. Babs tík
ebrtbzi fb qub thfhs qub hadirbk piri babs siobråh sb bståh
kbgtjgfh, b jssh sb thrgi uki prhcbeji qub sb iuth-rbiajzi. Fbj i
thfhs bssbs iaughs kujths tbstbs hombtjvhs fb pbrshgiajfifb b, piri
kjgdi surprbsi, fbsehorj qub iqubabs qub tjgdik nrigfb fjcjeuafifb
piri kbgtjr gåh fjcbrjik fh rbsth fh nruph ghs tbstbs. Vjrigfh bssi
pbeuajirjfifb, babs gåh pirbebk fjcbrbgtbs fb gjgnuêk. Ubus
cikjajirbs b ikjnhs siobk fbssi eirietbrëstjei b hs pbrfhik phr
sbrbk sjgebrhs fbkijs.
Vikoêk tbgtbj iprbgfbr kijs shorb sbus hphsths< iqubabs
qub kbgtjrik ciejakbgtb b ehk nrigfb suebssh. Kbgtjrhshs
giturijs siobk shorb suis diojajfifbs, b h kbskh iehgtbeb ehk
iqubabs qub hs ehgdbebk obk. Babs tík sb sicifh fbsfb i
jgcïgeji, bgnigigfh sbus pijs, prhcbsshrbs b ikjnhs quigfh
qubrbk. Babs gåh sbgtbk iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Ipbgis h
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  2> 

hphsth. Babs bståh ehgcjigtbs bk sui diojajfifb fb bgnigir. Bssi
ehgcjigîi, gåh sbgtjgfh kujti iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh ih kbgtjr,
ê uki fis kireis fi pbrshgiajfifb psjehpétjei. Kis ê i ýgjei
eirietbrëstjei qub bssbs kbgtjrhshs giturijs ehkpirtjadik ehk
hs psjehpitis.
giturijs Ih ehgtrérjh fhs
gåh fbkhgstrivik psjehpitis,
muanikbgth hs kbgtjrhshs
rujk< gbk fbjxirik fb
iprbgfbr ehk i bxpbrjígeji. Babs tikoêk cjzbrikgåh tík bssis
hutris eirietbrëstjeis psjehpétjeis= "... edirkb supbrcjejia
. . . ciati fb rbkhrsh hu vbrnhgdi< ehkphrtikbgth igtj-shejia sbk
ehkpugîåh ipirbgtb< b bnhebgtrjskh pithaõnjeh b jgeipiejfifb piri
h ikhr. "3 (Shu bxpajeir kijs shorb ehkh h rbkhrsh b i vbrnhgdi
phfbk trijr h bgnigh kijs tirfb, quigfh bu ehgsjfbrir h bgnigh
ehkh i euapi.)
Hs kbgtjrhshs giturijs bk kbu bxpbrjkbgth gåh fjcbrjrik fhs
hutrhs bk suis phgtuiîòbs bk uki virjbfifb fb tbstbs hombtjvhs fb
pbrshgiajfifb. Ubus tbstbs gåh khstririk gbgduk triîh fb
pbrshgiajfifb psjehpétjei. Gåh divji gifi fb igtj-shejia bk sui
ehkphsjîåh. Ih ehgtrérjh fhs psjehpitis, babs gåh usivik sui
eipiejfifb fb kbgtjr piri prbmufjeir hs hutrhs. * Kbgtjrhshs giturijs,
iatikbgtb diojajfhshs gh bgnigh, kis gåh sbk ehgsejígeji, fbvbrjik sbr
eipizbs fb eipjtiajzir sbu tiabgth bk ebrtis prhcjssòbs - ehkh ithrbs,
vbgfbfhrbs, ifvhnifhs, gbnhejifhrbs, bspjòbs hu fjpahkitis.
Bstufigtbs fb bgnighs kjajtirbs tík sb jgtbrbssifh gis
eirietbrëstjeis fiqubabs qub phfbk kbgtjr ehk kijs diojajfifb=
"Bab fbvb tbr uki kbgtb ehkojgitõrji cabxëvba - uki kbgtb qub
‑Hs psjehpitis erjkjghshs bgnigik hs bspbejiajstis. "_hobrt _bsaasbr, supbrvjshr fi
Rgjfifb fb Ejígeji Ehkphrtikbgtia fh COJ ... qub bgtrbvjsthu 53 ississjghs kýatjpahs
. . . \fjssb=[ I kijhrji ê ghrkia gi ipirígeji b gi ehgvbrsiîåh.
ehgvbrsiîåh. . . . \Igg[
_uab, bx-phajejia, bstufigtb fb psjehahnji b iuthri
i uthri fb ejgeh ajvrhs shorb ississjghs
bk sêrjb. . . nigdhu rbaigebs cunizbs gi kbgtb fb uk ississjgh bk sêrjb quigfh,
bk uki ehjgejfígeji dhrrëvba, bai sb vju trioiadigfh ehk Vbf Ougfy. \Ougfy kijs
tirfb chj ehgfbgifh phr ississjgiths, ianugs fhs quijs bab ehkbtbu furigtb h
tbkph bk qub trioiadivi ehk _uab[. Babs ripjfikbgtb sb thrgirik ikjnhs. \_bnri
fjssb=[ Vbf bri uk kigjpuaifhr, vheí gugei sioji sb bab bstivi bgnigigfh vheí hu
gåh. . . . I pbrshgiajfifb igtj-shejia sbkprb shi sjgebri, i ciedifi ê ioshautikbgtb
pbrcbjti. Iedbj qub sioji h qub prheurir, kis quigfh bstivi trioiadigfh ehk Vbf,
gåh divji uk sjgia hu hcbrti "(Bfwirf Jwiti," Vdb Oiccajgn Ghrkiaey hc Ubrjia
Kurfbrs, "Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, 2 fb kijh fb 9:46).
 

24  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

cugejhgi fbehkphgfh jfbjis, ehgebjths hu 'piaivris' bk sbus

ehkphgbgtbs oésjehs b, bk sbnujfi, rbehkojgigfh-hs fb vérjis
kigbjris. (Rk bxbkpah fbssb tjph fb pbgsikbgth phfb sbr
bgehgtrifh gh mhnh Ueriooab.) ... hs kijhrbs usuérjhs igtbrjhrbs
fh
gåhbgnigh. . . såh iatikbgtb
sb bgeijxirjik jgfjvjfuiajstis
ciejakbgtb bk uki nrigfb b ehkpbtjtjvhs<
hrnigjziîåh.babs
..b
tbgfbk i trioiadir phr ehgti prõprji. Kujtis vbzbs bståh
ehgvbgejfhs fi supbrjhrjfifb fb suis prõprjis hpjgjòbs. Fb ebrti
chrki, babs sb imustik ih suphsth eirétbr fh irtjsti ohíkjh
shajtérjh b bxeígtrjeh, kis i irtb qub pritjeik ê fjcbrbgtb. Bstb ê
ipirbgtbkbgtb h ýgjeh fbghkjgifhr ehkuk piri nrigfbs
pritjeigtbs fb bgnigh, ehkh Eduredjaa, Djtabr, Fiyig b
VB Aiwrbgeb. ">
Bssbs "nrigfbs pritjeigtbs" phfbk prbejsir tbr fuis diojajfifbs
kujth fjcbrbgtbs - i diojajfifb gbebssérji piri paigbmir uki
bstritênji bgnighsi b i diojajfifb gbebssérji piri bgnigir uk
hphgbgtb bk uki rbugjåh eiri i eiri. Djtabr ipirbgtbkbgtb tjgdi
ikohs, kis prbsukjvbakbgtb uk phfbrji sb fbstieir bk uki
diojajfifb b gåh gi hutri. Aikbgtivbakbgtb, tbk divjfh phueh
bstufh fis eirietbrëstjeis fhs bgnigifhrbs obk-suebfjfhs<
obk-suebfjfhs< gbgduk
trioiadh qub tbgdi pbrnugtifh sb is eirietbrëstjeis fb
pbrshgiajfifb fb bgnigifhrbs obk-suebfjfhs fjcbrbk fbpbgfbgfh
fi irbgi bk qub h bgnigh ê pritjeifh. Uuspbjth qub i rbsphsti sbmi
gåh b qub iqubabs qub tík suebssh gi irbgi kjajtir tikoêk sb
sijrjik kujth obk bk nrigfbs bkprbsis.
Ê tbgtifhr ehgfbgir quiaqubr jgjkjnh phaëtjeh ehgdbejfh phr tbr
kbgtjfh ehkh uki pbrshgiajfifb igtj-shejia b psjehpiti. Bkohri
gåh tbgdi prhvis piri ehgtbstir jssh, suspbjth fb tijs muanikbgths.
Issjk ehkh Gjxhg ê uk dbrõj hu uk vjaåh fbpbgfbgfh fi phaëtjei fb
ianuêk, tikoêk hs aëfbrbs bstrignbjrhs phfbk pirbebr psjehpitis
hu istuths, fbpbgfbgfh sb suis kbgtjris prhkhvbk hu gåh hs
prõprjhs viahrbs. Bspbrh qub hs psjehpitis ririkbgtb shorbvjvik
bk bstruturis ourherétjeis phr tbkph sucjejbgtb piri iaeigîir uki
phsjîåh fb ajfbrigîi giejhgia.

Itê inhri, fbserbvj fhjs fbtbrkjgigtbs fb fbtbeîåh

 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  2: 

iprbbgsåh= i pbrshgiajfifb fh kbgtjrhsh b, igtbs fjssh, i

rbputiîåh b h eirétbr fh kbgtjrhsh. Jnuiakbgtb jkphrtigtbs
såh hsiphstis. Bxjstb uki rbnri sjkpabs= quigth kijhr h
rjseh, kijhr sbré i iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh. Ipajeir bssi rbnri
sjkpabs phfb sbr ehkpajeifh, phrqub gbk sbkprb ê tåh céeja
fbsehorjr h qub bsté bk mhnh.
Às vbzbs ê céeja. Ehkh hs iaughs fb bgcbrkinbk såh
iatikbgtb khtjvifhs piri h suebssh bk suis eirrbjris,
bspbejiakbgtb quigfh ehkbîik sbu trbjgikbgth, is iphstis bk
ghssh bxpbrjkbgth brik iatis. Phrtigth, is bgcbrkbjris
fbvbrjik tbr tjfh iati iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh, qub phfbrji vizir
hu fb hutri chrki trijr sbu bgnigh. I iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh
tbrji sjfh kijs criei sb suis eirrbjris gåh pirbebssbk bstir
bgvhavjfis. Phr bxbkpah, i kijhrji fbabs prhvivbakbgtb tbrji sb
jkphrtifh kbghs bk crieissir sb tjvbssbk sjfh shajejtifhs i
bsehgfbr sbus sbgtjkbgths shorb i khriajfifb fh curth bk ahmis.
Is iphstis tbrjik iukbgtifh sb babs tjvbssbk sjfh abvifhs i
ierbfjtir qub iqubabs qub ciadirik bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth
tbrjik sui ifkjssåh gbnifi gi bsehai fb bgcbrkinbk. *
Rk vbgfbfhr qub bgnigi sbu eajbgtb fbvb sb prbheupir kijs
ehk uki vbgfi qub bgvhavi uki nrigfb ehkjssåh fh qub uki
pbqubgi. Yuigth kijhr i rbehkpbgsi, kijhr fbvb sbr i
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Dé kijs ehjsis bk mhnh. Às vbzbs, i
rbehkpbgsi õovji gåh ê i kijs jkphrtigtb piri h bgnigifhr. H
vbgfbfhr phfb bstir itrés fi ifkjriîåh fb sbus ehabnis
vbgfbfhrbs. Edupir uk eajbgtb fjcëeja phfb bgvhavbr nrigfbs
rbehkpbgsis bk tbrkhs fb ifkjriîåh, kbskh qub i ehkjssåh
rbebojfi sbmi pbqubgi. Is iphstis phfbrjik sbr kujth iatis gh
 mhnh fb pöqubr pbggy igtb, sb uk mhnifhr fb pöqubr qujsbssb
fbrrhtir uk rjvia pbah icbth fb sui gikhrifi. Piri ianukis
pbsshis, vbgebr ê tufh. Gåh jkphrti sb såh ebgtivhs hu fõairbs<
piri babs, is iphstis såh kujth iatis bk quiaqubr ehkpbtjîåh.
* Ghssi pbsqujsi khstrhu qub iqubabs qub sb siërik kbadhr bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth, qub chrik
kijs eipizbs fb ehgtrhair suis bkhîòbs, cjzbrik h kbadhr ghs trís ighs sbnujgtbs fb sbu
trbjgikbgth.
 

30  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

H qub bsté bk mhnh phfb sbr tåh jfjhssjgerétjeh qub gbgduk hosbrvifhr
bxtbrgh siobrji jkbfjitikbgtb. H gikhrifhr phfb nhstir fb bgnigir i
bsphsi, rbpbtjgfh ianuki ehkpuasåh piri bsehgfbr ehjsis fi kikåb,
kijs fh qub sitjscizbr uk fbsbmh irfbgtb.
I iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh fbvb sbr kijhr quigfh h qub bsté bk
 mhnh bgvhavb bvjtir
bvjtir h eistjnh, gåh ipb
ipbgis
gis nigdir uki rbehkpbgsi.
rbehkpbgsi.
Yuigfh i fbejsåh fb bgnigir ê thkifi pbai prjkbjri vbz, h qub bsté
bk mhnh nbriakbgtb bgvhavb i hotbgîåh fb rbehkpbgsis.
r behkpbgsis. H
kbgtjrhsh pbgsi kijs shorb h qub phfb ehgsbnujr. Rk
bstbajhgitérjh phfb pbgsir ipbgis gh "vjgdh, gis kuadbrbs b gi
kýsjei" quigfh ehkbîi i bgnigir. Rki vbz qub h bgnigh bstbmi bk
igfikbgth phr ianuk tbkph, is rbehkpbgsis
r behkpbgsis phfbk gåh bstir
kijs fjsphgëvbjs. I bkprbsi phfb cjeir ejbgtb fb sbus prbmuëzhs b
fbsehgcjir h sucjejbgtb piri qub h bstbajhgitérjh gåh inubgtb kijs.
Inhri bab kigtêk sbu bgnigh piri bvjtir sbr pbnh, mé qub ipbgis i
pugjîåh bsté bk mhnh. Bvjtir i pugjîåh phfb bstir bk mhnh fbsfb h
jgëejh sb h iavh suspbjtir hu sb h bgnigifhr tjvbr phuei ehgcjigîi.

Fhjs tjphs fb pugjîåh bståh bk mhnh gh bgnigh= i pugjîåh

qub bsté rbsbrvifi sb i kbgtjri ciadir b i pugjîåh pbah
prõprjh ith fb sb bgvhavbr bk uk bgnigh. I iprbbgsåh fi
fbtbeîåh sbré kijhr sb hs fhjs tjphs fb pugjîåh bstjvbrbk bk
 mhnh. Às vbzbs, i pugjîåh phr sbr pbnh bgnigigfh ê kujth
pjhr fh qub i pugjîåh qub i kbgtjri chj erjifi piri bvjtir. H
^jgsahw Ohy's kbu pij cbz siobr qub bri bssb h eish. Ub h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris pufbr fbjxir eairh, igtbs fb
qubstjhgir h suspbjth, qub i pugjîåh phr kbgtjr sbré pjhr fh
qub i pugjîåh pbah erjkb, dé uki edigeb kbadhr fb
fbsbgehrimir h suspbjth fb bkoireir gi kbgtjri.

Hs pijs fbvbk siobr qub i sbvbrjfifb fb suis pugjîòbs ê

uk fhs cithrbs qub jgcaubgejik sb hs cjadhs ehgcbssik hu
kbgtbk shorb is trigsnrbssòbs. I fbserjîåh eaéssjei vbk fh
rbaith uk tigth cjeejhgia fb Kishg Ahelb ^bbks,I Sjfi b is
Iîòbs Kbkhrévbjs fb 
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  39

Nbhrnb ^isdjgnthg. H pij bsté ciaigfh ehk h mhvbk Nbhrnb= "Kujths

pijs, gi vbrfifb, itê horjnik sbus cjadhs i bssi prétjei vja \kbgtjr[,
bspigeigfh-hs oéroirikbgtb phr eifi pbqubgi ciati= phrtigth, gi
prõxjki hcbgsi, i pbqubgi erjituri ipivhrifi sij fb aé uk kbgtjri!

Uõ piri
tbgdh bseipir fi viri. Kis quigth i vheí Nbhrnb, vheí siob qub
sbkprb adb fjssb, b inhri adb fjnh ghvikbgtb, qub, sbkprb
qub phr iejfbgtb, vheí ciz ianh brrifh, h qub kujtis vbzbs fbvb sbr h
eish, mé qub vheí ê ipbgis uk phorb kbgjgh ijgfi, sbk bxpbrjígeji
hu ehgdbejkbgth, vheí gugei fbvb ehgtir uki ciasjfifb piri
bsehgfí-ai< kis vbkorivikbgtb piri ejki, kbu cjadh, ehkh uk
phueh eiri, b kb ciab shorb jssh= b, bk vbz fb oitbr bk vheí, Nbhrnb,
bu cirbj ipbgis kijs dhgrir b ikir vheí phr jssh, kjgdi qubrjfi. "I
djstõrji fi ebrbmbjri khstri qub Nbhrnb ehgcjivi gi icjrkiîåh fb sbu
pij.

Gåh såh ipbgis is erjigîis qub phfbk pbrfbr kijs pbah prõprjh
ith fb kbgtjr fh qub pbrfbrjik phr sbrbk vbrfifbjris. H kirjfh
phfb fjzbr à bsphsi qub, bkohri kinhifh, bab phfbrji tbr
fbseuapifh h eish fbai sb bai gåh tjvbssb kbgtjfh shorb jssh. I pbrfi
fb ehgcjigîi, bab bstirji iabnigfh, ê kijhr fh qub i pbrfi fb erbgîi
gi cjfbajfifb fbai. Uui bsphsi phfb gåh siobr fjssh, b phfb gåh sbr
vbrfifb. Ehgcbssir uk eish phfb sbr ehgsjfbrifh erubafifb, b h
eögmunb hcbgfjfh phfb iabnir qub uk eögmunb vbrfifbjrikbgtb
itbgejhsh sbrji fjserbth i rbspbjth fb jgfjserjîòbs. H kirjfh b i
kuadbr kujtis vbzbs phfbk gåh ehgehrfir. Hs sbgtjkbgths phfbk

kufir gh fbehrrbr
rifjeiakbgtb fh qub
uki vbz eisikbgth. Is itjtufbs
tbgdi hehrrjfh phfbk
uk eish kufir
bxtriehgmunia,
phfbk sbr fjcbrbgtbs fh qub brik quigfh h issugth bri djphtêtjeh.

Kbskh qub h trigsnrbsshr sijoi qub h figh eiusifh sb chr

pbnh kbgtjgfh sbré kijhr fh qub i pbrfi phr ifkjtjr i
trigsnrbssåh, i kbgtjri phfb sbr kujth tbgtifhri, phjs fjzbr i
vbrfifb triz ebrtis pbrfis jkbfjitis, bgquigth i kbgtjri
prhkbtb i phssjojajfifb fb bvjtir quiaqubr pbrfi. I pbrspbetjvi
fb sbr phupifh fb pugjîåh jkbfjiti phfb sbr tåh itribgtb qub h

fbsbmh fb sbnujr bstb eursh ciz ehk qub h kbgtjrhsh

 

3?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

suobstjkir i prhoiojajfifb b hs eusths fb sbr pbnh. H

rbehgdbejkbgth fb qub i ehgcjssåh tbrji sjfh uki phaëtjei
kbadhr edbni tirfb fbkijs, quigfh h bgnigh chj kigtjfh
phr tigth tbkph b ehk tia baiohriîåh qub i ehgcjssåh gåh
nigdi kijs uk
Às vbzbs, eistjnhikojnñjfifb
dé phuei kbghr. shorb hs eusths rbaitjvhs fi
ehgcjssåh vbrsus heuatiîåh ehgtëgui. Bxjstbk iîòbs qub såh tåh
rujgs bk sj kbskis qub ehgcbssé-ais nigdi phuei iprhviîåh
phr tbr sb iprbsbgtifh b heuaté-ais phueh ierbsebgti à pugjîåh
qub inuirfi h hcbgshr. Bssb ê h eish sb i kbgtjri fjssjkuair
ioush jgcigtja, jgebsth, ississjgith, trijîåh hu tbrrhrjskh. Ih
ehgtrérjh fis rbehkpbgsis phssëvbjs piri ianugs kuadbrbgnhs
irrbpbgfjfhs, h pbrfåh gåh fbvb sbr bspbrifh phr iqubabs qub
ehgcbssik bssbs erjkbs (bkohri i ehgcjssåh ehk ehgtrjîåh

phssijgfjngiîåh
dimi fjkjgujr ikhria
pugjîåh). Vikphueh
phr sui dé kujti
heuatiîåh, edigeb
uki vbz fb qub
qub sbmi
fbsehobrth. Gåh såh ipbgis pbsshis fbsinrifévbjs hu er eruêjs
uêjs
qub phfbk bstir gbssi sjtuiîåh. H mufbu bk uk piës heupifh
pbahs gizjstis qub heuativi sui jfbgtjfifb, h bspjåh furigtb i
nubrri, nigdik phueh ehgcbssigfh b gifi pbrfbk tbgtigfh
kigtbr sbus bgnighs. Yuigfh gåh dé edigeb fb nigdir uki
pugjîåh kbghr, uk kbgtjrhsh ijgfi phfb ehgcbssir piri iajvjir
h cirfh fb tbr qub kigtbr h bgnigh, piri bxtjgnujr h shcrjkbgth
fb uk iath gëvba fb fbtbeîåh, iprbbgsåh hu piri iajvjir i euapi.

Hutrh cithr i ehgsjfbrir shorb ehkh is bstieis jgcaubgejik i

fbtbeîåh fi iprbbgsåh ê h qub ê nigdh hu pbrfjfh pbah iavh,
gåh ipbgis pbah bgnigifhr. Ghrkiakbgtb, hs nigdhs fh
bgnigifhr såh às eustis fh iavh. H bstbajhgitérjh nigdi h qub h
bkprbnifhr pbrfb. Gbk sbkprb ê jnuia. I ehkjssåh fb uk
vbgfbfhr hotjfi phr fbturpir uk prhfuth phfb sbr kujth kbghr
fh qub i pbrfi shcrjfi pbah eajbgtb erêfuah. Is iphstis piri h
kbgtjrhsh b h iavh phfbk fjcbrjr gåh ipbgis gi quigtjfifb, kis
gh tjph. Rk kuadbrbgnh phfb nigdir vigtinbgs
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  35 

turb, bgquigth h eögmunb triëfh pbrfb h rbspbjth prõprjh.

Yuigfh is iphstis piri h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh fjcbrbk, is
iphstis piri ikohs phfbk sbr h fbtbrkjgigtb fi fbtbeîåh
fh kbgtjrhsh. Fbpbgfb sb h kbgtjrhsh rbehgdbeb i fjcbrbgîi.

Hs kbgtjrhshs gåh såh i chgtb kijs ehgcjévba piri bstjkir h qub

bsté bk mhnh piri sbus iavhs. Babs tík uk nrigfb jgtbrbssb bk
ierbfjtir gh qub sbrvb i sbus cjgs. Hs bgnigifhrbs iedik
ehgchrtévba pbgsir qub sbus iavhs bståh sb obgbcjejigfh fb sbus
bgnighs tigth hu kijs fh qub hs kbgtjrhshs. Jssh phfb iehgtbebr.
Gbk thfis is kbgtjris prbmufjeik h iavh. Bxjstbk kbgtjris
iatruëstis=
"Rk kbgjgh péajfh b crigzjgh fb 99 ighs, cbrjfh, kis vjvh,
chj rbtjrifh hgtbk fhs fbstrhîhs fb uk pbqubgh ivjåh qub eiju
gh fhkjgnh
kbgjgh gis khgtigdis
shorbvjvbu i fjis fb fh Pirqub
chrtbs Giejhgia
gbviseis fb Zhsbkjtb.
b ghjtbs fb suojfiH
tbkpbrituri zbrh gh aheia fh iejfbgtb fb 5.500 kbtrhs fb iaturi,
bgvhath bk uk sieh fb fhrkjr gh oigeh fb trés fhs fbstrhîhs
bgtbrrifhs gi gbvb. Uhzjgdh. 'Ehkh bståh kjgdi kåb b kbu pij8'
pbrnugthu h ithrfhifh iaugh fh qujgth igh. 'Babs bståh obk8'
_bbseubrs gåh fjssb ih kbgjgh qub sbu pifristh b sui kåb
bstivik khrths, ijgfi ikirrifhs bk sbus issbgths gi eiojgb
fbstruëfi fh ivjåh, i ipbgis ianugs ebgtëkbtrhs fb hgfb bab
bstivi. "4

Phuehs gbnirjik
obgbcjejigfh qubprhphrejhgigfh
h iavh, gåh sb triti fb ukigbgduk
kbgtjrinigdh
iatruësti,
ihs
shehrrjstis. H cith fb qub hs obgbcëejhs fh iavh gåh sjngjcjei qub
phfb gåh divbr uki iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh kujth iati. Ub is
iphstis chrbk iatis, divbré nrigfb iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh, gåh
jkphrti qubk sbmi h obgbcjejérjh. Prbheupifhs bk siobr sb h
kbgjgh ehgsbnujrji suphrtir h edhqub, hs shehrrjstis fbvbk bstir
kujth prbheupifhs sb sui heuatiîåh chr obk-suebfjf
obk-suebfjfi.i.
Piri rbsukjr, i iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh ê kijhr quigfh=
 

36  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

• h iavh tbk i rbputiîåh fb sbr fjcëeja fb bgnigir<

• h iavh ehkbîi i sbr suspbjth<
• h kbgtjrhsh tbk phuei prétjei b gbgduk rbnjstrh fb suebssh<

•pbnh<
h kbgtjrhsh ê bspbejiakbgtb vuagbrévba ih kbfh fb sbr
• is iphstis såh iatis<
• tigth rbehkpbgsis quigth pugjîòbs bståh bk mhnh< hu, sb chr
ipbgis uk hu hutrh, i pugjîåh bsté bk mhnh<
• i pugjîåh phr sbr pbnh kbgtjgfh ê nrigfb, hu i pugjîåh
pbah khtjvh fi kbgtjri ê tåh nrigfb qub gåh dé jgebgtjvh
piri ehgcbssir<
• h iavh gåh sb obgbcjeji fb chrki ianuki ehk i kbgtjri.

Fbebpîåh Euapi 
I euapi phr bgnigh sb rbcbrb i uk sbgtjkbgth fb kbgtjri, gåh à
qubståh abnia fb ianuêk sbr euapifh hu jghebgtb. I euapi phr
bgnigh tikoêk fbvb sbr fjstjgnujfi fhs sbgtjkbgths fb euapi
shorb h ehgtbýfh fb uki kbgtjri. Uuphgdi bkH kbgjgh ^jgsahw 
_hggjb rbiakbgtb rhuohu h viab phstia. Bab phfb tbr sb sbgtjfh
euapifh shorb h rhuoh bk sj - sb ehgsjfbrhu uki pbsshi tbrrëvba
pbah qub cbz. Ub _hggjb tjvbssb bsehgfjfh sbu rhuoh fb sbu pij,

bab tikoêk
bgnigh. Gåhsb sbgtjrji euapifh
ê gbebssérjh phreuapifh
sb sbgtjr kbgtjr< jssh
pbahsbrji euapifb
ehgtbýfh fb
uki kbgtjri piri sb sbgtjr euapifh phr kbgtjr. Uuphgdi qub
_hggjb tbgdi rhuoifh fb uk nirhth qub tripiebhu piri
fbrrhtir _hggjb bk uki ehkpbtjîåh bsehair. _hggjb phfb gåh
sb sbgtjr euapifh phr rhuoir fb uk ehabni fb bsehai tåh
fbsinrifévba< phfb pirbebr uki vjgnigîi iprhprjifi. Kis bab
ijgfi phfji sbgtjr-sb bgnigifh b euapifh phr bsehgfbr sbu
rhuoh fh kbstrb-bsehai hu fb sbu pij. I piejbgtb psjqujétrjei
Kiry gåh sb sbgtji euapifi phr sbu paigh
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  32 

ehkbtbr sujeëfjh, kis bai sb sbgtju euapifi phr kbgtjr piri h

kêfjeh.
Issjk ehkh i fbtbeîåh fi iprbbgsåh, i euapi pbah bgnigh
phfb virjir bk chrîi. Phfb sbr kujth origfh hu tåh chrtb qub i
kbgtjri
pjstis fbciadiré
bgnigh.phrqub h bgnigh
Yuigfh sb thrgifibxtrbki,
euapi prhfuz vizikbgth
i euapi hu
phr bgnigh
ê uki bxpbrjígeji thrturigtb, kjgigfh hs sbgtjkbgths kijs
cugfikbgtijs fb iuthbstjki fh shcrbfhr. H iaëvjh fb tåh nrivb
bgnigh, i euapi phfb khtjvir uki ehgcjssåh, ipbsir fi
prhoiojajfifb fb pugjîåh phr erjkbs ifkjtjfhs. Gi vbrfifb, i
pugjîåh phfb sbr bxitikbgtb h qub ê gbebssérjh, b phr qub i
pbsshi ehgcbssi, piri iajvjir hs thrturifhs sbgtjkbgths fb euapi.
Yuigfh i fbejsåh fb kbgtjr ê thkifi pbai prjkbjri vbz, is
pbsshis gbk sbkprb igtbejpik ehk prbejsåh h quigth phfbk

shcrbr kijs
pbrebobr tirfb phrfbbgnigh
h jkpieth sbrbk binrifbejfhs
euapi. Hs kbgtjrhshs phfbkphr
phr suis vëtjkis gåhsui
ipirbgtb imufi, hu ehkh sb sbgtjråh quigfh vjrbk hutri pbsshi sbr
euapifi phr sbus erjkbs. Bkohri bssis ebgis ghrkiakbgtb eiusbk
euapi, piri hutrhs ê i brvi-fhs-niths, h tbkpbrh qub ciz uki
kbgtjri viabr i pbgi. Shu fjseutjr bssi rbiîåh ioijxh ehkh
fbaëeji bgnigigfh. Hutri rizåh pbai quia hs kbgtjrhshs suobstjkik
quigti euapi b bgnigh babs sbgtjråh ê qub ê ipbgis ehk h pissir fh
tbkph qub uk kbgtjrhsh phfb iprbgfbr qub uki kbgtjri gåh sbré
sucjejbgtb, qub i kbgtjri fbvb sbr rbpbtjfi vérjis vbzbs, kujtis
vbzbs ehk ciorjeiîòbs bk bxpigsåh bk cjk fb prhtbnbr h bgnigh
hrjnjgia.
I vbrnhgdi bsté jgtjkikbgtb rbaiejhgifi à euapi, kis dé uki
fjcbrbgîi quiajtitjvi cugfikbgtia. Gbgduki iufjígeji ê gbebssérji
piri sbgtjkbgths fb euapi, gjgnuêk kijs prbejsi siobr, phjs h
euapifh ê h sbu prõprjh mujz. Gåh ê issjk piri vbrnhgdi. I
dukjadiîåh fi vbrnhgdi rbqubr fbsiprhviîåh hu rjfëeuah phr pirtb
fhs hutrhs. Ub gjgnuêk shuobr fb uk erjkb, gåh divbré vbrnhgdi,
kis ijgfi phfb divbr euapi. Eairh, phfb divbr ikohs. I fjstjgîåh
bgtrb vbrnhgdi b euapi ê kujth jkphrtigtb, uki vbz qub bstbs
 

33  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fuis bkhîòbs phfbk fjaiebrir uki pbsshi bk fjrbîòbs hphstis.

H fbsbmh fb iajvjir i euapi phfb khtjvir uki ehgcjssåh, kis h
fbsbmh fb bvjtir i dukjadiîåh fi vbrnhgdi phfb jkpbfj-ai.
Uuphgdi qub bk H kbgjgh ^jgsahw _hggjb tjgdi rhuoifh
h fjgdbjrh,
jssh bab sb
b tikoêk sbgtji
sbgtji bxtrbkikbgtb
euapi euapifh
phr tbr heuatifh sbu phr tbr _hggjb
fbajth. cbjth
phfb qubrbr ehgcbssir piri hotbr iaëvjh fi thrturi fb sui
ehgsejígeji euapifi. Gh bgtigth, i vbrnhgdi qub bab sbgtb ih
jkinjgir ehkh sbu pij vij rbinjr phfb jkpbfj-ah. Piri
bgehrimé-ah i ehgcbssir, sbu pij, abkorb-sb, hcbrbeb igjstji -
gbgduki pugjîåh sb bab ehgcbssir. _bfuzjr h kbfh fb
pugjîåh fb _hggjb fbvb fjkjgujr sui iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh,
kis h pij ijgfi prbejsi rbfuzjr i vbrnhgdi sb _hggjb chr
ehgcbssir. H pij tbgti cizbr jssh fjzbgfh i _hggjb qub h
pbrfhiré,
vbrnhgdi, kis bab phfbrji
iukbgtigfh tbr rbchrîifh fb
i prhoiojajfifb i rbfuîåh fi sb
ehgcjssåh,
tjvbssb ierbsebgtifh ianh ehkh h bstritinbki usifh pbah
jgtbrrhnifhr qub ejtbj ianukis pénjgis itrés, qub bstivi
tbgtigfh bxtrijr uki ehgcjssåh fb uk suspbjth fb
ississjgith. Bab phfbrji tbr fjth i _hggjb= "Bu phssh bgtbgfbr
h rhuoh, bu phfbrji tbr cbjth jssh shzjgdh sb bu bstjvbssb gi
sui sjtuiîåh, tbgtifh ehkh vheí bstivi. Vhfh kugfh ehkbtb
brrhs bk sui vjfi b ciz ehjsis qub kijs tirfb pbrebob qub såh
brrifis. gåh phfb imufir i sj kbskh. " Eairh, uk pij jgnaís
ifbquifh phfb
ih ehgtrérjh gåh sbr eipizfh
fh jgtbrrhnifhr fberjkjghsh,
fjzbr jssh bab
dhgbstikbgtb b,
phfb gåh bstir
fjsphsth i kbgtjr piri bxtrijr uki ehgcjssåh.
Ianukis pbsshis såh bspbejiakbgtb vuagbrévbjs à vbrnhgdi
fb kbgtjr b bgnigir i euapi. Jssh jgeauj iqubabs qub chrik
bstrjtikbgtb bfueifhs piri ierbfjtir qub kbgtjr ê uk fhs kijs
tbrrëvbjs pbeifhs. I bfueiîåh fb hutris pbsshis phfb gåh tbr
ehgfbgifh pirtjeuairkbgtb i kbgtjri, kis, fb kigbjri kijs
nbria, jgstjahu sbgtjkbgths fb euapi chrtbs b nbgbriajzifhs. Bssis
pbsshis euapifis pirbebk ouseir bxpbrjígejis gis quijs phssik
jgtbgsjcjeir sui euapi b cjeir vbrnhgdhsikbgtb bxphstis i hutrhs
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  3> 

brs. Jgcbajzkbgtb, tbk divjfh kujth phuei pbsqujsi shorb

jgfjvëfuhs prhpbgshs à euapi. Rk phueh kijs sb siob shorb
sbu hphsth.
 Miel Igfbrshg, h ehaugjsti
ehaugjsti fb mhrgia, cbz h rbaith fb uk
kbgtjrhsh qub gåh sbgtju vbrnhgdi gbk euapi bk uki ehaugi qub
itieivi i erbfjojajfifb fb Kba ^bjgobrn, i prjgejpia tbstbkugdi fh
COJ ghs prhebsshs fh Ioseik. Igfbrshg fbserbvbu i rbiîåh fb
^bjgobrn à fbsehobrti fb sui bsphsi fb qub bab vjgdi bsehgfbgfh
uk eish bxtriehgmunia ghs ýatjkhs quithrzb ighs. "Yuigfh Kba
cjgiakbgtb vhathu piri eisi, bab jnghrhu i bxjnígeji fb Kirjb phr
uki bxpajeiîåh. 'Bgtåh, cuj pbnh', fjssb bab. 'Bu sbkprb fjssb qub shu
h kijhr kbgtjrhsh fh kugfh.' Bk sbnujfi, bab sb igjgdhu bk sui
phatrhgi civhrjti, pbfju uk phueh fb ehkjfi edjgbsi - b pbfju i
Kirjb piri adb fir uki kigjeurb. " :

Fbjxir fb sbgtjr quiaqubr euapi hu vbrnhgdi phr sbus erjkbs

ê ehgsjfbrifi i kirei fb uk psjehpiti, sb i ciati fb euapi hu
vbrnhgdi pbrkbji thfhs hu i kijhrji fhs ispbeths fb sui vjfi.
(Hovjikbgtb, gjgnuêk phfb cizbr tia fjingõstjeh i pirtjr fb uki
ehgti fb mhrgia.) Hs bspbejiajstis fjsehrfik shorb sb i ciati fb
euapi b vbrnhgdi sb fbvb à bfueiîåh hu i ianugs fbtbrkjgigtbs
ojhaõnjehs. Vhfhs ehgehrfik qub gbk i euapi phr kbgtjr gbk h
kbfh fb sbr pbnh ciråh ehk qub uk psjehpiti ehkbti brrhs ih
kbgtjr.
Ubkprb qub h bgnigifhr gåh ehkpirtjadi hs viahrbs shejijs ehk

i vëtjki,euapifis
kbghs gåh divbré
phr kujti
kbgtjrfbebpîåh b euapi.
piri iqubabs qubIs pbsshis
pbgsik sbrsb sbgtbk
kiacbjthrbs. Rk gikhrifhr eumh pirebjrh ehgmunia ê crjh b gåh qubr
fhrkjr phfb gåh sb sbgtjr euapifh phr kbgtjr shorb uk eish. Rk
rbvhauejhgérjh hu tbrrhrjsti ririkbgtb sb sbgtb euapifh phr bgnigir
hs inbgtbs fh Bstifh. Rk bspjåh gåh sb sbgtjré euapifh phr bgnigir
sui vëtjki. Rk bx-inbgtb fi EJI ehahehu jssh fb chrki suejgti=
"_bkhvi i irkifjadi fi bspjhginbk b h trioiadh fh bspjåh ê trijr i
ehgcjigîi."90 Yuigfh iehgsbadbj hcjejijs fb sbnurigîi qub qubrjik
pbnir pbsshis tbgtigfh ississjgir uk hcjejia fh nhvbrgh fb iath
bseiaåh, gåh phfji ehgtir ehk
 

34  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bgnigh euapi piri prhfuzjr quijsqubr sjgijs rbvbaifhrbs. Hs

ississjghs phfbk tbr kbfh fb sbrbk pbnhs sb gåh chrbk
prhcjssjhgijs, kis prhvivbakbgtb gåh sbråh euapifhs pbah qub
paigbmirik. Rk erjkjghsh prhcjssjhgia gåh sb sbgtb euapifh phr
bgnigir uk bstrigdh. H kbskh prjgeëpjh cugejhgi piri bxpajeir
phr qub uk fjpahkiti hu bspjåh gåh sb sbgtb euapifh phr
bgnigir h hutrh aifh. Hs viahrbs gåh såh ehkpirtjadifhs. H
kbgtjrhsh bsté cizbgfh obk, pbah aifh fbab.
Kbgtjr ê iuthrjzifh gi kijhrji fbssbs bxbkpahs - eifi uk
fbssbs jgfjvëfuhs ipbai piri uki ghrki shejia obk fbcjgjfi qub
abnjtjki h bgnigh fb uk hphgbgtb. Dé phuei euapi shorb tijs
bgnighs iuthrjzifhs quigfh hs iavhs såh fb uk aifh hphsth b
phssubk viahrbs fjcbrbgtbs. Vikoêk phfb divbr iuthrjziîåh piri
bgnigir iavhs qub gåh sbmik hphgbgtbs, qub ehkpirtjadik viahrbs
ehk h bgnigifhr. Hs kêfjehs phfbk gåh sb sbgtjr euapifhs phr
bgnigir sbus piejbgtbs sb pbgsirbk qub ê piri h sbu prõprjh obk.
Fir i uk piejbgtb uk paieboh, uki pëauai fb iîýeir jfbgtjcjeifi
ehkh uki frhni ýtja, ê uk bgnigh kêfjeh igtjnh b ehgsinrifh. Ub h
piejbgtb sb sbgtb kbadhr, hu pbah kbghs piri fb jkphrtugir h
kêfjeh phr uk kbfjeikbgth fbsgbebssérjh qub phfb rbiakbgtb sbr
prbmufjejia, kujths kêfjehs ierbfjtik qub i kbgtjri ê mustjcjeifi. H
 murikbgth fb Djpõeritbs
Djpõeritbs gåh bxjnb dh
dhgbstjfifb
gbstjfifb ehk h piejbgtb. H
kêfjeh fbvb cizbr h qub imufi h piejbgtb. * H pifrb qub bsehgfb i
ehgcjssåh fb uk erjkjghsh quigfh i phaëeji adb pbrnugti sb bab siob
ianuki ehjsi shorb qubk h cbz, gåh fbvb sb sbgtjr bgnigifh,
euapifh. Ubus vhths iuthrjzik sbu bgnigh. Bab gåh sb obgbcjeji fh
bgnigh< h obgbcëejh ê piri h erjkjghsh, eumi jfbgtjfifb pbrkigbeb
fbsehgdbejfi. Hs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk fh kbu bxpbrjkbgth
gåh tjgdik euapi fb bgnigh bk bsehgfbr sbus sbgtjkbgths. Fb-

"Bgquigth 50 i 60 phr ebgth fhs piejbgtbs hotík iaëvjh ehk hs h s paiebohs, ianugs
trioiadifhrbs kêfjehs b cjaõshchs ierbfjtik qub h ush fb paiebohs pòb bk rjseh i
ehgcjigîi bxjnjfi gis rbaiîòbs kêfjeis b iorb eikjgdh piri bgnighs kijs pbrjnhshs. Sbmi
h irtjnh fb Ajgfsby Nrushg" Rsh fb paiebohs sbgfh fjseutjfh bk khtjvhs êtjehs, " Gbw
Zhrl Vjkbs, 95 fb cbvbrbjrh fb 9:45, p. 9: piri rbcbrígejis b uki fjseussåh fhs fhjs aifhs
fbsti qubståh.
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  3: 

ebjt chj iuthrjzifh phr kbus bxbkpahs qub bxpajeivik quigfh uki
bgcbrkbjri fbvb sb bsehgfbr piri cizbr sbu trioiadh fb iajvjir h shcrjkbgth
fb uk piejbgtb.
Hs kbgtjrhshs phfbk gåh pbrebobr hu ifkjtjr qub kujtis
vbzbs tikoêk sb obgbcjejik fb bgnighs qub såh rbprbsbgtifhs
ehkh iatruëstis. Rk vjeb-prbsjfbgtb sígjhr fb uki sbnurifhri
giejhgia bxpajehu qub fjzbr i vbrfifb phfb sbr jngõoja quigfh h bnh
fb hutri pbsshi bsté bgvhavjfh - "Às vbzbs, ê fjcëeja fjzbr i uk eiri=
'Gåh, vheí gugei sbré h prbsjfbgtb.' "99 Hs sbgtjkbgths fh eiri såh
phupifhs, kis tikoêk hs sbgtjkbgths fh vjeb-prbsjfbgtb. Phfb
sbr "fjcëeja" ajfir ehk i fbebpîåh fh eiri, quigth kijs ehk i
phssjojajfifb fb prhtbsth, bspbejiakbgtb sb h eiri pufbr
rbsphgsiojajzir h vjeb-prbsjfbgtb pbah muanikbgth gbnitjvh fbab. I
kbgtjri phupi hs fhjs. Phfb-sb, ê eairh, irnukbgtir qub h sumbjth ê
prbmufjeifh pbai kbgtjri, prjvifh fb jgchrkiîòbs qub, bkohri
fbsinrifévbjs, phfbk abvé-ah i kbadhrir sbu fbsbkpbgdh hu i
prheurir bkprbnh bk hutrh aunir. Fb kigbjri sbkbadigtb, phfb-sb
irnukbgtir qub h kêfjeh qub ifkjgjstri h paieboh, bkohri sbmi
iatruësti, tikoêk nigdi ehk i kbgtjri. Bab gåh tbk qub ajfir ehk i
crustriîåh hu fbsiphgtikbgth fh piejbgtb phr gåh divbr rbkêfjh
piri i fhbgîi fh piejbgtb, hu piri h piejbgtb ' Cjeirji ehk rijvi sb
h piejbgtb shuobssb qub h kêfjeh fé paiebohs phrqub bab pbgsi
qub h piejbgtb ê djphehgfrëieh. Ghvikbgtb, ê fjseutëvba sb i
kbgtjri rbiakbgtb obgbcjeji hu prbmufjei h piejbgtb.

Gh bgtigth, bxjstbk kbgtjris thtiakbgtb iatruëstis - h pifrb

qub bsehgfb i ehgcjssåh fh erjkjghsh, hs siavifhrbs qub gåh
ehgtik ih kbgjgh cbrjfh fb 99 ighs qub sbus pijs khrrbrik gi
qubfi fh ivjåh - gis quijs h kbgtjrhsh gåh hotêk gbgduk
obgbcëejh. Ub uk kbgtjrhsh pbgsi qub gåh bsté nigdigfh ehk i
kbgtjri, prhvivbakbgtb gåh sbgtjré euapi phr bgnigh.
Kbskh hs bgnighs bnhëstis phfbk gåh prhfuzjr euapi fb
bgnigh quigfh i kbgtjri ê iuthrjzifi. Hs mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr gåh
sbgtbk euapi phr bstirbk oabcigfh. H kbskh ê vbrfifb shorb i

oirnigdi, sbmi bk uk oizir fh Hrjbgtb Kêfjh, bk ^iaa Utrbbt hu bk

 

>0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

h bserjtõrjh fh inbgtb jkhojajérjh aheia. Rk irtjnh shorb kbgtjris

jgfustrjijs fjzji= ‑Viavbz i kbgtjri kijs cikhsi fb thfis sbmi=
'Bssi ê kjgdi hcbrti cjgia.' Bssi ajgnuinbk gåh ê ipbgis iebjti gh
kugfh fhs gbnõejhs, ê bspbrifi ... Furigtb i gbnhejiîåh
ehabtjvi, phr bxbkpah, gjgnuêk fbvb ehaheir thfis is suis eirtis
gi kbsi fbsfb h jgëejh. " 9? H fhgh fi eisi qub pbfjr kijs phr sui
eisi fh qub bab vij rbiakbgtb vbgfí-ai gåh sb sbgtjré euapifh sb
rbebobr h prbîh pbfjfh. Uui kbgtjri bsté iuthrjzifi. Ehkh hs
pirtjejpigtbs bspbrik fbsjgchrkiîåh, gåh i vbrfifb, oirnigdir
b pöqubr gåh sb bgquifrik bk gbgduki fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri.
Bssis sjtuiîòbs, phr sui giturbzi, chrgbebk ghtjcjeiîåh prêvji fb
qub gjgnuêk sbré vbrfifbjrh. Uõ uk thah khstri sui kåh gh
pöqubr hu pbfb h prbîh kijs oijxh qub iebjtiré quigfh ehaheir
sui eisi à vbgfi pbai prjkbjri vbz.
I euapi fb bgnigh ê kijs prhvévba quigfh kbgtjr ê gåh
iuthrjzifh. I euapi phr bgnigh fbvb sbr kijs sbvbri quigfh h iavh ê
ehgcjigtb, sbk bspbrir sbr bgnigifh phrqub i dhgbstjfifb ê
iuthrjzifi bgtrb h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh. Bk tiahphrtugjsti 
bgnighs, i euapi phr kbgtjr sbré kijhr sb h iavh shcrbr pbah
kbghs tigth quigth h kbgtjrhsh nigdi. Kbskh issjk, gåh
divbré kujti (sb dhuvbr) euapi phr bgnigh, i kbghs qub dimi
pbah kbghs ianugs viahrbs ehkpirtjadifhs bgtrb h iavh b h
kbgtjrhsh. I ifhabsebgtb qub bsehgfb cukir kiehgdi fb
sbus pijs phfb gåh sbgtjr quiaqubr bgnigh, euapi sb bai iedir
qub sbus pijs såh thahs bk fjzbr qub i frhni ciz kia, sb bai
ierbfjti qub siob phr bxpbrjígeji qub sbu muanikbgth bsté
brrifh. Ub bai tikoêk pbgsissb qub babs såh djpõerjtis,
oíoifhs, kis gåh pbrkjtjgfh qub bai usb i frhni rberbitjvi
fb sui bsehadi, divbré ijgfi kbghs edigeb fb sbgtjr euapi
pbai fbebpîåh. Kbskh qub bai fjsehrfb fhs pijs shorb i
kiehgdi b hutrhs issugths, sb bai ijgfi chr ipbnifi i babs,
sb prbheupi ehk babs, bai phfb sbgtjr vbrnhgdi sb babs
fbsehorjrbk suis kbgtjris. I vbrnhgdi rbqubr ianuk
rbspbjth phr iqubabs qub fbsiprhvik< eish ehgtrérjh, i
fbsiprhviîåh triz rijvi hu fbsprbzh, gåh vbrnhgdi.
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  >9

Hs kbgtjrhshs sb sbgtbk kbghs euapifhs quigfh sbus iavhs
såh jkpbsshijs hu thtiakbgtb igögjkhs. Rk eajbgtb qub bsehgfb fh
eijxi fh eijxi qub chj ehorifh phr uk jtbk eirh bk sbu eirrjgdh fb
ehkpris sb sbgtjré kbghs euapifh sb gåh ehgdbebr h eijxi. Ub h
oiaehgjsti chr h prhprjbtérjh, hu uk kbkorh fi cikëaji fh
prhprjbtérjh, sb chr uki ahmi pbqubgi b cikjajir, h eajbgtb kbgtjrhsh
sb sbgtjré kijs euapifh fh qub sb pbrtbgebr i uki nrigfb rbfb fb
supbrkbreifhs. Ê kijs céeja ebfbr à cigtisji rbfuthri fb euapi fb
qub h iavh gåh bsté rbiakbgtb cbrjfh, rbiakbgtb gåh sb jkphrti,
gbk kbskh pbrebob i kbgtjri, hu kbskh kbrbeb hu qubr sbr
bgnigifh, sb h iavh chr igögjkh.95

Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, divbré uki rbaiîåh jgvbrsi bgtrb euapi

phr bgnigh b iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh. H qub fjkjguj i euapi
pbai kbgtjri iukbgti h kbfh fb sbr pbnh. Yuigfh hs bgnighs
såh iuthrjzifhs, fbvb divbr kbghs euapi pbah bgnigh, kis i
iuthrjziîåh nbriakbgtb iukbgti hs rjsehs, iukbgtigfh issjk i
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Chj phrqub h sjnjah chj rbabvigtb piri
suis eirrbjris - iuthrjzifh - qub hs iaughs fb bgcbrkinbk sb
jkphrtirik h sucjejbgtb piri tbr kbfh fb ciadir bk kbu
bxpbrjkbgth. Babs tjgdik iati fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh b oijxh
bgnigh fb euapi. H bkprbnifhr qub kbgtb piri sbu
bkprbnifh fb qubk bab pisshu i suspbjtir fb criufb,
heuatigfh suis suspbjtis piri pbné-ah gh erjkb, prhvivbakbgtb
sbgtjré iati iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh, kis oijxi euapi phr
bgnigh.
Hs prõprjhs cithrbs qub iukbgtik i euapi pbai fbebpîåh tikoêk
phfbk fjkjgujr i iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh. Rk kbgtjrhsh phfb sb sbgtjr
euapifh phr bgnigir uk iavh ehgcjévba, kis phfb tbr kbghs kbfh fb
sbr pbnh phr ianuêk qub gåh bspbri sbr bxpahrifh. Hovjikbgtb, ê
phssëvba qub uki pbsshi sb sjgti kujth euapifi phr kbgtjr b ehk kujth
kbfh fb sbr pbni, hu sjgti-sb kujth phueh phr eiusi fb quiaqubr uki
fis ehjsis. Fbpbgfb fhs fbtiadbs fi sjtuiîåh, fh kbgtjrhsh b fh
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris.
Ianukis pbsshis edicurfik gi euapi fi jausåh. Pirtb fb sui
khtjviîåh piri kbgtjr phfb itê sbr tbr uki hphrtugjfifb
 

>?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sbgtjr-sb euapifh pbah qub cjzbrik. I kijhrji fis pbsshis, bgtrbtigth,

iedi i bxpbrjígeji fi euapi tåh tõxjei qub prheurik kigbjris fb
fjkjguë-ai. Bxjstbk kujtis kigbjris fb mustjcjeir h bgnigh. Jssh phfb sbr
ehgsjfbrifh rbtiajiîåh phr jgmustjîi. Phfb-sb fjzbr qub uk iavh
fbsinrifévba hu kbsqujgdh gåh kbrbeb dhgbstjfifb. "H edbcb bri tåh
kbsqujgdh qub gåh kb rbehkpbgshu phr thfh h trioiadh qub cjz, bgtåh
pbnubj uk phueh." Is vëtjkis phfbk sbr ehgsjfbrifis tåh erêfuais qub
h kbgtjrhsh ehgsjfbri i euapi fbais, gåh fbab. Rk pith sbgtifh pbfb
phr jssh.
Fuis hutris mustjcjeitjvis piri kbgtjr, qub rbfuzbk i euapi phr
bgnigh, chrik kbgejhgifis igtbrjhrkbgtb. Rk prhpõsjth ghorb hu
rbqujsjth fb trioiadh ê uk fbabs - abkorb-sb fh crieissh fb Gjxhg
bk edikir suis jgvbrfifbs fb kbgtjris phrqub fjssb qub brik
gbebssérjis piri nigdir b kigtbr h eirnh. I hutri mustjcjeitjvi ê
prhtbnbr h iavh. Às vbzbs, h kbgtjrhsh phfb jr tåh ahgnb i phgth fb
iabnir qub h iavh bstivi fjsphsth. Ub h iavh ehhpbrhu ehk h bgnigh,
sioji i vbrfifb h tbkph thfh, kis cjgnju gåh siobr, bgtåh, bk ebrth
sbgtjfh, gåh divji kbgtjri b h kbgtjrhsh bsté ajvrb fb quiaqubr
rbsphgsiojajfifb.. Rk iavh rbiakbgtb fjsphsth imufi h bgnigifhr i
rbsphgsiojajfifb
kigtbr h bgnigh, jnghrigfh quiaqubr trijîåh ehkphrtikbgtia fi
kbgtjri. Rk iavh rbautigtb, ê eairh, tbgtiré, sb suspbjtir, fbsehorjr h
bgnigh.
Rk bxbkpah jgtbrbssigtb fb quigfh uk iavh phfb bstir
fjsphsth bsté ehgtjfh bk rbvbaiîòbs rbebgtbs shorb _hobrt
Abuej, h phajejia qub sb thrghu uk jgchrkigtb fjscirîifh, eumi
djstõrji ejtbj pbrth fh cjgia fh eipëtuah ?. Abuej chj naikhrjzifh
gh ajvrh fb _hobrt Fiaby Prëgejpb fi Ejfifb, b h cjakb oisbifh
gbab, qub icjrkivi sbr rbaiths vbrfifbjrhs fb ehkh Abuej imufhu
prhkhthrbs cbfbrijs i hotbrbk bvjfígejis fb ehrrupîåh bgtrb
phajejijs b ifvhnifhs. Yuigfh Abuej chj trioiadir piri h
Kjgjstêrjh Pýoajeh Cbfbria, babs adb pbrnugtirik quijs erjkbs bab
prõprjh divji ehkbtjfh. Bab ifkjtju ipbgis trís erjkbs. Iqubabs
i qubk bab kijs tirfb bxpös iabnirik qub Abuej ehkbtbu kujth
kijs erjkbs fh qub bab ifkjtju, b phrqub bab kbgtju shorb sui
prõprji erjkjgiajfifb, babs irnukbgtirik,
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  >5 

sbu tbstbkugdh ehgtri babs fbvb sbr fbsierbfjtifh. Bssis
iabniîòbs gugei chrik prhvifis b kujtis pbsshis chrik
ehgfbgifis ehk oisb gh tbstbkugdh fb Abuej. Iaig
Fbrsdhwjtz, h ifvhnifh qub fbcbgfbu uki fis pbsshis
ehgfbgifis ehk oisb gh tbstbkugdh fb Abuej, fbserbvbu uki
ehgvbrsi ipõs h muanikbgth bk qub Abuej ifkjtju qub fb cith
divji ehkbtjfh kijs erjkbs.
‑Bu \Fbrsdhwjtz[ fjssb i bab \Abuej[ qub bri fjcëeja piri kjk
ierbfjtir qub Udiw \h prhkhthr cbfbria[ gåh sioji shorb hs hutrhs
erjkbs igtbs fh muanikbgth fb _hsgbr \h dhkbk qub Fbr-sdhwjtz
fbcbgfbu[. 'Bu' bsthu ehgvbgejfh fb qub bk sbu ehriîåh bab sioji
qub bu divji ehkbtjfh kijs erjkbs ', fjssb Abuej.' Bab tjgdi qub cizí-
ah. Kjlb \Udiw[ gåh ê ohoh. '
‑'Bgtåh ehkh bab pöfb sbgtir-sb ië b vbr vheí kbgtjr gh oigeh fis
tbstbkugdis8' Bu pbrnugtbj.
‑'Bab gåh sioji ehk ebrtbzi ehk ebrtbzi qub bu bstivi kbgtjgfh',
Abuej ehgtjguhu. 'Bab ebrtikbgtb suspbjthu b prhvivbakbgtb ierbfjthu,
kis bu fjssb i bab piri gåh kb prbssjhgir b bab gåh h cbz. Bu fjssb" trís
erjkbs "'- Abuej brnubu trís fbfhs b shrrju iobrtikbgtb -' b bab tbvb qub
iebjtir jssh. Hs prhkhthrbs ieusik pbrmýrjh thfhs hs fjis, Iaig. Sheí
siob fjssh. ' "96
Fbrsdhwjtz kijs tirfb shuob qub bssi ehgcjssåh fb kbgtjri
tikoêk bri kbgtjri. Rk hcjejia fi abj, prbsbgtb quigfh Abuej sb
bgehgtrhu pbai prjkbjri vbz ehk hs prhkhthrbs cbfbrijs, fjssb i
Fbrsdhwjtz qub Abuej, fbsfb h jgëejh, ifkjtju iobrtikbgtb kujth
kijs fh qub hs trís erjkbs qub kijs tirfb chrik puoajeikbgtb
rbehgdbejfhs. Hs prhkhthrbs cbfbrijs mugtirik-sb i Abuej gi
rbvbaiîåh fb thfi i djstõrji fb sbus iths erjkjghshs i cjk fb
prbsbrvir i erbfjojajfifb fb Abuej ehkh tbstbkugdi - hs mýrjs
phfbk ierbfjtir bk uk phajejia qub ehkbtbu ipbgis trís erjkbs,
kis gåh bk uk qub ehkbtbu kuatjfòbs. Ipõs hs muanikbgths,
quigfh sb thrghu ikpaikbgtb ehgdbejfh qub Abuej divji ehkbtjfh
kijs erjkbs, Abuej kbgtju piri Fbrsdhwjtz, iabnigfh qub hs
prhkhthrbs brik ipbgis vëtjkis vhaugtérjis, gåh ifkjtjgfh qub

divjik ehgspjrifh bxpajejtikbgtb piri heuatir sui cjedi erjkjgia

 

>6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

eukprjr sui pirtb gh iehrfh, prhtbnbgfh-hs bgquigth babs h

prhtbnbssbk. Gåh ehgcjigfh gi dhgri fhs aifròbs, Abuej tbrji
cbjth b kigtjfh uki nriviîåh fb sui ehgcjssåh ihs
prhkhthrbs. Fbssi chrki, hs prhkhthrbs gugei phfbrjik
iabnir jgheígeji, b ehkh Abuej sbkprb phfbrji bxphr sbu
pbrmýrjh shorb sbu fbphjkbgth, Abuej phfbrji ehgcjir qub hs
prhkhthrbs sbkprb pbrkigbebrjik abijs i bab, prhtbnbgfh-h
fb quiaqubr prhebssh erjkjgia.
Gåh jkphrti quia sbmi i vbrfifb shorb Abuej, sui ehgvbrsi ehk
Iaig Fbrsdhwjtz chrgbeb uk bxebabgtb bxbkpah fb ehkh uk iavh
fjsphsth qub aueri ehk uki kbgtjri phfb thrgir kijs céeja piri uk
kbgtjrhsh rbiajzir h bgnigh. Is pbsshis phfbk ehhpbrir sbgfh
jgfuzjfis bk brrh phr khtjvhs kbghs kiaêvhahs. Gi phajfbz, h iavh
fh bgnigh nbriakbgtb bsté fjsphsth. I igcjtrjå iebjti i fbseuapi
piri i pirtjfi igtbejpifi fh dõspbfb, sbk bxikjgir ehk kujth
eujfifh. H jkphrtigtb ê i iusígeji fb nrhssbrji, uk prbtbxth piri
phupir hs sbgtjkbgths fh igcjtrjåh. Ehkh h iavh gåh ipbgis fbsbmi,
kis bk ebrth sbgtjfh fbu ehgsbgtjkbgth piri sbr bgnigifh, is
jgvbrfifbs bxjnjfis pbai btjqubti fi phajfbz gåh sb bgeijxik gi
kjgdi fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri.
_hkigeb ê hutrh bxbkpah fb uk bgnigh obgjngh, gh quia h
iavh ehhpbri piri sbr bgnigifh, ikois is pirtbs ehhpbrigfh
piri kigtbr is kbgtjris uki fi hutri. Udilbspbirb bserbvbu=
bserbvbu=

Yuigfh kbu ikhr muri qub bai ê cbjti fb vbrfifb, bu

ierbfjth gbai, bkohri sijoi qub bai kbgtb,
Yub bai pufbssb pbgsir qub shu ianuk mhvbk
jgeuath, Jgeuath gis ciasis sutjabzis fh kugfh.
Pbgsigfh issjk bk våh qub bai kb iedi mhvbk,
Bkohri bai sijoi qub kbus fjis mé pissirik fh
kbadhr, sjkpabskbgtb erbfjth sui aëgnui ciasi.
Bk ikohs hs aifhs, i vbrfifb sjkpabs ê
suprjkjfi. Kis phr qub fjz qub bai gåh ê jgmusti8

B phr qub gåh fjnh qub bsthu vbadh8

 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  >2 

Hd, h kbadhr déojth fh ikhr ê ipirbgtir
ehgcjigîi, B i vbadjeb ifhri gåh tbr ighs ehgtifhs.
Phrtigth, bu kb fbjth ehk bai b bai ehkjnh, B bk
ghssis ciatis phr kbgtjris ghs ajshgmbikhs.92

Ê eairh qub gbk thfhs hs bgnighs rhkïgtjehs såh tåh obgjnghs<

gbk hs iavhs bståh sbkprb tåh fjsphsths i sbrbk bgnigifhs. Gåh sb
phfb ehgcjir bk bgnigifhrbs piri uki hpjgjåh dhgbsti shorb sb sbus
iavhs bstivik fjsphsths hu gåh. Babs såh tbgfbgejhshs piri i ohi
vhgtifb phrqub hs ciz sb sbgtjr kbghs euapifhs. Ub ehgsbnujrbk cizbr
ehk qub sbu iavh ifkjti sbr suspbjth, bstiråh, pbah kbghs pirejiakbgtb,
chri fb pbrjnh.
Rk iavh rbautigtb phfb, fbphjs fb uk tbkph,
thrgir-sb uk iavh fjsphsth i cjk fb bvjtir hs eusths fb
fbsehorjr
fh nhvbrghh bgnigh.
qub ehkbîiJkinjgb i sjtuiîåh
i suspbjtir qubfh cugejhgérjh
h ikigtb i
qubk bab ehgcjivi jgchrkiîòbs shorb sbu trioiadh ê uk
bspjåh. Rk rberutifhr fb bkprbnhs phfb, fi kbski
chrki, sb thrgir i vëtjki vhaugtérji fb uk eigfjfith i
bkprbnh criufuabgth, uki vbz qub h eigfjfith sbmi
ehgtritifh, bk vbz fb rbehgdbebr sbu prõprjh
 muanikbgth bqujvheifh. _hobrti ^hdastbttbr fbserbvb
vérjhs eishs bk qub aëfbrbs giejhgijs sb thrgirik
vëtjkis vhaugtérjis fb sbus ifvbrsérjhs - Edikobraijg
gåh
qub chj uk eish
pbrsjstb phrjshaifh.
uk ahgnh"Bk thfhs fb
pbrëhfh bssbs eishsbk
tbkph, fbcieb
brrh
fh iukbgth b, às vbzbs, fb bvjfígejis ehgtrérjis
oistigtb eairis,
. . . Rk ifvbrsérjh phfb ipbgis tbr qub imufir i vëtjki ih ahgnh
uk phueh< h ýatjkh tbgfbré i bxpajeir h qub phfbrji
pirbebr uk khvjkbgth oistigtb ikbiîifhr. "93
Piri rbsukjr, i euapi phr bgnigh sbré kijhr quigfh=
• h iavh gåh fbsbmi<
• h bgnigh ê thtiakbgtb bnhësti, b h iavh gåh fbrjvi
 

>3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

obgbcjeji-sb fb sbr bgnigifh b pbrfb tigth hu kijs fh qub h

kbgtjrhsh nigdi<
• h bgnigh gåh ê iuthrjzifh, b i sjtuiîåh ê iqubai bk qub i
dhgbstjfifb ê iuthrjzifi<
• h kbgtjrhsh gåh pritjei h bgnigh dé kujth tbkph<

• h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh ehkpirtjadik viahrbs shejijs<

• h kbgtjrhsh ehgdbeb pbsshiakbgtb h iavh<
• h iavh gåh phfb sbr ciejakbgtb ehgsjfbrifh kbsqujgdh hu erêfuah<
• dé rizåh piri qub h iavh bspbrb sbr bgnigifh< ih
ehgtrérjh, h kbgtjrhsh inju piri nigdir ehgcjigîi bk sui
ehgcjiojajfifb.

FupjgnFbajndt 
Itê inhri, fjseutj ipbgis sbgtjkbgths gbnitjvhs qub
phfbk surnjr quigfh ianuêk kbgtb= kbfh fb sbr pbnh b
euapi phr bgnigir h iavh. Kbgtjr tikoêk phfb prhfuzjr
sbgtjkbgths phsjtjvhs. I kbgtjri phfb sbr vjsti ehkh uki
ehgqujsti, h qub ê ohk. H kbgtjrhsh phfb sbgtjr bgtusjiskh,
sbmi ih igtbejpir h fbsicjh, sbmi gh khkbgth fi kbgtjri,
quigfh h suebssh ijgfi gåh ê nirigtjfh. Fbphjs fjssh, phfb
divbr h prizbr qub vbk ehk h iaëvjh, hrnuadh pbai ehgqujsti
hu sbgtjkbgths fb fbsprbzh prbsugîhsh bk rbaiîåh ih iavh.
H prizbr fb bgnigir sb rbcbrb i thfhs hu quiaqubr uk fbssbs
sbgtjkbgths qub phfbk, sb gåh chrbk heuatifhs, trijr h
bgnigh. Rk bxbkpah jghebgtb fb fbabjtb bgnigifhr hehrrb
quigfh orjgeir issukb i chrki fb bgnigir uk ikjnh
erêfuah.

H prizbr fb bgnigir phfb virjir bk jgtbgsjfifb. Phfb bstir thtiakbgtb

iusbgtb, quisb jgsjngjcjeigtb bk ehkpiriîåh ehk i quigtjfifb fb
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  >> 

fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh sbgtjfi, hu prizbr bgnigifhr phfb sbr

tåh nrigfb qub ianuk sjgia ehkphrtikbgtia fbab vizi. Is
pbsshis phfbk ehgcbssir sbu bgnigh i cjk fb ehkpirtjadir h
prizbr fb tbr bgnigifh uk. Uiob-sb qub hs erjkjghshs rbvbaik
sbus erjkbs i ikjnhs, bstrigdhs b itê kbskh à phaëeji, i cjk fb
sbrbk rbehgdbejfhs b iviajifhs ehkh tbgfh sjfh bspbrths h
sucjejbgtb piri rbiajzir uk fbtbrkjgifh bgnigh.
Ehkh bseiair khgtigdis hu xifrbz, kbgtjr phfb sbr inrifévba ipbgis sb dhuvbr ianuk rjseh fb pbrfi. Yuigfh bu bri

uk bstufigtb ugjvbrsjtérjh gi Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Edjeinh gh jgëejh fhs ighs 20, bri khfi rhuoir ajvrhs fi ajvrirji fi ugjvbrsjfifb.

Yuisb uk rjth fb jgjejiîåh piri uk ghvh iaugh, h rhuoh nbriakbgtb sb ajkjtivi i ianugs ajvrhs b i rbiajziîåh ikpaikbgtb

khstrifi b rbehgdbejfi. I euapi phr bgnigh bri oijxi. I euaturi bstufigtja sustbgtivi qub uki ajvrirji ugjvbrsjtérji fbvbrji sbr

ifkjgjstrifi ehkh uki ehhpbritjvi b, uki vbz qub bri ifkjgjstrifi ehk cjgs aueritjvhs, kbrbeji sbr iousifi. Is ajvrirjis

prjvifis prõxjkis chrik kigtjfis jgvjhaifis. I iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh tikoêk chj oijxi phrqub gåh divji kbfjfis fb

sbnurigîi gi ajvrirji. Ipbgis uki pbsshi chj pbni furigtb kbus fjis aé b chj triëfi phr ssbu
bu prizbr bgnigifhr. Obrgirf gåh cjehu

sitjscbjth ehk h fbsicjh rbprbsbgtifh pbahs rhuohs diojtuijs. Bab tbvb qub iukbgtir hs rjsehs piri sb hrnuadir, khstrir sbu

fbsprbzh pbai ajvrirji b nigdir i ifkjriîåh qub ouseivi fb sbus ehabnis bstufigtbs. Bab rhuohu ipbgis nrigfbs ajvrhs fb irtb,

qub brik kujth fjcëebjs fb bsehgfbr. Fbphjs fb uk tbkph, jssh bkpiajfbebu b bab iukbgthu i iphsti pbnigfh trís hu quitrh

ajvrhs fb irtb phr vbz. Kbskh issjk, bri kujth céeja. Bab ehkbîhu i prhvheir hs cugejhgérjhs fi ajvrirji. Pbrkigbebgfh ih rbfhr

fi eijxi rbnjstrifhri ehk sbus príkjhs fboijxh fh oriîh, bab gåh cbz gbgduki tbgtitjvi fb bsehgfbr hs ajvrhs. Bab fbsicjhu hs

cugejhgérjhs i qubstjhgé-ah. H prizbr fb bgnigir h khtjvhu i eifi vbz kijs tbgtir h fbstjgh. Hs sjgijs ehkphrtikbgtijs fb sbu

prizbr bgnigifhr chrgbebrik pirtb fi fjei. Bab chj pbnh. Yuisb ejgeh ebgtbgis fb ajvrhs rhuoifhs chrik bgehgtrifhs bk sbu

fhrkjtõrjh. Obr- Bab tbvb qub iukbgtir hs rjsehs piri sb hrnuadir, khstrir sbu fbsprbzh pbai ajvrirji b nigdir i ifkjriîåh qub

ouseivi fb sbus ehabnis bstufigtbs. Bab rhuohu ipbgis nrigfbs ajvrhs fb irtb, qub brik kujth fjcëebjs fb bsehgfbr. Fbphjs fb

uk tbkph, jssh bkpiajfbebu b bab iukbgthu i iphsti pbnigfh trís hu quitrh ajvrhs fb irtb phr vbz. Kbskh issjk, bri kujth

céeja. Bab ehkbîhu i prhvheir hs cugejhgérjhs fi ajvrirji. Pbrkigbebgfh ih rbfhr fi eijxi rbnjstrifhri ehk sbus príkjhs fboijxh
fh oriîh, bab gåh cbz gbgduki tbgtitjvi fb bsehgfbr hs ajvrhs. Bab fbsicjhu hs cugejhgérjhs i qubstjhgé-ah. H prizbr fb bgnigir h

khtjvhu i eifi vbz kijs tbgtir h fbstjgh. Hs sjgijs ehkphrtikbgtijs fb sbu prizbr bgnigifhr chrgbebrik pirtb fi fjei. Bab chj

pbnh. Yuisb ejgeh ebgtbgis fb ajvrhs rhuoifhs chrik bgehgtrifhs bk sbu fhrkjtõrjh. Obr- Bab tbvb qub iukbgtir hs rjsehs piri

sb hrnuadir, khstrir sbu fbsprbzh pbai ajvrirji b nigdir i ifkjriîåh qub ouseivi fb sbus ehabnis bstufigtbs. Bab rhuohu ipbgis

nrigfbs ajvrhs fb irtb, qub brik kujth fjcëebjs fb bsehgfbr. Fbphjs fb uk tbkph, jssh bkpiajfbebu b bab iukbgthu i iphsti

pbnigfh trís hu quitrh ajvrhs fb irtb phr vbz. Kbskh issjk, bri kujth céeja. Bab ehkbîhu i prhvheir hs cugejhgérjhs fi ajvrirji.

Pbrkigbebgfh ih rbfhr fi eijxi rbnjstrifhri ehk sbus príkjhs fboijxh fh oriîh, bab gåh cbz gbgduki tbgtitjvi fb bsehgfbr hs

ajvrhs. Bab fbsicjhu hs cugejhgérjhs i qubstjhgé-ah. H prizbr fb bgnigir h khtjvhu i eifi vbz kijs tbgtir h fbstjgh. Hs sjgijs

ehkphrtikbgtijs fb sbu prizbr bgnigifhr chrgbebrik pirtb fi fjei. Bab chj pbnh. Yuisb ejgeh ebgtbgis fb ajvrhs rhuoifhs

chrik bgehgtrifhs bk sbu fhrkjtõrjh. Obr- Bab rhuohu ipbgis nrigfbs ajvrhs fb irtb, qub brik kujth fjcëebjs fb bsehgfbr. Fbphjs fb uk tbkph, jssh bkpiaj
 

>4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kijs tirfb, girf thrghu-sb kjajhgérjh bk uk gbnõejh pbrcbjtikbgtb

rbspbjtévba.
Bxjstbk hutris kigbjris fb iukbgtir h prizbr fb bgnigir. Ub i
pbsshi qub bsté sbgfh bgnigifi tbk i rbputiîåh fb sbr fjcëeja fb
bgnigir, jssh phfb ifjejhgir tbkpbrh, ciejajtigfh h prizbr
bgnigifhr. I prbsbgîi fb hutris pbsshis qub siobk h qub bsté
iehgtbebgfh tikoêk phfb iukbgtir i prhoiojajfifb fb bgnigir h
fbabjtb. H pýoajeh gåh prbejsi bstir prbsbgtb, fbsfb qub bstbmi itbgth
b inrifbejfh. Yuigfh h pýoajeh bsté prbsbgtb, fbscrutigfh fi
ituiîåh fh kbgtjrhsh, h kbgtjrhsh phfb tbr h prizbr kijs bgnigifhr
b kijs fjcëeja suprjkjr quiaqubr sjgia fbab. Yuigfh uki erjigîi kbgtb
piri hutri bgquigth hs hutrhs issjstbk, h kbgtjrhsh phfb nhstir
tigth fb hosbrvir ehkh bsté bgtrbtbgfh sbus ikjnhs qub sui iabnrji
bxpahfb, bgebrrigfh thfh h issugth. Rk mhnifhr fb pöqubr
diojajfhsh ehgsbnub ehgtrhair quiaqubr sjgia fb fbaërjh bgnighsh.
Ehk uki kåh kujth chrtb, suis iîòbs fbvbk bgnigir hs hutrhs i
pbgsir qub sui kåh gåh ê kujth ohi, bgtåh babs våh iukbgtir i
iphsti b pbrkigbebr gh mhnh. Kbskh quigfh hs ljojtzbrs siobk h
qub bab bsté cizbgfh, bab fbvb jgjojr quiaqubr sjgia fb prizbr
bgnigifhr. Jssh phfb sbr kijs céeja, bvjtigfh quiaqubr ehgtith vjsuia
ehk hs ljojtzbrs.
Ianukis pbsshis phfbk sbr kujth kijs prhpbgsis i bgnigir h
prizbr. Gbgduk ejbgtjsti ijgfi bstufhu bssis pbsshis hu kbskh
vbrjcjehu qub bais bxjstbk. Gh bgtigth, pirbeb õovjh qub ianukis
pbsshis sb nioik kijs fh qub hutris, b qub hs cigcirròbs phfbk sbr
kijs vuagbrévbjs fh qub hutrhs ih prizbr bgnigifhr.
Ih kbgtjr, i pbsshi phfb sbgtjr uk prizbr bgnigifhr, bgnigh,
euapi b iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh - tufh fb uki vbz hu bk suebssåh.
Ehgsjfbrb h pöqubr ghvikbgtb. Bk uk oabcb, hgfb uk mhnifhr tbk
uki kåh rujk, kis cjgnb tbr uki kåh tåh ohi qub hs hutrhs
fbsjstbk, tiavbz dimi iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh sb h phtb tjvbr cjeifh
kujth iath. Ehgchrkb h oabcifhr hosbrvi eifi mhnifhr fbskhrhgir,
bab tikoêk phfb sbgtjr uk prizbr bgnigifhr. Rki vbz qub i
fbsjgchrkiîåh ê iuthrjzifi, gåh fbvb divbr euapi phr bgnigh, fbsfb
qub h mhnifhr fb pöqubr gåh tripiebjb. Rk bkobz-
 

Phr qub is kbgtjris ciadik  >: 

]abr phfb sbgtjr thfis is trís bkhîòbs= prizbr bk ehkh bai

bgnighu sbus ehabnis fb trioiadh b pitråh< iprbbgsåh i
quiaqubr khkbgth quigfh bai pbgsi qub phfb divbr ianuki
suspbjti< b, tiavbz, euapi phr tbr jgcrjgnjfh i abj b vjhaifh i
ehgcjigîi gbai fbkhgstrifi phr sui bkprbsi.
Piri rbsukjr, h prizbr fb bgnigir sbré kijhr quigfh=
• h iavh rbprbsbgti uk fbsicjh, tbgfh i rbputiîåh fb sbr
fjcëeja fb bgnigir<
• i kbgtjri ê uk fbsicjh, sbmi pbah qub fbvb sbr bsehgfjfh,
sbmi pbai giturbzi fh qub fbvb sbr ciorjeifh<
• hutris pbsshis bståh issjstjgfh hu siobk shorb i kbgtjri b iprbejik
h fbsbkpbgdh déoja fh kbgtjrhsh.

Euapi,
ciejia, kbfh,
gi vhz fbabjtb,
hu ghs tufh phfb
khvjkbgths fhsbr khstrifh
ehrph, kbskhgiquigfh
bxprbssåh
h
kbgtjrhsh bsté tbgtigfh bsehgfí-ahs. Kbskh qub gåh dimi
vizikbgth gåh vbroia, i auti piri bvjté-ah phfb prhfuzjr uki
pjsti bgnighsi. Hs prõxjkhs fhjs eipëtuahs bxpajeik ehkh
fbtbetir h bgnigh fis piaivris, vhz, ehrph b rhsth.
 

YRIV_H

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb
Piaivris, vhz hu ehrph

"B ehkh vheí phfb siobr qub bu ehgtbj uki kbgtjri8" 

"Kbgtjris, kbu eirh kbgjgh, såh fbsehobrtis jkbfjitikbgtb, phrqub såh fb fhjs
tjphs. Bxjstbk kbgtjris qub tík pbrgis eurtis b kbgtjris qub tík girjz ehkprjfh. Uui
kbgtjri, phr ieish, ê uki fiqubais qub tík girjz ehkprjfh . " -Pjgõqujh,
94:?

IU PBUUHIU KBGVI_JIK kbghs sb babs pbgsissbk qub divji ianuk sjgia

ebrth fb kbgtjri, kis gåh dé. Bgtåh gåh ê 
sjgia fb bgnigh bk sj - gbgduk nbsth, bxprbssåh ciejia hu
ehgtriîåh kuseuair qub phr sj sõ sjngjcjei
sjngjc jei qub uki pbsshi bsté

bkbgtjgfh. Bxjstbk
jgfëejhs fb ipbgis
bkhîòbs jgfëejhs
qub gåh fb qub i gi
sb bgeijxik pbsshi
ajgdibsté kia prbpirifi
fi pbsshi. Uåh babs
qub chrgbebk pjstis fb vizikbgth hu bgnigh. H ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbvb iprbgfbr ehkh i bkhîåh ê rbnjstrifi gi ciai, c iai, gi vhz, gh
ehrph b gh rhsth, quijs triîhs phfbk sbr fbjxifhs ipbsir fis tbgtitjvis
fh kbgtjrhsh fb heuatir sbgtjkbgths b h qub rbvbai ciashs rbtriths
bkhejhgijs. Jfbgtjcjeir h bgnigh tikoêk rbqubr i ehkprbbgsåh fb
ehkh bssbs ehkphrtikbgths phfbk rbvbair qub uk kbgtjrhsh bsté
jgvbgtigfh sui ajgdi à kbfjfi qub ivigîi.
Gåh ê uki qubståh sjkpabs ipigdir kbgtjris. Rk prhoabki ê
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  49

i oirrinbk fb jgchrkiîåh. Dé kujth i ehgsjfbrir fb uki vbz.

Kujtis chgtbs - piaivris, piusis, shk fi vhz, bxprbssòbs,
khvjkbgths fi eiobîi, nbsths, phsturi, rbspjriîåh, ruohr hu
bkpiajfbejkbgth, suhr b issjk phr fjigtb. B thfis bssis chgtbs
phfbk trigskjtjr jgchrkiîòbs sjkuatigbikbgtb hu bk tbkphs
shorbphsths, ehkpbtjgfh pbai itbgîåh fh ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris. Cbajzkbgtb, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh prbejsi
bxikjgir ehk jnuia eujfifh tufh h qub phfb sbr huvjfh b vjsth.
Gbk thfis is chgtbs fb jgchrkiîåh furigtb uki ehgvbrsi såh
ehgcjévbjs. Ianugs vizik kujth kijs fh qub hutrhs.
Bstrigdikbgtb, i kijhrji fis pbsshis prbsti kijs itbgîåh às
chgtbs kbghs ehgcjévbjs - piaiv
piaivris
ris b bxprbssòbs ciejijs - b,
phrtigth, såh ciejakbgtb bgnigifis.
Hs kbgtjrhshs nbriakbgtb gåh khgjthrik, ehgtrhaik b
fjscirîik thfh h sbu ehkphrtikbgth. Babs prhvivbakbgtb gåh
phfbrjik, kbskh qub qujsbssbk. Ê jkprhvévba qub ianuêk
ehgsbnujssb ehgtrhair ehk suebssh tufh h qub bab cizji qub pufbssb
fbgugejé-ah, fi phgti fhs pês ih thph fi tbsti. Bk vbz fjssh, hs
kbgtjrhshs bsehgfbk b ciasjcjeik h qub babs bspbrik qub hs hutrhs
issjstik kijs. Hs kbgtjrhshs tbgfbk i sbr kijs eujfifhshs ehk i
bsehadi fis piaivris. Vhfh kugfh iprbgfb gh prhebssh fb
erbsejkbgth qub i kijhrji fis pbsshis bseuti ehk itbgîåh h qub ê
fjth. Is piaivris rbebobk tigti itbgîåh phrqub såh, hovjikbgtb, i
chrki kijs rjei b fjcbrbgejifi fb sb ehkugjeir. Kujth kijs
kbgsinbgs phfbk sbr trigskjtjfis, kujth kijs ripjfikbgtb, phr
piaivris fh qub pbah rhsth, vhz hu ehrph. Hs kbgtjrhshs ebgsurik h
qub fjzbk, heuatigfh eujfifhsikbgtb is kbgsinbgs qub gåh
qubrbk trigskjtjr, gåh ipbgis phrqub iprbgfbrik qub thfhs
prbstik itbgîåh i bssi chgtb, kis tikoêk phrqub siobk qub
sbråh kijs rbsphgsiojajzifhs phr suis piaivris fh qub pbah shk fb
sui vhz, bxprbssòbs ciejijs hu i kijhrji fhs khvjkbgths ehrphrijs.
Rki bxprbssåh fb rijvi hu uk thk fb vhz éspbrh sbkprb phfb sbr
gbnifh. H ieusifhr phfb sbr ehaheifh gi fbcbgsjvi= "Sheí huvju
issjk. Gåh divji rijvi bk
 

4?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kjgdi vhz. "Ê kujth kijs fjcëeja gbnir tbr fjth uki piaivri
rijvhsi. Bsté iaj, ciejakbgtb rbpbtjfi fb vhati, fjcëeja fb gbnir
thtiakbgtb.
Hutri rizåh pbai quia is piaivris såh eujfifhsikbgtb
khgjthrifis b crbqñbgtbkbgtb h prjgejpia iavh fh fjscireb ê qub
ê céeja ciasjcjeir - fbeairir ehjsis qub gåh såh vbrfifbjris - ehk
piaivris. Bxitikbgtb h qub fbvb sbr fjth phfb sbr bserjth b
rbchrkuaifh ehk igtbebfígeji. Uhkbgtb uk ithr iatikbgtb
trbjgifh phfbrji paigbmir ehk tigti prbejsåh eifi bxprbssåh
ciejia, nbsth b jgcabxåh fb vhz. Is piaivris såh céebjs fb bgsijir
rbpbtjfis vbzbs. H ciaigtb tbk cbbfoiel ehgtëguh, huvjgfh h qub
bab fjz b, phrtigth, ê eipiz fb imustir sui kbgsinbk. H cbbfoiel
fh rhsth, ehrph b eigia fb vhz ê kujth kbghs prbejsh.
Fbphjs fis piaivris, h rhsth rbebob i kijhr itbgîåh fhs
hutrhs. Is pbsshis rbebobk ehkbgtérjhs shorb i ipirígeji fb
sbu rhsth= "Ajkpb bssb hadir fh sbu rhsth!" "Uhrrji quigfh vheí
fjssbr jssh!" "Gåh kb hadb itrbvjfh." H rhsth rbebob itbgîåh bk
pirtb phrqub ê i kirei b h sëkohah fh sbac. Ê i prjgejpia kigbjri
fb fjstjgnujrkhs uki pbsshi fi hutri. _hsths såh ëehgbs,
ebaborifhs bk chths pbgfurifis gis pirbfbs, ehaheifis bk
bserjvigjgdis b eirrbnifis bk eirtbjris b ohasis.9 Pbsqujsis
rbebgtbs fbsehorjrik qub uki pirtb fh eêrborh ê bspbejiajzifi
gh rbehgdbejkbgth fb rhsths.?
Bxjstbk vérjis hutris rizòbs pbais quijs is pbsshis prbstik
tigti itbgîåh ihs rhsths. H rhsth ê h prjgejpia aheia piri i
bxjojîåh fb bkhîòbs. Mugth ehk i vhz, phfb fjzbr ih huvjgtb
ehkh h ciaigtb sb sbgtb shorb h qub bsté sbgfh fjth - kis gbk
sbkprb ehk prbejsåh, uki vbz qub hs rhsths phfbk kbgtjr
shorb hs sbgtjkbgths. Ub dhuvbr fjcjeuafifb piri huvjr, hosbrvir
hs aéojhs fh ciaigtb phfb imufir h huvjgtb i fbsehorjr is piaivris
ciaifis. Issjstjr ih rhsth tikoêk phfb chrgbebr uk sjgia
jkphrtigtb, gbebssérjh piri qub is ehgvbrsis prhssjnik. Hs
piabstrigtbs qubrbk siobr sb sbus huvjgtbs bståh huvjgfh. Hadir
piri h rhsth fh ciaigtb jkpajei jssh, kis gåh ê h kijs ehgcjévba
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  45 

sjgia. Huvjgtbs bgtbfjifhs, kis bfueifhs, phfbk vbr h rhsth fb qubk ciai
bgquigth suis kbgtbs bståh bk hutrh aunir. Hs huvjgtbs tikoêk
jgebgtjvik h ciaigtb ehk iebghs fb eiobîi b "kk-dkks", kis tikoêk
phfbk sbr ciasjcjeifhs. *
Ehkpirifh ehk i itbgîåh fjspbgsifi às piaivris b ih
rhsth, h ehrph b i vhz gåh rbebobk kujth. Gåh sb pbrfb
kujth, phjs ghrkiakbgtb h ehrph chrgbeb kujth kbghs
jgchrkiîåh qub h rhsth, i vhz kujth kbghs qub is piaivris.
Hs nbsths ehk is kåhs phfbk chrgbebr kujtis kbgsinbgs,
ehkh cizbk gi ajgnuinbk fb sjgijs fhs surfhs, kis hs
nbsths ehk is kåhs gåh såh ehkugs bk ehgvbrsis bgtrb
burhpbus fh ghrtb b ikbrjeighs fbssi hrjnbk, i kbghs qub
i ciai sbmi prhjojfi. ** I vhz, ehkh h rhsth phfb khstrir sb
ianuêk bsté bkhejhgifh hu gåh, kis ijgfi gåh sb siob sb i
vhz phfb chrgbebr
bxitikbgtb tigtis jgchrkiîòbs
quijs bkhîòbs quigth h rhsth shorb
såh sbgtjfis.
Hs kbgtjrhshs nbriakbgtb khgjthrik b tbgtik ehgtrhair suis
piaivris b rhsth - h qub babs siobk qub hs hutrhs cheiajzik - kijs
fh qub sui vhz b ehrph. Babs tbråh kijs suebssh ehk suis piaivris
fh qub ehk sbu rhsth. Ciasjcjeir ê kijs céeja ehk piaivris fh qub
ehk bxprbssåh ciejia phrqub, ehkh kbgejhgifh igtbrjhrkbgtb, is
piaivris phfbk sbr bgsijifis kijs prhgtikbgtb fh qub is iîòbs
ciejijs. Bsehgfbr tikoêk ê kijs céeja. Is pbsshis phfbk khgjthrir
kijs prhgtikbgtb suis piaivris fh qub sbu rhsth, ebgsurigfh
quiaqubr ehjsi qub phssi trië-ais. Ê céeja siobr h qub sb bsté
fjzbgfh< kujth kijs fjcëeja siobr h qub sbu rhsth bsté khstrigfh. H
ýgjeh piriabah ehk i eairbzi fh cbbfoiel fifh ih huvjr is piaivris
à kbfjfi qub såh ciaifis sbrji uk bspbadh sbkprb bk

* I kijhrji fis pbsshis, quigfh ciaik, fbpbgfb fbssis rbsphstis fh huvjgtb b, sb prjvifis,
pbrnugtiråh ripjfikbgtb= "Sheí bsté huvjgfh8" Bxjstbk ianukis pbsshis qub såh sjstbkis
cbedifhs, ciaigfh sbk sb jkphrtir sb sbus huvjgtbs chrgbebk ianuki rbsphsti fb
bgehrimikbgth.
* * Bgtrb hs trioiadifhrbs fi sbrrirji, phr bxbkpah, qub fbvbk sb ehkugjeir, kis gåh phfbk
ehk piaivris phr eiusi fh ruëfh, uk sjstbki kujth baiohrifh fb nbsths ehk is kåhs ê usifh.
Pjahths b trjpuaiîòbs fb phush pbah kbskh khtjvh usik uk baiohrifh sjstbki fb nbsths.
 

46  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

aheia khstrigfh eifi bxprbssåh. Bkohri bxjstik sbgsiîòbs gh

rhsth qub phfbk chrgbebr jgchrkiîòbs shorb quigfh hs kýseuahs
bståh sb tbgsjhgigfh b sb khvbgfh, kjgdi pbsqujsi khstrhu qub i
kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ciz kujth ush fbssis jgchrkiîòbs. Phuehs
bståh ejbgtbs fis bxprbssòbs qub surnbk bk sbus rhsths itê qub is
bxprbssòbs sbmik bxtrbkis. *
Dé ijgfi hutri rizåh kijs jkphrtigtb pbai quia bxjstbk
kijs pjstis piri bgnigir gi cieb fh qub gis piaivris. H
rhsth bsté fjrbtikbgtb ehgbetifh às érbis fh eêrborh
bgvhavjfis gi bkhîåh, h qub gåh iehgtbeb ehk is piaivris.
Yuigfh i bkhîåh ê fbspbrtifi, hs kýseuahs fh rhsth
ehkbîik i fjspirir jgvhaugtirjikbgtb. Ê ipbgis phr bsehadi
hu déojth qub is pbsshis phfbk iprbgfbr i jgtbrcbrjr gbssis
bxprbssòbs, tbgtigfh, ehk vérjhs nrius fb suebssh, heuaté-
ais. Is bxprbssòbs ciejijs jgjejijs qub ehkbîik quigfh i
bkhîåh ê fbspbrtifi gåh såh bsehadjfis fbajobrifikbgtb, i
kbghs qub sbmik ciasis. Is bxprbssòbs ciejijs såh uk
sjstbki fupah - vhaugtérjh b jgvhaugtérjh, kbgtjgfh b fjzbgfh
i vbrfifb, kujtis vbzbs ih kbskh tbkph. Ê phr jssh qub is
bxprbssòbs ciejijs phfbk sbr tåh ehkpabxis, ehgcusis b
cisejgigtbs.
Pbsshis suspbjtis fbvbrjik prbstir kijs itbgîåh à vhz b ih
ehrph fh qub prbstik. I vhz, ehkh h rhsth, bsté ajnifi às érbis
fh eêrborh bgvhavjfis gi bkhîåh. Ê kujth fjcëeja bsehgfbr
ianukis fis kufigîis gi vhz qub hehrrbk quigfh i bkhîåh ê
fbspbrtifi. B h cbbfoiel shorb ehkh i vhz shi, gbebssérjh piri
uk kbgtjrhsh khgjthrir ehkh bab shi, prhvivbakbgtb gåh ê tåh
ohk piri huvjr i vhz quigth ê piri is piaivris. Is pbsshis
cjeik surprbsis gi prjkbjri vbz qub sb huvbk bk uk nrivifhr,
phrqub h iuthkhgjthrikbgth
* Hs gburhejbgtjstis gåh tík ebrtbzi shorb h ejreujth qub ghs chrgbeb jgchrkiîòbs shorb
is kufigîis bk ghssi prõprji bxprbssåh hu sb såh kufigîis ghs kýseuahs hu gi pbab
qub såh rbnjstrifis. Hs psjeõahnhs fjsehrfik shorb h quåh obk is pbsshis phfbk sbgtjr
suis prõprjis bxprbssòbs ciejijs à kbfjfi qub bkbrnbk. Kbus bstufhs sunbrbk qub gåh
sbgtjkhs kujth obk is bxprbssòbs qub cizbkhs b qub, gi kijhrji fis vbzbs, gåh
prbstikhs kujti itbgîåh às sbgsiîòbs bk ghssh rhsth.
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  42 

H shk fi vhz vbk bk pirtb pbai ehgfuîåh õssbi b shi
fjcbrbgtb.
H ehrph tikoêk ê uki ohi chgtb fb pjstis piri vizikbgth b
bgnigh. Ih ehgtrérjh fh rhsth hu fi vhz, i kijhrji fhs khvjkbgths
ehrphrijs gåh bsté fjrbtikbgtb ajnifi às érbis fh eêrborh bgvhavjfis gi
bkhîåh. H khgjthrikbgth fhs khvjkbgths ehrphrijs gåh prbejsi sbr
fjcëeja. Rki pbsshi phfb sbgtjr b crbqñbgtbkbgtb vbr h qub sbu ehrph
bsté cizbgfh. Heuatir h khvjkbgth fh ehrph phfb sbr kujth kijs céeja
fh qub heuatir bxprbssòbs ciejijs hu kufigîis fb vhz gis bkhîòbs. Kis
i kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh sb jgehkhfi. Babs erbsebrik tbgfh iprbgfjfh
qub gåh bri gbebssérjh cizbr jssh. _irikbgtb is pbsshis såh
rbsphgsiojajzifis pbah qub rbvbaik bk suis iîòbs ehrphrijs. H ehrph
vizi phrqub ê jnghrifh. Vhfh kugfh bsté kujth heupifh hosbrvigfh h
rhsth b iviajigfh is piaivris.
Bkohri thfhs gõs sijoikhs qub is piaivris phfbk kbgtjr,
kjgdi pbsqujsi fbsehorju qub is pbsshis ehgcjik gis piaivris fhs
hutrhs b kujtis vbzbs såh bgnigifis. Gåh bsthu sunbrjgfh qub is
piaivris sbmik thtiakbgtb jnghrifis. Is pbsshis ehkbtbk brrhs
vbroijs qub phfbk chrgbebr pjstis tigth piri vizikbgth quigth
piri bgnigh. B kbskh qub gåh dimi brrhs gis piaivris, ê i
fjserbpïgeji bgtrb i ajgdi vbroia b h qub ê rbvbaifh pbai vhz, ehrph b
rhsth qub kujtis vbzbs trij uki kbgtjri. Kis i kijhrji fis pjstis
piri bgnigir gh rhsth, gh ehrph b gi vhz såh jnghrifis hu kia
jgtbrprbtifis. Fbsehorj jssh bk vérjhs bstufhs ghs quijs pbfj às
pbsshis qub muanissbk is hutris khstrifis i bais bk cjtis fb vëfbh.
Ianugs vjrik ipbgis h rhsth, hutrhs ipbgis h ehrph, hutrhs
ijgfi huvjrik i ciai pissir phr uk cjatrh qub thrgivi is piaivris
jgjgtbajnëvbjs, kis fbjxivi h shk jgtieth, b h rbstigtb huvji hu
aji is piaivris. Vhfhs vjrik is kbskis pbsshis - hs bstufigtbs
fb bgcbrkinbk, fbserjths gh eipëtuah igtbrjhr, qub fjssbrik i
vbrfifb hu kbgtjrik shorb sbus sbgtjkbgths bgquigth
issjstjik i cjakbs. Abkorb-sb fb qub gis bgtrbvjstis dhgbstis
bssbs iaughs vjrik uk cjakb inrifévba khstrigfh h hebigh b
chrik jgstruëfhs i fbserbvbr sbus sbgtjkbgths ehk crigqubzi.
Gis bgtrbvjstis fbshgbstis, babs vjrik uk cjakb khstrigfh
 

43  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ebgis kêfjeis b chrik jgstruëfhs i ehgvbgebr h bgtrbvjstifhr fb

qub bstivik vbgfh hutrh cjakb inrifévba, fbsti vbz khstrigfh
cahrbs. I bgtrbvjstifhri gåh ehgsbnuju vbr quia cjakb i bstufigtb
fb bgcbrkinbk bstivi issjstjgfh. Bssbs iaughs tbgtirik kujth
bgnigir h bgtrbvjstifhr, phjs is iphstis brik kujth iatis. Babs
ierbfjtirik qub ghssh bxpbrjkbgth tbsthu h quåh obk babs
sbrjik eipizbs fb ehgtrhair suis rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs gi
bkbrnígeji hu gi siai fb ejrurnji.
Bk ghsshs bstufhs shorb h quåh obk is pbsshis phfbk
fbtbetir quigfh bssbs iaughs bstivik kbgtjgfh, bstévikhs
jgtbrbssifhs gåh ipbg
ipbgis
is bk quia chgtb
chgtb bri i kbadh
kbadhrr - rhsth,
ehrph, vhz hu piaivris - kis tikoêk sb pbsshis suspbjtis sb
siërik kbadhr fh qub iqubais qub gåh bspbrivik sbr
bgnigifh. Fjvjfjkhs is pbsshis qub jrjik vbr hu huvjr i cjti
fb vëfbh bk fhjs nruphs. Ianugs suspbjtikhs pbah qub adbs
ehgtikhs shorb is pbsshis qub fbvjik muanir, b ianugs
tbgtikhs kigtbr fbsivjsifhs. H nruph jgsuspbjth gifi chj
jgchrkifh shorb h bxpbrjkbgth< gbgduki kbgîåh chj cbjti fb
phssëvba bgnigh hu kbgtjri. Gõs ipbgis fjssbkhs qub babs
vbrjik hu huvjrjik pbsshis ciaigfh shorb uk cjakb qub
bstivik issjstjgfh. Piri gåh abvigtir suspbjtis, bgtbrrikhs h
 muanikbgth qub babs fbvbrjik
fbvbrjik cizbr shorb i dhgbst
dhgbstjfifb
jfifb bk
uki ahgni ajsti fb muanikbgths qub babs tjvbrik qub cizbr
shorb ikjzifb, bxtrhvbrsåh, fhkëgjh,
Bkohri ianugs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk chssbk pêssjkhs
kbgtjrhshs b chssbk ciejakbgtb fbtbetifhs, i kijhrji fbabs bgnighu hs
jgsuspbjths muëzbs. Iqubabs qub vjrik ipbgis h rhsth hu huvjrik ipbgis
is piaivris cjzbrik h pjhr= iviajirik hs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk ehkh
kijs dhgbsths quigfh, gi vbrfifb, bstivik kbgtjgfh. Pbsshis suspbjtis
gåh sb siërik kujth kbadhr. Bssbs muëzbs chrik jgchrkifhs shorb is
jgstruîòbs fifis ihs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk b qub is pbsshis qub
babs fbvbrjik muanir bstirjik kbgtjgfh hu fjzbgfh i vbrfifb. Babs chrik
ehgvjfifhs i cizbr ipbgis uk muanikbgth - dhgbstjfifb hu bgnigh.
Phuehs sb siërik kbadhr fh qub h ieish bk jfbgtjcjeir qubk bri qubk.
Iqubabs qub vjrik
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  4> 

ipbgis h ehrph cbz h kbadhr, kis kbskh babs bstivik ebrths

bk ipbgis 32% fb sbus muanikbgths, quigfh h ieish sbrji fb
20%.5 Ianukis pbsshis sb siërik kujth obk, jfbgtjcjeigfh
ehrrbtikbgtb 42% fhs kbgtjrhshs. Ianugs fbssbs muëzbs
prbejshs brik psjehtbripbutis iatikbgtb bxpbrjbgtbs, ehk
rbputiîåh fb sbrbk kêfjehs bspbejiajstis. Ianugs brik ipbgis
pbsshis bxtrbkikbgtb sbgsëvbjs bk hutris prhcjssòbs. *
Gåh ê gbebssérjh sbr bgnigifh. Is pbsshis i qubk chj fjth uk phueh
fh qub bsté gbstb eipëtuah b gh prõxjkh sb siërik kujth obk bk muanir
quigfh hs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk bstivik kbgtjgfh, issjk ehkh hs
psjehtbripbutis
psjehtbripbu tis kijs bxpbrjbgtbs chrik eipizbs fb cizbr. Pjstis piri ianugs
bgnighs phfbk sbr iprbgfjfis. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk kijs edigeb
sb h bgnigh bgvhavbr bkhîåh, b h kbgtjrhsh gåh ê uk psjehpiti, kujth
bxpbrjbgtb hu uk kbgtjrhsh gituria. Bxjstbk trís hombtjvhs= fbtbetir uk
kbgtjrhsh ehk kijs crbquígeji< muanir kia h vbrfifbjrh ehk kbghs
crbquígeji< b, h kijs jkphrtigtb, pbrebobr quigfh phfb gåh sbr phssëvba
cizbr quiaqubr uk fbabs.

Is piaivris 
Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb, kujths kbgtjrhshs såh triëfhs phr suis
Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb,
piaivris phr eiusi fh fbseujfh. Gåh ê qub babs gåh pufbssbk
fjscirîir h qub fjssbrik, hu qub tbgtirik b ciadirik, kis
sjkpabskbgtb qub gbnajnbgejirik ciorjeir eujfifhsikbgtb. H
edbcb fb uki bkprbsi fb ousei fb bxbeutjvhs fbserbvbu uk
ehabni qub sb eigfjfithu i sui inígeji ehk fhjs ghkbs fjcbrbgtbs
gh kbskh igh. Yuigfh pbrnugtifh ih sumbjth quia ghkb fbvbrji
sbr edikifh, "H dhkbk, qub prjkbjrh sb iuthfbghkjghu Absajb
F'Ijgtbr, kis fbphjs kufhu piri Abstbr Fijgtbr, ehgtjguhu sbus
khfhs prbvirjeifhrbs sbk pbstigbmir. Bab bxpajehu qub bab

* Kujths psjeõahnhs tík tbgtifh jfbgtjcjeir h qub thrgi ianuêk uk ohk hu kiu mujz fis
pbsshis. Gåh dhuvb kujth prhnrbssh. Piri uki rbvjsåh fbsti pbsqujsi, ehgsuatb
Kiurbbg H'Uuaajvig, "Kbisurjgn tdb Iojajty th _behngjzb Ciejia Bxprbssjhgs hc Bkhtjhg",
bkBkhîåh gh rhsth dukigh, bf. Piua Blkig (Ghvi Zhrl= Eikorjfnb Rgjvbrsjty Prbss,

9:4?).
 

44  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kufhu sbu prjkbjrh ghkb phrqub Absajb pirbeji kujth cbkjgjgi, b bab
iatbrhu sbu shorbghkb piri thrgé-ah kijs céeja fb prhgugejir. Kis suis
rbcbrígejis brik i vbrfifbjri rbvbaiîåh. Bab iprbsbgthu trís eirtis fb
rbehkbgfiîåh orjadigtbs. Gh bgtigth, thfhs hs trís 'bkprbnifhrbs'
bserbvbrik jgehrrbtikbgtb i kbski piaivri. "6
Kbskh uk kbgtjrhsh eujfifhsh phfb sbr triëfh pbah qub
Ujnkugf Crbuf jfbgtjcjehu jgjejiakbgtb ehkh uk aipsh fb aëgnui.
FbgtrhI psjehpithahnji fi vjfi ehtjfjigi Crbuf khstrhu ehkh is
iîòbs jkpbrcbjtis fi vjfi ehtjfjigi, ehkh aipshs fb aëgnui,
bsqubejkbgth fb ghkbs cikjajirbs b brrhs fb abjturi b bserjti, gåh
brik iejfbgtbs, kis bvbgths sjngjcjeitjvhs qub rbvbaivik ehgcajths
psjehaõnjehs jgtbrghs. Aipshs bxprbssik, fjssb bab, "... ianh qub gåh
sb fbsbmivi fjzbr= thrgi-sb uk khfh fb iuthtrijîåh".2 Crbuf gåh
bstivi bspbejcjeikbgtb prbheupifh ehk h bgnigh, kis uk fb sbus
bxbkpahs chj fb uk fbsajzb qub triju uki kbgtjri. H bxbkpah
fbserbvb i bxpbrjígeji fh Fr. Orjaa, uk fhs prjkbjrhs b ehgdbejfhs
sbnujfhrbs fb Crbuf=

Ebrti ghjtb, cuj pissbir ehk h Fr. Crjgl b fjseutjkhs ianugs

issugths fi Uhejbfifb Psjeigiaëtjei fb Ghvi Zhrl. Bgehgtrikhs uk
ehabni, h Fr. _., qub bu gåh vji dé ighs b fb eumi vjfi pirtjeuair gifi
sioji. Cjeikhs kujth cbajzbs bk ghs bgehgtrir ghvikbgtb b, i kbu
ehgvjtb, bab ghs iehkpigdhu i uk eicê, hgfb cjeikhs fuis dhris
ehgvbrsigfh igjkifikbgtb.
igjkifikbgtb. Bab pirbeji siobr ianugs fbtiadbs shorb
kjk, phjs ipõs is siufiîòbs diojtuijs, bab pbrnugthu phr kbu cjadh
pbqubgh b kb fjssb qub huvji ciair fb kjk fb vbz bk quigfh fb uk
ikjnh bk ehkuk b sb jgtbrbssivi phr kbu trioiadh fbsfb qub abri
shorb gi jkprbgsi kêfjei. À kjgdi pbrnugti sb bab bri eisifh, bab
fbu uki rbsphsti gbnitjvi b ierbsebgthu= "Phr qub uk dhkbk ehkh
bu fbvbrji sb eisir8"
Ih sijr fh eicê, bab fb rbpbgtb sb vjrhu piri kjk b fjssb= "Bu nhstirji fb
siobr h qub vheí cirji bk uk eish ehkh bstb= bu ehgdbîh uki bgcbrkbjri
qub chj ghkbifi ehkh eh-rbsphgfbgtb bk uk eish fb fjvõrejh. I bsphsi
prhebsshu h kirjfh b i ghkbhu ehkh ehrrbsphgsévba, b bab 
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  4: 

sb fjvhrejhu. "Bu h jgtbrrhkpj, fjzbgfh=" Sheí qubr fjzbr bai sb

fjvhrejhu. "Bab jkbfjitikbgtb sb ehrrjnju, fjzbgfh=" Ujk, eairh, bai
fjvhrejhu-sb ', b ehgtjguhu i ehgtir ehkh i oioé cjeiri tåh icbtifi
pbah prhebssh fb fjvõrejh b h bseïgfiah qub pissiri i obobr, cjeiri
kujth gbrvhsi b issjk phr fjigtb< b bab qubrji qub bu h
iehgsbadissb shorb ehkh trité-ai.
Issjk qub ehrrjnj h sbu brrh, pbfj-adb qub h bxpajeissb, kis rbeboj
is diojtuijs rbsphstis surprbsis= thfhs gåh tjgdik h fjrbjth fb ehkbtbr
uk aipsh8 Chj ipbgis uk iejfbgtb, gåh divji gifi phr trés fjssh, b
issjk phr fjigtb. _bsphgfj qub fbvb divbr uki rizåh piri eifi brrh ih
ciair b qub, sb bab gåh tjvbssb kb fjth igtbs qub gåh bri eisifh, cjeirji
tbgtifh i suphr qub bab kbskh bri h dbrõj fi djstõrji< phjs, gbssb eish,
h fbsajzb phfbrji sbr bxpajeifh phr sbu fbsbmh fb qub bab tjvbssb hotjfh h
fjvõrejh bk vbz fb sui bsphsi, fb khfh qub bab gåh fbvbrji ((phr
phr ghssis
abjs kitrjkhgjijs) pinir pbgsåh iajkbgtëeji, b piri qub bab pufbssb sb
eisir ghvikbgtb gh bstifh fb Ghvi Zhrl. . Bab gbnhu vbbkbgtbkbgtb
kjgdi ehgmbeturi, kis i rbiîåh bkhejhgia bxinbrifi qub i
iehkpigdhu, gi quia bab khstrhu sjgijs kireigtbs fb injtiîåh sbnujfhs
fb rjsh, ipbgis rbchrîhu kjgdis suspbjtis. Ih kbu ipbah piri qub bab
ciaissb i vbrfifb gh jgtbrbssb fi ejígeji, bab rbsphgfbu= "I kbghs qub
vheí qubjri qub bu kjgti, vheí fbvb ierbfjtir qub bu gugei cuj eisifh b,
phrtigth, sui jgtbrprbtiîåh psjeigiaëtjei bsté brrifi." Bab ierbsebgthu
qub ianuêk qub prbstivi itbgîåh i thfis is trjvjiajfifbs bri
phsjtjvikbgtb pbrjnhsh. Bgtåh, fb rbpbgtb, bab sb abkorhu fb qub tjgdi
hutrh ehkprhkjssh b ghs fbjxhu.

Vigth h Fr. Crjgl quigth bu ijgfi bstévikhs ehgvbgejfhs fb qub

kjgdi jgtbrprbtiîåh fb sbu aipsh fb aëgnui bstivi ehrrbti b fbejfj
ehrrhohrir hu rbcutir jssh phr kbjh fb jgvbstjniîòbs ifjejhgijs. Ianugs
fjis fbphjs, vjsjtbj uk vjzjgdh, uk vbadh ikjnh fh Fr. _., qub pöfb
ehgcjrkir kjgdi bxpajeiîåh bk thfhs hs fbtiadbs. H prhebssh fb
fjvõrejh divji hehrrjfh ianukis sbkigis igtbs, b i bgcbrkbjri chj ejtifi
ehkh eh-rbsphgfbgtb.3

Crbuf fjssb qub "i suprbssåh fi jgtbgîåh fh ciaigtb fb fjzbr

ianh ê ehgfjîåh jgfjspbgsévba piri i hehrrígeji fb uk aipsh fb
aëgnui \ jtéajeh
jtéajeh gh hrjnjgia[. "> I suprbssåh
 

:0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phfbrji sbr fbajobrifh sb h ciaigtb bstjvbssb kbgtjgfh, kis

Crbuf bstivi kijs jgtbrbssifh ghs eishs bk qub h ciaigtb gåh
bsté ejbgtb fi suprbssåh. Rki vbz qub h fbsajzb hehrrb, h ciaigtb
phfb rbehgdbebr h qub chj suprjkjfh< hu, kbskh issjk, h ciaigtb
phfb gåh sb fir ehgti fjssh.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb sbr eiutbahsh, gåh prbsukjgfh
qub quiaqubr aipsh fb aëgnui sbmi bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri.
Ghrkiakbgtb, h ehgtbxth bk qub hehrrb uk fbsajzb fbvb imufir i
fbsehorjr sb h fbsajzb bsté hu gåh trijgfh uki kbgtjri. H ipigdifhr
fb kbgtjris tikoêk fbvb bvjtir h brrh fb ehgsjfbrir ianuêk
vbrfifbjrh ipbgis phrqub gåh dé aipsh fb aëgnui. Kujtis kbgtjris
gåh ehgtík gbgduki. Crbuf gåh bxpajehu phr qub ianukis kbgtjris
såh triëfis phr fbsajzbs, bgquigth i kijhrji gåh. Ê tbgtifhr pbgsir
qub fbsajzbs hehrrbk quigfh h kbgtjrhsh qubr sbr pbnh, quigfh dé
euapi phr kbgtjr. Ebrtikbgtb h Fr. _. fbvbrji tbr sb sbgtjfh euapifh
phr kbgtjr piri sbu bstjkifh ehabni. Kis gåh dhuvb gbgduk
bstufh - hu kbskh kujti bspbeuaiîåh - qub bxpajeirji phr qub
ipbgis ebrtis kbgtjris såh triëfis phr fbsajzbs.

Vjrifbs ê i tbrebjri kigbjri pbai quia hs kbgtjrhshs phfbk

sb trijr ehk piaivris. Rk fjseursh jgcaikifh ê fjcbrbgtb fb uk
aipsh fi aëgnui. H brrh fi ciai ê kijs fh qub uki hu fuis
piaivris. I jgchrkiîåh gåh vizi, bai vizi. H kbgtjrhsh sb fbjxi
abvir pbai bkhîåh, sbk pbrebobr itê fbphjs is ehgsbquígejis fh
qub bsté rbvbaigfh. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, sb h kbgtjrhsh tjvbssb
pbrkigbejfh crjh, bab gåh tbrji rbvbaifh is jgchrkiîòbs
prbmufjejijs. Ê i prbssåh fb uki bkhîåh ivissiaifhri - cýrji,
dhrrhr, tbrrhr hu ignýstji - qub ciz ehk qub h kbgtjrhsh fí
jgchrkiîòbs.
Vhk Orhliw, quigfh bri h bgtrbvjstifhr fh "Vhfiy Udhw" fi GOE-
VS, fbserbvbu uki quirti chgtb fb pjstis piri bgnigir. "I kijhrji fis
pjstis qub rbeboh fis pbsshis såh vbroijs, gåh cësjeis. Gåh hadh piri h
rhsth fb uki pbsshi bk ousei fb sjgijs fb qub bai bsté kbgtjgfh. H qub
prheurh såh rbsphstis ehkpajeifis hu ianh issjk ...
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  :9

bvisòbs shcjstjeifis. "4 Ianugs bstufhs shorb h bgnigh ipõjik h

piapjtb fb Orhliw, fbsehorjgfh qub ianukis pbsshis, quigfh
kbgtjrik, chrik jgfjrbtis bk suis rbsphstis, chrik ehgtugfbgtbs b
fbrik kijs jgchrkiîòbs fh qub is shajejtifis. Hutrhs bstufhs fb
pbsqujsi khstririk bxitikbgtb h hphsth= i kijhrji fis pbsshis ê
jgtbajnbgtb fbkijs piri sbr bvisjvi b jgfjrbti bk suis rbsphstis. *
Vhk Orhliw phfb sbgtjr ciati fbssbs kbgtjrhshs. Rk pbrjnh pjhr
sbrji muanir kia uki pbsshi vbrëfjei qub phr ieish ê ehkpajeifi hu
bvisjvi bk sbu fjseursh. Ianukis pbsshis sbkprb ciaik issjk. Piri
babs, gåh ê sjgia fb kbgtjri< ê ipbgis i kigbjri ehkh ciaik.
Yuiaqubr ehkphrtikbgth qub sbmi uki pjsti ýtja piri bgnigir sbré,
piri ianukis pbsshis, uki pirtb ghrkia fb sbu ehkphrtikbgth. I
phssjojajfifb fb muanir kia bssis pbsshis, edikirbj fb _jseh fb
qubori. Hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris såh vuagbrévbjs ih _jseh fb
qubori quigfh fbsehgdbebk h suspbjth, gåh bståh cikjajirjzifhs
ehk is jfjhssjgerisjis fh ehkphrtikbgth tëpjeh fh suspbjth. Shu
fjseutjr kigbjris fb bvjtir h pbrjnh fb Orhliw gh eipëtuah 3.
Gbgduki hutri chgtb fb vizikbgth b pjstis fb bgnigh bk
piaivris chrik fbsehobrtis ijgfi pbai pbsqujsi. Bu suspbjth qub gåh
kujths kijs sbråh bgehgtrifhs. Ê kujth céeja, phrqub bu fb-

* Ê fjcëeja siobr h qub cizbr ehk bssi b hutris ehgtrifjîòbs gi ajtbrituri fb pbsqujsi shorb
bgnigh, uki vbz qub hs bxpbrjkbgths gåh såh kujth ehgcjévbjs. Yuisb thfhs bxikjgirik
iaughs, qub kbgtjrik shorb issugths trjvjijs, ehk phueh bk mhnh. I kijhrji fhs
bxpbrjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri khstrhu phuei rbcabxåh shorb h tjph fb kbgtjri qub babs
phfbk bstir bxikjgigfh. Ghrkiakbgtb, i kbgtjri bstufifi ê iqubai sbabejhgifi phrqub
ê céeja fb irrigmir bk uk aiohritõrjh. Phr bxbkpah, hs iaughs chrik ehgvjfifhs i
iprbsbgtir uki hpjgjåh ehgvjgebgtb shorb i pbgi fb khrtb hu h iohrth ehgtrérji à fbabs.
Hu bgtåh, hs iaughs chrik shajejtifhs i fjzbr sb nhstirjik hu gåh fb uki pbsshi
khstrifi i babs bk uki chthnricji b, bk sbnujfi, chrik shajejtifhs i cjgnjr qub tjgdik i
itjtufb hphsti. Ghrkiakbgtb, bssbs bxpbrjkbgths gåh ehgsjfbrik i rbaiîåh fh kbgtjrhsh
ehk h iavh, b ehkh jssh phfb jgcaubgejir h quåh furh h kbgtjrhsh tbgti tbr suebssh.
Ghrkiakbgtb, h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh gåh sb ehgdbejik b gåh tjgdik khtjvhs piri pbgsir
qub sb bgehgtrirjik ghvikbgtb. Às vbzbs, gåh divji uk iavh rbia, kis bk vbz fjssh h
kbgtjrhsh ciaivi fb chrki bgnighsi piri uki u ki kéqujgi. Piri uki rbvjsåh rbebgtb, kis
gåh sucjejbgtbkbgtb erëtjei, fbssbs bxpbrjkbgths, ehgsuatb Kjrhg ]uelbrkig, Obaai K.
FbPiuah b _hobrt _hsbgtdia, "Sbroia igf Ghgvbroia Ehkkugjeitjhg hc Fbebptjhg", bk
Ivigîhs gi psjehahnji shejia bxpbrjkbgtia, vha. 96 (Gbw Zhrl= Ieifbkje Prbss, 9:49).
 

:?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

rjseifh igtbrjhrkbgtb, piri uk bgnigifhr heuatir b ciasjcjeir

piaivris, bkohri hehrrik brrhs - brrhs fbseujfifhs, aipshs,
tjrifis b fjseursh jrögjeh hu jgfjrbth.

I vhz 
I vhz sb rbcbrb i tufh h qub bsté bgvhavjfh gi ciai, bxebth is
prõprjis piaivris. Is pjstis fb bgnigh vheia kijs ehkugs såh is
piusis. Is piusis phfbk sbr kujth ahgnis hu kujth crbqubgtbs.
Dbsjtir gh jgëejh fb uk turgh fb ciai, bspbejiakbgtb sb i
dbsjtiîåh hehrrbr quigfh ianuêk bsté rbsphgfbgfh i uki
pbrnugti, phfb abvigtir suspbjtis. H kbskh phfb iehgtbebr ehk
piusis kijs eurtis furigtb i ciai, sb hehrrbrbk ehk crbquígeji
sucjejbgtb. Brrhs fb ciai tikoêk phfbk sbr uki pjsti bgnighsi.
Jssh jgeauj gåh piaivris, ehkh "id", "iii" b "udd"< rbpbtjîòbs,
ehkh "Bu, bu, qubrh fjzbr bu rbiakbgtb ..."< b piaivris pirejijs,
ehkh "Nhstbj kujth".
Bssis pjstis vheijs piri bgnigir - brrhs fb ciai b piusis -
phfbk hehrrbr phr fhjs khtjvhs rbaiejhgifhs. H kbgtjrhsh phfb
gåh tbr fbsehobrth sui ajgdi igtbs fh tbkph. Ub bai gåh bspbrivi
kbgtjr hu sb bstivi prbpirifi piri kbgtjr, kis gåh igtbejphu
uki pbrnugti bspbeëcjei, bai phfb dbsjtir hu ehkbtbr brrhs fb
ciai. Kis jssh tikoêk phfb hehrrbr quigfh i ajgdi bsté obk
prbpirifi. I iati iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh phfb cizbr ehk qub h
kbgtjrhsh prbpirifh trhpbeb hu bsqubîi sui ajgdi. I iprbbgsåh
fi fbtbeîåh tikoêk phfb inrivir hs brrhs ehkbtjfhs pbah
kbgtjrhsh kia prbpirifh. Huvjr ehkh bai shi kia phfb fbjxir h
kbgtjrhsh ehk kijs kbfh fb sbr pbnh, h qub sõ iukbgti suis
piusis b brrhs fb ciai.
H bgnigh phfb sbr rbvbaifh tikoêk pbah shk fi vhz.
Bkohri i kijhrji fb gõs ierbfjtb qub h shk fi vhz ghs fjz
qub bkhîåh uki pbsshi sbgtb, hs ejbgtjstis qub bstufik i
vhz ijgfi gåh tík ebrtbzi. Babs fbsehorjrik vérjis kigbjris
fb fjstjgnujr vhzbs fbsinrifévbjs fb inrifévbjs, kis ijgfi
gåh siobk sb h shk fi vhz fjcbrb phr
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  :5 

eifi uki fis bkhîòbs fbsinrifévbjs= rijvi, kbfh, ignýstji, ghmh

hu fbsprbzh. Ierbfjth qub tijs fjcbrbgîis, ehk h tbkph, sbråh
bgehgtrifis. Phr bgquigth, fbserbvbrbj h qub ê ehgdbejfh b h qub
pirbeb prhkjsshr.
H sjgia vheia fb bkhîåh kijs obk fheukbgtifh ê h thk. Piri
ebrei fb >0 phr ebgth fis pbsshis qub chrik bstufifis, h thk
thrgi-sb kijs iath quigfh h issugth ê pbrturoifh. Prhvivbakbgtb,
jssh ê kijs vbrfifbjrh quigfh h trigsthrgh ê uk sbgtjkbgth fb
rijvi hu kbfh. Dé ianukis bvjfígejis fb qub h thk fjkjguj ehk i
trjstbzi hu trjstbzi, kis jssh gåh ê tåh ebrth. Hs ejbgtjstis ijgfi gåh
iprbgfbrik sb h thk kufi ehk bgtusjiskh, ignýstji, ghmh hu
fbsprbzh. Hutrhs sjgijs fb bkhîåh, gåh tåh obk bstiobabejfhs,
kis prhkjsshrbs, såh uk fjseursh kijs iath b répjfh ehk rijvi hu
kbfh b uk fjseursh kijs suivb b abgth ehk trjstbzi. Ê prhvévba qub
hehrrik rupturis kbfjgfh hutrhs ispbeths fi quiajfifb fi vhz, i
kifbjri, h bspbetrh fb bgbrnji bk fjcbrbgtbs oigfis fb crbquígeji
b is kufigîis rbaiejhgifis à rbspjriîåh.:
Kufigîis gi vhz prhfuzjfis pbai bkhîåh gåh såh céebjs fb
bsehgfbr. Ub i kbgtjri sb rbcbrb prjgejpiakbgtb às bkhîòbs
sbgtjfis gh khkbgth fi kbgtjri, bgtåh dé uki ohi edigeb fb
vizikbgth. Ub h hombtjvh fi kbgtjri bri bsehgfbr h kbfh hu i
rijvi, i vhz fbvb shir eifi vbz kijs iati b h rjtkh fi ehgvbrsi phfb
sbr kijs répjfh. Bxitikbgtb h pifråh hphsth fb kufigîis fb vhz
phfb vizir sbgtjkbgths fb trjstbzi qub uk bgnigifhr bsté
tbgtigfh bsehgfbr.
H shk fi vhz tikoêk phfb fbgugejir kbgtjris qub gåh
chrik bkprbbgfjfis piri bsehgfbr i bkhîåh sb i bkhîåh sb
thrghu bgvhavjfi. I iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh prhfuzjré hs shgs
fi vhz fb kbfh. Phfb-sb fbkhgstrir qub i euapi phr bgnigh
prhfuz is kbskis kufigîis gh shk fi vhz qub i trjstbzi, kis
jssh ê ipbgis uk piapjtb. Gåh bsté eairh sb h prizbr bgnigifhr
phfb sbr jshaifh b kbfjfh gi vhz. Ierbfjth qub quiaqubr tjph
fb bgtusjiskh tbgdi uki issjgituri vheia pirtjeuair, kis jssh
ijgfi gåh chj bstiobabejfh.
Ghssh bxpbrjkbgth ehk is bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk chj uk fhs
 

:6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

prjkbjrh i fheukbgtir uki kufigîi fb thk ehk bgnigh.90

Fbsehorjkhs qub h thk iukbgthu furigtb h bgnigh.
Ierbfjtikhs qub jssh hehrrbu phrqub is bgcbrkbjris sbgtjrik
kbfh. Dhuvb fuis rizòbs pbais quijs babs sbgtjrik bssi bkhîåh.
Vëgdikhs cbjth thfh h phssëvba piri thrgir is iphstis kujth
iatis, fb khfh qub babs sbgtjssbk chrtb fbtbeîåh b iprbbgsåh. B,
issjstjr às ebgis kêfjeis signrbgtis nbrhu kbfh bkpétjeh bk
ianukis fis bgcbrkbjris. Phfbrëikhs gåh tbr bgehgtrifh bssb
rbsuatifh sb quiaqubr uki fis chgtbs fb kbfh chssb fjkjguëfi.
Uuphgdi qub tjvêssbkhs bstufifh pbsshis eumi bsehadi fb
eirrbjri gåh bstivi bgvhavjfi, piri is quijs bri ipbgis uk
bxpbrjkbgth. Ehk phueh bk mhnh, phfb gåh tbr divjfh kbfh
sucjejbgtb piri eiusir quiaqubr kufigîi gh eikph. Hu,
suphgdi qub tjvêssbkhs khstrifh ihs bstufigtbs fb
bgcbrkinbk uk cjakb fb uki erjigîi khrrbgfh, h qub tbrji
kijs prhoiojajfifb fb fbspbrtir trjstbzi fh qub kbfh. Bkohri h
kbfh fb sbrbk pbnhs ehgtrjouëssb piri iukbgtir h thk,
H thk babvifh gåh ê uk sjgia fb bgnigh. Ê uk sjgia fb kbfh hu
rijvi, tiavbz tikoêk fb bxejtiîåh. Bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth, uk sjgia
fbssis bkhîòbs triju i icjrkiîåh fi iaugi fb qub bai bstivi sb
sbgtjgfh cbajz b sitjscbjti bk rbsphsti i uk cjakb qub bxjoji cahrbs.
Bxjstb h pbrjnh fb jgtbrprbtir quiaqubr uk fhs sjgijs vheijs fb
bkhîåh ehkh bvjfígeji fb bgnigh. Rki pbsshi sjgebri qub bsté
prbheupifi bk gåh sbr ierbfjtifi phfb, phr eiusi fbssb kbfh,
khstrir h kbskh thk babvifh qub uk kbgtjrhsh phfb kigjcbstir
phrqub tbk kbfh fb sbr pbni. H prhoabki piri h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris ê qub hs jghebgtbs às vbzbs tikoêk cjeik bkhejhgiakbgtb
bxejtifhs, gåh ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs. Ih fjseutjr ehkh bstb prhoabki
ehgcugfb i jgtbrprbtiîåh fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fb hutris pjstis
phtbgejijs piri h bgnigh, vhu kb rbcbrjr i bab ehkh hBrrh fb Htdbaah.
Gh eipëtuah 3, fjseutjrbj bssb brrh bk fbtiadbs, bxpajeigfh ehkh h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb sb prhtbnbr ehgtri ehkbtí-ah.
Jgcbajzkbgtb, gåh ê céeja bvjtir. Is kufigîis fb vhz qub phfbk trijr
bgnigh tikoêk såh vvuagbrévbjs
uagbrévbjs ih pbpbrjnh
rjnh f
fbb Orhliw
Orhliw (fjcbrbgîis
(fjcbrbgîis
jgfjvjfuijs gh ehkphrtikbgth bkhejhgia), kbgejhgifh
igtbrjhrkbgtb bk rbaiîåh i piusis b brrhs fb ciai.
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph :2 

Issjk ehkh uk sjgia vheia fb uki bkhîåh, ehkh h thk,

gbk sbkprb kirei uki kbgtjri, i iusígeji fb quiaqubr sjgia
vheia fb bkhîåh gåh prhvi gbebssirjikbgtb
gbebssirjikbgtb i vbriejfifb. I
erbfjojajfifb fh fbphjkbgth fb Mhdg Fbig furigtb is
iufjígejis fh Ubgifh ^itbrnitb, trigskjtjfis
t rigskjtjfis giejhgiakbgtb,
fbpbgfbu bk pirtb fb ehkh i iusígeji fb bkhîåh bk sui vhz -
sbu thk fb vhz ghtivbakbgtb khgõthgh - chj jgtbrprbtifi.
Pissirik-sb fhzb kbsbs ipõs i jgvisåh fi sbfb fh Ehkjtí
Giejhgia Fbkheriti fb ^itbrnitb quigfh Mhdg Fbig, ifvhnifh
fh prbsjfbgtb Gjxhg, tbstbkugdhu. Gjxhg cjgiakbgtb ifkjtju,
uk kís igtbs, qub sbus issbsshrbs divjik tbgtifh bgehorjr h
rhuoh fb ^itbrnitb, kis Gjxhg gbnhu qub shuobssb fjssh.
Gis piaivris fh mujz cbfbria Mhdg Ujrjei= "I irriji-kjýfi fh
bgehorjkbgth tjgdi cjeifh kujth obk prbsi, prjgejpiakbgtb
pbah tbstbkugdh uk fh hutrh. H qub rbstivi sbr fbtbrkjgifh
bri i vbrfifbjri euapi hu jgheígeji fhs dhkbgs gh thph. B jssh
chj h tbstbkugdh fb Fbig qub bstivi gh ebrgb fi qubståh ...
Fbig iabnhu \bk sbu fbphjkbgth gh Ubgifh[ qub fjssb i Gjxhg
ghvikbgtb qub sbrji gbebssérjh uk kjadåh fb fõairbs piri
sjabgejir hs rêus \fh rhuoh fb ^itbrnitb[, b Gjxhg rbsphgfbu
qub h fjgdbjrh phfbrji sbr hotjfh. Ubk edhqub, sbk jgfjngiîåh,
sbk rbeusis. Bsti chj i ieusiîåh kijs sbgsiejhgia fb Fbig. Bab
bstivi fjzbgfh qub h prõprjh Gjxhg divji iprhvifh hs
pinikbgths ihs rêus. "99

Gh fji sbnujgtb, i Eisi Origei ehgtbsthu is icjrkiîòbs fb

Fbig. Bk suis kbkõrjis, puoajeifis ejgeh ighs fbphjs, Gjxhg
fjssb= "Bu vj h tbstbkugdh fb Mhdg Fbig shorb ^itbrnitb ehkh
uki kjsturi bgnbgdhsi fb vbrfifb b jgvbrfifb, fb phssëvbjs kia-
bgtbgfjfhs sjgebrhs b fjsthrîòbs eairikbgtb ehgsejbgtbs. Bk uk
bschrîh piri kjtjnir sbu prõprjh pipba , bab trigspaigthu sbu
prõprjh ehgdbejkbgth thtia fh bgehorjkbgth b sui prõprji
igsjbfifb piri is piaivris b iîòbs fhs hutrhs. " 9? Gi êphei, h
itiqub i Fbig chj kujth kijs vjhabgth. Djstõrjis, suphstikbgtb fi
Eisi Origei, vizirik piri i jkprbgsi, iabnigfh qub Fbig bstivi

kbgtjgfh, itieigfh
dhkhssbxuiakbgtb
dhkhssbxuiakbg h prbsjfbgtb
tb sb phr itbkbr
bab chssb piri sbr itieifh
prjsåh.
 

:3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Bri i piaivri fb Fbig ehgtri i fb Gjxhg, b phuehs siojik

ehk ebrtbzi quia fbabs bstivi ciaigfh i vbrfifb. H mujz Ujrjei, ih
fbserbvbr suis fývjfis, fjssb= "Fbvh fjzbr qub bstivi eêtjeh bk
rbaiîåh às iabniîòbs fb Fbig. Bab bri hovjikbgtb uki cjnuri-
edivb gh bgehorjkbgth
piri kjk ... Bab tjgdi
gi êphei qub Fbig phfb kujth
kujth iobk
pbrfbr
bstir...kijs
Pirbeji
jgtbrbssifh bk sb prhtbnbr bgvhavbgfh h prbsjfbgtb fh qub bk
fjzbr i vbrfifb. "95
Ujrjei ehgtjgui fbserbvbgfh ehkh i vhz fb Fbig h
jkprbssjhghu= "Phr fjis fbphjs qub bab abu sui fbeairiîåh, hs
kbkorhs fh ehkjtí h ohkoirfbirik ehk pbrnugtis dhstjs.
Kis bab sb kigtbvb cjba à sui djstõrji. Bab gåh pirbeji
editbifh fb chrki ianuki. thk fb vhz h thrgivi erëvba. " 96
Piri hutris pbsshis, ianuêk qub ciai bk uk thk fb vhz
gbutrh phfb pirbebr bstir sb ehgtrhaigfh, h qub phfb sunbrjr
qub bab tbk ianh i bsehgfbr. Gåh jgtbrprbtir kia i vhz
khgõthgi fb Fbig bxjnjrji siobr sb bssb thk fb vhz ê
eirietbrëstjeh fbab hu gåh.
H crieissh bk khstrir uk sjgia fb bkhîåh gi vhz gåh ê
gbebssirjikbgtb bvjfígeji fb vbriejfifb< ianukis pbsshis gugei
fbkhgstrik bkhîåh, pbah kbghs gåh bk sui vhz. B kbskh is
pbsshis qub såh bkhejhgijs phfbk gåh bstir ciaigfh shorb uki
kbgtjri bk pirtjeuair. H mujz Ujrjei bstivi vuagbrévba ih pbrjnh fb
Orhliw. Abkorb-sb fb qub h iprbsbgtifhr Vhk Orhliw fjssb qub
jgtbrprbti i ejreugaõqujh ehkh uk sjgia fb kbgtjri b qub bxpajqubj
ehkh bab phfb bstir bgnigifh phrqub ianugs jgfjvëfuhs såh sbkprb
ejreugejfifhs. Obk, h mujz Ujrjei phfb bstir ehkbtbgfh h brrh hphsth
- muanir ianuêk vbrfifbjrh phrqub gåh khstri uki pjsti piri
bgnigir, gåh rbehgdbebgfh qub ianukis pbsshis gugei h cizbk.

Ikohs hs brrhs fbehrrbk fh cith fb qub hs jgfjvëfuhs fjcbrbk

bk sui bxprbssjvjfifb bkhejhgia. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris ê
vuagbrévba i brrhs, i kbghs qub sijoi ehkh ê h ehkphrtikbgth
bkhejhgia usuia fh suspbjth. Gåh divbrji rjseh fb Yuborir sb

dhuvbssbgåh pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs ehgcjévbjs piri bgnigir.

 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  :> 

Bgtåh hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris gåh tbrjik gifi piri sbnujr. B gåh

divbrji pbrjnh fb Yuborir sb is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs chssbk
pbrcbjtikbgtb ehgcjévbjs piritufh, ih jgvês fb piri i kijhrji, pbsshis.
Gbgduki pjsti piri bgnigir ê ehgcjévba piri thfhs hs sbrbs dukighs,
kis, jgfjvjfuiakbgtb b bk ehkojgiîåh, phfbk imufir h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris i muanir i kijhrji fis pbsshis. H eögmunb, ikjnhs b ehabnis fb
trioiadh fb Mhdg Fbig siobrjik sb bab ê ehkh i kijhrji fis pbsshis ih
fbkhgstrir bkhîåh bk sui vhz hu sb ê bxebpejhgiakbgtb eipiz fb
ehgtrhair sui vhz. H mujz Ujrjei, gåh tbgfh ehgdbejkbgth prêvjh fb Fbig,
bstivi vuagbrévba ih rjseh fb Orhliw.
H tbstbkugdh fb vhz khgõthgi fb Fbig chrgbeb hutri ajîåh.
Rk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb sbkprb ehgsjfbrir i phssjojajfifb
fb qub uk suspbjth sbmi uk irtjsti bxebpejhgiakbgtb tiabgthsh, tåh
eipiz fb fjscirîir sbu ehkphrtikbgth qub gåh ê phssëvba siobr sb
bab bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh. Fb iehrfh ehk sbu prõprjh rbaith, Mhdg
Fbig bri uk irtjsti tiabgthsh. Bab pirbeji siobr fb igtbkåh ehkh h
 mujz Ujrjei b hutrhs jgtbrprbtirjik
jgtbrprbtirjik sbu ehkphrtik
ehkphrtikbgth.
bgth. Bab rbaiti hs
sbnujgtbs pbgsikbgths bgquigth paigbmivi ehkh injrji ih
tbstbkugdir= "Ubrji céeja frikitjzir fbkijs hu pirbebr kujth jrifh
bk rbaiîåh ih kbu tbstbkugdh ... Bu, fbejfj, abrji ugjchrkbkbgtb,
sbk bkhîåh, ehkh ehk i kijhr crjbzi phssëvba, b rbsphgfi às
pbrnugtis fi kbski kigbjri ... Is pbsshis tbgfbk i pbgsir qub
ianuêk qub bsté fjzbgfh i vbrfifb cjeiré eiakh i rbspbjth. "92
Fbphjs qub bab tbrkjghu sbu tbstbkugdh b h jgtbrrhnitõrjh
ehkbîhu, Fbig fjssb qub cjehu kujth bkhejhgifh. "Bu sioji qub
bstivi sucheigfh, kb sbgtjgfh shzjgdh b jkphtbgtb fjigtb fh phfbr
fh prbsjfbgtb. _bspjrbj cugfh piri cizbr pirbebr qub bstivi
pbgsigfh< bstivi autigfh pbah ehgtrhab ... Sheí.gåh phfb khstrir
bkhîåh, fjssb i kjk kbskh. I jkprbgsi vij puair tufh bk sjgia fb
criqubzi phueh kiseuajgi ‛.93 H cith fb qub h fbsbkpbgdh fb Fbig
chj irtjcjejia, fb qub bab bri tåh tiabgthsh bk ehgtrhair sbu
ehkphrtikbgth, gåh sjngjcjei gbebssirjikbgtb qub bab bri uk
kbgtjrhsh, ipbgis qub hs hutrhs fbvbrjik tbr sjfh eiutbahshs ih
jgtbrprbtir sbu ehkphrtikbgth. Gi vbrfifb, i bvjfígeji

suosbqubgtb sunbrb qub h tbstbkugdh fb Fbig

 

:4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

khgy bri bk nrigfb pirtb vbrfifb, b qub Gjxhg, qub, ih ehgtrérjh fb Fbig,
gåh ê uk irtjsti kujth tiabgthsh, bstivi kbgtjgfh.
H ýatjkh tõpjeh i ehgsjfbrir igtbs fb fbjxir i vhz ê i
icjrkiîåh fb qub bxjstbk kéqujgis qub phfbk fbtbetir
kbgtjris fi vhz fb kigbjri iuthkétjei b prbejsi. Jssh jgeauj h
Psyedhahnjeia Utrbss Bviauithr (PUB), h Kirl JJ Shjeb Igiayzbr,
h Shjeb Utrbss Igiayzbr, h Psyedhahnjeia Utrbss Igiayzbr (PUI),
h Dinhtd b h Shjeb Utrbss Khgjthr. Hs ciorjeigtbs fbssbs
fjsphsjtjvhs icjrkik qub phfbk fbtbetir uki kbgtjri pbai
vhz, itê kbskh pbah tbabchgb. Eairh, ehkh sbus ghkbs
sunbrbk, babs bståh fbtbetigfh bstrbssb, gåh kbgtjgfh. Gåh
dé sjgia fb vhz fb kbgtjri pbr sb, ipbgis fb bkhîòbs
gbnitjvis. Hs ciorjeigtbs fbssbs ipirbadhs eirhs gåh chrik
kujth fjrbths ih ifvbrtjr h usuérjh shorb h fbsipirbejkbgth
fb kbgtjrhshs qub gåh sbgtbk bkhîòbs gbnitjvis b fb muanir
kia pbsshis jghebgtbs qub bståh editbifis.9> Jssh gåh pirbeb
tbr icbtifh is vbgfis. I phssjojajfifb fb uki kigbjri
jgciaëvba b fjserbti fb fbtbetir kbgtjris ê kujth jgtrjnigtb.

H ehrph 
Iprbgfj uki kigbjri ehkh hs khvjkbgths ehrphrijs fbjxik vizir
sbgtjkbgths heuaths bk uk bxpbrjkbgth cbjth furigtb kbus fjis fb
bstufigtb, dé kijs fb ?2 ighs. Gåh divji kujtis bvjfígejis ejbgtëcjeis
shorb sb hs khvjkbgths fh ehrph rbcabtjik ehk prbejsåh is bkhîòbs hu
i pbrshgiajfifb. Ianugs psjehtbripbutis pbgsirik issjk, kis suis
icjrkiîòbs chrik rbmbjtifis ehkh igbfhtis gåh ehkprhvifis pbahs
ehkphrtikbgtiajstis, qub fhkjgivik i psjehahnji ieifíkjei gi êphei.
Kujths bstufhs fb 9:96 i 9:26 gåh ehgsbnujrik
e hgsbnujrik bgehgtrir suphrtb piri
i icjrkiîåh fb qub h ehkphrtikbgth
e hkphrtikbgth gåh vbroia chrgbeb jgchrkiîòbs
prbejsis shorb is bkhîòbs b
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph :: 

pbrshgiajfifb. I psjehahnji ieifíkjei sb hrnuadivi fb ehkh hs

bxpbrjkbgths ejbgtëcjehs
ejbgtëcjehs divjik bxphsth ehkh uk kjth i erbgîi fh
abjnh fb qub bab phfji abr is bkhîòbs hu i pbrshgiajfifb fh rhsth
hu fh ehrph. Hs phuehs ejbgtjstis shejijs hu tbripbutis qub
ehgtjguirik i bserbvbr shorb h khvjkbgth ehrphria chrik
ehgsjfbrifhs, ehkh iqubabs qub sb jgtbrbssivik phr PBU b
nrichahnji, ehkh jgníguhs, tbgrhs hu ediraitåbs.
Bu gåh ehgsbnuji ierbfjtir qub bri issjk. Hosbrvigfh
Hosb rvigfh h khvjkbgth fh ehrph furigtb is sbssòbs fb tbripji

bk nruph, cjqubj ehgvbgejfh fb qub phfbrji fjzbr

fj zbr qubk bstivi editbifh ehk h quí. Ehk thfh h htjkjskh fb uk

bstufigtb fb nrifuiîåh fh prjkbjrh igh, fbejfj cizbr i psjehahnji ieifíkjei kufir sui vjsåh fh ehkphrtikbgth

gåh-vbroia. Fbsbgvhavj uk bxpbrjkbgth piri prhvir qub hs khvjkbgths fh ehrph kufik quigfh ianuêk bsté

bstrbssifh. I chgtb fh bstrbssb bri kbu prhcbsshr sígjhr, qub ehgehrfhu bk sbnujr uk paigh qub erjbj ih

qubstjhgir kbus ehabnis bstufigtbs shorb issugths shorb hs quijs bu sioji qub thfhs ghs sbgtëikhs vuagbrévbjs.

Bgquigth i eïkbri bsehgfjfi rbnjstrivi sbu ehkphrtikbgth, h prhcbsshr pbrnugthu i bssbs psjeõahnhs jgjejigtbs h

qub paigbmivik cizbr quigfh tbrkjgissbk h trbjgikbgth. Iqubabs qub kbgejhgirik i pbsqujsi chrik itieifhs

phr sb bsehgfbrbk gh aiohritõrjh b sb bsqujvirbk fi rbsphgsiojajfifb fb imufir pbsshis qub shcrbk fb fhbgîis

kbgtijs. Iqubabs qub paigbmirik fir bssi imufi pritjeigfh psjehtbripji chrik erjtjeifhs phr qubrbrbk ipbgis

nigdir fjgdbjrh b sb bsqujvir fi rbsphgsiojajfifb fb cizbr i pbsqujsi gbebssérji piri bgehgtrir i euri piri i

fhbgîi kbgtia. Bab tikoêk pbrnugthu sb h iaugh mé divji sjfh piejbgtb bk psjehtbripji. Iqubabs qub
q ub fjssbrik sjk

chrik qubstjhgifhs shorb ehkh babs bspbrivik imufir hs hutrhs sb babs prõprjhs bstjvbssbk fhbgtbs. Ub babs gåh

tjvbssbk hotjfh psjehtbripji, bab hs itieivi phr tbgtirbk imufir hs hutrhs sbk prjkbjrh sb ehgdbebrbk. Bri uki

sjtuiîåh sbk siëfi. Piri pjhrir is ehjsis, jgstruë h prhcbsshr i jgtbrr

jgtbrrhkpbr,
hkpbr, gugei fbjxigfh h iaugh ehkpabtir uki

rbsphsti i uki fb suis cirpis.

cirp is. Bab tikoêk pbrnugthu sb h iaugh mé divji sjfh piejbgtb bk psjehtbripji. Iqubabs

qub fjssbrik sjk chrik qubstjhgifhs shorb ehkh babs bspbrivik imufir hs hutrhs sb babs prõprjhs bstjvbssbk

fhbgtbs. Ub babs gåh tjvbssbk hotjfh psjehtbripji, bab hs itieivi phr tbgtirbk imufir hs hutrhs sbk prjkbjrh sb
ehgdbebrbk. Bri uki sjtuiîåh sbk siëfi. Piri pjhrir is ehjsis, jgstruë h prhcbsshr i jgtbrrhkpbr, gugei fbjxigfh h

iaugh ehkpabtir uki rbsphsti i uki fb suis cirpis. Bab tikoêk pbrnugthu sb h iaugh mé divji sjfh piejbgtb bk

psjehtbripji. Iqubabs qub fjssbrik sjk chrik qubstjhgifhs shorb ehkh babs bspbrivik imufir hs hutrhs sb babs

prõprjhs bstjvbssbk fhbgtbs. Ub babs gåh tjvbssbk hotjfh psjehtbripji, bab hs itieivi phr tbgtirbk imufir hs hutrhs

sbk prjkbjrh sb ehgdbebrbk. Bri uki sjtuiîåh sbk siëfi. Piri pjhrir is ehjsis, jgstruë h prhcbsshr i jgtbrrhkpbr,

gugei fbjxigfh h iaugh ehkpabtir uki rbsphsti i uki fb suis cirpis.

Hs iaughs sb hcbrbebrik piri bssi bxpbrjígeji kjsbrévba

piri imufir i kjk, sbu ehabni. Babs siojik qub bri uki
bgtrbvjsti fb pbsqujsi b qub h bstrbssb bstirji bgvhavjfh, kis
 

900  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jssh gåh thrghu is ehjsis kijs céebjs piri babs fbphjs qub
ehkbîhu. Chri fh bxpbrjkbgth, bssb prhcbsshr, qub inhri bstivi
injgfh fb chrki tåh jrriejhgia, tjgdi
tj gdi bghrkb phfbr shorb babs.
Uuis iviajiîòbs chrik eruejijs piri i chrkituri, b h bgtusjiskh
fb suis rbehkbgfiîòbs fbtbrkjghu h bkprbnh qub babs
phfbrjik ehgsbnujr. Bk phuehs kjguths, hs iaughs sb
fboitbrik. Jgeipizbs fb sijr hu fb sb fbcbgfbr, cbrvbgfh fb
rijvi crustrifi, babs chrik rbfuzjfhs ih sjaígejh hu i nbkjfhs
jgirtjeuaifhs. Igtbs qub ejgeh kjguths sb pississbk, jgstruë h
prhcbsshr i ieioir ehk sbu shcrjkbgth, bxpajeigfh h qub bstivi
cizbgfh b phr quí, bahnjigfh h iaugh phr inubgtir tåh obk h
bstrbssb.
Hosbrvbj phr uk bspbadh ugjaitbria b hpbrbj uki eïkbri
piri rbnjstrir pbrkigbgtbkbgtb hs khvjkbgths fh ehrph. Gåh
pufb ierbfjtir gh qub vj gi prjkbjri bgtrbvjsti. Ipõs h tbrebjrh
itiqub, i iaugi bstivi figfh h fbfh fh kbjh piri h prhcbsshr!
Bai kigtbvb i kåh giqubai phsjîåh phr ebrei fb uk kjguth
jgtbjrh. B ijgfi issjk bai gåh pirbeji orivi, b h prhcbsshr bstivi
injgfh ehkh sb gåh tjvbssb vjsth. Ehrrj piri fbgtrh quigfh i
bgtrbvjsti ieiohu. Ikohs iabnirik qub bu tjgdi jgvbgtifh. Bai
ifkjtju qub bstivi ehk rijvi, kis gbnhu tbr bxprbssifh jssh. H
prhcbsshr ehgehrfhu qub fbvh tbr jkinjgifh phrqub, fjssbfj ssb bab,
gåh pbrfbrji uk nbsth hosebgh. Yuigfh h cjakb chj rbvbaifh,
kjgdi prhvi bstivi aé. Bssb fbsajzb nbstuia, h fbfh, gåh bstivi
bxprbssigfh uk sbgtjkbgth jgehgsejbgtb. Bai sioji qub bstivi
ahuei, kis i bxprbssåh fbssbs sbgtjkbgths gåh bri ehgsejbgtb.
Bai gåh sioji qub bstivi khstrigfh h fbfh fh kbjh piri bab. Hs
sbgtjkbgths qub bai bstivi fbajobrifikbgtb tbgtigfh bsehgfbr
vizirik.
Yujgzb ighs fbphjs, vj h kbskh tjph fb vizikbgth gåh vbroia, hutrh
fbsajzb nbstuia, gh bxpbrjkbgth bk qub bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk
tbgtivik bsehgfbr suis rbiîòbs ihs cjakbs kêfjehs signrbgths. Gåh chj
h nbsth fh fbfh qub bsehrrbnhu fbsti vbz, kis uk bgehadbr fb hkorhs.
Iaugi fb bgcbrkinbk ipõs iaugi fb bgcbrkinbk fbskbgtju sui
kbgtjri ehk uk abvb bgehadbr fb hkorhs quigfh h bgtrbvjstifhr
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  909

pbrnugthu "Yubr vbr kijs8" hu "Sheí khstrirji bstb cjakb

piri uki erjigîi8"
H bgehadbr fb hkorhs b h fbfh såh fhjs bxbkpahs fb iîòbs
qub såh edikifis bkoabkis, piri fjstjgnuj-ahs fb thfhs hs
hutrhs nbsths qub is pbsshis khstrik. Hs bkoabkis tík uk
sjngjcjeifh kujth prbejsh, ehgdbejfh phr thfhs fbgtrh fb uk
nruph euaturia. Vhfh kugfh siob qub h fbfh sjngjcjei "chfi-sb"
hu "vé piri ejki" b qub fir fb hkorhs sjngjcjei "Gåh sbj",
"Bsthu jgfbcbsh" hu "H qub jssh jkphrti8" I kijhrji fhs hutrhs
nbsths gåh tbk uki fbcjgjîåh prbejsi, b sbu sjngjcjeifh ê
 

90?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

vinh. Ubk piaivris, i kijhrji fhs nbsths gåh sjngjcjei kujth. Jssh
gåh hehrrb ehk hs bkoabkis - babs phfbk sbr usifhs gh aunir fb
uki piaivri hu quigfh is piaivris gåh phfbk sbr usifis. Bxjstbk
ebrei fb sbssbgti bkoabkis fb ush ehkuk ghs Bstifhs Rgjfhs dhmb.
(Bxjstbk fjcbrbgtbs vheiouaérjhs fb bkoabkis piri eifi piës b,
kujtis vbzbs, piri nruphs rbnjhgijs fbgtrh fb uk piës.) Bxbkpahs fb
hutrhs bkoabkis obk ehgdbejfhs såh iebgir ehk i eiobîi sjk,
sieufjr i eiobîi gåh, vbgdi iquj iebgir, iebgir haé / ifbus fbfh-i-
fbfh vbrnhgdi piri vheí, pbfjfh kijs iath fb kåh piri hrbadi,
phabnir fb eirhgi b issjk phr fjigtb.94
Hs bkoabkis quisb sbkprb såh bxbeutifhs fbajobrifikbgtb. I
pbsshi qub ciz uk bkoabki siob h qub bsté cizbgfh. Bai hpthu phr
fbjxir uki kbgsinbk. Kis bxjstbk bxebîòbs. Issjk ehkh dé aipshs
fb aëgnui, dé aipshs gh khvjkbgth fh ehrph - bkoabkis qub vizik
jgchrkiîòbs qub i pbsshi bsté tbgtigfh bsehgfbr. Bxjstbk fuis
kigbjris fb siobr sb uk bkoabki ê uk fbsajzb, rbvbaigfh
jgchrkiîòbs heuatis, b gåh uki kbgsinbk fbajobrifi. Rk ê quigfh
ipbgis uk crinkbgth fh bkoabki ê bxbeutifh, gåh thfi i iîåh. H
bgehadbr fb hkorhs phfb sbr rbiajzifh abvigtigfh ikohs hs
hkorhs, hu vjrigfh is piakis piri ejki, hu phr uk khvjkbgth
ciejia qub bgvhavb abvigtir is shorigebadis b jgeajgir i péapbori
supbrjhr b cizbr uki ohei bk chrki fb cbrrifuri, hu ehkojgigfh
thfis bssis iîòbs b , às vbzbs, mhnigfh bk uki jgeajgiîåh aitbria fi
eiobîi. Yuigfh uk bkoabki ê vizifh, ipbgis uk babkbgth sbré
khstrifh, b kbskh issjk gåh bstiré ehkpabth. Ipbgis uk hkorh
phfb sbr abvigtifh, b gåh kujth iath< hu ipbgis h aéojh jgcbrjhr phfb
sbr bkpurrifh piri ejki< hu is piakis fis kåhs phfbk bstir
ajnbjrikbgtb vhatifis piri ejki. H bkoabki fh fbfh gåh bgvhavb
ipbgis uk irrigmh pirtjeuair fhs ejgeh fbfhs, kis i kåh ê
bkpurrifi piri i crbgtb b piri ejki, kujtis vbzbs rbpbtjfikbgtb
r bpbtjfikbgtb..
Yuigfh h bkoabki fh fbfh gåh chj bxbeutifh fbajobrifikbgtb,
fbajobrifikbgtb,
kis vizhu i cýrji rbprjkjfi fb uk iaugh, h ehkphgbgtb fh
khvjkbgth gåh bstivi aé, ipbgis h irrigmh fhs fbfhs.

I sbnugfi fjei fb qub h bkoabki ê uk fbsajzb b gåh uki

iîåh fbajobrifi ê qub bab ê bxbeutifh chri fh ghrkia
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh
bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph 905 

phsjîåh fb iprbsbgtiîåh. I kijhrji fhs bkoabkis ê bxbeutifi

obk gi crbgtb fi pbsshi, bgtrb i ejgturi b i érbi fh pbsehîh. Rk
bkoabki gåh phfb ciatir quigfh bsté gi phsjîåh fb
iprbsbgtiîåh. Rk bkoabki fb vizikbgth gugei ê bxbeutifh gi
phsjîåh fb iprbsbgtiîåh. Gi bgtrbvjsti fb bstrbssb, quigfh h
iaugh khstrhu h fbfh ih prhcbsshr, bab gåh chj bkpurrifh piri
chri fh bspiîh, kis sjk fbjtifh gh mhbadh fh iaugh, chri fi
phsjîåh fb iprbsbgtiîåh. Gh bxpbrjkbgth ehk bstufigtbs fb
bgcbrkinbk, hs bgehadbr fb hkorhs qub rbvbairik sbus
sbgtjkbgths fb jkphtígeji b jgeipiejfifb
j geipiejfifb fb heuatir sbus
sbgtjkbgths chrik pbqubghs njrhs fis kåhs, bgquigth is kåhs
pbrkigbebrik gh ehah. Ub h bkoabki gåh bstjvbssb crinkbgtifh
b chri fi phsjîåh fb iprbsbgtiîåh, h kbgtjrhsh pbrebobrji h qub
bstivi iehgtbebgfh b ebgsurirji h bkoabki. Eairh, bssis
eirietbrëstjeis qub fjstjgnubk h bkoabki fb vizikbgth -
crinkbgtiîåh b phsjîåh chri fb iprbsbgtiîåh - tikoêk thrgik
fjcëeja piri hs hutrhs pbrebobrbk. Rk kbgtjrhsh phfb khstrir
bssbs bkoabkis fb vizikbgth rbpbtjfis vbzbs, b nbriakbgtb
gbk h kbgtjrhsh gbk sui vëtjki jråh ghté-ahs.
Gåh dé nirigtji fb qub thfh kbgtjrhsh ehkbtbré uk fbsajzb
bkoabkétjeh. Gåh bxjstbk tijs sjgijs jgciaëvbjs fb bgnigh. Vbk
divjfh kujth phuei pbsqujsi piri bstjkir i crbquígeji ehk qub
fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs hehrrbk quigfh is pbsshis kbgtbk.
Uuokbtjfhs ih prhcbsshr dhstja, fhjs fhs ejgeh iaughs
iprbsbgtirik uk fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh. Phueh kijs fi kbtifb
fhs iaughs fb bgcbrkinbk iprbsbgthu aipsh bkoabkétjeh ih
kbgtjr. Gåh sbj phr qub ianukis pbsshis tjvbrik bssb tjph fb
vizikbgth b hutris gåh. *
Bkohri gbk thfh kbgtjrhsh khstrb uk fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh,
quigfh hehrrbk fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs, babs såh oistigtb ehgcjévbjs.
H fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh phfb sbr ehgsjfbrifh uk sjgia nbguëgh fb
uki kbgsinbk qub i pbsshi gåh fbsbmi rbvbair. Uui jgtbrprbti-

* Jgcbajzkbgtb, gbgduk fhs hutrhs jgvbstjnifhrbs qub bstufirik h bgnigh vbrjcjehu sb

babs phfbrjik rbpajeir ghssi fbsehobrti bk fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs. Ujgth-kb htjkjsti
quigth i jssh, phjs fuis vbzbs bk uk pbrëhfh fb ?2 ighs bgehgtririk vizikbgths phr
kbjh fb fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs.
 

906  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

îåh ê kbghs vuagbrévba fh qub i kijhrji fhs hutrhs sjgijs fb bgnigh

piri h pbrjnh fb Orhliw hu h brrh fb Htdbaah. Ianukis pbsshis
sbkprb ciaik fb kigbjri ejreugaheuthri, kis phueis pbsshis
ehkbtbk fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs rbnuairkbgtb. Brrhs fb ciai phfbk
sjngjcjeir bstrbssb fb vérjhs tjphs, gåh gbebssirjikbgtb ipbgis h
bstrbssb bgvhavjfh gi kbgtjri. Ehkh h bkoabki tbk uki
kbgsinbk kujth bspbeëcjei, kujth pirbejfi ehk is piaivris, hs
fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs nbriakbgtb gåh såh tåh ikoënuhs. Ub i
pbsshi fbsajzir i kbgsinbk "chfi-sb" hu "Bsthu orivh" hu "Gåh ê
bssi i jgtbgîåh" hu "iaj" - tufh jssh phfb sbr khstrifh phr uk
bkoabki - gåh fbvb divbr kujth fb uk prhoabki bk jgtbrprbtir h
qub sb qubr fjzbr.
Yuia bkoabki bsehrrbniré furigtb uki kbgtjri, quia kbgsinbk
viziré, fbpbgfbré fh qub bsté sbgfh heuatifh. Hs iaughs bk kbu
bxpbrjkbgth fb prhcbsshr dhstja bstivik bsehgfbgfh rijvi b jgfjngiîåh,
bgtåh hs fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs chrik h fbfh b h pugdh. Gh bxpbrjkbgth
fh cjakb fb trbjgikbgth kêfjeh, hs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk gåh
bstivik ehk rijvi, kis kujths sbgtjrik qub gåh bstivik heuatigfh
ifbquifikbgtb sbus sbgtjkbgths. H bgehadbr fb hkorhs fbsikpirifh
chj h fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh. Gbgduk ifuath prbejsi iprbgfbr h vheiouaérjh
fhs bkoabkis. Vhfh kugfh ehgdbeb hs bkoabkis khstrifhs phr
kbkorhs fb sui prõprji euaturi. H qub kujtis pbsshis prbejsik
iprbgfbr ê qub hs bkoabkis phfbk hehrrbr ehkh fbsajzbs. I kbghs qub
hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris bstbmik itbgths i bssi phssjojajfifb, gåh
jråh fbtbetir hs fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs qub våh bseipir fb sui
pbrebpîåh, phjs bståh crinkbgtifhs b chri fi phsjîåh fb iprbsbgtiîåh.

Jaustrifhrbs såh hutrh tjph fb khvjkbgth ehrphria qub phfb

chrgbebr pjstis fb bgnigh. Hs jaustrifhrbs ehstukik sbr ehgcugfjfhs
ehk bkoabkis, kis ê jkphrtigtb fjstjgnuj-ahs, phjs bssbs fhjs tjphs fb
khvjkbgths ehrphrijs phfbk kufir fb kigbjris hphstis quigfh is
pbsshis kbgtbk. Bkohri hs fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs phssik iukbgtir,
hs jaustrifhrbs nbriakbgtb fjkjgujråh.
Hs jaustrifhrbs såh edikifhs phr bssb ghkb phrqub jaustrik i
ciai ehkh bai ê ciaifi. Bxjstbk kujtis kigbjris fb cizbr jssh=
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  902 

i ígcisb phfb sbr fifi i uki piaivri hu crisb, obk ehkh uki kirei fb
iebgth hu suoajgdifh< h cauxh fh pbgsikbgth phfb sbr triîifh gh ir, ehkh
sb h aheuthr bstjvbssb ehgfuzjgfh sbu fjseursh< is kåhs phfbk fbsbgdir
uki jkinbk gh bspiîh hu khstrir uki iîåh rbpbtjgfh hu ikpajcjeigfh h
qub bsté sbgfh fjth. Uåh is kåhs qub nbriakbgtb jaustrik i ciai, bkohri hs
khvjkbgths fi shorigebadi b fi péapbori supbrjhr nbriakbgtb chrgbîik
jaustrifhrbs fb ígcisb, b thfh h ehrph hu i pirtb supbrjhr fh trhgeh
tikoêk phfbk cizbr h kbskh.
Is itjtufbs shejijs bk rbaiîåh à prhprjbfifb fhs
jaustrifhrbs kufirik ehgtjguikbgtb ghs ýatjkhs
sêeuahs. Dhuvb heisjòbs bk qub jaustrir bri i kirei fis
eaissbs iatis, b tikoêk heisjòbs bk qub chrik
ehgsjfbrifis
ehgsjfbrif is i kirei fhs rufbs. Ajvrhs fb hritõrji
nbriakbgtb rbtritik hs jaustrifhrbs gbebssérjhs piri
ciair bk pýoajeh ehk suebssh.
H bstufh ejbgtëcjeh pjhgbjrh fb jaustrifhrbs gåh chj rbiajzifh piri
fbsehorjr pjstis piri bgnigir, kis piri fbsicjir is icjrkiîòbs fhs
ejbgtjstis shejijs gizjstis. Hs rbsuatifhs fbssb bstufh phfbk imufir h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris i bvjtir brrhs fbvjfh à ciadi bk rbehgdbebr is
fjcbrbgîis giejhgijs ghs jaustrifhrbs. Furigtb i fêeifi fb 9:50,
ipirbebrik kujths irtjnhs iabnigfh qub hs jaustrifhrbs brik jgiths b
qub is "riîis jgcbrjhrbs", ehkh hs mufbus hu ejnighs, chrkivik kujths
jaustrifhrbs nrigfbs b iorignbgtbs bk ehkpiriîåh ehk hs irjighs
"supbrjhrbs", kbghs bxpigsjvhs nbstuiakbgtb. Gbgduki kbgîåh chj
cbjti ihs nrigfbs jaustrifhrbs khstrifhs pbah iajifh jtiajigh fi
Iabkigdi! Fivjf Bcrhg,9: uk mufbu irnbgtjgh qub bstufivi gi
Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Ehaukoji ehk h igtrhpõahnh Crigz Ohis, bxikjghu hs
jaustrifhrbs fb pbsshis qub vjvjik gh Ahwbr Bist Ujfb fb Ghvi Zhrl.
Bab fbsehorju qub hs jkjnrigtbs fi Ujeëaji usivik jaustrifhrbs qub
fbsbgdik uki jkinbk hu khstrik uki iîåh, bgquigth hs
jkjnrigtbs mufbus ajtuighs usivik jaustrifhrbs qub bgcitjzik hu
triîik h cauxh fh pbgsikbgth. Ubus cjadhs gisejfhs ghs Bstifhs Rgjfhs
qub crbqubgtirik bsehais jgtbnrifis gåh fjcbrjrik ugs fhs hutrhs gh
ush fb jaustrifhrbs. Hs fb isebgfígeji sjejajigi ehstukivik
 

903  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jaustrifhrbs sbkbadigtbs ihs usifhs phr cjadhs fb pijs

 mufbus ajtuighs.
H bstjah fhs jaustrifhrbs ê ifqujrjfh, khstrhu Bcrhg, gåh jgith.
Pbsshis fb fjcbrbgtbs euaturis gåh ipbgis usik fjcbrbgtbs tjphs fb
jaustrifhrbs, kis ianugs jaustrik kujth phueh, bgquigth hutrhs
jaustrik kujth. Kbskh fbgtrh fb uki euaturi, hs jgfjvëfuhs fjcbrbk
gi quigtjfifb fb jaustrifhrbs qub bxjobk. * Gåh ê h gýkbrh
ioshauth fb jaustrifhrbs hu sbu tjph, phrtigth, qub phfb fbgugejir
uki kbgtjri. I pjsti piri h bgnigh vbk fb ghtir uki fjkjgujîåh
gh gýkbrh fb jaustrifhrbs khstrifhs, quigfh uki pbsshi jaustri
kbghs fh qub h ghrkia. Kijs prbejsi sbr bxpajeifh shorb quigfh is
pbsshisCiz jaustrir, piri bvjtir jgtbrprbtir kia phr qub ianuêk
khstri uki fjkjgujîåh.
Ehgsjfbrb prjkbjrh phr qub is pbsshis jaustrik. Hs jaustrifhrbs såh
usifhs piri imufir i bxpajeir jfbjis fjcëebjs fb trifuzjr bk piaivris.
Fbsehorjkhs qub is pbsshis tjgdik kijs prhoiojajfifb fb jaustrir
quigfh shajejtifis i fbcjgjr zjnubzinub fh qub eifbjri, kijs
prhoiojajfifb fb jaustrir ih bxpajeir ehkh edbnir ih ehrrbjh fh qub ih
bxpajeir sui bsehadi heupiejhgia. Hs jaustrifhrbs tikoêk såh usifhs
quigfh uki pbsshi gåh ehgsbnub bgehgtrir uki piaivri. Bstiair hs
fbfhs hu bstbgfbr i kåh gh ir pirbeb imufir i pbsshi i bgehgtrir i
piaivri, ehkh sb i piaivri cautuissb iejki fi pbsshi eipturifi pbah
khvjkbgth fh jaustrifhr. Bssbs jaustrifhrbs fb ousei fb piaivris pbah
kbghs pbrkjtbk qub i hutri pbsshi sijoi qub uki ousei bsté bk
igfikbgth b qub i prjkbjri pbsshi gåh fbsjstju fb ciair. Hs jaustrifhrbs
phfbk tbr uki cugîåh fb iuthiprbgfjzinbk, imufigfh is pbsshis i
 mugtir is piaivris bk uk fjseursh rizhivbakbgtb ehbrbgtb. Hs
jaustrifhrbs iukbgtik ehk h bgvhavjkbgth ehk h qub bsté sbgfh fjth.
Is pbsshis tbgfbk i jaustrir kijs fh qub h ghrkia quigfh bståh
curjhsis, dhrrhrjzifis, kujth injtifis, ignustjifis hu bgtusjiskifis.

* Cikëajis fb jkjnrigtbs fb euaturis qub cizbk

c izbk ush crbqubgtb fb jaustrifhrbs ehstukik
trbjgir sbus cjadhs
cjadhs piri gåh ciair ehk is kåhs. Ubus cjadhs såh ivj
ivjsifhs
sifhs fb qub, sb
jaustrirbk,
ehk is iîòbspirbebråh qubkijs
ikbrjeigis vjbrik fh piës
igtjnis fhigtjnh.
ghrtb fiGåh jaustrir ciré ehk qub sb pirbîik
Burhpi.
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  90> 

Inhri ehgsjfbrb phr qub is pbsshis khstrik kbghs fh qub sbu
gëvba ghrkia fb jaustriîåh, phjs jssh fbjxiré eairh quigfh bssis
fjkjgujîòbs phfbk sbr uki pjsti piri bgnigir. H prjkbjrh khtjvh ê i
ciati fb jgvbstjkbgth bkhejhgia gh qub bsté sbgfh fjth. Is pbsshis
jaustrik kbghs fh qub h ghrkia quigfh gåh bståh bgvhavjfis, bståh
bgtbfjifis, fbsjgtbrbssifis hu prhcugfikbgtb trjstbs. Pbsshis qub
cjgnbk prbheupiîåh hu bgtusjiskh phfbk sbr triëfis phr fbjxir fb
iehkpigdir sbu fjseursh ehk kijs jaustrifhrbs.
Hs jaustrifhrbs tikoêk fjkjgubk quigfh uki pbsshi bsté
tbgfh prhoabkis piri fbejfjr bxitikbgtb h qub fjzbr. Ub ianuêk
pbsi eifi piaivri eujfifhsikbgtb, ehgsjfbrigfh h qub ê fjth
igtbs fb sbr fjth, gåh dé kujti jaustriîåh. Ih fir uki piabstri
pbai prjkbjri hu sbnugfi vbz, sbmi uki piabstri hu uk fjseursh
fb vbgfis, gåh divbré tigths jaustrifhrbs quigth kijs tirfb,
quigfh gåh dhuvbr kujth bschrîh piri bgehgtrir piaivris.
Jaustrifhrbs fjkjgubk sbkprb qub dé eiutbai quigth à ciai.
Phfb gåh tbr gifi i vbr ehk bgnigh. Phfb divbr eiutbai phrqub
is iphstis såh iatis= i prjkbjri jkprbssåh fbjxifi bk uk edbcb,
i rbsphsti i uki pbrnugti qub phfbrji rbgfbr uk príkjh, is
prjkbjris piaivris i uki pbsshi qub igtbs ifkjrivi
ipijxhgifikbgtb à fjstïgeji. I ikojviaígeji tikoêk jgfjei
eiutbai quigth ih qub fjzbr. Rki pbsshi tëkjfi phfb sbr
tbrrjvbakbgtb tbgtifi phr uki hcbrti fb bkprbnh kujth kijs
aueritjvi, kis tbk kbfh fb ehrrbr hs rjsehs bgvhavjfhs bk uki
ghvi sjtuiîåh fb trioiadh. Fjvjfjfh phr siobr sb fbvbrji hu gåh,
bab shcrb ehk h pbsifh prhoabki fh qub fjzbr b ehkh fjzbr.
Ub uki kbgtjrhsi gåh tjvbr baiohrifh sui ajgdi fb kigbjri
ifbquifi ehk igtbebfígeji, bai tikoêk tbré qub sbr eiutbahsi,
ehgsjfbrigfh eujfifhsikbgtb eifi piaivri igtbs fb sbr fjti.
Bgnigifhrbs qub gåh chrik bgsijifhs, qub tjvbrik phuei prétjei gi
kbgtjri bk pirtjeuair, qub gåh ehgsbnujrik prbvbr h qub sbrji
pbrnugtifh hu quigfh, iprbsbgtiråh uki fjkjgujîåh ghs jaustrifhrbs.
Kbskh qub i kbgtjrhsi tbgdi baiohrifh b pritjeifh sui ajgdi, sbus
jaustrifhrbs phfbk fjkjgujr fbvjfh à jgtbrcbrígeji fb suis bkhîòbs.
Ianukis bkhîòbs, bspbejiakbgtb h kbfh, phfbk jgtbrcbrjr gi ciai
ehbrbgtb. H cirfh fb nbrbgejir quisb thfis is bkhîòbs chrtbs
 

904  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fjstrij fhs prhebsshs bgvhavjfhs bk ikirrir piaivris mugtis. Ub i

bkhîåh tjvbr qub sbr bsehgfjfi, gåh ipbgis ifkjgjstrifi, b sb
chr uki bkhîåh chrtb, bgtåh ê prhvévba qub kbskh h kbgtjrhsh
ehk uki ciai obk prbpirifi tbgdi prhoabkis piri bxprbssé-ai,
b hs jaustrifhrbs fjkjgujråh.
Is iaugis fb bgcbrkinbk bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth jaustririk
kbghs quigfh tbgtirik bsehgfbr suis rbiîòbs ih cjakb fb
qubjkifuri fb ikputiîåh fh qub quigfh fbserbvbrik
dhgbstikbgtb sbus sbgtjkbgths bk rbaiîåh ih cjakb fb cahrbs. Bsti
fjkjgujîåh fb jaus- trifhrbs hehrrbu phr pbah kbghs fhjs khtjvhs= hs
iaughs gåh tjgdik prétjei bk cizbr i kbgtjri bxjnjfi b gåh tjgdik
tjfh tbkph piri prbpirir sui ciai, b chrtbs bkhîòbs chrik
fbspbrtifis, tigth fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh quigth bkhîòbs bk
rbsphsti i h cjakb signrbgth qub babs bstivik issjstjgfh. Kujths
hutrhs jgvbstjnifhrbs tikoêk fbsehorjrik qub hs jaustrifhrbs såh
kbghs ipirbgtbs quigfh ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh fh qub quigfh
ianuêk bsté fjzbgfh i vbrfifb. Gbssbs bstufhs, phuei bkhîåh
bstivi bgvhavjfi, kis hs kbgtjrhshs bstivik kia prbpirifhs.
Ih iprbsbgtir hs jaustrifhrbs, fjssb qub ê jkphrtigtb fjstjgnuj-
ahs fhs bkoabkis, phjs kufigîis hphstis phfbk hehrrbr bk eifi
uk fbabs quigfh ianuêk kbgtb= hs fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs
iukbgtik b hs jaustrifhrbs fjkjgubk. Is fjcbrbgîis eruejijs bgtrb
bkoabkis b jaustrifhrbs bståh gi prbejsåh fh khvjkbgth b fi
kbgsinbk. Piri h bkoabki, ikohs såh iatikbgtb prbserjths=
gbgduk khvjkbgth sbrvjré< ipbgis uk khvjkbgth iatikbgtb
fbcjgjfh trigskjtb i kbgsinbk oistigtb prbejsi. Hs jaustrifhrbs, phr
hutrh aifh, phfbk bgvhavbr uki ikpai virjbfifb fb khvjkbgths b
trigskjtjr uki kbgsinbk vini, bk vbz fb prbejsi. Ehgsjfbrb h
bkoabki I-HL fh phabnir piri h prjkbjrh fbfh. Uõ bxjstb uki
kigbjri fb cizbr jssh. Ub h phabnir chr piri h fbfh kêfjh hu këgjkh,
gåh cjeiré kujth eairh. B h sjngjcjeifh ê kujth bspbeëcjeh - "HL", "jssh ê
ohk", "tufh obk". * Jaustrifhrbs gåh t tbk kujth sjngjcjeifh
jgfbpbgfbgtb fis piaivris. Issjstjgfh ianuêk ...

* Bstb bkoabki tbk uk sjngjcjeifh oistigtb fjcbrbgtb b hosebgh bk ianugs piësbs fh sua
fi Burhpi. Hs bkoabkis gåh såh ugjvbrsijs. Ubu sjngjcjeifh virji ehk i euaturi.
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  90: 

austrir sbk huvjr is piaivris gåh rbvbai kujth shorb i ehgvbrsi<

gåh ê issjk sb i pbsshi ciz uk bkoabki. Hutri fjcbrbgîi bgtrb
bkoabkis b jaustrifhrbs ê qub bkohri ikohs sbmik khstrifhs
quigfh is pbsshis ehgvbrsik, hs bkoabkis phfbk sbr usifhs
gh aunir fb uki piaivri hu quigfh is pbsshis gåh phfbk hu gåh
ciaik. Hs khvjkbgths fh Jaaustrithr, phr fbcjgjîåh, hehrrbk ipbgis
furigtb i ciai, gåh piri suostjtuë-ai hu quigfh is pbsshis gåh
ciaik.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb sbr kijs eiutbahsh ih jgtbrprbtir
jaustrifhrbs fh qub fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs. Ehgchrkb fbserjth
igtbrjhrkbgtb, tigth h brrh fb Htdbaah quigth h pbrjnh fb Orhliw
jgcaubgejik hs jaustrifhrbs, kis gåh fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs. Ub h ipigdifhr
fb kbgtjris ghtir uki fjkjgujîåh gi jaustriîåh, bab fbvb fbseirtir thfhs hs
hutrhs khtjvhs (iaêk fb kbgtjr) piri ianuêk qubrbr bsehadbr
eujfifhsikbgtb eifi piaivri. Dé kbghs ikojnñjfifb gh fbsajzb
bkoabkétjeh<< i kbgsinbk trigskjtjfi nbriakbgtb ê sucjejbgtbkbgtb
bkoabkétjeh s ucjejbgtbkbgtb
fjstjgti piri thrgé-ai kijs céeja piri h rbebpthr fb kbgtjris jgtbrprbtir. B h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh prbejsi tbr ehgdbejkbgth prêvjh fh suspbjth
piri jgtbrprbtir uk fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh.
bkoabkétjeh. Via iîåh, phr sj sõ, tbk sjngjcjeifh.
Rki vbz qub hs jgfjvëfuhs fjcbrbk bghrkbk
bghrkbkbgtb
bgtb bk sui tixi usuia fb
jaustriîåh, gbgduk muanikbgth
muanikbgth phfb sbr cbjth shorb babs, i kbghs qub h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbgdi ianuki oisb piri ehkpiriîåh. I
jgtbrprbtiîåh
jgtbrprbtiîå h fb jaustrifhrbs, ehkh i kijhrji fis hutris pjstis piri
bgnigir, rbqubr ehgdbejkbgth prêvjh. Jfbgtjcjeir h bgnigh ê kujth fjcëeja
gis prjkbjris rbugjòbs. Is eugdis bkoabkétjeis hcbrbebk uki fis phueis
phssjojajfifbs.
I rizåh piri bxpajeir h prõxjkh tjph fb khvjkbgth ehrphria,
kigjpuaifhrbs, ê iabrtir h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris shorb h rjseh fb
jgtbrprbté-ahs
jgtbrprbté-ahs ehkh jgfëejhs fb bgnigh. Fbsehorjkhs qub hs ipigdifh
ipigdifhrbs
rbs
fb kbgtjris kujtis vbzbs muanik brrhgbikbgtb qub uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri
bsté kbgtjgfh phrqub khstrik kujths kigjpuaifhrbs. Bkohri hs
kigjpuaifhrbs phssik sbr uk sjgia fb qub ianuêk bsté editbifh, gbk
sbkprb bståh. Rk iukbgth gi itjvjfifb fh kigjpuaifhr gåh ê uk sjgia
ehgcjévba fb bgnigh, kis is pbsshis pbgsik qub ê.

Hs kigjpuaifhrbs jgeaubk thfhs iqubabs khvjkbgths bk

qub uki pirtb fh ehrph iajsi, kissinbji, bscrbni, sbnuri,
 

990  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ipbrti, irrigdi, irrigdi hu kigjpuai hutri pirtb fh ehrph. Hs

kigjpuaifhrbs phfbk tbr uki furiîåh kujth eurti hu phfbk
furir kujths kjguths. Ianukis fis orbvbs pirbebk tbr uk
prhpõsjth= h eiobah ê rbhrnigjzifh, i kitêrji ê rbkhvjfi fh
eigia iufjtjvh, uki pirtb fh ehrph ê irrigdifi. Hutrhs
kigjpuaifhrbs, bspbejiakbgtb iqubabs qub furik kujth tbkph,
pirbebk gåh tbr prhpõsjth= h eiobah ê threjfh b gåh threjfh, hs
fbfhs bscrbnifhs, uk pê oitjfh. Ghrkiakbgtb, i kåh ê h
kigjpuaifhr. I kåh tikoêk phfb sbr h rbebpthr, issjk ehkh
quiaqubr hutri pirtb fh ehrph. Fbstjgitérjhs ehkugs såh eiobah,
hrbadis, girjz hu vjrjadi. Is iîòbs fh kigjpuaifhr tikoêk
phfbk sbr bxbeutifis gh rhsth - aëgnui ehgtri ohedbedis hu
fbgtbs ajnbjrikbgtb khrfbgfh hs aéojhs - b pbrgi ehgtri pbrgi.
Hs ifbrbîhs phfbk sb thrgir pirtb fb uk ith fb kigjpuaifhr -
cõschrh, aépjs, eajpb fb pipba hu ejnirrh.
Bkohri i kijhrji fis pbsshis tbgdi sjfh erjifi piri gåh rbiajzir
bssbs ehkphrtikbgths fb oigdbjrh bk pýoajeh, bais gåh iprbgfbrik i
pirir fb pritjeé-ahs, ipbgis piri fbjxir fb ghtir qub hs cizbk. Gåh ê qub
is pbsshis bstbmik ehkpabtikbgtb jgehgsejbgtbs fb sbus kigjpuaifhrbs.
Ub pbrebobrkhs qub ianuêk bsté hadigfh piri uk fb ghsshs iths fb
kigjpuaiîåh, ripjfikbgtb h jgtbrrhkpbrbkhs, fjkjgujrbkhs hu
fjscirîirbkhs. Rk nbsth kijhr crbqñbgtbkbgtb ehorjré diojakbgtb uk
nbsth vbahz. Kbskh bssi bstritênji baiohrifi piri heuatir
heua tir uk
kigjpuaifhr gåh ê cbjti ehk kujti ehgsejígeji. Hs kigjpuaifhrbs bståh
gh ajkjtb fi ehgsejígeji. I kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ehgsbnub pirir fb
cizí-ahs phr kujth tbkph, kbskh quigfh tbgti fbajobrifikbgtb cizí-ah.
Is pbsshis bståh iehstukifis i sb kigjpuair.
Is pbsshis såh kujth kijs ifbquifis ehkh hosbrvifhris fh
qub ehkh bxbeutigtbs. I pbsshi qub ciz uk khvjkbgth fh
kigjpuaifhr tbk prjviejfifb piri ehgeaujr bssb ith, kbskh quigfh
h kigjpuaifhr ehkbîi obk gh kbjh fb uki ehgvbrsi. Hutrhs
fbsvjik h hadir quigfh uk kigjpuaifhr ê bxbeutifh, hadigfh piri
trés ipbgis quigfh bab ieioi. Ub h kigjpuaifhr ê uki fiqubais
itjvjfifbs ipirbgtbkbgtb jgýtbjs, ehkh threbr h eiobah, qub ehgtjgui
b ehgtjgui, bgtåh ê eairh qub hs hutrhs gåh hadik
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  999

piri sbkprb, kis is pbsshis gåh hadiråh phr kujth tbkph
fjrbtikbgtb piri h ith fh kigjpuaifhr. Bssi fbsitbgîåh bfueifi
piri ehk hs kigjpuaifhrbs ê uk déojth supbriprbgfjfh, hpbrigfh
sbk pbgsir. Ê h hosbrvifhr kigjpuaifhr, b gåh h pbrchrkbr, qub,
ehkh uk hosbrvifhr, erji i hcbgsi às kigbjris. Yuigfh fhjs eirrhs
eirr hs
pirik bk uki paiei fb pirb, ê i pbsshi qub hadi piri i pbsshi gh
eirrh ih aifh qub ehkbtb i jgcriîåh, gåh i pbsshi qub bsté
ajkpigfh vjnhrhsikbgtb i hrbadi.
Bu b hutrhs bstufigfh kigjpuaifhrbs ghs pbrnugtikhs phr
qub is pbsshis sb bgvhavbk bk uk kigjpuaifhr bk vbz fb bk
hutrh. Ujngjcjei ianuki ehjsi sb chr uk itrjth bk vbz fb uk
ipbrth, uki pjeirbti bk vbz fb uk irrigdåh8 B, dé ianuki
kbgsinbk qub phfb sbr ajfi, qubr sbmi i kåh, i hrbadi hu h
girjz qub bsté irrigdifh8 Pirtb fi rbsphsti ê jfjhssjgerisji. Is
pbsshis tík sbus civhrjths, uk tjph bspbeëcjeh fb kigjpuaifhr
qub ê sui kirei rbnjstrifi. Piri uki pbsshi phfb sbr threbr uk
igba, piri hutri pbnir eutëeuais b, piri hutri, threbr uk ojnhfb.
Gjgnuêk tbgthu fbsehorjr phr qub is pbsshis tík uk
kigjpuaifhr civhrjth bk ehkpiriîåh ehk hutrh, hu phr qub
ianukis pbsshis gåh tík uk kigjpuaifhr jfjhssjgerétjeh
bspbejia. Bxjstbk ianukis bvjfígejis qub sunbrbk qub ebrtis
iîòbs fh kigjpuaifhr rbvbaik kijs fh qub ipbgis fbsehgchrth.
Bgehgtrikhs kigjpuaiîåh fb kigjpuaifhrbs bk piejbgtbs
psjqujétrjehs qub gåh bxprbssivik rijvi. Ehorjr hs hadhs bri

ehkuk bgtrb
bvjfígeji hs piejbgtbs
ê prhvjsõrji, qub sbgtjikehk
bk ehkpiriîåh vbrnhgdi. Kis bssi
i fbsehobrti kijs
nbria fb qub hs kigjpuaifhrbs iukbgtik ehk h fbsehgchrth.?0
Hs ejbgtjstis ehkprhvirik rizhivbakbgtb obk i erbgîi fh
abjnh fb qub is pbsshis sb jgqujbtik, cizbk khvjkbgths injtifhs,
quigfh bståh phueh à vhgtifb hu gbrvhsis. Kigjpuaifhrbs qub
irrigdik, bsprbkbk, irrigeik b ajkpik b ajkpik hrjcëejhs
iukbgtik ehk quiaqubr tjph fb fbsehgchrth. Ierbfjth qub is
pbsshis tikoêk khstrik kujths kigjpuaifhrbs quigfh bståh
oistigtb rbaixifis b à vhgtifb, shatigfh hs eiobahs. Yuigfh bståh
ehk sbus ikjnhs, is pbsshis gåh sb prbheupik tigth bk sbr
 

99?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

iprhprjifh. Ianukis pbsshis tbråh kijs prhoiojajfifb fh qub hutris fb

irrhtir, kigjpuair b sb bgtrbnir i ehkphrtikbgths qub, gi kijhrji fis
sjtuiîòbs, såh pbah kbghs pirejiakbgtb ehgtrhaifhs. Ub jssh bstjvbr
ehrrbth, bgtåh hs kigjpuaifhrbs såh sjgijs fb fbsehgchrth ipbgis bk
sjtuiîòbs kijs chrkijs, ehk pbsshis qub gåh såh tåh cikjajirbs.
Hs kigjpuaifhrbs
kigjpuaifhrbs gåh såh ehgcjévbjs
ehgcjévbjs ehkh sjgijs fb bgnigh phrqub
phfbk jgfjeir bstifhs hphsths - fbsehgchrth b rbaixikbgth. Iaêk fjssh,
hs kbgtjrhshs siobk qub fbvbk tbgtir bskinir sbus kigjpuaifhrbs, b i
kijhrji tbré suebssh pirtb fh tbkph. Hs kbgtjrhshs gåh tík gbgduk
ehgdbejkbgth bspbejia fjssh< ciz pirtb fh chaeahrb nbria qub hs
kigjpuaifhrbs såh sjgijs fb fbsehgchrth, ehkphrtikbgth gbrvhsh. Vhfh
kugfh pbgsi qub hs kbgtjrhshs cjeik jgqujbths, qub i jgqujbtiîåh ê
uki pjsti fb bgnigh. Yuigfh pbrnugtikhs às pbsshis ehkh bais fjrjik
sb ianuêk bstivi kbgtjgfh, hs hadhs ehgthrejfhs b istuths chrik hs
vbgebfhrbs.Pjstis qub thfhs ehgdbebk, qub bgvhavbk ehkphrtikbgth
e hkphrtikbgth
qub phfb sbr ciejakbgtb jgjojfh, gåh sbråh kujth ehgcjévbjs sb is
iphstis chrbk iatis b h kbgtjrhsh gåh qujsbr sbr pbnh.

Is iaugis fb bgcbrkinbk gåh fbkhgstririk kijs iîòbs fb

kigjpuaiîåh ih kbgtjr fh qub ih fjzbr i vbrfifb. Hutrhs bstufhs
bgehgtririk uk iukbgth fb kigjpuaifhrbs furigtb bgnighs. Ierbfjth
qub sbmik is fjcbrbgîis gis iphstis qub bxpajeik bssi ehgtrifjîåh gis
fbsehobrtis. Yuigfh is iphstis såh iatis, is iîòbs fh kigjpuaifhr
phfbk sbr jgtbrkjtbgtbs, phjs chrîis ehgtrérjis phfbk bstir bk iîåh. Is
iphstis iatis thrgik h kbgtjrhsh khgjthr b ehgtrhab pjstis iebssëvbjs b
ehgdbejfis piri bgnigir, ehkh kigjpuaifhrbs, kis bssis iphstis iatis
phfbk cizbr ehk qub h kbgtjrhsh tbgdi kbfh fb sbr pbnh, b bssb
fbsehgchrth fbvb iukbgtir bssb ehkphrtikbgth. Hs kigjpuaifhrbs
phfbk iukbgtir, sbr khgjthrifhs, rbprjkjfhs, fbsipirbebr phr uk
tbkph, rbipirbebr b, fbphjs fb uk tbkph, ghvikbgtb sbr ghtifhs b
suprjkjfhs. Ehkh is iphstis brik iatis, hs bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk
trioiadirik furh piri ehgtrhair suis iîòbs fb kigjpuaiîåh. Gåh divji
kujth bk mhnh ghs bstufhs qub fbsehorjrik qub hs kigjpuaifhrbs
iukbgtivik furigtb i kbgtjri. I sjtuiîåh bri uk phueh bstrigdi - pbfjr
piri kbgtjr bk uk bxpbrjkbgth ê jgehkuk - b bgtåh phfbrji tbr divjfh
h sucjejbgtb
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph 995 

fbsehgchrth piri iukbgtir is iîòbs fh kigjpuaifhr. Kis gåh dhuvb

nigdhs hu pbrfis jkphrtigtbs piri h suebssh hu crieissh gbssbs
bgnighs, phuei rizåh piri h kbgtjrhsh fbspbgfbr h bschrîh
bsc hrîh piri
khgjthrir b suprjkjr is iîòbs fh kigjpuaifhr. Kbskh qub kjgdi
bxpajeiîåh fb phr qub rbsuatifhs ehgtrifjtõrjhs chrik hotjfhs bstbmi
jgehrrbti (b tijs jgtbrprbtiîòbs phstbrjhrbs fbvbk sbr vjstis ehkh
prhvjsõrjis itê qub sbmik ehgcjrkifis phr bstufhs ifjejhgijs), is
prõprjis fbsehobrtis ehgtrifjtõrjis såh rizåh sucjejbgtb piri h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sbr eiutbahsh shorb kigjpuaifhrbs fb
jgtbrprbtiîåh.
Bk ghssh bstufh shorb ehkh is pbsshis phfbk bgtbgfbr kbgtjris,
fbsehorjkhs qub is pbsshis muanirik iqubabs qub khstririk kujths
kigjpuaifhrbs ehkh kbgtjrhshs. Gåh jkphrtivi sb i pbsshi qub
khstrivi h kigjpuaifhr bstivi rbiakbgtb fjzbgfh i vbrfifb hu
kbgtjgfh< iqubabs qub hs vjrik hs rhtuairik fb fbshgbsths sb babs
khstrissbk kujths. Ê jkphrtigtb rbehgdbebr i prhoiojajfifb fb
ehkbtbr bssb brrh. Fbjxb-kb rbvbr is vérjis rizòbs pbais quijs hs
kigjpuaifhrbs såh uk sjgia gåh ehgcjévba fb bgnigh.
Is pbsshis virjik bghrkbkbgtb bk ehkh kujths kigjpuaifhrbs b
qub tjphs fb kigjpuaifhrbs babs nbriakbgtb khstrik. Bssb prhoabki fb
fjcbrbgîi jgfjvjfuia (h pbrjnh fb Orhliw) phfb sbr ehkoitjfh sb h
rbebpthr fb kbgtjris tjvbr ianuk ehgdbejfh igtbrjhr b pufbr cizbr
ehkpiriîòbs ehkphrtikbgtijs.
H brrh fb Htdbaah tikoêk jgtbrcbrb gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fhs kigjpuaifhrbs

ehkh pjstis fb bgnigh, uki vbz qub hs kigjpuaifhrbs iukbgtik quigfh is

pbsshis sb sbgtbk fbsehgchrtévbjs ehk quiaqubr ehjsi. Bstb ê uk prhoabki
ehk hutrhs sjgijs fb bgnigh tikoêk, kis ê bspbejiakbgtb inufh ehk
kigjpuaifhrbs,
kigjpuaifh rbs, uki vbz qub babs gåh såh ipbgis sjgijs fb fbsehgchrth, kis às
vbzbs, ehk hs ikjnhs, sjgijs fb ehgchrth.
Vhfhs ierbfjtik qub khstrir kujths kigjpuaifhrbs trij h
bgnigh, bgtåh uk kbgtjrhsh khtjvifh tbgtiré bskiné-ahs. Ih
ehgtrérjh fi bxprbssåh ciejia, qub is pbsshis tikoêk tbgtik
ehgtrhair, hs kigjpuaifhrbs såh oistigtb céebjs fb jgjojr. Hs
kbgtjrhshs ehgsbnujråh jgjojr hs kigjpuaifhrbs pbah kbghs pirtb

fh tbkph
Hutrhsbispbeth
dhuvbr kujti iphsti.
fh ehrph - phsturi - chj bxikjgifh
 

996  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phr vérjhs jgvbstjnifhrbs, kis chrik bgehgtrifis phueis

bvjfígejis fb vizikbgth hu jgfëejhs fb bgnigh. Is pbsshis
siobk ehkh fbvbk sbgtir b cjeir bk pê. I phsturi ifbquifi
piri uki bgtrbvjsti chrkia gåh ê i phsturi issukjfi ih
ehgvbrsir ehk uk ikjnh. I phsturi pirbeb obk sho ehgtrhab b
ifkjgjstrifi ehk suebssh quigfh ianuêk bsté bgnigigfh. Bu b
hutrhs qub bstufikhs h bgnigh gåh bgehgtrikhs fjcbrbgîis gi
phsturi quigfh is pbsshis kbgtbk hu fjzbk i vbrfifb. * Ê eairh
qub phfbkhs gåh tbr kbfjfh iqubab ispbeth fi phsturi qub
kufi. Rki phssjojajfifb ê i tbgfígeji fb ivigîir ehk jgtbrbssb
hu rijvi b rbtrhebfbr ehk kbfh hu rbpuasi. Rk kbgtjrhsh
khtjvifh fbvb, bgtrbtigth, sbr eipiz fb jgjojr thfhs, bxebth hs
sjgijs kijs sutjs fb pjstis phsturijs piri bssis bkhîòbs.

Pjstis fh sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh 

Itê inhri, fjseutj is iîòbs ehrphrijs prhfuzjfis pbahs
kýseuahs bsqubaêtjehs. H sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh (UGI)
tikoêk prhfuz ianukis kufigîis pbrebptëvbjs gh ehrph
ehk i bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia= gh pifråh fb rbspjriîåh< gi
crbquígeji fb fbnautjîåh< b gi quigtjfifb fb suhr. (Kufigîis
fb IGU rbnjstrifis gh rhsth, ehkh ruohr, bkpiajfbejkbgth b
fjaitiîåh fi pupjai, såh fjseutjfis gh prõxjkh eipëtuah.) Bssis

kufigîis
fbspbrtifi,hehrrbk jgvhaugtirjikbgtb
såh kujth fjcëebjs fb jgjojr quigfh i bkhîåh
b, phr bssb khtjvh,ê
phfbk sbr pjstis kujth ehgcjévbjs bgnigir.
H fbtbethr fb kbgtjris fh phaënrich kbfb bssis kufigîis
IGU, kis kujtis fbais sbråh vjsëvbjs sbk h ush fb uk ipirith
bspbejia. Ub uk kbgtjrhsh sbgtb kbfh, rijvi, bxejtiîåh, ignýstji,
euapi hu vbrnhgdi, phfb hehrrbr uk prhebssh répjfh
* Rk bstufh shorb h bgnigh fbsehorju qub is pbsshis ierbfjtik qub iqubabs qub kufik
fb phsturi ehk crbquígeji bståh kbgtjgfh. Gi vbrfifb, phrêk, i phsturi prhvhu gåh
bstir rbaiejhgifi à vbriejfifb. Sbr _hobrt B. Lriut b Fhgiaf Phb, "Obdivjhria _hhts hc
Pbrshg Pbrebptjhg= Vdb Fbebptjhg Mufnkbgts hc Eusthk Jgspbethrs igf Aiykbg", Mhrgia
 Mhrgia fb
Pbrshgiajfifb b Psjehahnji Uhejia 5: (9:40)= >46-:4.
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  992 

rbspjriîåh, ircigtb gh pbjth, bgnhajr ehk crbquígeji hu h edbjrh hu

ipirígeji fb suhr. Furigtb fêeifis, hs psjeõahnhs fjsehrfirik
shorb sb eifi bkhîåh tbk hu gåh uk ehgmugth fjstjgth fbssis
kufigîis fh UGI. I kijhrji fhs psjeõahnhs pbgsi qub gåh< babs
ierbfjtik qub rbspjrikhs kijs ripjfikbgtb, suikhs b bgnhajkhs
quigfhianuk i bkhîåh ê fbspbrtifi. Is kufigîis fb IGU
kireik h quåh chrtb ê uki bkhîåh, gåh quia bkhîåh bai ê. Bssi
vjsåh ehgtrifjz i bxpbrjígeji fi kijhrji fis pbsshis. Is pbsshis
sbgtbk sbgsiîòbs cësjeis fjcbrbgtbs quigfh bståh ehk kbfh, phr
bxbkpah, bk ehkpiriîåh ehk quigfh bståh ehk rijvi.r ijvi. Jssh, fjzbk
kujths psjeõahnhs, ê phrqub is pbsshis jgtbrprbtik h kbskh
ehgmugth fb sbgsiîòbs ehrphrijs fb kigbjri fjcbrbgtb sb bstjvbrbk
ehk kbfh fh qub sb bstjvbrbk ehk rijvi. Gåh ê prhvi fb qub i
itjvjfifb fb IGU bk sj rbiakbgtb fjcbrb phr kbfh vbrsus rijvi.?9

Kjgdi pbsqujsi kijs rbebgtb, jgjejifi quigfh bu bstivi quisb

tbrkjgigfh fb bserbvbr bstb ajvrh, fbsicji bssi vjsåh. Ub bu bstjvbr
ehrrbth b is kufigîis fb IGU gåh chrbk jnuijs, kis bspbeëcjeis
piri eifi bkhîåh, jssh phfb sbr kujth jkphrtigtb gi fbtbeîåh fb
kbgtjris. Ujngjcjeirji qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfbrji
fbsehorjr, sbmi ehk uk phaënrich b, itê ebrth phgth, ipbgis
hosbrvigfh b huvjgfh, gåh ipbgis sb uk suspbjth bsté
bkhejhgiakbgtb
bkhejhgiakbg tb bxejtifh, kis qub bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi - h suspbjth
bsté ehk kbfh hu zignifh, bghmifh hu trjstb8 Bkohri bssis
jgchrkiîòbs tikoêk bstbmik fjsphgëvbjs gh rhsth, ehkh h prõxjkh
eipëtuah bxpajei, is pbsshis såh eipizbs fb jgjojr kujths fhs sjgijs
ciejijs. I itjvjfifb fh IGU ê kujth kijs fjcëeja fb ebgsurir.
Puoajeikhs ipbgis uk bstufh itê inhri (vbmi i pénjgi
99>), b ianugs psjeõahnhs bkjgbgtb
bkjgbgtbss fjsehrfik fh qub
fbsehorjkhs. Kjgdis fbsehobrtis såh ehgsjfbrifis ehgtrhvbrsis,
gåh bstiobabejfis, kis ghssis bvjfígejis såh chrtbs b, ehk h
tbkph, ierbfjth qub sbråh iebjtis pbai ehkugjfifb ejbgtëcjei.
Fhjs prhoabkis bstivik gh eikjgdh, pbgsbj, fb fbsehorjr
bvjfígejis ehgvjgebgtbs fb qub is bkhîòbs tík itjvjfifb IGU
fjcbrbgtb, b pbgsbj qub tjgdi shauîòbs piri ikohs. Rk
prhoabki ê ehkh hotbr ikhstris puris fb bkhîåh. Piri
 

993  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ehgtristb is kufigîis fb IGU gh kbfh ehk iqubais gi rijvi, h

ejbgtjsti fbvb tbr ebrtbzi quigfh sbu sumbjth fb pbsqujsi vjvbgejir
eifi bkhîåh. Ehkh i kbfjîåh fis kufigîis fh IGU rbqubr
bqujpikbgths baiohrifhs,
baiohrifhs, h sumbjth fbvb chrgbebr is ikhstris fb
bkhîåh bk uk aiohritõrjh. H prhoabki ê ehkh prhvheir bkhîòbs
bk uk ikojbgtb bstêrja b gåh gituria. Ehkh vheí fbjxi is pbsshis
ehk kbfh b rijvi, b gåh hs fhjs ih kbskh tbkph8 Bssi ýatjki
pbrnugti ê kujth jkphrtigtb - gåh hs fbjxigfh ehk kbfh b ehk
rijvi ih kbskh tbkph gh qub bu b hutrhs edikikhs fb bkhîåh
kjsturi. I kbghs qub is bkhîòbs sbmik kigtjfis sbpirifis - i
kbghs qub is ikhstris sbmik puris - gåh divbrji kigbjri fb
fbtbrkjgir sb i itjvjfifb IGU fjcbrb piri eifi bkhîåh. Kbskh sb
issjk chssb, sb is ikhstris fb rijvi sbkprb jgeauëssbk ianuk kbfh,
b h kbfh fbkhgstrissb ianuki rijvi, h rbsuatifh sbrji qub is
kufigîis fb IGU pirbebrjik is kbskis. Gåh ê céeja bvjtir is
kjsturis, gh aiohritõrjh hu gi vjfi rbia. Is kjsturis såh kijs
ehkugs fh qub bkhîòbs puris.
I têegjei kijs phpuair piri ikhstrir bkhîòbs ê pbfjr ih
sumbjth qub sb abkorb hu jkinjgb ianh ikbfrhgtifhr.
Uuphgdikhs qub h sumbjth jkinjgb sbr itieifh phr uk
issiatigtb. H ejbgtjsti fbvb tbr ebrtbzi fb qub, iaêk fh kbfh, h
sumbjth gåh cjei gbk uk phueh zignifh ehk h issiatigtb, gbk
zignifh ehgsjnh kbskh phr tbr cjeifh ehk kbfh hu phr tbr t br
sjfh bstýpjfh h sucjejbgtb piri sb ehaheir bk pbrjnh. Hs kbskhs
rjsehs fb ehkojgiîòbs hehrrbgfh bk vbz fb bkhîòbs puris
iehgtbebk ehk hutris têegjeis piri fbspbrtir bkhîòbs.
Uuphgdi qub h ejbgtjsti khstrb uk cjakb qub jgfuz ih kbfh,
tiavbz uki ebgi fb uk cjakb fb tbrrhr ehkh h fb Iacrbf
DjtedehelPsjehpiti, bk qub Vhgy Pbrljgs fb rbpbgtb itiei Migbt
Abjnd ehk uki ciei bgquigth bai bsté thkigfh oigdh. H sumbjth
phfb cjeir ehk rijvi fh ejbgtjsti phr fbjxé-ah ehk kbfh, ehk
rijvi fb sj kbskh phr tbr kbfh, ehk rijvi fb Vhgy Pbrljgs phr
itieir Migbt Abjnd, bghmifh ehk h signub, ignustjifh ehk h
shcrjkbgth fb Migbt Abjnd, surprbsh ehk i iîåh b issjk phr
fjigtb. Gåh ê tåh céeja pbgsir bk uki kigbjri fb
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  99> 

hotbr ikhstris fb bkhîòbs puris. I kijhrji fhs ejbgtjstis qub

bstufhu h IGU sjkpabskbgtb prbsukju, iedh jgehrrbtikbgtb, qub
hs sumbjths cizjik h qub qubrjik, quigfh qubrjik, prhfuzjgfh ehk
ciejajfifb is ikhstris fb bkhîòbs puris fbsbmifis. Babs gåh
thkirik gbgduki prhvjfígeji piri nirigtjr hu vbrjcjeir sb suis
ikhstris fb bkhîòbs brik rbiakbgtb puris.
H sbnugfh prhoabki ê prhfuzjfh pbai gbebssjfifb fb ikhstrir
bkhîòbs bk uk aiohritõrjh b rbsuati
r bsuati fh jkpieth fi tbeghahnji fb
pbsqujsi. I kijhrji fhs sumbjths fi pbsqujsi tbk iuthehgsejígeji
shorb h qub vij iehgtbebr ehk babs quigfh bgtrirbk pbai phrti. Bk
sbnujfi, ê ikpajcjeifh. Piri kbfjr i itjvjfifb IGU, cjhs fbvbk sbr
ehgbetifhs i fjcbrbgtbs pirtbs fh ehrph fh sumbjth. Ipbgis piri
khgjthrir i rbspjriîåh, crbquígeji eirfëiei, tbkpbrituri fi pbab b
suhr, ê gbebssérjh ehgbetir kujths fbssbs cjhs. Ubgtifh iaj
ehgbetifh, tbgfh hs ejbgtjstis bserutjgigfh h qub bsté iehgtbebgfh
fbgtrh fb sbus ehrphs, b kujtis vbzbs tbgfh eïkbris nrivigfh
quiaqubr kufigîi vjsëvba, bkoiriîi i kijhrji fis pbsshis. H
ehgstrignjkbgth ê uki bkhîåh b, sb prhfuzjr itjvjfifb fb IGU,
bssis kufigîis fb IGU bstirjik bspiadifis phr eifi ikhstri fb
bkhîåh qub h ejbgtjsti bsté tbgtigfh hotbr. Bab phfb pbgsir qub h
sumbjth bsté sb abkorigfh fb uk iehgtbejkbgth tbrrëvba bk uk
khkbgth b fb uki abkorigîi fb rijvi bk hutrh, kis h qub
rbiakbgtb phfb iehgtbebr ê h bkoiriîh furigtb is fuis
abkorigîis. Gbgduk ejbgtjsti thkhu kbfjfis piri rbfuzjr h
ehgstrignjkbgth, gbgduk sb ebrtjcjehu fb qub h ehgstrignjkbgth
gåh bstrinhu suis ikhstris fb bkhîòbs puris.
Kbus ehabnis b bu bajkjgikhs h ehgstrignjkbgth ih sbabejhgir
ithrbs prhcjssjhgijs ehkh ghsshs sumbjths fb pbsqujsi.?? Hs ithrbs
bståh iehstukifhs i sbr bxikjgifhs b gåh cjeik editbifhs quigfh
is pbsshis hosbrvik eifi khvjkbgth sbu. Bk vbz fb cjeirbk
ehgstrignjfhs, babs nhstirik fi jfbji fb qub prbgfbrëikhs cjhs i
babs b khgjthrirëikhs h jgtbrjhr fb sbus ehrphs. Bstufir ithrbs
tikoêk imufhu i rbshavbr h prjkbjrh prhoabki - hotbr ikhstris fb
bkhîòbs puris. Phfbrëikhs iprhvbjtir hs ighs fb trbjgikbgth
tr bjgikbgth fhs
ithrbs gi tbeghahnji fb ituiîåh fb Utigjsaivslj.
 

994  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gjqub, h qub hs thrgi déobjs bk sb abkorir fb brjgn b rb-

bxpbrjkbgtir bkhîòbs. Hs ithrbs pritjeik jssh piri qub têegjei bgtåh
phssik usir is kbkõrjis fhs sbgtjfhs piri rbtritir ni pirtjeuair
Cugîåh. Bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth, pbfjkhs ihs ithrbs,
bgquigth babs bstivik ajnifhs, ehk eïkbris fb vëfbh
fjrbejhgifis piri sbus rhsths, qub abkorissbk b
rbvjvbssbk tåh chrtbkbgtb quigth pufbssbk uk
khkbgth bk qub sbgtjrik kijs rijvi bk suis vjfis, b
fbphjs uk khkbgth quigfh sbgtjrik kijs kbfh,
trjstbzi, surprbsi, cbajejfifb b ghmh. Hutrhs ejbgtjstis mé
usirik bssi têegjei igtbs, kis pbgsikhs qub
tëgdikhs kijs edigebs fb suebssh phrqub bstévikhs
usigfh prhcjssjhgijs, trbjgifhs gi têegjei, qub gåh
tbrjik vbrnhgdi. Iaêk fjssh, gåh prbsukjkhs
sjkpabskbgtb qub ghsshs sumbjths cjzbrik h qub
pbfjkhs< vbrjcjeikhs qub divëikhs hotjfh ikhstris
puris, gåh kjsturis. Ipõs eifi rbeupbriîåh fb
kbkõrji, pbfjkhs ihs ithrbs qub iviajissbk i
jgtbgsjfifb ehk qub sbgtjrik i bkhîåh shajejtifi b sb
divjik sbgtjfh quiaqubr hutri bkhîåh.
Bstufir ithrbs tikoêk thrghu kijs céeja piri gõs tbgtirkhs
uki sbnugfi têegjei piri ikhstrir bkhîòbs puris, uki qub
gugei divji sjfh usifi igtbs. Fbsehorjkhs bssi ghvi têegjei
piri fbspbrtir bkhîòbs phr iejfbgtb, ighs igtbs, ih cizbr hutrh
bstufh. Piri iprbgfbr i kbeïgjei fis bxprbssòbs ciejijs
- quijs kýseuahs prhfuzbk quijs bxprbssòbs - kbus ehabnis b bu
sjstbkitjeikbgtb cjzbkhs kjadirbs fb bxprbssòbs ciejijs,
cjakigfh b igiajsigfh ehkh eifi ehkojgiîåh fb khvjkbgths
kuseuairbs kufi i ipirígeji. Piri ghssi surprbsi, quigfh
cizëikhs is iîòbs kuseuairbs qub sb rbaiejhgik ehk is
bkhîòbs, fb rbpbgtb sbgtëikhs kufigîis bk ghsshs ehrphs,
kufigîis fbvjfh à itjvjfifb fh IGU. Gåh tëgdikhs rizåh piri
bspbrir qub hs kýseuahs ciejijs bk khvjkbgth fbajobrifh
pufbssbk prhfuzjr iatbriîòbs jgvhaugtérjis fh UGI, kis jssh
iehgtbeji vérjis vbzbs. Ijgfi gåh sioëikhs sb i itjvjfifb fi IGU
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph 99: 

fjcbrji ehk eifi ehgmugth fb khvjkbgths kuseuairbs ciejijs.

Fjssbkhs ihs ithrbs bxitikbgtb quijs kýseuahs ciejijs khvbr.
Divji sbjs jgstruîòbs fjcbrbgtbs, uki piri eifi uki fis sbjs
bkhîòbs. Ubk ehgstrignjkbgth phr cizbr bxprbssòbs ciejijs sho
fbkigfi hu phr sbrbk hosbrvifhs quigfh h cizjik, b diojajfhshs
gi bxprbssåh ciejia, babs itbgfbrik i kijhrji fb ghsshs pbfjfhs
ehk ciejajfifb. Ghvikbgtb, gåh ehgcjikhs ipbgis gbabs piri
prhfuzjr ikhstris puris fb bkhîåh. Cjakikhs suis pbrchrkigebs
ciejijs b sõ usikhs suis tbgtitjvis sb is kbfjîòbs fis cjtis fb vëfbh
khstrissbk qub babs divjik prhfuzjfh eifi ehgmugth fb iîòbs
ciejijs shajejtifis.
Ghssh bxpbrjkbgth bgehgtrhu chrtbs bvjfígejis fb qub i
itjvjfifb IGU ê gåh h kbskh piri thfis is bkhîòbs. Is kufigîis
gi crbquígeji eirfëiei, tbkpbrituri fi pbab b suhr (qub ê tufh h
qub kbfjkhs) gåh såh is kbskis piri thfis is bkhîòbs. Phr
bxbkpah, quigfh hs ithrbs cjzbrik hs khvjkbgths kuseuairbs bk
sbus rhsths piri rijvi b iqubabs fb kbfh (b abkorb-sb, babs gåh
chrik jgstruëfhs i bxprbssir bssis bkhîòbs, kis ipbgis piri cizbr
iîòbs kuseuairbs bspbeëcjeis), sbu ehriîåh oitbu kijs répjfh, kis
ehjsis fjcbrbgtbs iehgtbebrik ehk i tbkpbrituri fb sui pbab. I
pbab fbabs cjehu qubgtb fb rijvi b crji fb kbfh. Ieioikhs fb rbpbtjr
ghssi bxpbrjígeji ehk fjcbrbgtbs sumbjths b hotjvbkhs hs kbskhs
rbsuatifhs.
Ub bssbs rbsuatifhs sb kigtjvbrbk quigfh hutrhs ejbgtjstis
tbgtirbk rbpbtj-ahs bk sbus aiohritõrjhs, babs phfbk kufir h qub
h fbtbethr fb kbgtjris tbgti iprbgfbr ehk h phaënrich. Bk vbz fb
ipbgis tbgtir siobr sb uk suspbjth bsté sbgtjgfhianuk 
bkhîåh, h hpbrifhr fh phaënrich phfbrji fjzbr kbfjgfh uki sêrjb
fb itjvjfifbs IGU qub bkhîåh. Kbskh sbk uki kéqujgi fb
phaënrich, ipbgis hadigfh uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb sbr
eipiz fb pbrebobr kufigîis gh pifråh fb rbspjriîåh hu fb suhr
qub phfbk imufir i fbtbetir i hehrrígeji fb bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis.
Brrhs bk eiptir kbgtjris - gåh ierbfjtir
ier bfjtir gi vbrfifb b ierbfjtir gh
kbgtjrhsh - phfbrjik sbr rbfuzjfhs sb i itjvjfifb fb IGU, qub ê

kujth fjcëeja fb jgjojr, pufbssb rbvbair quia bkhîåh

 

9?0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

uk suspbjth sbgtb. Ijgfi gåh siobkhs sb is bkhîòbs

phfbk sbr fjstjgnujfis ipbgis pbahs sjgijs vjsëvbjs b
iufëvbjs fi itjvjfifb fh IGU, kis inhri dé uki rizåh
piri fbsehorjr. Ehkh hs sjgijs fb bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis -
sbmik fb rhsth, ehrph, vhz, piaivris hu IGU - phfbk
imufir i fbtbrkjgir sb ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh hu i
vbrfifb, b hs rjsehs fb ehkbtbr brrhs b is prbeiuîòbs
piri bvjté-ahs, ê h tõpjeh fh eipëtuah 3

H Eipëtuah ? bxpajehu qub bxjstbk fuis kigbjris prjgejpijs fb

kbgtjr - heuatir hu ciasjcjeir. Itê inhri, bstb eipëtuah ehgsjfbrhu
ehkh is tbgtitjvis fb heuatir sbgtjkbgths phfbk sbr triëfis pbais
piaivris, vhz hu ehrph. Rk kbgtjrhsh phfb ciasjcjeir quigfh
gbgduki bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi, kis uki ê gbebssérji, hu piri imufir i
bgehorjr uk sbgtjkbgth heuath. Phr bxbkpah, uk sumbjth phfb cjgnjr
uki bxprbssåh fb trjstbzi ih siobr qub h gbnõejh fb sbu eugdifh
ciaju. Ub bab bsté thtiakbgtb jkpissëvba, i ciasi bxprbssåh khstri
sjkpabskbgtb h sbkoaigtb ifbquifh, kis sb bab bstivi
sberbtikbgtb bgeigtifh ehk i fbsnriîi fh eugdifh, h ciash hadir
fb trjstbzi tikoêk kiseirirji sbus vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths.
Phfbk is piaivris, vhz hu ehrph trijr tijs bxprbssòbs ciasis,
rbvbaigfh qub uki pbrchrkigeb bkhejhgia gåh ê sbgtjfi8 Gjgnuêk
siob. Fbcbjths bk ciashs fbsbkpbgdhs fb bkhîåh chrik
jgvbstjnifhs fb chrki kbghs ehkpabti fh qub h vizikbgth fb
bkhîòbs heuatis. Phssh ipbgis fir kjgdis hosbrviîòbs, tbhrjis b
piapjtbs.
Bkohri is piaivris sbmik cbjtis piri ciorjeir, gåh ê céeja piri
gjgnuêk, vbrfifbjrh hu gåh, fbserbvbr bkhîòbs bk piaivris. Uõ uk
phbti trigskjtb is guigebs rbvbaifis phr uki bxprbssåh. Phfb gåh
sbr kijs fjcëeja rbjvjgfjeir bk piaivris uk sbgtjkbgth gåh sbgtjfh
fh qub iqubab qub ê. Ghrkiakbgtb, gbgduk fhs fhjs sbré kujth
bahqñbgtb, baiohrifh hu ehgvjgebgtb.
ehgvjgebgtb. Ê i vhz, h ehrph, i bxprbssåh
ciejia qub fåh sbgtjfh ih rbaith vbroia fb uki bkhîåh. Bu suspbjth
qub i kijhrji fis pbsshis phfb usir i vhz fb rijvi, kbfh, ignýstji,
cbajejfifb, ghmh hu surprbsi tikoêk
 

Fbtbetigfh bgnigh fb piaivris, vhz hu ehrph  9?9

h sucjejbgtb piri bgnigir hs hutrhs. Bkohri sbmi kujth fjcëeja
bsehgfbr is kufigîis gh shk fi vhz qub hehrrbk ehk bssis
bkhîòbs, gåh ê tåh fjcëeja ciasjcjeé-ais. I kijhrji fis pbsshis
prhvivbakbgtb sb fbjxi bgnigir pbai vhz.
Ianukis fis kufigîis prhfuzjfis pbah sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh
såh céebjs fb ciasjcjeir. Bkohri sbmi fjcëeja bsehgfbr hs sjgijs fb bkhîåh
gi rbspjriîåh hu gi fbnautjîåh, gåh ê gbebssérji gbgduki diojajfifb
bspbejia piri ciasjcjeé-ahs, rbspjrigfh kijs répjfh hu bgnhajgfh ehk
crbquígeji. Uuir ê uki qubståh fjcbrbgtb, fjcëeja fb bsehgfbr b fjcëeja fb
ciasjcjeir. Bkohri uk kbgtjrhsh phssi usir i rbspjriîåh b i fbnautjîåh
piri fir ciasikbgtb i jkprbssåh fb bkhîòbs gbnitjvis, bspbrh qub
phuehs h ciîik.
Bkohri uk bgnigifhr phssi iukbgtir hs kigjpuaifhrbs piri
pirbebrbk fbsehgchrtévbjs, i kijhrji fis pbsshis prhvivbakbgtb
gåh sb abkoriré fb cizbr jssh. I ciadi bk jgeaujr bssis iîòbs, qub
phfbrjik sbr ciejakbgtb rbiajzifis, phfb, phr sui iusígeji, trijr
uki icjrkiîåh ehgvjgebgtb fb bstir sbgtjgfh kbfh hu ignýstji.

Hs jaustrifhrbs phfbk sbr ehaheifhs, kis prhvivbakbgtb

sbk kujth suebssh, piri erjir i jkprbssåh fb bgvhavjkbgth b
bgtusjiskh pbah qub bsté sbgfh fjth quigfh gifi ê sbgtjfh.
_baiths fb mhrgia fjssbrik qub hs bx-prbsjfbgtbs Gjxhg b Chrf
chrik trbjgifhs piri iukbgtir sbus jaustrifhrbs. Issjstjgfh-hs
gi VS, pbgsbj qub h ehiedjgn kujtis vbzbs hs cizji pirbebr
ciashs. Ê fjcëeja
bxitikbgtb ehaheir
hgfb fbajobrifikbgtb
fbvbrji ukàs
bstir bk rbaiîåh jaustrifhr
piaivris< babs
tbgfbk i edbnir kujth ebfh hu kujth tirfb hu cjeir kujth
tbkph. Ê ehkh tbgtir bsqujir pbgsigfh bk eifi iîåh à kbfjfi
qub i ciz< i ehhrfbgiîåh ê fjcëeja b pirbeb.

Fbserbvj pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs qub phfbk vizir

jgchrkiîòbs heuatis, jgfjeir qub i pbsshi gåh prbpirhu sui
ajgdi hu trijr uki bkhîåh qub gåh sb bgeijxi gi ajgdi qub bsté
sbgfh sbnujfi.

Aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs b tjrifis phfbk

 

9??  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

vizir jgchrkiîòbs heuatis fb quiaqubr tjph - bkhîòbs, iîòbs

pissifis, paighs, jgtbgîòbs, cigtisjis, jfbjis, bte.
Ciai jgfjrbti, piusis, brrhs fb ciai b fjkjgujîåh fb jaustrifhrbs
phfbk jgfjeir qub h aheuthr bsté sbgfh kujth eujfifhsh ehk h qub
bsté sbgfh fjth, gåh tbgfh prbpirifh i ajgdi qub bsté sbgfh
thkifi. Babs såh sjgijs fb quiaqubr bkhîåh gbnitjvi. Rki
fjkjgujîåh ghs jaustrifhrbs tikoêk hehrrb ehk h têfjh.
Vhk fb vhz babvifh b kijs iath, ciai kijs répjfi
hehrrb ehk kbfh, rijvi b tiavbz bxejtiîåh. I vhz kufi
fb kigbjri hphsti ehk trjstbzi b tiavbz ehk euapi.
Kufigîis gi rbspjriîåh hu sufhrbsb, bgnhajr
iukbgtifh b ohei kujth sbei såh sjgijs fb bkhîòbs
chrtbs b phfb sbr phssëvba gh cuturh fbtbrkjgir quia
bkhîåh i pirtjr fh pifråh fbssis kufigîis.
 

EJGEH

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir

H CIEBE PHFB sbr uki chgtb viajhsi piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris,

phrqub phfb kbgtjr b fjzbr i vbrfifb b kujtis vbzbs ciz is
fuis ehjsis ih kbskh tbkph. H rhsth nbriakbgtb ehgtêk fuis
kbgsinbgs - h qub h kbgtjrhsh fbsbmi khstrir b h qub h kbgtjrhsh
fbsbmi heuatir. Ianukis bxprbssòbs sbrvbk à kbgtjri, chrgbebgfh
jgchrkiîòbs jgehrrbtis. Ijgfi hutrhs tribk i kbgtjri phrqub
pirbebk ciashs, b hs sbgtjkbgths às vbzbs vizik, ipbsir fhs
bschrîhs piri bsehgfí-ahs. Bxprbssòbs ciasis kis ehgvjgebgtbs
phfbk hehrrbr bk uk khkbgth b bxprbssòbs heuatis vizik gh
khkbgth sbnujgtb. Ê itê phssëvba qub h cbatrh b h ciash sbmik
khstrifhs bk fjcbrbgtbs pirtbs fh rhsth ehk uki bxprbssåh fb
kbseainbk ýgjei. Ierbfjth qub i rizåh pbai quia i kijhrji fis
pbsshis gåh ehgsbnub fbtbetir kbgtjris gh rhsth ê qub bais gåh
siobk ehkh sbpirir h sbgtjfh fis bxprbssòbs ciasis.
Is vbrfifbjris bxprbssòbs fb bkhîåh sbgtjfis hehrrbk phrqub
is iîòbs ciejijs phfbk sbr prhfuzjfis jgvhaugtirjikbgtb, sbk
pbgsikbgth hu jgtbgîåh. Is ciasis iehgtbebk phrqub dé uk
ehgtrhab vhaugtérjh shorb h rhsth, pbrkjtjgfh qub is pbsshis
jgtbrcjrik gh sbgtjfh b prbsukik h ciash. H rhsth ê uk sjstbki
fuia, jgeaujgfh bxprbssòbs qub såh bsehadjfis fbajobrifikbgtb b
iqubais qub hehrrbk bsphgtigbikbgtb, às vbzbs sbk qub i pbsshi
pbreboi h qub surnb bk sbu prõprjh rhsth. Dé uk tbrrbgh bgtrb h
vhaugtérjh b h jgvhaugtérjh heupifh phr bxprbssòbs qub igtbs brik

iprbgfjfis, kis vík

 

9?6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

piri hpbrir iuthkitjeikbgtb sbk bsehadi, hu kbskh ipbsir fi

bsehadi, b ghrkiakbgtb sbk ehgsejígeji. Kigbjrjskhs ciejijs b
déojths irrijnifhs qub fjtik h kigbmh fb ebrtis bxprbssòbs,
ehkh sbr jgeipiz fb khstrir rijvi ehgtri cjnuris fb iuthrjfifb,
såh bxbkpahs. Kjgdi prbheupiîåh iquj, gh bgtigth, ê ehk is
bxprbssòbs vhaugtérjis, fbajobrifis b ciasis, rberutifis ehkh
pirtb fb uk bschrîh piri bgnigir, b is bxprbssòbs bkhejhgijs
jgvhaugtérjis b bsphgtïgbis qub phfbk heisjhgiakbgtb vizir
sbgtjkbgths, ipbsir fi tbgtitjvi fb uk kbgtjrhsh fb heuaté-ais.

Bstufhs fb piejbgtbs ehk fjcbrbgtbs tjphs fb fighs

ebrborijs khstrik frikitjeikbgtb qub is bxprbssòbs
vhaugtérjis b jgvhaugtérjis bgvhavbk fjcbrbgtbs pirtbs fh
eêrborh. Piejbgtbs qub tík fighs bk uki pirtb fh eêrborh,
bgvhavbgfh
gåh h qubshrrjr
ehgsbnubk ê edikifh fb sjstbki
sb shajejtifhs gburia
i cizí-ah, pjrikjfia,
kis shrrjbk
quigfh huvbk uki pjifi hu sb fjvbrtbk fb ianuki hutri
chrki. H pifråh ê rbvbrtjfh piri piejbgtbs qub shcrbrik
fighs bk hutri pirtb fh eêrborh, bgvhavbgfh sjstbkis gåh
pjrikjfijs. Babs phfbk prhfuzjr uk shrrjsh vhaugtérjh, kis
cjeik sbk bxprbssåh quigfh sb fjvbrtbk. Piejbgtbs ehk
fighs ih sjstbki pjrikjfia - iqubabs qub gåh ehgsbnubk
cizbr bxprbssòbs fbajobrifikbgtb - gåh fbvbk sbr eipizbs
fb kbgtjr fb cieb, phjs gåh fbvbk sbr eipizbs fb jgjojr hu
cizbr bxprbssòbs ciasis.9

Is bxprbssòbs ciejijs jgvhaugtérjis fb bkhîåh såh h prhfuth

fi bvhauîåh. Kujtis bxprbssòbs dukigis såh jnuijs às vjstis ghs
rhsths fb hutrhs prjkitis. Ianukis fis bxprbssòbs ciejijs fb
bkhîåh - pbah kbghs iqubais qub jgfjeik cbajejfifb, kbfh,
rijvi, ghmh, trjstbzi b ignýstji b tiavbz hutris bkhîòbs - såh
ugjvbrsijs, jnuijs piri thfis is pbsshis, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fb
jfifb, sbxh, riîi hu euaturi.? Bssis bxprbssòbs ciejijs såh i chgtb
kijs rjei fb jgchrkiîòbs shorb
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  9?2 

bkhîòbs, rbvbaigfh guigebs sutjs bk sbgtjkbgths khkbgtïgbhs. H

rhsth phfb rbvbair is pirtjeuairjfifbs fi bxpbrjígeji bkhejhgia qub
ipbgis h phbti phfb eiptir bk piaivris. H rhsth phfb khstrir=

• qub bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi - rijvi, kbfh, trjstbzi, ghmh,

ignýstji, cbajejfifb, ehgtbgtikbgth, bxejtiîåh, surprbsi
b fbsprbzh phfbk sbr trigskjtjfhs phr bxprbssòbs
fjstjgtis<
• sb fuis bkhîòbs bståh ehkojgifis - nbriakbgtb fuis bkhîòbs
såh sbgtjfis b h rhsth rbnjstri babkbgths fb eifi uki<
• i chrîi fi bkhîåh sbgtjfi - eifi bkhîåh phfb virjir bk
jgtbgsjfifb, fb iohrrbejkbgth i rijvi, iprbbgsåh i
tbrrhr, bte.

Kis, ehkh bu fjssb, h rhsth gåh ê ipbgis uk sjstbki

jgvhaugtérjh fb sjgijs bkhejhgijs. Ghs prjkbjrhs ighs fb vjfi, is
erjigîis iprbgfbk i ehgtrhair ianukis fbssis bxprbssòbs ciejijs,
heuatigfh sbgtjkbgths vbrfifbjrhs b ciasjcjeigfh bxprbssòbs fb
bkhîòbs gåh sbgtjfis. Hs pijs bgsjgik hs cjadhs i ehgtrhair suis
bxprbssòbs pbah bxbkpah b, kijs fjrbtikbgtb, phr kbjh fb
icjrkiîòbs ehkh= "Gåh kb hadb ehk rijvi"< ‑Cjqub cbajz inhri
quigfh sui tji adb fbr uk prbsbgtb‛< "Gåh cjqub tåh bgtbfjifh." À
kbfjfi qub erbsebk, is pbsshis iprbgfbkrbnris fb bxjojîåh tåh
obk qub sb thrgik déojths prhcugfikbgtb irrijnifhs. Fbphjs fb
uk tbkph, kujtis rbnris fb bxjojîåh piri h nbrbgejikbgth fi
bxprbssåh bkhejhgia pissik i hpbrir iuthkitjeikbgtb,
khfuaigfh i bxprbssåh sbk bsehadi hu kbskh ehgsejígeji. Kbskh
quigfh is pbsshis cjeik ejbgtbs fb suis rbnris fb bxjojîåh, gbk
sbkprb ê phssëvba, b ebrtikbgtb gugei ê céeja, pirir fb sbnuj-ais.
Rki vbz qub quiaqubr déojth sb bstiobabeb, hpbrigfh
iuthkitjeikbgtb, gåh bxjnjgfh ehgsejígeji, ê fjcëeja fbscizí-ah.
Ierbfjth qub bssbs déojths qub bgvhavbk h ehgtrhab fi bkhîåh -
rbnris fb bxjojîåh - phfbk sbr hs kijs fjcëebjs fb quborir.
Uåh is rbnris fb bxjojîåh, ianukis fis quijs fjcbrbk fb euaturi
piri euaturi, qub såh
såh rbsp
rbsphgsévbjs
hgsévbjs pbai jjkprbssåh
kprbssåh fh vj
vjimigtb
imigtb
 

9?3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

qub is bxprbssòbs ciejijs gåh såh ugjvbrsijs. Fbsehorj qub quigfh

hs miphgbsbs issjstjik i cjakbs bkhejhgigtbs, suis bxprbssòbs gåh
brik fjcbrbgtbs fis khstrifis pbahs ikbrjeighs,B sb hs miphgbsbs
brik shzjgdh. Yuigfh hutri pbsshi bstivi prbsbgtb bgquigth babs
issjstjik ihs cjakbs, uki iuthrjfifb, hs miphgbsbs kujth kijs fh
qub i kijhrji fhs ikbrjeighs sbnujik is rbnris fb bxjojîåh qub hs
abvivik i kiseirir quiaqubr bxprbssåh fb bkhîòbs gbnitjvis ehk
uk shrrjsh bfueifh.5

Iaêk fbssbs ehgtrhabs diojtuijs fb hpbriîåh iuthkétjei fis

bxprbssòbs ciejijs, is pbsshis phfbk bsehadbr fbajobrifi b
ehgsejbgtbkbgtb,, ebgsurir i bxprbssåh fb sbus vbrfifbjrhs
ehgsejbgtbkbgtb
sbgtjkbgths hu ciasjcjeir i bxprbssåh fb uki bkhîåh gåh sbgtjfi. I
kijhrji fis pbsshis ehgsbnub ianugs fb sbus bgnighs ciejijs. Yuisb
thfh kugfh phfb sb abkorir fb tbr sjfh thtiakbgtb bgnigifh pbai
bxprbssåh fb ianuêk. Gh bgtigth, quisb thfh kugfh tikoêk tbvb
i bxpbrjígeji hphsti, pbrebobgfh qub is piaivris fb ianuêk brik
ciasis pbah hadir qub pisshu pbah rhsth. Yub eisia gåh ehgsbnub sb
abkorir fb uk eish bk qub uk fbabs vju gh rhsth
r hsth fh hutrh uki
bkhîåh (nbriakbgtb rijvi hu kbfh), qub h hutrh gåh pbrebobu b itê
gbnhu sbgtjr8 I kijhrji fis pbsshis ierbfjti qub phfb fbtbetir
bxprbssòbs ciasis< ghssi pbsqujsi khstrhu qub i kijhrji gåh phfb.

Gh ýatjkh eipëtuah, fbserbvj ghssh bxpbrjkbgth gh quia fbsehorjkhs

qub is pbsshis gåh brik eipizbs fb fjzbr quigfh is iaugis fb
bgcbrkinbk bstivik kbgtjgfh b quigfh bstivik fjzbgfh i vbrfifb.
Iqubabs qub vjrik ipbgis is bxprbssòbs ciejijs fis bgcbrkbjris sb
siërik pjhr fh qub h ieish, eaissjcjeigfh
e aissjcjeigfh is bgcbrkbjris ehkh is kijs
dhgbstis quigfh, gi vbrfifb, bstivik kbgtjgfh. Babs chrik bgnigifhs
pbais ciasis bxprbssòbs b jnghririk is bxprbssòbs qub vizivik hs
vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths. Yuigfh is pbsshis kbgtbk, suis bxprbssòbs
kijs bvjfbgtbs b céebjs fb vbr, às quijs is pbsshis prbstik kijs itbgîåh,
nbriakbgtb såh is ciasis. Hs sjgijs sutjs fb qub bssis bxprbssòbs gåh såh
sbgtjfis b is fjeis cunizbs fis bkhîòbs heuatis ehstukik pissir
fbspbrebojfis.
I kijhrji fhs pbsqujsifhrbs gåh kbfju h rhsth fh kbgtjrhsh
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  9?> 

bxprbssòbs kis, bk vbz fjssh, cheirik bk ehkphrtikbgths kijs
céebjs fb kbfjr, ehkh jaustrifhrbs ehrphrijs hu brrhs fb ciai. Hs
phuehs qub kbfjrik h rhsth bxikjgirik ipbgis h shrrjsh, b
kbfjrik h shrrjsh fb kigbjri kujth sjkpabs. Babs fbsehorjrik qub
is pbsshis shrrjbk ehk i kbski crbquígeji quigfh kbgtbk hu
fjzbk i vbrfifb. Bssbs pbsqujsifhrbs gåh jfbgtjcjeirik h tjph fb
shrrjsh. Gbk thfhs hs shrrjshs såh jnuijs. Ghssi têegjei piri kbfjr
h rhsth phfb fjstjgnujr kijs fb ejgqubgti shrrjshs fjcbrbgtbs.
Yuigfh hs iaughs fb bgcbrkinbk kbgtjrik, fbsehorjkhs qub babs
shrrjik fb kigbjri fjcbrbgtb fb quigfh ciaivik i vbrfifb.
Fbserbvbrbj bssis fbsehobrtis gh cjgia fbstb eipëtuah.
Ê sõ phrqub dé tigtis bxprbssòbs fjcbrbgtbs i sbrbk
fjstjgnujfis qub hs jgtbrbssifhs bk ehkugjeiîåh gåh
vbroia b kbgtjri bvjtirik kbfjr h rhsth. Itê rbebgtbkbgtb,
gåh divji uki kigbjri iorignbgtb b hombtjvi fb kbfjr
thfis is bxprbssòbs ciejijs. Fbejfjkhs fbsbgvhavbr tia
kêthfh phrqub sioëikhs, fbphjs fb hadir ghssis cjtis fb
vëfbh fis bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk kbgtjgfh, qub
fbsehorjr sjgijs ciejijs fb bgnigh bxjnjrji uki kbfjîåh
prbejsi. Pissikhs quisb fbz ighs fbsbgvhavbgfh uki
têegjei piri kbfjr ehk prbejsåh i bxprbssåh ciejia.6
Bxjstbk kjadirbs fb bxprbssòbs ciejijs, eifi uki fjcbrbgtb
uki fi hutri. Kujths fbabs gåh tík gifi i vbr ehk bkhîåh.
Kujtis bxprbssòbs såh h qub edikikhssjgijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh,
qub, ehkh jaustrifhrbs fb khvjkbgths ehrphrijs, bgcitjzik i
ciai hu chrgbebk sjgtixb (ehkh phgths fb jgtbrrhniîåh hu
bxeaikiîåh ciejijs). Bxjstbk tikoêk vérjhs bkoabkis ciejijs= h
pjseir fb hadhs cbedifhs, is shorigebadis irqubifis -
shorigebadis eiëfis - ohei bk chrki fb cbrrifuri, h ebtjejskh
ehk uki shorigebadi brnujfi, piri ejtir ianugs. Bxjstbk
kigjpuaifhrbs ciejijs, ehkh khrfbr hs aéojhs, edupir hs aéojhs,
ajkpir hs aéojhs b shprir gi ohedbedi. B fbphjs dé is
bxprbssòbs bkhejhgijs, is vbrfifbjris b is ciasis.
Gåh bxjstb uki bxprbssåh piri eifi bkhîåh, kis sjk
fhzbgis b, piri ianukis bkhîòbs, ebgtbgis fb bxprbssòbs.
 

9?4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Eifi bkhîåh tbk uki cikëaji fb bxprbssòbs, eifi uki

vjsjvbakbgtb fjcbrbgtb uki fi hutri. Jssh gåh fbvbrji sbr
surprbbgfbgtb. Gåh bxjstb uk sbgtjkbgth hu bxpbrjígeji piri eifi
bkhîåh, kis uki cikëaji fb bxpbrjígejis. Ehgsjfbrb hs kbkorhs fi
cikëaji fb bxpbrjígejis fi rijvi. I rijvi virji bk=

• jgtbgsjfifb, fh iohrrbejkbgth à rijvi<

• quåh ehgtrhaifh ê, fh bxpahsjvh ih cukbnigtb<
• quigth tbkph abvi piri ehkbîir (tbkph fb jgëejh), fb cusåh eurti
i aitbgtb<
• quigth tbkph abvi piri tbrkjgir (tbkph fb fbsaheikbgth), fb répjfh i
prhahgnifh<
• tbkpbrituri, fb qubgtb i crji<
• nbgujgjfifb, fi rijvi rbia à ciasi, uk pij fjvbrtjfh khstri
uki erjigîi trivbssi b edirkhsi.
Ub jgeaujrkhs is ehkojgiîòbs fb rijvi ehk hutris bkhîòbs -
ehkh rijvi prizbrhsi, rijvi euapifi, rijvi djpõerjti, rijvi
fbsfbgdhsi - divbrji ijgfi kijs kbkorhs fi cikëaji
zignifi.
Gjgnuêk siob ijgfi sb bxjstbk fjcbrbgtbs bxprbssòbs ciejijs
piri eifi uki fbssis fjcbrbgtbs bxpbrjígejis fb rijvi. Bu ierbfjth
qub bxjstbk b kujth kijs. Mé tbkhs bvjfígejis fb qub bxjstbk kijs
bxprbssòbs ciejijs fjcbrbgtbs fh qub piaivris jgfjvjfuijs fjcbrbgtbs
piri quiaqubr bkhîåh. H rhsth sjgiajzi guigebs b sutjabzis qub i
ajgnuinbk gåh kipbji bk piaivris jshaifis. Ghssh trioiadh
kipbigfh h rbpbrtõrjh fi bxprbssåh ciejia, fbtbrkjgigfh
bxitikbgtb quigtis bxprbssòbs bxjstbk piri eifi bkhîåh, qub såh
sjgögjkhs b qub sjgiajzik bstifhs jgtbrghs fjcbrbgtbs, kis
rbaiejhgifhs, bsté bk igfikbgth ipbgis fbsfb 9:>4. Ianukis fis
ehjsis qub jrbj fbserbvbr shorb h ciejia Ujgijs fb bgnigh ê oisbifh
bk bstufhs sjstbkétjehs usigfh ghssi ghvi têegjei fb kbfjîåh
ciejia, b ianugs bk kjadirbs fb dhris jgspbejhgigfh bxprbssòbs
ciejijs. H qub bu rbaith êtbgtitjvi, phrqub gbgduk hutrh ejbgtjsti
ijgfi tbgthu rbpbtjr ghssh
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  9?: 

bstufhs fb ehkh is bxprbssòbs vhaugtérjis b jgvhaugtérjis

fjcbrbk.
Sikhs ehkbîir ehk i chgtb kijs tbgtifhri fb
vizikbgth ciejia, is kjerhbxprbssòbs. Bssis bxprbssòbs
chrgbebk uki jkinbk ehkpabti fi bkhîåh heuati, kis
tåh ripjfikbgtb qub nbriakbgtb pissi fbspbrebojfi.
Rki kjerhbxprbssåh surnb b fbsipirbeb fh rhsth bk
kbghs fb uk quirth fb sbnugfh. Fbsehorjkhs
kjerhbxprbssòbs bk ghssh prjkbjrh bstufh fb pjstis piri
bgnigir, quisb vjgtb ighs itrés. Bstévikhs bxikjgigfh
uki bgtrbvjsti cjakifi ehk i piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry,
kbgejhgifi gh eipëtuah 9, qub heuativi sbu paigh fb
sujeëfjh. Gh cjakb, tjrifh fbphjs fb Kiry bstir gh dhspjtia
phr ianukis sbkigis, Kiry fjz ih kêfjeh qub gåh sb
sbgtb kijs fbprjkjfi b pbfb uk pissb fb cjk fb sbkigi
piri cjeir bk eisi ehk sui cikëaji. Kijs tirfb, bai
ehgcbssi qub kbgtju piri phfbr sb kitir quigfh chssb
ajobrtifi fi supbrvjsåh fh dhspjtia.
Kiry fbu fb hkorhs pirejiakbgtb - fbsajzbs
bkoabkétjehs - b uki fjkjgujîåh ghs khvjkbgths fh
jaustrifhr. Vikoêk vjkhs uki kjerhbxprbssåh=
usigfh i rbpbtjîåh rbpbtjfi bk eïkbri abgti, vjkhs
uki bxprbssåh ciejia fb trjstbzi ehkpabti, kis bai
cjehu aé ipbgis phr uk jgstigtb, ripjfikbgtb sbnujfi
phr uki ipirígeji shrrjfbgtb. Is kjerhbxprbssòbs såh
bxprbssòbs bkhejhgijs ehkpabtis qub såh
ehkprjkjfis gh tbkph, furigfh ipbgis uki criîåh fb
sui furiîåh usuia, tåh répjfis qub nbriakbgtb gåh såh
vjstis. I Cjnuri ? (vbmi i prõxjki pénjgi) khstri i
bxprbssåh fb trjstbzi. Ê kujth céeja fb jgtbrprbtir, phjs
bsté ehgnbaifh gi pénjgi. Ub vheí h vjssb phr ipbgis
uk vjnêsjkh qujgth fb sbnugfh b chssb ehobrth
jkbfjitikbgtb phr hutri bxprbssåh, ehkh sbrji bk
uki kjerhbxprbssåh, prhvivbakbgtb vheí gåh
pbrebobrji.2 Ebrtikbgtb piri Kirji hs sbgtjkbgths
 

950  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Cjnuri ?

gåh bstivik jgehgsejbgtbs< bai bstivi rb fh trjstb

fhahrhsikbgtb igsjhsi bk suis kjerhbxprbssòbs.
Khstrikhs trbedhs ehgtbgfh kjerhbxprbssòbs fi bgtrbvjsti
fb Kirji às pbsshis b pbfjkhs qub iviajissbk ehkh bai bstivi
sb sbgtjgfh. Pbsshis gåh trbjgifis chrik bgnigifis< pbrfbgfh
i kbgsinbk ghs kjerhs, babs iedirik qub bai sb sbgtji obk. Chj
ipbgis quigfh usikhs i prhmbîåh bk eïkbri abgti qub bssis
b ssis
pbsshis pbrebobrik i kbgsinbk fb trjstbzi. Kêfjehs
bxpbrjbgtbs, bgtrbtigth, gåh prbejsivik fb eïkbri abgti. Babs
pbrebobrik i kbgsinbk fb trjstbzi fi kjerhbxprbssåh quigfh
vjrik h cjakb bk tbkph rbia.
Ehk ebrei fb uki dhri fb prétjei, i kijhrji fis pbsshis phfb iprbgfbr
i vbr bssis bxprbssòbs kujth orbvbs. Ehaheikhs uk hoturifhr shorb i abgtb
fb uk prhmbthr piri qub uk sajfb pufbssb sbr bxphsth kujth orbvbkbgtb. Gh
jgëejh, quigfh uki bxprbssåh ê bxjojfi phr uk qujgquinêsjkh fb sbnugfh,

is pbsshis icjrkik qub gåh phfbk ví-ai b gugei vbråh. Ijgfi

 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  959

kujth ripjfikbgtb babs iprbgfbk i cizbr jssh. Vhrgi-sb tåh céeja qub às
vbzbs is pbsshis pbgsik qub fjkjguëkhs
fjkjguë khs i vbahejfifb fh hoturifhr.
Fbphjs fb vbr ianukis ebgtbgis fb rhsths, thfhs chrik eipizbs fb
rbehgdbebr i bkhîåh, ipbsir fi orbvb bxphsjîåh. Yuiaqubr pbsshi phfb
iprbgfbr bssi diojajfifb sbk h hoturifhr, bxjojgfh uki chthnricji fb
uki bxprbssåh ciejia kujth ripjfikbgtb, h kijs répjfh phssëvba, gi
crbgtb fb sbus hadhs. Babs fbvbk tbgtir ifjvjgdir qub bkhîåh chj
khstrifi gi jkinbk, bk sbnujfi, hadir eujfifhsikbgtb piri i jkinbk
piri vbrjcjeir h qub bsté aé b, bk sbnujfi, tbgtir hutri jkinbk. Bssi
prétjei fbvb sbr ehgtjguifi phr pbah kbghs ianukis ebgtbgis fb chths.3

Hs kjerhs såh tbgtifhrbs, phrqub rjehs ehkh såh,

prhphrejhgigfh vizikbgth fb uki bkhîåh heuati, babs gåh
hehrrbk ehk kujti crbquígeji. Bgehgtrikhs phueis
kjerhbxprbssòbs gh bxpbrjkbgth bk qub is iaugis fb
bgcbrkinbk kbgtjrik. Kujth kijs ehkugs brikbskinifh
bxprbssòbs. À kbfjfi qub uki bxprbssåh bkbrnb, i pbsshi
pirbeb thkir ehgsejígeji fh qub bsté ehkbîigfh i sb
kigjcbstir b jgtbrrhkpb i bxprbssåh, às vbzbs tikoêk ehorjgfh-
i ehk hutri bxprbssåh. H shrrjsh ê i ehobrturi hu késeiri kijs
ehkuk. Às vbzbs, h sjabgejikbgth ê tåh répjfh qub ê fjcëeja
fj cëeja eiptir
i kbgsinbk bkhejhgia qub i bxprbssåh jgtbrrhkpjfi tbrji t brji
trigskjtjfh. Kbskh qub i kbgsinbk gåh vizb, h sjabgejikbgth
phfb sbr uki pjsti pbrebptëvba fb qub i pbsshi bsté bsehgfbgfh
sbgtjkbgths. I bxprbssåh sjabgejifi nbriakbgtb furi kijs, kis
gåh ê tåh ehkpabti quigth h kjerh. H kjerh ê ehkprjkjfh gh
tbkph, kis i tbai jgtbjri bsté aé, bgeurtifi. I bxprbssåh
sjabgejifi ê jgtbrrhkpjfi, i bxprbssåh gbk sbkprb itjgnb i
bxjojîåh ehkpabti, kis furi kijs qub uk kjerh b i prõprji
jgtbrrupîåh phfb sbr pbrebptëvba.
Vigth is bxp
bxprbssòbs
rbssòbs kjerh quigth iiss sucheifis såh vuagbrévbjs
vuagbrévbjs ihs
fhjs prhoabkis qub phfbk eiusir fjcjeuafifb gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fi
kijhrji fis pjstis piri h bgnigh. Abkorb-sb fh eipëtuah igtbrjhr, h
pbrjnh fb Orhliw, gh quia h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbjxi fb abvir bk
ehgti is fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gi bxprbssåh bkhejhgia. Gåh
 

95?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

thfh jgfjvëfuh qub bsehgfb uki bkhîåh khstriré uki bxprbssåh

kjerh hu rbprjkjfi - phrtigth, sui iusígeji gåh ê bvjfígeji fi
vbrfifb. Bxjstbk fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gi eipiejfifb fb ehgtrhair i
bxprbssåh, b ianukis pbsshis, h qub edikh fb kbgtjrhshs giturijs,
cizbk jssh ehk pbrcbjîåh. H sbnugfh prhoabki, qub edikbj fb brrh
fb Htbah, ê eiusifh phr uki ciadi bk rbehgdbebr qub ianukis
pbsshis vbrfifbjris sb bkhejhgik quigfh suspbjtik fb kbgtjr.
Bvjtir h brrh fb Htbah bxjnb qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris bgtbgfi
qub, kbskh quigfh ianuêk khstri uki bxprbssåh kjerh hu
rbprjkjfi, jssh gåh ê sucjejbgtb piri tbr ebrtbzi fb qub i pbsshi bsté
kbgtjgfh. Yuisb quiaqubr bkhîåh vizifi phr bssis bxprbssòbs
phfb sbr sbgtjfi phr uk jghebgtb qub tbgti bsehgfbr qub tbk bssbs
sbgtjkbgths. Rki pbsshi jghebgtb phfb sbgtjr kbfh fb sbr
fbsierbfjtifi, euapifi fb hutri ehjsi, zignifh hu bghmifh ehk uki
ieusiîåh jgmusti, cbajz ehk i hphrtugjfifb fb prhvir qub h ieusifhr
bstivi brrifh, surprbsh ehk i ieusiîåh b issjk phr fjigtb. Ub
iqubai pbsshi jghebgtb qujsbssb bsehgfbr tbr bssbs sbgtjkbgths,
uki bxprbssåh kjerh hu rbprjkjfi
r bprjkjfi phfbrji hehrrbr. Kigbjris fb
ajfir ehk bssbs prhoabkis gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fb bxprbssòbs kjerh b
sjabgejifis såh fjseutjfis gh prõxjkh eipëtuah.

Gbk thfhs hs kýseuahs qub prhfuzbk bxprbssåh ciejia såh

jnuiakbgtb céebjs fb ehgtrhair. Ianugs kýseuahs såh kijs
ehgcjévbjs fh qub hutrhs.Fb ehgcjigîi hs kýseuahs gåh bståh
fjsphgëvbjs piri ush bk bxprbssòbs ciasis< h kbgtjrhsh gåh phfb tbr
iebssh i babs. B, h kbgtjrhsh tbk fjcjeuafifb bk bsehgfbr sui iîåh
ih tbgtir bsehgfbr uki bkhîåh sbgtjfi, phjs babs gåh såh
ciejakbgtb jgjojfhs hu rbprjkjfhs.
Iprbgfbkhs quijs kýseuahs gåh phfbk sbr ciejakbgtb
c iejakbgtb ehgtrhaifhs
pbfjgfh às pbsshis qub khvik fbajobrifikbgtb eifi uk fb sbus
kýseuahs ciejijs b tikoêk bxprbssbk bkhîòbs bk sbus rhsths.>
Bxjstbk ebrths khvjkbgths kuseuairbs qub kujth phueis pbsshis
phfbk cizbr fbajobrifikbgtb. Phr bxbkpah, ipbgis ebrei fb 90%
fis pbsshis qub tbstikhs ehgsbnubk puxir fbajobrifikbgtb hs
eigths fhs aéojhs piri oijxh, sbk khvbr h kýseuah fh qubjxh. Gh
bgtigth, hosbrvikhs qub iqubabs kýseuahs fjcëebjs fb ehgtrhair
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  955 

Is ehjsis sb khvbk quigfh i pbsshi sbgtb uki bkhîåh qub

fbspbrti h khvjkbgth. Phr bxbkpah, is kbskis pbsshis qub
gåh phfbk puxir fbajobrifikbgtb hs eigths fhs aéojhs
khstriråh bssi iîåh quigfh sbgtjrbk trjstbzi, trjstbzi hu
pbsir. Ehgsbnujkhs bgsjgir às pbsshis ehkh khvbr bssbs
kýseuahs fjcëebjs fb ehgtrhair fbajobrifikbgtb, bkohri
ghrkiakbgtb fbkhrb ebgtbgis fb dhris piri is pbsshis
iprbgfbrbk. Bssbs kýseuahs såh ehgcjévbjs phrqub i
pbsshi gåh siob ehkh pissir uki kbgsinbk ih kýseuah
piri jkpaigté-ah bk uki bxprbssåh ciasi. Bu riejhejgh qub sb
uki pbsshi gåh ehgsbnub trigskjtjr uki kbgsinbk i uk
kýseuah piri uki bxprbssåh ciasi, bgtåh i pbsshi tbré
fjcjeuafifb bk hotbr uki kbgsinbk "thp" hu sjabgejifhr
piri jgtbrcbrjr ehk i iîåh fiqubab kýseuah quigfh uki
bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi qub ediki h kýseuah bk mhnh. Ub vheí gåh
phfb khvbr fbajobrifikbgtb uk kýseuah piri ciasjcjeir uki
bxprbssåh,
Bxjstbk hutris kigbjris fb heuatir uki bxprbssåh
sbgtjfi sbk sbr eipiz fb jgjoj-ai. I bxprbssåh phfb sbr
kiseirifi, ghrkiakbgtb ehk uk shrrjsh, kis jssh gåh
bgehorjré hs sjgijs fi bkhîåh sbgtjfi gi tbsti b gis
péapboris supbrjhrbs. Iatbrgitjvikbgtb, hs kýseuahs
igtinhgjstis phfbk sbr ehgtriëfhs piri kigtbr i bxprbssåh
rbia sho ehgtrhab. Rk shrrjsh fb prizbr, phr bxbkpah, phfb
sbr fjkjguëfh prbssjhgigfh hs aéojhs mugths b bkpurrigfh h
kýseuah fh qubjxh piri ejki. Kujtis vbzbs, gh bgtigth, h
ush fb kýseuahs igtinhgjstis phfb sbr uki pjsti bgnighsi,
uki vbz qub i cusåh fhs kýseuahs igtinhgjstis ehk hs
kýseuahs bgvhavjfhs gi bxprbssåh fi bkhîåh sbgtjfi phfb
cizbr h rhsth pirbebr gåh gituria, rënjfh hu ehgtrhaifh . I
kbadhr kigbjri fb heuatir uki bkhîåh sbgtjfi sbrji jgjojr
thtiakbgtb is iîòbs fhs kýseuahs bgvhavjfhs bk sui
bxprbssåh.
* Fjseutj bssi jfbji ehk vérjhs gburhejbgtjstis ehgdbebf
ehgdbebfhrbs
hrbs fh rhsth hu fis
bkhîòbs, b babs ierbfjtik qub bssi ê uki ghîåh rizhévba b prhvévba. Ijgfi
gåh chj tbstifh b fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh uki djpõtbsb.
 

956  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I tbsti ê h prjgejpia aheus piri khvjkbgths kuseuairb

kuseuairbss
ehgcjévbjs. I Cjnuri 5I khstri hs khvjkbgths kuseuairbs ehgcjévbjs
qub hehrrbk ehk trjstbzi, pbsir, ignýstji b, prhvivbakbgtb, tikoêk
ehk euapi. (Ê i kbski bxprbssåh khstrifi gi cjnuri
?, kis ê kijs céeja gi cjnuri 5I cheir ipbgis gi tbsti, mé qub h
rbsth fh rhsth bsté bk origeh.) Hosbrvb qub hs eigths jgtbrghs
fi shorigebadi bståh puxifhs piri ejki. Ghrkiakbgtb, jssh
tikoêk trjignuairé i péapbori supbrjhr b prhfuzjré ianukis
runis gh ebgtrh fi tbsti. Kbghs fb 92 phr ebgth fis pbsshis qub
tbstikhs phfbrjik prhfuzjr bssb khvjkbgth fbajobrifikbgtb.
Gåh fbvb bstir prbsbgtb bk uki ciasi bxjojîåh fbssis bkhîòbs b
fbvb ipirbebr quigfh uki pbsshi sb sbgtb trjstb hu ignustjifi
(hu tiavbz ehk euapi), ipbsir fis tbgtitjvis fb heuatir bssbs
sbgtjkbgths. Bstb b hs hutrhs fbsbgdhs fb bxprbssåh ciejia
khstrik uki vbrsåh bxtrbki fi tbai piri thrgir i chrki fi
bxprbssåh eairi, ipbsir fb gåh sbr eipiz fb khstrir i iîåh sb
khvbgfh fbgtrh b chri fh rhsth. Ub uk sbgtjkbgth fb trjstbzi
bri crieh, i ipirígeji fi tbsti sbrji i kbski fi cjnuri 5I, kis
sbrji kbghr. Rki vbz qub h pifråh fb uki bxprbssåh ê
ehgdbejfh, kbskh pbqubgis vbrsòbs såh fbtbetévbjs, quigfh,
ehkh gi vjfi rbia, h khvjkbgth, gåh uki rbprbsbgtiîåh bstétjei,
ê vjsth.
I Cjnuri
Cjnuri 5O khstri hs kh
khvjkbgths
vjkbgths kuseuairbs ehgcjévbjs qub
hehrrbk ehk kbfh, prbheupiîåh, iprbbgsåh hu tbrrhr. Hosbrvb qub
is shorigebadis bståh abvigtifis b ugjfis. Bssi ehkojgiîåh fb
iîòbs ê bxtrbkikbgtb fjcëeja fb cizbr fbajobrifikbgtb. Kbghs fb 90
phr ebgth fis pbsshis qub tbstikhs phfjik prhfuzj-ah
fbajobrifikbgtb.
fbajobrifikbg tb. H fbsbgdh tikoêk khstri i péapbori supbrjhr
abvigtifi b i péapbori jgcbrjhr tbgsi, qub ghrkiakbgtb kireik h
kbfh. Bssis iîòbs fis péapboris phfbk fbsipirbebr quigfh uki
pbsshi tbgti bsehgfbr h kbfh, phjs bssis gåh såh iîòbs fjcëebjs fb
ehgtrhair. Ê kijs prhvévba qub i phsjîåh fi shorigebadi pbrkigbîi.
Is Cjnuris 5E b 5F khstrik is iîòbs fis shorigebadis b
péapboris qub kireik i rijvi b is qub eiusik surprbsi. Gåh dé
shorigebadis b péapboris fjstjgtis qub kirqubk hutris bkhîòbs.
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  952 

Cjnuri 5I Cjnuri 5O

Cjnuri 5E Cjnuri 5F
 

953  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

îòbs. Hs khvjkbgths fi shorigebadi b fi péapbori khstrifhs

gis cjnuris 5E b 5F gåh såh ehgcjévbjs. Vhfhs phfbk pritjeé-ahs
b, phrtigth, fbvbk ipirbebr bk bxprbssòbs ciasis b sbr
ciejakbgtb heuatifhs. Babs såh jgeauëfhs piri ehkpabtir i
jkinbk fbfbehkh
bkhîòbs, khfhisqubshorigebadis
h ehgtristbbgi
is ipirígeji
péapboris ehk
sjgiajzik is
is iîòbs
ehgcjévbjs khstrifis gis cjnuris
cjnuris 5I
5I b 5O sbmi kijs bvjfbg
bvjfbgtb.
tb.
Is iîòbs fi shorigebadi khstrifis gis cjnuris 5E b 5F -
abvigtir hu ioijxir - såh is bxprbssòbs ciejijs kijs crbqubgtbs.
Bssis iîòbs fis shorigebadis såh crbqñbgtbkbgtb usifis ehkh
sjgijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh piri iebgtuir hu bgcitjzir i ciai. H
iukbgth fi shorigebadi tikoêk ê usifh ehkh bxeaikiîåh hu
jgtbrrhniîåh b ehkh bkoabkis fb fbserbgîi b ebtjejskh. Firwjg
edikhu h kýseuah qub puxi is shorigebadis piri oijxh b mugth
ehk bab hiîåh
qub bssi "kýseuah
hehrrbfiehk
fjcjeuafifb". Babfbbstivi
fjcjeuafifb ehrrbth
quiaqubr tjph,ihfbsfb
icjrkir
abvigtir ianh pbsifh itê rbshavbr uk prhoabki irjtkêtjeh
ehkpabxh. Ioijxir b ugjr is shorigebadis ê ehkuk ehk
pbrpabxjfifb b ehgebgtriîåh.
Bxjstb hutri iîåh ciejia ehgcjévba gi érbi fi ohei. Rki fis
kbadhrbs pjstis piri i rijvi ê h bstrbjtikbgth fhs aéojhs. I érbi
vbrkbadi thrgi-sb kbghs vjsëvba, kis hs aéojhs gåh såh sunifhs
hu gbebssirjikbgtb prbssjhgifhs. Bssi iîåh kuseuair ê kujth
fjcëeja piri i kijhrji fis pbsshis, b hosbrvbj qub kujtis vbzbs
ipirbeb quigfh
fb i pbsshi ianuêk
pbrebobr ehkbîi i cjeir
h sbgtjkbgth. Ê ukehk rijvi, kbskh
khvjkbgth sutja, igtbs
bgtrbtigth, b tikoêk ciejakbgtb fjssjkuaifh phr nbsths
shrrjfbgtbs. I Cjnuri 6 khstri ehkh bssi iîåh iatbri i ipirígeji
fhs aéojhs.
H brrh fb Htbah - gåh rbehgdbebr qub uki pbsshi dhgbsti
suspbjti fb kbgtjr phfb khstrir hs kbskhs sjgijs fb bkhîåh qub
uk kbgtjrhsh - phfb ehkpajeir i jgtbrprbtiîåh fhs kýseuahs ciejijs
ehgcjévbjs. Rk suspbjth jghebgtb phfb khstrir i bxjojîåh ehgcjévba
fb kbfh khstrifi gi cjnuri 5O phrqub tbk kbfh fb sbr ciasikbgtb

ieusifh. Prbheupifh
pbgsbk qub qub sb bab pirbebr
bab ê uk kbgtjrhsh, bab phfbehk kbfh
tbgtir qub is sbu
bsehgfbr pbsshis
kbfh
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  95> 

Cjnuri 6

piri qub hs sjgijs fb kbfh pbrkigbîik ipbgis gis shorigebadis,

qub såh fjcëebjs fb jgjojr. H kbgtjrhsh ehk kbfh fb sbr pbnh, qub
tbgti bsehgfbr sbu kbfh, prhvivbakbgtb khstriré i kbski
bxprbssåh. H Eipëtuah 3 bxpajei is kigbjris fb h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris ajfir ehk bssb prhoabki.
H pbrjnh fb Orhliw - fbjxir fb abvir bk ehgsjfbriîåh is fjcbrbgîis
jgfjvjfuijs qub phfbk eiusir uk kbgtjrhsh gåh piri khstrir uki pjsti
piri bgnigir bgquigth uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri ciz khstrb - tikoêk
fbvb sbr bvjtifh ih jgtbrprbtir hs kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs. Ianukis
pbsshis - psjehpitis b kbgtjrhshs giturijs - tík uki eipiejfifb
bxtrihrfjgérji fb jgjojr hs sjgijs ciejijs fb sbus vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths.
Piri babs, kbskh hs kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs gåh såh ehgcjévbjs.
Kujths aëfbrbs eirjskétjehs tík uk fbsbkpbgdh bxtrihrfjgérjh. H Pipi
 Mhåh Piuah JJ suphstikbgtb khstrhu
khstrhu sui diojajfifb furigtb sui vjsjti à
Phaögji bk 9:45. *
Ipbgis ianugs ighs igtbs, i nrbvb fh bstiabjrh bk Nfigsl
fbspbrthu i bspbrigîi fb qub hs nhvbrgigtbs ehkugjstis gi Phaögji

* Ghssi fbsiprhviîåh fb kbgtjr ê tåh chrtb qub kbu ush fh tbrkh kbgtjrhsh phjs quiaqubr uk
qub ê rbspbjtifh pirbeb brrifh. Ehkh bxpajqubj gh eipëtuah ?, gåh ush h tbrkh kbgtjrhsh 
fb kigbjri pbmhritjvi, b ehkh bxpajeirbj gh eipëtuah igtbrjhr, ierbfjth qub ianukis kbgtjris såh
khriakbgtb fbcbgsévbjs.
 

954  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phfb pbrkjtjr ianuki ajobrfifb phaëtjei. Kujths tbkjik qub, sb

Abed ^iabsi, h aëfbr fh sjgfjeith Uhajfirjbfifb, chssb ahgnb
fbkijs hu répjfh fbkijs, is trhpis shvjêtjeis kiredirjik, ehkh
divjik cbjth ighs igtbs gi Dugnrji, Vedbehsahvéquji b
Iabkigdi Hrjbgtia. Phr kbsbs, is trhpis shvjêtjeis sb bgnimirik
bk "bxbreëejhs kjajtirbs" pbrth fi crhgtbjri ehk i Phaögji.
Cjgiakbgtb, h rbnjkb qub divji thabrifh h Uhajfirjbfifb
rbgugejhu b hs kjajtirbs phahgbsbs, ehk i iprhviîåh fb Khsehu,
issukjrik h ehgtrhab. H nbgbria Miruzbaslj suspbgfbu i
itjvjfifb fhs sjgfjeiths, rbstrjgnju i itjvjfifb fb Abed ^iabsi b
jkpös i abj kirejia. Inhri, fbphjs fb fbzhjth kbsbs fb abj
kirejia, i vjsjti fh pipi, bab prõprjh uk phahgís, phfb tbr
ehgsbquígejis jkphrtigtbs. Ubré qub h pipi khstrirji iphjh i
^iabsi, sui prbsbgîi rbiebgfbrji uki nrbvb, eitiajsirji i
rbobajåh, hu firji
^jaajik Uicjrb sui oígîåh
fbserbvbu ih nbgbria
h bgehgtrh Miruzbaslj8
cjakifh bgtrb h H mhrgiajsti
nbgbria bh
pipi= "... h phgtëcjeb b h aëfbr cigthedb khstririk shrrjshs b
ipbrths fb kåh. H pipi bgtbgfb ehkh is ipirjîòbs pýoajeis
phfbk sbr usifis b eiajori suis bxprbssòbs ciejijs bk tijs
bvbgths. Iquj h sjgia bri jgehgcugfëvba= i jnrbmi b h bstifh
edbnirik i uk iehrfh sberbth, b i oígîåh phaëtjei ouseifi pbah
aëfbr phahgís bsehadjfh phr Khsehu \Miruzbaslj[ chj fifi piri sbr
rbprhfuzjfi b rbprhfuzjfi gi tbabvjsåh bstitia. "4

Gbk thfh aëfbr phaëtjeh ehgsbnub ifkjgjstrir ehk tigti

diojajfifb suis bxprbssòbs. H ciabejfh prbsjfbgtb fh Bnjth,
Igwir Uifit, bserbvbu shorb suis tbgtitjvis, quigfh
ifhabsebgtb, fb iprbgfbr i ehgtrhair hs kýseuahs ciejijs= "... kbu
dhooy bri i phaëtjei. Giqubai êphei, Kusshajgj bstivi gi Jtéaji. Sj
suis chths b aj shorb ehkh bab kufivi suis bxprbssòbs ciejijs
quigfh cizji fjseurshs pýoajehs, virjigfh bk phsbs fb chrîi hu
inrbssjvjfifb, piri qub is pbsshis hadissbk piri bab b vjssbk
phfbr b chrîi bk suis cbjîòbs. Cjqubj cisejgifh ehk jssh. Bu
bstivi fjigtb h bspbadh bk eisi b tbgtbj jkjtir bssi bxprbssåh
fb ehkigfh, kis piri kjk hs rbsuatifhs chrik
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  95: 

kujth fbebpejhgigtb. Vufh h qub iehgtbebu chj qub hs kýseuahs fh kbu
rhsth cjeirik kujth eigsifhs. Jssh kieduei.":
Bkohri gåh sbmi eipiz fb ciasjcjeir suis bxprbssòbs ciejijs, h
suebssh fb Uifit bk chrmir sberbtikbgtb uk itiqub surprbsi
ehgmugth sërjh-bnëpejh ehgtri Jsriba bk 9:>5 khstri qub bab bri, gh
bgtigth, diojajfhsh bk bgnigir. Gåh dé ehgtrifjîåh. H bgnigh gåh
rbqubr diojajfifb piri ciasjcjeir hu heuatir i bxprbssåh ciejia, h
khvjkbgth ehrphria hu i vhz. Jssh sõ ê gbebssérjh bk bgnighs
ëgtjkhs, quigfh h kbgtjrhsh b i vëtjki bståh eiri i eiri, bk
ehgtith fjrbth, ehkh gi rbugjåh furigtb i quia Djtabr diojakbgtb
bgnighu Edikobraijg. Fjz-sb qub Uifit gugei tbgthu bsehgfbr sbus
vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths quigfh sb bgehgtrhu fjrbtikbgtb ehk
sbus ifvbrsérjhs. Fb iehrfh ehk Bzbr ^bjzkig, h kjgjstrh fi
fbcbsi jsribabgsb qub gbnhejhu fjrbtikbgtb ehk Uifit ipõs i
nubrri fb 9:>5= ‑Bab gåh ê uk dhkbk piri nuirfir sbus
sbgtjkbgths= babs såh jkbfjitikbgtb bvjfbgtbs bk sui bxprbssåh,
obk ehkh bk sui vhz b nbsths .90

Bxjstb hutri kigbjri, kijs ajkjtifi, pbai quia is fjcbrbgîis

jgfjvjfuijs jgtbrcbrbk gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fhs kýseuahs ciejijs
ehgcjévbjs. Bgvhavb hs sjgijs ciejijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh qub kbgejhgbj
igtbrjhrkbgtb. Ianugs fhs sjgijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh såh kujth
pirbejfhs ehk jaustrifhrbs kiguijs, figfh ígcisb i piaivris
bspbeëcjeis à kbfjfi qub såh ciaifis. I kijhrji fis pbsshis ioijxi
hu abvigti is shorigebadis (ehkh khstrifh gis cjnuris 5E b 5F).
Kujth phueis pbsshis usik h khvjkbgth fi shorigebadi fb trjstbzi
hu kbfh (cjnuris 5I b 5O) piri bgcitjzir i ciai. Piri qubk h ciz,
bssbs khvjkbgths gåh såh ehgcjévbjs. H ithr-fjrbthr ^hhfy Iaabg ê
uki pbsshi eumhs khvjkbgths fi tbsti gåh såh ehgcjévbjs. Bab usi h
khvjkbgth fi shorigebadi fb trjstbzi ehkh uk bgcitjzifhr fh
fjseursh. Bgquigth i kijhrji fis pbsshis abvigti hu ioijxi is
shorigebadis piri bgcitjzir uki piaivri, ^hhfy Iaabg ehstuki
puxir h eigth jgtbrgh fis shorigebadis piri ejki. Jssh ê pirtb fh
qub adb fé uki ipirígeji tåh kbaigeõajei hu bkpétjei. Hutrhs qub,
ehkh ^hhfy Iaabg, usik i tbsti fi trjstbzi ehkh uk bgcitjzifhr
såh ciejakbgtb eipizbs fb cizbr bssis iîòbs fbajobrifikbgtb.
 

960  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Bssis pbsshis fbvbk sbr eipizbs fb usir bssbs khvjkbgths bk uki

bxprbssåh ciasi b heuaté-ahs quigfh qujsbrbk. Babs tík céeja iebssh ihs
kýseuahs qub i kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ehgsbnub iaeigîir. H ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris phfb fjzbr qub gåh phfb ehgtir ehk bssbs kýseuahs sb h suspbjth
usir crbqubgtbkbgtb tijs iîòbs ehkh bgcitjzifhrb
bgcitjzifhrbs.
s.
Rk tbrebjrh prhoabki phfb ehkpajeir
ehkpajeir i jgtbrprbtiîåh fb kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs
ehgcjévbjs b hutris pjstis piri bgnigir= uki

têegjei tbitria phfb sbr usifi piri ehaheir bssbs kýseuahs bk iîåh bk uki bxprbssåh ciasi. I têegjei fb ituiîåh fb Utigjsaivslj

(tikoêk ehgdbejfi ehkh kêthfh fb ituiîåh) bgsjgi h ithr i khstrir bkhîòbs ehk prbejsåh, iprbgfbgfh ehkh abkorir b rbvjvbr

uki bkhîåh. Kbgejhgbj pbrth fh cjgia fh ýatjkh eipëtuah ghssh ush fbssi têegjei fb ituiîåh piri bstufir h ssjstbki
jstbki gbrvhsh

iutöghkh. Yuigfh uk ithr usi bssi têegjei, suis bxprbssòbs ciejijs gåh såh cbjtis fbajobrifikbgtb, kis såh h prhfuth fi

bkhîåh rbvjvjfi b, ehkh ghssh bstufh sunbrb, i cjsjhahnji fi bkhîåh phfb sbr fbspbrtifi. Às vbzbs, quigfh is pbsshis gåh

ehgsbnubk rbiajzir is iîòbs khstrifis gis cjnuris 5I hu 5O, pbfj qub usissbk i têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj, jgstrujgfh-hs i rbvjvbr

sbgtjkbgths fb trjstbzi hu kbfh. Is iîòbs ciejijs qub babs gåh phfjik cizbr fbajobrifikbgtb ehk crbquígeji, bgtåh, ipirbebråh.

H kbgtjrhsh tikoêk phfb usir i têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj b, gbssb eish, gåh fbvb divbr ssjgijs
jgijs fb qub i pbrchrkigeb ê ciasi,

phrqub, bk ebrth sbgtjfh, gåh sbré. Hs kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs

ehgcjévbjs ipirbebrjik gi bbxprbssåh
xprbssåh ciasi fb tia kbgtjrhsh, phrq
phrqub
ub h

kbgtjrhsh sbgtb i bkhîåh ciasi. I ajgdi bgtrb h ciash b h vbrfifbjrh thrgi-sb ehgcusi quigfh is bkhîòbs såh prhfuzjfis pbai

têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj. Pjhr ijgfi ê i kbgtjrhsi qub ehgsbnub bgnigir i sj kbski, pissigfh i ierbfjtir qub sui kbgtjri ê

vbrfifbjri. Bssbs kbgtjrhshs såh jgfbtbetévbjs. Ê prhvévba qub ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs qub siobk qub bståh kbgtjgfh quigfh

kbgtbk sbmik ipigdifhs. H kbgtjrhsh tikoêk phfb usir i têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj b, gbssb eish, gåh fbvb divbr ssjgijs
jgijs fb qub i

pbrchrkigeb ê ciasi, phrqub,

phrqub, bk ebrth sbgtjfh, gåh sbré. Hs k
kýseuahs
ýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs ipirbebrjik gi bxprbssåh
bxprbssåh ciasi fb tia

kbgtjrhsh, phrqub h kbgtjrhsh sbgtb i bkhîåh ciasi. I ajgdi bgtrb h cciash

iash b h vbrfifbjrh thrgi-sb ehgcusi quigfh is bkhîòbs såh

prhfuzjfis pbai têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj. Pjhr ijgfi ê i kbgtjrhsi qub ehgsbnub bgnigir i sj kbski, pissigfh i ierbfjtir qub sui

kbgtjri ê vbrfifbjri. Bssbs kbgtjrhshs såh jgfbtbetévbjs. Ê prhvévba qub ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs qub siobk qub bståh kbgtjgfh

quigfh kbgtbk sbmik ipigdifhs. H kbgtjrhsh tikoêk phfb usir i têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj b, gbssb eish, gåh fbvb divbr sjgijs

fb qub i pbrchrkigeb ê ciasi, phrqub, bk ebrth sbgtjf

sbgtjfh,
h, gåh sbré. Hs kýseuahs ciejijs
ciejijs ehgcjévbjs ipirbebrjik gi bxprbssåh ciasi
fb tia kbgtjrhsh, phrqub h kbgtjrhsh sbgtb
s bgtb i bkhîåh ciasi. I ajgdi bgtrb h ciash b h vbrfifbjrh thrgi-sb ehgcusi quigfh is

bkhîòbs såh prhfuzjfis pbai têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj. Pjhr ijgfi ê i kbgtjrhsi qub ehgsbnub bgnigir i sj kbski, pissigfh i

ierbfjtir qub sui kbgtjri ê vbrfifbjri. Bssbs kbgtjrhshs såh jgfbtbetévbjs. Ê prhvévba qub ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs qub siobk qub

bståh kbgtjgfh quigfh kbgtbk sbmik ipigdifhs. I ajgdi bgtrb h ciash b h vbrfifbjrh thrgi-sb ehgcusi quigfh is bkhîòbs såh

prhfuzjfis pbai têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj. Pjhr ijgfi ê i kbgtjrhsi qub ehgsbnub bgnigir i sj kbski, pissigfh i ierbfjtir qub sui

kbgtjri ê vbrfifbjri. Bssbs kbgtjrhshs såh jgfbtbetévbjs. Ê prhvévba qub ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs qub siobk qub bståh kbgtjgfh

quigfh kbgtbk sbmik ipigdifhs. I ajgdi bgtrb h ciash b h vbrfifbjrh thrgi-sb ehgcusi quigfh is bkhîòbs såh prhfuzjfis pbai têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj. Pjhr

Itê inhri, fbserbvj trís kigbjris pbais quijs sbgtjkbgths

heuaths phfbk vizir= kjerhbxprbssòbs< h qub phfb sbr vjsth
igtbs fb uk sjabgejifhr< b h qub cjei gh rhsth phrqub jssh
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  969

gåh chj phssëvba jgjojr i iîåh fhs kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs. I

kijhrji fis pbsshis ierbfjti bk uki quirti chgtb piri i trijîåh
fb sbgtjkbgths heuaths - hs hadhs. Ehgsjfbrifhs is migbais fi
iaki, fjzbk qub hs hadhs rbvbaik hs sbgtjkbgths kijs ëgtjkhs b
vbrfifbjrhs. I igtrhpõahni Kirnirbt Kbif ejthu uk prhcbsshr
shvjêtjeh qub fjsehrfivi= ‑Igtbs fi rbvhauîåh, ehstukévikhs
fjzbr= 'Hs hadhs såh h bspbadh fi iaki.' Hs hadhs
ha dhs phfbk kbgtjr -
b ehkh. Sheí phfb bxprbssir ehk sbus hadhs uki itbgîåh
fbvhtifi qub, gi rbiajfifb, vheí gåh bsté sbgtjgfh. Sheí phfb
bxprbssir sbrbgjfifb hu surprbsi. "99 Bssi fjsehrfïgeji shorb i
ehgcjiojajfifb fhs hadhs phfb sbr rbshavjfi ehgsjfbrigfh
sbpirifikbgtb eifi uki fis ejgeh chgtbs fb jgchrkiîåh ghs
hadhs. Ipbgis trís fbabs chrgbebk pjstis fb vizikbgth hu
bgnigh.
Bk prjkbjrh aunir, bståh is kufigîis gi ipirígeji fhs
hadhs, prhfuzjfis pbahs kýseuahs qub ejreugfik hs nahohs
heuairbs. Bssbs kýseuahs khfjcjeik i chrki fis péapboris,
quigth fh origeh b fi ërjs fh hadh ê rbvbaifh b i jkprbssåh
nbria hotjfi ih hadir piri i érbi fhs hadhs. Ianukis fis
iatbriîòbs prhfuzjfis phr bssbs kýseuahs såh khstrifis gis
cjnuris 5 I, 5O, 5E b 5F, kis, ehkh mé kbgejhgifh, is iîòbs
fbssbs kýseuahs gåh chrgbebk pjstis eehgcjévbjs
hgcjévbjs piri bgnigir.
Ê rbaitjvikbgtb céeja khvbr bssbs kýseuahs fbajobrifikbgtb b
jgjojr suis iîòbs. Gåh viziré kujth, bxebth ehkh pirtb fb uki
bxprbssåh kjerh hu rbprjkjfi.
I sbnugfi chgtb fb jgchrkiîåh fi érbi fhs hadhs ê i fjrbîåh fh
hadir. H hadir ê fbsvjifh ehk uki sêrjb fb bkhîòbs= piri oijxh
ehk trjstbzi< piri oijxh hu piri ahgnb ehk vbrnhgdi hu euapi< b
bkohri ehk ghmh. Gh bgtigth, kbskh h kbgtjrhsh euapifh
prhvivbakbgtb gåh fbsvjiré kujth hs hadhs, phjs hs kbgtjrhshs
siobk qub thfhs bspbrik sbr eipizbs fb fbtbetir h bgnigh fbssi
chrki. H prhcbsshr shvjêtjeh ejtifh phr Kbif hosbrvhu ehkh ê céeja
ehgtrhair i fjrbîåh fh hadir. Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb, is pbsshis
ehgtjguik i sbr bgnigifis phr kbgtjrhshs déobjs h sucjejbgtb piri

gåh fbsvjir h hadir fbabs. ‑Rki fis ehjsis qub itriju i Pitrjeji
 

96?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Nirfgbr piri Njhviggj Sjnajhtth, h dhkbk qub phfb tbr sb eisifh

ehk 900 kuadbrbs, bri 'iqubab triîh dhgbsth' fb hadir fjrbtikbgtb
ghs hadhs fbai, bai tbstbkugdhu hgtbk \bk sbu muanikbgth phr
ojnikji[. "9?

fhs Ihadhs
tbrebjri, quirtikijs
såh chgtbs b qujgti chgtbs fbfb
prhkjsshris jgchrkiîåh
vizikbgthfihuérbi
pjstis bgnighsis. Pjseir phfb sbr cbjth vhaugtirjikbgtb, kis
tikoêk ê uki rbsphsti jgvhaugtérji, qub iukbgti quigfh
is pbsshis bståh bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifis. Is pupjais
fjaitik quigfh is pbsshis bståh bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifis,
kis gåh bxjstb uk eikjgdh vhaugtérjh qub pbrkjti i ianuêk
i hpîåh fb cizbr bssi kufigîi phr bsehadi prõprji. I
fjaitiîåh fi pupjai ê prhfuzjfi pbah sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh, qub tikoêk prhfuz is iatbriîòbs gi siajviîåh,
rbspjriîåh b suhr ciejijs
hutris iatbriîòbs kbgejhgifhs ghieipëtuah
fbserjtis 6 b ianukis
sbnujr. Bkohri h
iukbgth fh pjseir b is pupjais fjaitifis jgfjqubk qub uki
pbsshi bsté bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifi, bais gåh rbvbaik fb
qub bkhîåh sb triti. Bssbs phfbk sbr sjgijs fb bxejtiîåh,
rijvi hu kbfh.

Is aénrjkis, i qujgti b ýatjki chgtb fb jgchrkiîåh gi érbi fhs

hadhs, tikoêk såh prhfuzjfis pbai itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh

iutöghkh, kis is Is
thfis is bkhîòbs. aénrjkis såhhehrrbk
aénrjkis sjgijs fbehk
ipbgis ianukis,
ignýstji, gåh iaëvjh,
trjstbzi, fb
ebrtis chrkis fb prizbr b rjsh fbsehgtrhaifh. Babs phfbk vizir
ignýstji hu trjstbzi quigfh hutrhs sjgijs bståh heuaths, bkohri bu
bspbrb qub is shorigebadis tikoêk khstrbk i bkhîåh, b i pbsshi,
sb is aénrjkis ehkbîirbk, rbehgdbebré ripjfikbgtb h sbgtjkbgth
heuath. Aénrjkis fb prizbr gåh fbvbk vizir sb h rjsh bk sj chj
rbprjkjfh.
H sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh prhfuz hutris kufigîis
vjsëvbjs gh rhsth= ruohr, bkpiajfbejkbgth b suhr. Issjk ehkh

ehk is hutris kufigîis ciejijs b ehrphrijs prhfuzjfis pbah

 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  965 

sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh, ê fjcëeja bsehgfbr

bsehgfbr h ruohr, h origeh hu i
sufhrbsb ciejia. Gåh ê ebrth sb h suhr ê, ehkh h iukbgth fhs pjseir
fhs hadhs b i fjaitiîåh fi pupjai, uk sjgia fh fbspbrtir fb quiaqubr
bkhîåh hu, bk vbz fjssh, ê bspbeëcjeh piri ipbgis uki hu fuis
bkhîòbs. Kujth phueh sb siob shorb ruohr b bkpiajfbejkbgth.

H ruohr ê ehgsjfbrifh uk sjgia fb ehgstrignjkbgth, hehrrbgfh

tikoêk ehk vbrnhgdi b tiavbz ehk euapi. Fjz-sb qub ê kijs
ehkuk bk kuadbrbs fh qub dhkbgs, bkohri gåh sb sijoi phr qub
jssh hehrrb. H ruohr phfb fbjxir bseipir qub uk kbgtjrhsh bsté
ehgstrignjfh hu bgvbrnhgdifh ehk h qub bsté sbgfh heuatifh, hu
phfb sbr h prõprjh ehgstrignjkbgth qub bsté sbgfh heuatifh. H
rhsth tikoêk cjei vbrkbadh fb rijvi b gjgnuêk siob ehkh bssi
vbrkbadjfåh phfb fjcbrjr fh ruohr.
r uohr. Prbsukjvbakbgtb, ikohs
bgvhavbk
vbrkbadh fifjaitiîåh
rijvi b fhs vishs
h ruohr fbsignuëgbhs
vbrnhgdi hupbrjcêrjehs
vbrnhgdifiphfbk
pbab, kis h
fjcbrjr bk quigtjfifb, érbis fh rhsth icbtifis hu furiîåh. Bspbrh
qub h rhsth cjqub vbrkbadh ipbgis quigfh i rijvi gåh bsté sbgfh
ehgtrhaifi hu quigfh uki pbsshi tbgti ehgtrhair uki rijvi qub
bsté prbstbs i bxpahfjr. Ub chr issjk, bgtåh, ghrkiakbgtb, divbrji
hutri bvjfígeji fb rijvi gh rhsth b gi vhz, b h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris gåh tbrji qub fbpbgfbr ipbgis fi ehahriîåh fh rhsth piri
eiptir bssi bkhîåh. Gi rijvi kijs ehgtrhaifi, h rhsth
r hsth phfb
bkorigqubebr hu bkpiajfbebr, issjk ehkh phfb iehgtbebr ehk h
kbfh. H bkpiajfbejkbgth phfb vizir kbskh quigfh is
bxprbssòbs fb rijvi hu kbfh såh heuatifis. Uurprbbgfbgtbkb
Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb,gtb,
tbk divjfh kujth phueh bstufh shorb aénrjkis, ruohr, vbrkbadjfåh
hu bkpiajfbejkbgth bk rbaiîåh à bxprbssåh hu heuatiîåh fb
bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis.
Pissbkhs fb ehkh h rhsth phfb trijr uki bkhîåh heuati
piri hs sjgijs ciejijs fb qub uki bxprbssåh ê ciasi b qub i
bkhîåh gåh ê rbiakbgtb sbgtjfi. Rki phssjojajfifb, mé
kbgejhgifi, ê qub hs kýskýseuahs
euahs ehgc
ehgcjévbjs
jévbjs gåh cciîik
iîik pirtb
pirtb fb
uki bxprbssåh ciasi, fbsfb qub gåh dimi prhoabki fb ^hhfy
Iaabg hu Utigjsaivlj. Bxjstbk trís hutris pjstis qub sunbrbk uk
 

966  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bxprbssåh ê ciasi= issjkbtrji, tbkph b aheiajziîåh gh cauxh fb

ehgvbrsiîåh.
Bk uk issjkêtrjeh bxprbssåh ciejia, is kbskis iîòbs
ipirbebk bk ikohs hs aifhs fh rhsth, kis is iîòbs såh kijs

chrtbs bk ukehk
ehgcugfjfhs aifhugjaitbria
fh qub gh hutrh. Babsiqubais
bxprbssòbs, gåh fbvbk
qub sbr
ipirbebk
bk ipbgis uk aifh fh rhsth. Bssis iîòbs ciejijs ugjaitbrijs gåh
såh sjgijs fb bkhîåh, ehk bxebîåh fis bxprbssòbs fb fbsprbzh
bk qub h aéojh supbrjhr bsté abvigtifh hu h eigth fh aéojh
ehgtriëfh fb uk aifh. Bk vbz fjssh, bxprbssòbs ugjaitbrijs såh
usifis bk bkoabkis ehkh pjseir fb hadhs hu abvigtir uki
shorigebadi ehk ebtjejskh. Is bxprbssòbs issjkêtrjeis såh kijs
sutjs, kujth kijs ehkugs b kujth kijs jgtbrbssigtbs fh qub is
ugjaitbrijs.

Ejbgtjstis
fjrbjth jgtbrbssifhs
fh eêrborh pirbeb sb gis fbsehobrtis
bspbejiajzir fb qub
bk ajfir ehkh id
dbkjscêrjh
bkjscêrjh
bkhîåh
iedivik qub uk aifh fh rhsth phfbrji sbr kijs bkhejhgia.
Ehkh h dbkjscêrjh fjrbjth ehgtrhai kujths fhs kýseuahs fh aifh
bsqubrfh fh rhsth b h dbkjscêrjh bsqubrfh ehgtrhai kujths fhs
kýseuahs fh aifh fjrbjth fh rhsth, ianugs ejbgtjstis sunbrjrik
qub i bkhîåh sbrji khstrifi ehk kijs chrîi gh aifh bsqubrfh
fh _hsth. Bk kjgdi tbgtitjvi fb fbsehorjr jgehgsjstígejis bk
uk fb sbus bxpbrjkbgths, fbsehorj, phr iejfbgtb, ehkh i
issjkbtrji phfb sbr uki pjsti piri h bgnigh. Bxprbssòbs thrtis,
gis quijs is iîòbs såh ajnbjrikbgtb kijs chrtbs fb uk aifh fh
rhsth fh qub fh hutrh, såh uki pjsti fb qub h sbgtjkbgth
khstrifh gåh ê sbgtjfh.
H iejfbgtb iehgtbebu phrqub i prjkbjri bqujpb fb
ejbgtjstis qub iabnhu fbsehorjr qub i bkhîåh ê khstrifi
kijs chrtbkbgtb gh aifh bsqubrfh fh rhsth gåh ushu sbus
prõprjhs kitbrjijs, kis kb bkprbsthu chths ciejijs. Bxikjgbj
suis fbsehobrtis kijs fb pbrth fh qub cirji fb hutri chrki b
pufb iprbgfbr ehjsis qub babs gåh vjrik phr eiusi fh qub bu
ehgdbeji ehkh h chtõnrich fhs rhsths. Dirhaf Uielbjk b sbus
ehabnis ehrtirik eifi uki fb ghssis chths ciejijs
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  962 

ih kbjh piri erjir uki chthnricji fupai à bsqubrfi b uki

chthnricji fupai fjrbjti, eifi uki uki jkinbk fb rhsth jgtbjrh
ehkphsti phr uki jkinbk bspbadifi fb uk hu fh hutrh aifh
fh rhsth. Is pbsshis eaissjcjeirik is bkhîòbs ehkh kijs
jgtbgsis quigfh vjrik is jkinbgs fupai bsqubrfi fh qub is
jkinbgs fupai fjrbjti.95 Pbreboj qub divji uki bxebîåh - gåh
divji fjcbrbgîi ghs muanikbgths fis chths cbajzbs. Uielbjk gåh
fbu kujti jkphrtïgeji i jssh, kis bu sjk. Ehkh chtõnrich, bu
sioji qub is chths cbajzbs brik is ýgjeisrbia bxprbssòbs
bkhejhgijs. H rbsth bu cjz pbfjgfh ihs kbus khfbahs piri
khvbrbk fbtbrkjgifhs kýseuahs ciejijs fbajobrifikbgtb. Bu
tjgdi tjrifh is chths cbajzbs pbnigfh is khfbahs fbsprbvbgjfis
quigfh bais bstivik sb fjvbrtjgfh.
 Mugtir jssh ihs bstufhs shorb fighs
fighs ebrborijs b bbxprbssåh
xprbssåh
ciejia qub fbserbvj gh jgëejh fbstb eipëtuah sunbrju uki
jgtbrprbtiîåh kujth fjcbrbgtb fi issjkbtrji ciejia. Bssbs bstufhs
khstririk qub is bxprbssòbs vhaugtérjis b jgvhaugtérjis
bgvhavbk fjcbrbgtbs vjis gburijs, phjs uki phfb sbr
prbmufjeifi, kis gåh i hutri, fbpbgfbgfh fb hgfb h eêrborh
bsté figjcjeifh. Rki vbz qub is bxprbssòbs vhaugtérjis b
jgvhaugtérjis phfbk sbr jgfbpbgfbgtbs uki fi hutri, sb uki
chssb issjkêtrjei, i hutri phfbrji gåh sbr. I pirtb cjgia fi aõnjei
chj oisbifi gh cith obk bstiobabejfh fb qub hs dbkjscêrjhs
ebrborijs fjrjnbkvhaugtérjh, khvjkbgth ciejia gåh jgvhaugtérjh<
hs ýatjkhs såh nbrifhs phr érbis jgcbrjhrbs b kijs prjkjtjvis fh
eêrborh. Is fjcbrbgîis bgtrb hs dbkjscêrjhs bsqubrfh b fjrbjth
fbvbk jgcaubgejir is bxprbssòbs vhaugtérjis, gåh is bxprbssòbs
bkhejhgijs vhaugtérjis.
Uielbjk divji fbsehobrth, fb iehrfh ehk kbu riejheëgjh,
bxitikbgtb h hphsth fh qub bab pbgsivi tbr prhvifh. Gåh qub
hs fhjs aifhs fh rhsth fjcbrjssbk gi bxprbssåh bkhejhgia. Bk
vbz fjssh, i issjkbtrji hehrrji ipbgis quigfh i bxprbssåh bri
uki phsb fbajobrifi, vhaugtérji, cbjti sho fbkigfi. Yuigfh i
bxprbssåh bri jgvhaugtérji, ehkh gis ciebs cbajzbs bsphgtïgbis,
divji phuei issjkbtrji. I issjkbtrji ê uki pjsti fb qub
 

963  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

i bxprbssåh gåh ê sbgtjfi.96 Ehgfuzjkhs uki sêrjb fb bxpbrjkbgths

tbstigfh bssis jfbjis, ehkpirigfh bxprbssòbs ciejijs fbajobrifis ehk
bxprbssòbs ciejijs bsphgtïgbis.
I fjseussåh ejbgtëcjei shorb bssb issugth tbk sjfh jgtbgsi, b
ipbgis rbebgtbkbgtb
iîòbs bgvhavjfis surnju uk iehrfh
gis bxprbssòbs pirejia
bkhejhgijs - ipbgis
phsjtjvis. I shorb isfhs
kijhrji
pbsqujsifhrbs inhri ehgehrfi ehk ghssi fbsehobrti fb qub,
quigfh i bxprbssåh gåh ê sbgtjfi, h prjgejpia kýseuah bgvhavjfh gh
shrrjsh inb kijs chrtbkbgtb bk uk aifh fh rhsth. Yuigfh
pbfëikhs às pbsshis qub shrrjssbk fbajobrifikbgtb hu
rbprbsbgtissbk cbajejfifb, bgehgtrikhs issjkbtrji, ehkh quigfh
bxikjgikhs hs shrrjshs qub is pbsshis às vbzbs khstrik ih issjstjr
i uk fb ghsshs cjakbs signrbgths. Ghrkiakbgtb, i iîåh ê
ajnbjrikbgtb kijs chrtb gh aifh bsqubrfh fh rhsth sb i pbsshi chr
fbstri. Bk shrrjshs nbguëghs b sbgtjfhs, bgehgtrikhs uki
jgejfígeji kujth kbghr fb bxprbssòbs issjkêtrjeis, b gbgduki
tbgfígeji piri iqubais qub såh issjkêtrjeis sbrbk kijs chrtbs gh
aifh bsqubrfh fh rhsth.92

Vikoêk bgehgtrikhs issjkbtrji bk ianukis fis iîòbs

bgvhavjfis gis bkhîòbs gbnitjvis, quigfh is iîòbs såh
prhfuzjfis fbajobrifikbgtb, kis gåh quigfh såh pirtb fb
uki bxjojîåh bsphgtïgbi fb bkhîåh. Às vbzbs is iîòbs såh
kijs chrtbs à bsqubrfi, às vbzbs såh kijs chrtbs à fjrbjti b às
vbzbs gåh dé issjkbtrji. Iaêk fh shrrjsh, i iîåh fb ioijxir is
shorigebadis qub ehstuki cizbr pirtb fi fbkhgstriîåh fb
rijvi nbriakbgtb ê kijs chrtb gh aifh bsqubrfh fh rhsth
quigfh i iîåh ê cbjti fbajobrifikbgtb. I iîåh fb bgrunir h
girjz bgvhavjfi gh ghmh b h bstjrikbgth fhs aéojhs piri trés
bk fjrbîåh às hrbadis bgehgtrifis gh kbfh såh nbriakbgtb
kijs chrtbs gh aifh fjrbjth fh rhsth sb is iîòbs chrbk cbjtis
fbajobrifikbgtb. Bssis fbsehobrtis ieioirik fb sbr
puoajeifis b ijgfi gåh ê ebrth sb bais våh ehgvbgebr iqubabs,
ehkh Uielbjk,93
Iedbj qub gåh jkphrtirji kujth piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. I
issjkbtrji ê nbriakbgtb tåh sutja qub pbgsbj qub gjgnuêk phfbrji
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  96> 

aheiajzé-ah sbk uki kbfjîåh prbejsi. Bu bstivi brrifh.

Yuigfh pbfjkhs às pbsshis qub muanissbk sb is bxprbssòbs
brik sjkêtrjeis hu issjkêtrjeis, bais sb siërik kujth kbadhr
fh qub h ieish, bkohri tjvbssbk qub cizbr bssb muanikbgth
sbk eïkbri
obgbcëejh fb abgti huqub
gåh tbr vjsuiajziîåh
cizbr kijsrbpbtjfi.
gifi. GåhBabs
9> tjvbrikijgfi
siobkhs h
sb is pbsshis sbråh eipizbs fb sb sijr tåh obk quigfh
tikoêk tjvbrbk qub ajfir ehk is fjstriîòbs fb vbr hs
khvjkbgths fh ehrph, huvjr i ciai b rbsphgfbr às pbsshis
ehk qubk ehgvbrsik. Ê kujth fjcëeja paigbmir uk
bxpbrjkbgth piri fbtbrkjgir jssh.
Ub kujtis bxprbssòbs ciejijs chrbk issjkêtrjeis, ê prhvévba qub
gåh sbmik sbgtjfis, kis i issjkbtrji gåh ê prhvi ebrti fb qub i
bxprbssåh gåh ê sbgtjfi. Ianukis bxprbssòbs sbgtjfis såh
issjkêtrjeis< sõ qub i kijhrji gåh ê. Fi kbski chrki, i iusígeji fb
issjkbtrji gåh prhvi qub i bxprbssåh ê sbgtjfi< h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris phfb gåh tí-ahs vjsth b, iaêk fbssb prhoabki, gåheifi i
bxprbssåh fbajobrifi b gåh sbgtjfi ê issjkêtrjei< ipbgis i kijhrji ê.
Rk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gugei fbvb ehgcjir bk uki ýgjei pjsti
piri bgnigir< fbvb divbr kujths.Is pjstis ciejijs fbvbk sbr
ehgcjrkifis phr pjstis fi vhz, piaivris hu ehrph. Kbskh fbgtrh fh
rhsth, quiaqubr pjsti gåh fbvb sbr jgtbrprbtifi i kbghs qub sbmi
rbpbtjfi b, kbadhr ijgfi, ehgcjrkifi phr hutrh tjph fb pjsti ciejia.
Igtbrjhrkbgtb, trís chgtbs fb vizikbgth, hu kigbjris pbais quijs h
rhsth trij hs sbgtjkbgths heuaths, chrik bxpajeifis - hs kýseuahs
ciejijs ehgcjévbjs, hs hadhs b is iatbriîòbs fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh gi ipirígeji ciejia. I issjkbtrji ê uk fb hutrh ehgmugth
fb trís pjstis, gåh fb vizikbgth fh qub bsté sbgfh bsehgfjfh, kis
fb pjstis fb bgnigh fb qub i bxprbssåh khstrifi ê ciasi. H tbkph ê
i sbnugfi chgtb fb pjstis fb bgnigh.
Vbkph jgeauj i furiîåh thtia fb uki bxprbssåh ciejia, obk ehkh
quigth tbkph abvi piri ipirbebr (jgëejh) b quigth tbkph abvi piri
fbsipirbebr (fbsaheikbgth). Vhfhs hs trís phfbk chrgbebr pjstis piri
bgnigir. Bxprbssòbs fb ahgni furiîåh - ebrtikbgtb fbz sbnugfhs hu

kijs, b nbriakbgtb 2 sbnugfhs - prhvivbakbgtb såh ciasis.

 

964  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I kijhrji fis bxprbssòbs sbgtjfis gåh furi tigth. I kbghs qub

ianuêk bstbmi tbgfh uki bxpbrjígeji fb pjeh, gh iunb fh íxtisb, bk
uki cýrji bstrhgfhsi hu gh cugfh fi fbprbssåh, is bxprbssòbs
bkhejhgijs nbguëgis gåh pbrkigbebk gh rhsth phr kijs fb ianugs
sbnugfhs. Kbskh gbssbs bstifhs bxtrbkhs, is bxprbssòbs
ririkbgtb furik tigth< bk vbz fjssh, bxjstbk kujtis bxprbssòbs
kijs eurtis. Is bxprbssòbs ahgnis nbriakbgtb såh bkoabkis hu
bxprbssòbs sjkuaifis.
Gåh bxjstb uki rbnri rënjfi b répjfi shorb pjstis fb bgnigh ghs
tbkphs fb jgëejh b fbsaheikbgth, bxebth piri i surprbsi. H jgëejh, h
fbsaheikbgth b i furiîåh fbvbk sbr eurths, kbghs fb uk sbnugfh, sb i
surprbsi chr nbguëgi. Ub chr kijs ahgnh, ê uki surprbsi sjkuaifi (i
pbsshi bsté orjgeigfh fb sbr surprbbgfjfi), uk bkoabki surprbsi (i
pbsshi bsté sb rbcbrjgfh i sbr surprbbgfjfi) hu uki ciasi surprbsi, bk
qub i pbsshi tbgti pirbebr surprbsi quigfh gåh bsté t. I surprbsi ê
sbkprb uki bkhîåh kujth orbvb, furigfh ipbgis itê qub i pbsshi
surprbbgfjfi tbgdi fbsehobrth h iehgtbejkbgth jgbspbrifh. Bgquigth i
kijhrji fis pbsshis siob ehkh cjgnjr surprbsi, phueis phfbrjik cizí-ah
fb chrki ehgvjgebgtb ehk h répjfh jgëejh b fbsaheikbgth qub uki
surprbsi gituria fbvb tbr. Rki ghtëeji khstrhu ehkh uki bxprbssåh fb
surprbsi nbguëgi phfb sbr viajhsi. " Rk dhkbk jgmustikbgtb
ehgfbgifh phr issiath à kåh irkifi chj ajobrtifh
a jobrtifh fbphjs qub uk
prhkhthr - pbrebobgfh i rbiîåh fh dhkbk ih vbrbfjeth fb euapifh -
fbsbgtbrrhu ghvis bvjfígejis qub prhvirik i jgheígeji fb ^iygb

Kjathg. H prhkhthr
ianh bstivi bstifuia
brrifh fbphjs fb issjstbgtb
vbr h rhsthVhk Ukjtd eijr
fb Kjathg fjssbquigfh
qub sioji
uk qub
mýrj
m ýrj h
ehgfbghu gh kís pissifh pbah issiath fb $ ?00 gi Ailb Iphpli Nis Eh. "
94

Vhfis is hutris bxprbssòbs bkhejhgijs phfbk sbr kujth

eurtis, iebgfbgfh b ipinigfh bk uk sbnugfh, hu phfbk furir
ianugs sbnugfhs. H jgëejh b h fbsaheikbgth phfbk sbr iorupths
hu nrifuijs. Fbpbgfb fh ehgtbxth bk qub i bxprbssåh hehrrb.
Uuphgdi qub uk suohrfjgifh bstbmi cjgnjgfh bstir sitjscbjth ih
huvjr uki pjifi kiîigtb ehgtifi pbai quirti vbz phr uk edbcb
jgtrusjvh, qub gåh tbk sbgsh fb dukhr b uk pêssjkh
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  96: 

kbkõrji. Yuigth tbkph fbvb fbkhrir piri qub is iîòbs

shrrjfbgtbs ipirbîik fbpbgfb fi ehgstruîåh fh phgth cjgia - sb
ê nrifuia, ehk babkbgths ajnbjrikbgtb dukhrëstjehs hu

iorupths.
shrrjfbgtbsYuigth tbkph fbvb
fbsipirbîik abvir
fbpbg
fbpbgfb piri
fb fh tjphqub
fb is
pj iîòbs
pjifi
ifi - h quigth
fb rbejeainbk hu rbfjnbståh fi djstõrji sbrji iprhprjifh. Vhfhs
såh eipizbs fb cizbr ianuk tjph fb shrrjsh piri ciasjcjeir h
prizbr, kis ê kbghs prhvévba qub uk kbgtjrhsh imustb
ehrrbtikbgtb h jgëejh b h tbkph fb ehkpbgsiîåh fbssb shrrjsh
ihs fbtiadbs bxjnjfhs pbah ehgtbxth.
H bxith aheiajziîåh fb uki bxprbssåh bk rbaiîåh ih cauxh fi
ciai, i vhz kufi, b hs khvjkbgths fh ehrph såh i tbrebjri chgtb fb
pjstis fb bgnigh fb qub uki bxprbssåh ê ciasi. Uuphgdi qub
ianuêk bstbmi ciasjcjeigfh i rijvi b fjni= "Bsthu cirth fh sbu
ehkphrtikbgth". Ub i bxprbssåh fi rijvi vjbr fbphjs fis piaivris, ê
kijs prhvévba qub sbmi ciasi fh qub sb i rijvi hehrrbr gh jgëejh, hu
kbskh uk khkbgth igtbs, fis piaivris. Prhvivbakbgtb, dé kbghs
aitjtufb shorb hgfb phsjejhgir i bxprbssåh ciejia bk rbaiîåh ih
khvjkbgth ehrphria. Uuphgdi qub furigtb h "cirth" h kbgtjrhsh
oitbu ehk h pugdh gi kbsi. Ub i bxprbssåh fb rijvi sb sbnujr ih
nhapb fb pugdh, ê kijs prhvévba qub sbmi ciasi. Is bxprbssòbs ciejijs
qub gåh bståh sjgerhgjzifis ehk h khvjkbgth fh ehrph såh
prhvivbakbgtb pjstis fb bgnigh.
Gbgduki fjseussåh shorb hs sjgijs ciejijs fb bgnigh sbrji
ehkpabti sbk ehgsjfbrir uki fis kijs crbqubgtbs fb thfis is
bxprbssòbs ciejijs - h shrrjsh. Babs såh ýgjehs bgtrb is bxprbssòbs
ciejijs. Abvi ipbgis uk kýseuah piri khstrir prizbr, bgquigth i
kijhrji fis hutris bkhîòbs rbqubr i iîåh fb trís i ejgeh kýseuahs.
Bstb shrrjsh sjkpabs ê i bxprbssåh kijs céeja fb rbehgdbebr.
Fbsehorjkhs qub bssbs shrrjshs phfbk sbr vjsths fb kijs ahgnb
(500 pês) b ehk uki bxphsjîåh kijs orbvb fh qub hutris
bxprbssòbs bkhejhgijs.9: Ê fjcëeja gåh iebjtir uk shrrjsh< is pbsshis
cizbk jssh kbskh qub h shrrjsh qub bais rbtritik sbmi h khstrifh
bk uki chthnricji. Is pbsshis nhstik fb vbr i kijhrji fhs
shrrjshs, cith obk ehgdbejfh fhs igugejigtbs.
 

920  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Hs shrrjshs såh prhvivbakbgtb is bxprbssòbs ciejijs kijs suobstjkifis, kujth

kijs ehkpajeifis fh qub i kijhrji fis pbsshis jkinjgi. Bxjstbk fbzbgis fb
shrrjshs, eifi uk fjcbrbgtb gi ipirígeji b gi kbgsinbk bxprbssi. Bxjstbk kujtis

bkhîòbs phsjtjvis sjgiajzifis pbah shrrjsh - iabnrji, prizbr cësjeh hu sbgshrjia,

ehgtbgtikbgth b fjvbrsåh, piri ejtir ipbgis ianukis. Is pbsshis tikoêk shrrjbk
quigfh bståh jgcbajzbs. Gåh såh h kbskh
kbskh qub hs ciashs shrrjshs usifhs piri
ehgvbgebr hutri pbsshi fb qub sbgtjkbgths phsjtjvhs såh sbgtjfhs quigfh gåh h
såh, kujtis vbzbs kiseirigfh i bxprbssåh fb uki bkhîåh gbnitjvi. _bebgtbkbgtb,
fbsehorjkhs qub is pbsshis såh bgnigifis phr bssbs ciashs shrrjshs. Pbfjkhs qub
is pbsshis hadissbk ipbgis piri hs shrrjshs khstrifhs pbais bstufigtbs fb
bgcbrkinbk bk ghssh bxpbrjkbgth b muanissbk sb eifi shrrjsh bri nbguëgh hu gåh
(khstrifh bgquigth uki bgcbrkbjri issjstji i uk cjakb inrifévba), hu ciash
(khstrifh bgquigth uki bgcbrkbjri bsehgfbu is bkhîòbs gbnitjvis fbspbrtifis
phr ghssh cjakb signrbgth). Is pbsshis gåh cizjik kbadhr fh qub h ieish. Ierbfjth
qub h prhoabki gåh bri ipbgis uki ciadi bk rbehgdbebr shrrjshs bgnighshs, kis
fbehrrji fb uki ciati kijs nbria fb ehkprbbgsåh fb quigths tjphs fjcbrbgtbs fb
shrrjshs bxjstbk. H ciash gåh phfb sbr fjstjgnujfh fh cbatrh sbk siobr ehkh eifi
uk sb issbkbadi b fjcbrb fb thfhs hs hutrhs kbkorhs prjgejpijs fi cikëaji fh
shrrjsh. I sbnujr bståh is fbserjîòbs fb t sbr fjstjgnujfh fh cbatrh sbk siobr ehkh
eifi uk sb issbkbadi b fjcbrb fb thfhs hs hutrhs kbkorhs prjgejpijs fi cikëaji fh
shrrjsh. I sbnujr bståh is fbserjîòbs fb t sbr fjstjgnujfh fh cbatrh sbk siobr ehkh
eifi uk sb issbkbadi b fjcbrb fb thfhs hs hutrhs kbkorhs prjgejpijs fi cikëaji fh
shrrjsh. I sbnujr bståh is fbserjîòbs fbfbzhjth fjcbrbgtbs tjphs fb shrrjshs, gbgduk
fbabs shrrjshs bgnighshs.
H babkbgth ehkuk gi kijhrji fhs kbkorhs fi cikëaji fh
shrrjsh ê i kufigîi fb ipirígeji prhfuzjfi pbah kýseuah
zjnhkétjeh prjgejpia. Bssb kýseuah sb bstbgfb fis kiîås fh rhsth
piri oijxh b itrivbssi h rhsth, cjxigfh-sb ghs eigths fhs aéojhs.
Yuigfh ehgtriëfh, h zjnhkétjeh prjgejpia puxi hs eigths fhs
aéojhs piri ejki bk uk ïgnuah bk fjrbîåh às kiîås fh rhsth.
Ehk uki iîåh chrtb, bssb kýseuah tikoêk bstjei hs aéojhs, puxi
is ohedbedis piri ejki, bkoiai i pbab ioijxh fhs hadhs b prhfuz
runis bk pês fb niajgdi iaêk fhs eigths fhs hadhs. (Bk ianugs
jgfjvëfuhs, bstb kýseuah tikoêk puxi ajnbjrikbgtb piri oijxh i
phgti fh girjz< bk hutrhs ijgfi, divbré uk abvb puxåh gi pbab
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  929

pbrth fb suis hrbadis). Hutrhs kýseuahs sb cugfbk ehk h

zjnhkétjeh kijhr piri chrkir fjcbrbgtbs kbkorhs fi cikëaji fh
shrrjsh< b ianukis ipirígejis shrrjfbgtbs såh prhfuzjfis gåh pbah

zjnhkétjeh, kis
I sjkpabs phrfhhutrhs
iîåh kýseuahs.
kýseuah zjnhkétjeh prjgejpia prhfuz h
shrrjsh khstrifh piri bkhîòbs nbguëgis, fbsehgtrhaifis b
phsjtjvis. Gbgduk hutrh kýseuah gi pirtb jgcbrjhr fh rhsth bgtri
gbstisbgtjfh shrrjsh. I ýgjei iîåh qub tikoêk phfb ipirbebr gi
pirtb supbrjhr fi cieb ê h tbgsjhgikbgth fh kýseuah qub ejreugfi
hs hadhs. Bstb kýseuah prhfuz i kijhrji fis kufigîis gi cieb
supbrjhr qub tikoêk phfbk sbr prhfuzjfis phr uki chrtb iîåh fh
zjnhkétjeh kijhr - ohedbedi abvigtifi, pbab bgsieifi ioijxh fh
hadh b runis bk pês fb niajgdi. I Cjnuri 2I (vbmi i prõxjki pénjgi)
khstri h shrrjsh sbgtjfh. H shrrjsh sbgtjfh furi kijs tbkph b ê
kijs jgtbgsh quigfh hs sbgtjkbgths phsjtjvhs såh kijs bxtrbkhs.?0
Bu ierbfjth qub thfis is bxpbrjígejis bkhejhgijs phsjtjvis - iabnrji
fb hutri pbsshi, i cbajejfifb fh iaëvjh, prizbr fi bstjkuaiîåh tétja,
iufjtjvi hu vjsuia, fjvbrsåh, ehgtbgtikbgth - såh khstrifis pbah
shrrjsh sbgtjfh b fjcbrbk ipbgis gh khkbgth b gi jgtbgsjfifb
fbssi iîåh.
H shrrjsh fb kbfh gi cjnuri 2O (vbmi i prõxjki pénjgi) gåh tbk
gifi i vbr ehk bkhîòbs phsjtjvis, kis às vbzbs ê tåh bqujvheifh. Ê
prhfuzjfh pbah kýseuah rjsõrjh puxigfh hs eigths fhs aéojhs
dhrjzhgtiakbgtb bk fjrbîåh às hrbadis fb khfh qub hs aéojhs
sbmik bstjeifhs piri chrkir uki chrki rbtignuair. _jshrjhus vbk
fi piaivri aitjgi piri rjr, kis bssi iîåh hehrrb prjgejpiakbgtb ehk
kbfh, gåh ehk rjsh. I ehgcusåh prhvivbakbgtb surnju phrqub às
vbzbs, quigfh rjsõrjh puxi hs aéojhs dhrjzhgtiakbgtb, hs eigths sb
jgeajgik piri ejki, pirbebgfh uki vbrsåh kujth bstjeifi fh
shrrjsh fb cbatrh. Bk uki bxprbssåh ciejia fb kbfh, i ohei fb
chrkith rbtignuair (ehk hu sbk uki jgeajgiîåh fh eigth fh aéojh
piri ejki) sbré iehkpigdifi pbais shorigebadis b hadhs
khstrifhs gi cjnuri 5O.
H fbsprbzh shrrjsh ê hutrh tbrkh jkprõprjh, phjs bsti
bxprbssåh tikoêk gåh tbk kujth i vbr ehk bkhîòbs phsjtjvis,
 

92?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Cjnuri 2I Uhrrjsh fb cbatrh Cjnuri 2O Uhrrjsh fb kbfh

Cjnuri 2E Uhrrjsh fb fbsprbzh

 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  925 

bkohri sbmi crbqñbgtbkbgtb jgtbrprbtifh fbssi chrki. I vbrsåh fb

fbsprbzh khstrifi gi cjnuri 2E bgvhavb uk tbgsjhgikbgth fh kýseuah
ghs eigths fhs aéojhs, prhfuzjgfh uki prhtuobrïgeji kuseuair ghs
eigths b ih rbfhr fbabs, nbriakbgtb uki ehvjgdi, b uki abvb eurvituri
piri ejki fhs eigths fhs aéojhs. * Ghvikbgtb, ê i eurvituri piri ejki
fhs eigths fhs aéojhs, eirietbrëstjei ehkpirtjadifi ehk h shrrjsh
sbgtjfh, qub eiusi i ehgcusåh. Hutrh babkbgth ehkpirtjadifh ê i
ehvjgdi, qub às vbzbs ipirbeb gh shrrjsh fb cbatrh. I prjgejpia fjcbrbgîi
bgtrb h shrrjsh fb fbsprbzh b h shrrjsh sbgtjfh såh hs eigths fhs aéojhs
ehgtriëfhs, qub bståh prbsbgtbs gh fbsprbzh b iusbgtbs gh shrrjsh
sbgtjfh.
Bk uk ukbfbejfh Uhrrji uki pbsshi rbiakbgtb sbgtb bkhîòbs
phsjtjvis, kis tbgti fir i jkprbssåh fb qub bssbs sbgtjkbgths såh
kbghs jgtbgshs fh qub rbiakbgtb såh. H hombtjvh ê ikhrtbebr (kis gåh
suprjkjr) i bxprbssåh fb bkhîòbs phsjtjvis, kigtbgfh i bxprbssåh, b
tiavbz i bxpbrjígeji bkhejhgia, fbgtrh fhs ajkjtbs. Hs aéojhs phfbk sbr
prbssjhgifhs, hs eigths fhs aéojhs ipbrtifhs, h aéojh jgcbrjhr bkpurrifh
piri ejki, hs eigths fhs aéojhs puxifhs piri oijxh hu quiaqubr
ehkojgiîåh fbssis iîòbs phfb sb cugfjr ehk h sjkpabs shrrjsh. I Cjnuri
2F (ehgsuatb i prõxjki pénjgi) khstri uk shrrjsh ikhrtbejfh ehk thfis
is trís iîòbs fb ikhrtbejkbgth kbseaifis ehk i iîåh fh shrrjsh sbgtjfh.

H kjsbrévba h shrrjsh rbehgdbeb i bxpbrjígeji fb bkhîòbs

gbnitjvis. Gåh ê uki tbgtitjvi fb bsehgfbr, kis uk ehkbgtérjh
ciejia shorb
sjngjcjei qubbstir jgcbajz.
i pbsshi qubHh
shrrjsh
khstrikjsbrévba
gåh vij, nbriakbgtb
pbah kbghs tikoêk
phr
bgquigth, prhtbstir kujth shorb sui kjsêrji. Bab vij shrrjr b
inubgtir. Sjkhs bssb shrrjsh kjsbrévba ghs rhsths fis pbsshis
quigfh bstivik sbgtifis shzjgdis bk ghssh aiohritõrjh
issjstjgfh i uk fb ghsshs cjakbs signrbgths, sbk pbrebobr
ghssi eïkbri heuati. Kujtis vbzbs, pirbeji kijs ebfh, quigfh
babs pirbejik sb fir ehgti fb ehkh

* H fbsprbzh tikoêk phfb sbr fbkhgstrifh phr uki vbrsåh ugjaitbria fbssi bxprbssåh, bk qub
uk eigth fh aéojh ê rbtbsifh b ajnbjrikbgtb abvigtifh.
 

926  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Cjnuri 2F Uhrrjsh ioicifh Cjnuri 2B Uhrrjsh kjsbrévba

ghsshs cjakbs såh tbrrëvbjs. Vikoêk vjkhs shrrjshs

kjsbrévbjs gh rhsth fb piejbgtbs fbprjkjfhs, ehkh uk
ehkbgtérjh shorb sui sjtuiîåh jgcbajz. Uhrrjshs kjsbrévbjs
ehstukik sbr issjkêtrjehs. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, såh
shorbphsths i uki bxprbssåh bkhejhgia gbnitjvi eairi, sbk
kiseiré-ai, kis iukbgtigfh-i, hu phfbk ripjfikbgtb
sbnujr uki bxprbssåh bkhejhgia gbnitjvi. Ub h shrrjsh
kjsbrévba
bxprbssåhbsté rbehgdbebgfh
fb kbfh, uki tbgtitjvi
rijvi hu ignýstji, fb ehgtrhair
h shrrjsh kjsbrévbai
phfb sb pirbebr kujth ehk h shrrjsh ioicifh. Prbssjhgir h
aéojh, h aéojh jgcbrjhr bkpurrifh piri ejki pbah kýseuah fh
qubjxh b hs eigths ehgtriëfhs hu piri oijxh phfbk bstir
sbrvjgfh piri ehgtrhair i bxpahsåh fb uk fbssbs sbgtjkbgths
gbnitjvhs. I prjgejpia fjcbrbgîi bgtrb bsti vbrsåh fh shrrjsh
kjsbrévba (khstrifh gi cjnuri 2B) b h shrrjsh ioicifh ê i
iusígeji fb quiaqubr bvjfígeji fh kýseuah ih rbfhr fhs
hadhs sb ehgtrijgfh.
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  922 

h prizbr gåh ê sbgtjfh. H shrrjsh kjsbrévba tikoêk phfb khstrir
gis shorigebadis b gi tbsti is bkhîòbs gbnitjvis sbgtjfis sbgfh
rbehgdbejfis.
Bk uki kjsturi, fuis hu kijs bkhîòbs såh bxpbrjkbgtifis ih
kbskh tbkph, rbnjstrifis gi kbski bxprbssåh ciejia. Yuiaqubr
bkhîåh phfb sb kjsturir ehk quiaqubr hutri bkhîåh. Iquj, bstikhs
prbheupifhs ipbgis ehk h ipirbejkbgth fis bkhîòbs qub kujtis
vbzbs sb kjsturik ehk is bkhîòbs phsjtjvis. Yuigfh is pbsshis
nhstik fb cjeir ehk rijvi, h rijvi prizbrhsi oabgf jré khstrir uk
bstrbjtikbgth fhs aéojhs b às vbzbs tikoêk uki babviîåh fh aéojh
supbrjhr, iaêk fh shrrjsh sbgtjfh, obk ehkh i ipirígeji fi cieb
supbrjhr khstrifi gi cjnuri 5E. (Jssh tikoêk phfb sbr edikifh fb
shrrjsh eruba hu séfjeh.)prizbr-fbsprbzh 
bxprbssåh h shrrjsh sbgtjfh cugfb-sb ehk h ipbrth fb uk hu ikohs
hs eigths fhs aéojhs. Vrjstbzi b kbfh tikoêk phfbk sbr iprbejifhs,
ehkh iqubabs qub cizbk cjakbs b ajvrhs fb tbrrhr b fb sieufjr is
aénrjkis. Fbgtrhprizbr-trjstbzi hs eigths fhs aéojhs phfbk sbr
puxifhs piri oijxh, iaêk fi triîåh piri ejki fh shrrjsh sbgtjfh, hu
h shrrjsh sbgtjfh phfb ipbgis sb cugfjr ehk i cieb supbrjhr khstrifi
gi cjnuri 5I. Hprizbr-kbfh oabgf khstri i cieb supbrjhr gi cjnuri 5O
 mugth ehk h shrrjsh fb cbatrh kbseaifh eh
ehk
k h iahgnikbgth dhrjzhgtia
dhrjzhgtia
fhs aéojhs.
aéojhs. Ianukis bxpbrjígejis inrifévbjs såh eiakis
eiakis b ehgtbgtbs,
kis às vbzbs h prizbr sb kjsturi ehk i bxejtiîåh, bk uki sbgsiîåh
bstjkuaigtb. Fbgtrhinrifévba-bxejtiîåh i péapbori supbrjhr ê
abvigtifi iaêk fh shrrjsh sbgtjfh. H ithr fb ejgbki Dirph Kirx
ehstukivi khstrir bssb shrrjsh igjkifh b iabnrb b, às vbzbs, quigfh
prbnivi uki pbîi, h shrrjsh fjvbrtjfh fb rijvi. Fbgtrhinrifévba- 
surprbsi i shorigebadi ê abvigtifi, h qubjxh eiëfh, i péapbori
supbrjhr abvigtifi b h shrrjsh fb cbatrh ê khstrifh.
Fhjs hutrhs shrrjshs bgvhavbk cugfjr h shrrjsh sbgtjfh ehk uk
hadir pirtjeuair. Ghpiqubrifhr skjab h cabrtifhr khstri uk shrrjsh
sbgtjfh bgquigth bgeiri b fbsvji h hadir fi pbsshi fb jgtbrbssb b
bgtåh, phr uk khkbgth, aigîi uk hadir répjfh piri i pbsshi, ahgnh
h sucjejbgtb piri sbr ipbgis ghtifh quigfh h hadir sb fbsvji
ghvikbgtb. Rk fhs babkbgths qub ehkpòbk i pjgturi fh
 

923  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Khgi Ajsi ê tåh jgehkuk qub Abhgirfh i rbtrithu bk kbjh i

uk shrrjsh fb cabrtb, hadigfh piri uk aifh, kis hadigfh fb
shsaijh piri h hombth fb sbu jgtbrbssb. Gi vjfi, jssh ê uki
iîåh, ehk i kufigîi fh hadir furigfh ipbgis uk khkbgth.
Ghbkoiriîh shrrjsh h hadir ê fjrjnjfh piri oijxh hu piri h
aifh, piri qub i pbsshi bgvbrnhgdifi gåh bgehgtrb h hutrh.
Às vbzbs, divbré uki babviîåh khkbgtïgbi fi prhtuobrïgeji
fh qubjxh (i pbab b h kýseuah bgtrb h aéojh jgcbrjhr b i phgti
fh qubjxh) furigtb h shrrjsh sbgtjfh. Bk ijgfi hutri vbrsåh, h
ehgstrignjkbgth ê fbkhgstrifh pbai ehkojgiîåh fh shrrjsh
ioicifh ehk uk hadir piri oijxh hu fb aifh.
H Edipajg h shrrjsh ê jgehkuk, prhfuzjfh phr uk kýseuah qub i
kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ehgsbnub khvbr fbajobrifikbgtb.
fbajobrifikbgtb. Edirajb
Edipajg sjk, phjs bssb shrrjsh, bk qub hs aéojhs sb jgeajgik piri ejki
ehk kujth kijs gjtjfbz fh qub gh shrrjsh fb cbatrh, bri sui kirei
rbnjstrifi. (Sbmi i cjnuri 2C, prõxjki pénjgi.) Ê uk shrrjsh irrhnigtb
qub shrrj ih shrrjr.
Hs prõxjkhs quitrh shrrjshs tík thfhs i kbski ipirígeji, kis
fbsbkpbgdik cugîòbs shejijs obk fjcbrbgtbs. Bk eifi uk fbabs, h
shrrjsh ê cbjth fbajobrifikbgtb. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, bssbs shrrjshs khstrik
ianuki issjkbtrji.
H quiajcjeifhr H shrrjsh fjkjguj i sbvbrjfifb fb uki kbgsinbk
fbsinrifévba hu erëtjei, kujtis vbzbs abvigfh h fbstjgitérjh
ignustjifh fi erëtjei i shrrjr fb vhati. H shrrjsh ê fbcjgjfh
fbajobrifikbgtb,, ehk uk jgëejh répjfh b iorupth. Hs eigths fhs
fbajobrifikbgtb
aéojhs phfbk bstir ehgtriëfhs b, às vbzbs, tikoêk h aéojh jgcbrjhr
ajnbjrikbgtb bkpurrifh piri ejki phr uk khkbgth. H shrrjsh
quiajcjeifhr nbriakbgtb ê kireifh ehk uk iebgh fb eiobîi b uki
ajnbjri jgeajgiîåh piri oijxh b piri hs aifhs fi eiobîi, fb khfh qub
h shrrjsh hadb uk phueh piri i pbsshi erjtjeifi.
H ehgchrkjfifb skjab rbehgdbeb qub uki pëauai ikirni sbré
bgnhajfi sbk prhtbsth. Gjgnuêk iedi qub i pbsshi qub h khstri
bsté cbajz, kis bssb shrrjsh khstri qub i pbsshi bsté iebjtigfh
uk fbstjgh jgfbsbmifh. Pirbeb h shrrjsh quiajcjeifhr, sbk i
phsjîåh fi eiobîi fiqubab shrrjsh. Bk vbz fjssh, h
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  92> 

Cjnuri 2C Uhrrjsh Edipajg

is shorigebadis phfbk sbr abvigtifis phr uk khkbgth, uk suspjrh phfb sbr huvjfh hu uk bgehadbr fb
hkorhs phfb sbr khstrifh.
H ehhrfbgiîåh h shrrjsh rbnuai i trhei bgtrb fuis hu kijs
pbsshis. Ê uk shrrjsh bfueifh b ehhpbritjvh qub sbrvb piri
fbkhgstrir suivbkbgtb ehgehrfïgeji, ehkprbbgsåh, jgtbgîåh
fb bxbeutir hu rbehgdbejkbgth fh fbsbkpbgdh ifbquifh fb
hutri pbsshi. Bgvhavb uk abvb shrrjsh, nbriakbgtb issjkêtrjeh,
sbk i iîåh fh kýseuah qub hrojti hs hadhs.
H rbsphsti fh huvjgtb H shrrjsh ê uk shrrjsh pirtjeuair fb
ehhrfbgiîåh usifh ih huvjr piri fbjxir i pbsshi qub ciai siobr
qub tufh chj ehkprbbgfjfh b qub gåh dé gbebssjfifb fb rbpbtjr
hu rbchrkuair. Ê bqujviabgtb ih "kk-dkk", "ohk" b iebgh fb
eiobîi qub nbriakbgtb iehkpigdi. H ciaigtb gåh iedi qub h
huvjgtb bsté cbajz, kis ehgsjfbri bssb shrrjsh uk jgebgtjvh piri
ehgtjguir.
Yuiaqubr uk fbssbs quitrh shrrjshs - quiajcjeifhr, ehgchrkjfifb,
ehhrfbgiîåh
ehhrfbgiîåh hu huvjgtb - phfb às vbzbs sbr suostjtuëfh phr uk shrrjsh
nbguëgh. Ianuêk qub nhsti fb fir uki quiajcjeiîåh
 

924  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kbgsinbk, qub tbk prizbr bk hobfbebr, huvjr hu

ehhrfbgir, phfb khstrir h shrrjsh sbgtjfh bk vbz fb uk fhs
shrrjshs jkpbrebptëvbjs qub fbserbvj.
Inhri vikhs ehgsjfbrir h ciash shrrjsh. H hombtjvh ê ehgvbgebr
hutri pbsshi fb qub bkhîòbs phsjtjvis såh sbgtjfis quigfh gåh h
såh. Gifi kujth phfb sbr sbgtjfh, hu bkhîòbs gbnitjvis phfbk sbr
sbgtjfis qub h kbgtjrhsh tbgti bsehgfbr usigfh h shrrjsh ciash
ehkh késeiri. Ih ehgtrérjh fh shrrjsh kjsbrévba qub rbehgdbeb qub
h prizbr gåh ê sbgtjfh, h shrrjsh ciash tbgti bgnigir i hutri pbsshi
i pbgsir qub h shrrjsh bsté tbgfh sbgtjkbgths phsjtjvhs. Ê h ýgjeh
shrrjsh qub kbgtb.
Bxjstbk vérjis pjstis piri fjstjgnujr shrrjshs ciashs
fhs shrrjshs sbgtjfhs qub babs cjgnbk sbr=
Uhrrjshs ciashs såh kijs issjkêtrjehs fh qub shrrjshs sbgtjfhs.
H ciash shrrjsh gåh sbré iehkpigdifh pbah bgvhavjkbgth fhs
kýseuahs ih rbfhr fhs hadhs, fb khfh qub h shrrjsh ciash abvb i
khfbrifh gåh khstrb ohedbedis abvigtifis, pbab bgsieifi
ioijxh fhs hadhs, runis fb pês fb niajgdi hu uk abvb
a bvb
ioijxikbgth fi shorigebadi qub ipirbebré gh shrrjsh abvb i
khfbrifh. Rk bxbkpah ê khstrifh gi cjnuri 3< ehkpirb-h ehk i
cjnuri 2I. Ub h shrrjsh chr kijhr, i prõprji iîåh fh shrrjsh - h
kýseuah zjnhkétjeh kijhr - abvigti is ohedbedis, rbýgb i pbab
ioijxh fhs hadhs b prhfuz runis bk pês fb niajgdi. Kis gåh vij
ioijxir i shorigebadi. Ub vheí sb hadir gh bspbadh b abgtikbgtb
cjzbr uk shrrjsh eifi vbz kijhr, ghtiré qub, à kbfjfi qub h
shrrjsh iukbgti, is ohedbedis shobk b hs pês fb niajgdi
ipirbebk< kis sui shorigebadi gåh sbré puxifi piri oijxh, i
kbghs qub h kýseuah heuair tikoêk itub. I ciati fb
bgvhavjkbgth fis shorigebadis ê uki fjei sutja, kis eruejia piri
fjstjgnujr shrrjshs ciashs fb sbgtjfhs quigfh h shrrjsh ê ikpah.
H tbkph fb fbsaheikbgth fh shrrjsh ciash phfb pirbebr
vjsjvbakbgtb jgifbquifh. H shrrjsh phfb eijr fh rhsth kujth
ioruptikbgtb, hu phfb divbr uk fbsaheikbgth nrifuia, gh quia
h shrrjsh fjkjguj b bgtåh ê rbtjfh, igtbs fb fbsipirbebr hu
pissir phr hutri rbfuîåh nrifuia à kbfjfi qub fbjxi h rhsth.
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  92: 

Cjnuri 3 Uhrrjsh ciash Cjnuri 2I Uhrrjsh fb cbatrh

Yuigfh usifh ehkh késeiri, h shrrjsh ciash ehorjré ipbgis is iîòbs

fi pirtb jgcbrjhr fi cieb b fi péapbori jgcbrjhr. Hs kýseuahs ehgcjévbjs
qub ipirbebk gi tbsti piri sjgiajzir kbfh hu ignýstji ijgfi phfbk
ipirbebr. Kbskh gi pirtb jgcbrjhr fi cieb, h ciash shrrjsh phfb gåh
ehgsbnujr bgehorjr ehkpabtikbgtb hs sjgijs fi bkhîåh qub prbtbgfb
heuatir< bk vbz fjssh, phfb divbr uki cusåh fb babkbgths fb chrki qub
ianuk triîh ijgfi ipirbîi, ehkh sb chssb uki kjsturi fb bkhîòbs.

Ghssh prjkbjrh tbstb fbssis jfbjis chj kbfjr is bxprbssòbs

shrrjfbgtbs khstrifis pbais bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk bk ghssh
bxpbrjkbgth. Ub kjgdis jfbjis shorb shrrjr bståh ehrrbtis, babs
fbvbrjik tbr khstrifh h shrrjsh sbgtjfh gi bgtrbvjsti dhgbsti,
quigfh issjstjrik i uk cjakb inrifévba b fbserbvbrik sbus
sbgtjkbgths ehk crigqubzi. Fbvjik tbr khstrifh shrrjshs ciashs gi
bgtrbvjsti bgnighsi, quigfh issjstjrik i uk cjakb kujth
fbsinrifévba, kis tbgtirik fir i jkprbssåh fb qub bstivik vbgfh
hutrh cjakb inrifévba. Kbfjkhs ipbgis fhjs fhs sjgijs fb qub uk

shrrjsh ê ciash - i iusígeji fh kýseuah ih rbfhr fh

 

930  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hadhs b prbsbgîi fb sjgijs fb ghmh (bgrunikbgth fh girjz) hu

fbsprbzh (bgrjmbejkbgth fhs eigths fhs aéojhs). Hs rbsuatifhs
chrik bxitikbgtb hs prbvjsths, b kujth chrtbs= gi bgtrbvjsti
dhgbsti divji
shrrjsh qub kijs shrrjshs
vizissb fbsnhsthsbgtjfhs fh qubgiciashs
hu fbsprbzh< b gbgduk
bgtrbvjsti
bgnighsi, hs shrrjshs vizifhs ipirbebrik b tikoêk divji kijs
shrrjshs ciashs fh qub sbgtjfhs. Cjqubj surprbsh qub bssis fuis
pjstis piri bgnigir cugejhgissbk tåh obk, bspbejiakbgtb
phrqub bu sioji qub is pbsshis pirbebk gåh cizbr ush fbais
piri muanir hs hutrhs. Bk bstufhs igtbrjhrbs, khstrikhs is
kbskis cjtis fb vëfbh fb bxprbssòbs ciejijs b pbfjkhs às
pbsshis qub muanissbk quigfh is bgcbrkbjris kbgtjik. Is
pbsshis gåh cizbk kbadhr fh qub h ieish. Bstikhs kbfjgfh
ianh kujthGhssh
prheurir8 sutja piri vbr hu
prõxjkh ê qubfbsehorjré
bstufh is pbsshisfjzbgfh
gåh gåhàssbjpbsshis
h qub
ehkh rbehgdbebr quigfh h kýseuah heuair bsté injgfh b hs
shrrjshs vizigfh bståh hehrrbgfh, b bgtåh vbrjcjeigfh sb bais
phfbk aheiajzir ehk kijs prbejsåh i kbgtjri.

H rhsth phfb ehgtbr kujtis pjstis fjcbrbgtbs piri bgnigir=

kjerhs, bxprbssòbs sucheifis, vizikbgth ghs kýseuahs ciejijs
ehgcjévbjs, pjseir, fjaitiîåh fi pupjai, aierjkbmikbgth, ruohr b
bkpiajfbejkbgth, issjkbtrji, brrhs fb tbkph, brrhs fb

aheiajziîåh
vizikbgth,brbvbaigfh
ciashs shrrjshs. Ianukis
jgchrkiîòbs fbssishutrhs
heuatis< pjstischrgbebk
chrgbebk
pjstis bgnighsis jgfjeigfh qub ianh bsté sbgfh heuatifh, kis
gåh h quí< b hutrhs kireik uki bxprbssåh ehkh ciasi.

Bssbs sjgijs ciejijs fb bgnigh, ehkh is pjstis piri bgnigh

bk piaivris, vhz b ehrph fbserjtis gh ýatjkh eipëtuah, virjik gi
prbejsåh fis jgchrkiîòbs qub trigskjtbk. Ianukis pjstis piri
bgnigir rbvbaik bxitikbgtb quia bkhîåh ê rbiakbgtb sbgtjfi,
kbskh qub h kbgtjrhsh tbgtbt bgtb bsehgfbr bssb sbgtjkbgth. Hutris
pjstis piri bgnigir rbvbaik ipbgis sb i bkhîåh bsehgfjfi ê
phsjtjvi hu gbnitjvi b gåh rbvbaik bxitikbgtb quia gbni
 

Pjstis ciejijs piri bgnigir  939

bkhîåh phsjtjvi hu qub bkhîåh phsjtjvi h kbgtjrhsh sbgtb.
Ijgfi hutris pjstis såh ijgfi kijs jgfjcbrbgejifis, rbvbaigfh
ipbgis qub h kbgtjrhsh sbgtb ianuki bkhîåh, kis gåh
rbvbaigfh sb h sbgtjkbgth heuath ê phsjtjvh hu gbnitjvh. Jssh
phfb sbr h sucjejbgtb. Uiobr qub ianuki bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi às
vbzbs phfb sunbrjr qub uki pbsshi bsté kbgtjgfh, sb i sjtuiîåh
chr uki bk qub, bxebth phr kbgtjr, i pbsshi prhvivbakbgtb gåh
sbgtjrji gbgduki bkhîåh. Hutris vbzbs, uki kbgtjri gåh sbré
triëfi sbk jgchrkiîòbs kijs prbejsis shorb quia bkhîåh heuati
ê sbgtjfi. Fbpbgfb fi kbgtjri, fi ajgdi ifhtifi pbai pbsshi
suspbjti fb kbgtjr, fi sjtuiîåh b fis bxpajeiîòbs iatbrgitjvis
fjsphgëvbjs, iaêk fi kbgtjri, piri bxpajeir phr qub uki bkhîåh
phfb sbr sbgtjfi, kis bsehgfjfi.
Ê jkphrtigtb piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris abkorir quijs pjstis
trigskjtbk jgchrkiîòbs bspbeëcjeis b quijs trigskjtbk ipbgis
jgchrkiîòbs kijs nbrijs. Is tiobais 9 b ?, gh ipígfjeb, rbsukbk is
jgchrkiîòbs piri thfis is pjstis piri bgnigir fbserjtis gbstb b gh
eipëtuah igtbrjhr. I Viobai 5 triti fis pjstis piri ciasjcjeiîåh.
 

UBJU

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs

K  Itê erjigîis, quigfh edbnik ihs hjth hu ghvb

ighs fbphfb
HUV KBGVJ_HUHU
HUV bgnigir
jfifb i kijhrji
(ianugs pijs fis pbsshis
fjzbk qubgiêkijhrji
kujthfis vbzbs.
kijs *
ebfh),
phfb bgnigir ehk suebssh sbus pijs. Hs brrhs bk fbtbetir h bgnigh gåh
bgvhavbk ipbgis ierbfjtir bk uk kbgtjrhsh, kis tikoêk, h qub kujtis
vbzbs ê pjhr, gåh ierbfjtir bk uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri. Bssb muanikbgth
bqujvheifh phfb fbjxir ejeitrjzbs gi erjigîi qub gåh ierbfjti gi vbrfifb,
ipbsir fis tbgtitjvis phstbrjhrbs fb ehrrjnjr h brrh. Is ehgsbquígejis
phfbk sbr fbsistrhsis tikoêk piri h ifuath vbrfifbjrh b fbserbgtb.
Rki ikjzifb phfb sbr pbrfjfi, hu uk bkprbnh, hu kbskh uki vjfi.
Vhrgi-sb ghtëeji quigfh uki pbsshi jghebgtb, brrhgbikbgtb
ehgsjfbrifi kbgtjrhsi, ê ajobrtifi ipõs ighs jkbrbejfhs gi prjsåh< kis
gåh ê tåh rirh i phgth fb edbnir à prjkbjri pénjgi. Bkohri gåh sbmi
phssëvba bvjtir brrhs ehkpabtikbgtb gi fbtbeîåh fb criufbs, phfbk sbr
thkifis prbeiuîòbs piri rbfuzj-ahs.
I prjkbjri prbeiuîåh bgvhavb thrgigfh h prhebssh fb jgtbrprbtiîåh
fb sjgijs ehkphrtikbgtijs fb bgnigh kijs bxpaëejth. I jgchrkiîåh

* Ghssi pbsqujsi, b i pbsqujsi fi kijhrji fhs hutrhs, fbsehorju qub phueis pbsshis sb sibk
kbadhr fh qub h ieish piri muanir sb ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh hu ê vbrfifbjrh. Vikoêk
fbsehorjkhs qub i kijhrji fis pbsshis pbgsi qub bsté cizbgfh muanikbgths ieurifhs, bkohri
gåh bstbmi. Bxjstbk ianukis pbsshis bxebpejhgijs qub phfbk jfbgtjcjeir ehk oistigtb prbejsåh h
bgnigh. Ijgfi gåh sbj sb bssis pbsshis såh fhtifis gituriakbgtb hu ifqujrbk bssi diojajfifb
phr kbjh fb ejreugstïgejis bspbejijs. Kjgdi pbsqujsi gåh sb ehgebgtrhu gi qubståh fb qubk
phfb fbtbetir kbadhr h bgnigh, kis h qub iprbgfj sunbrb qub bssi diojajfifb gåh ê prhfuzjfi
pbah trbjgikbgth ehgvbgejhgia gis prhcjssòbs fb siýfb kbgtia.
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  935 

chrgbejfis ghs ýatjkhs fhjs eipëtuahs shorb ehkh h rhsth, h ehrph, i
vhz b i ciai phfbk trijr h bgnigh gåh jkpbfjré muanikbgths
bqujvheifhs shorb sb ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh, kis phfb thrgir bssbs
brrhs kijs õovjhs b ehrrjnëvbjs. Hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris gåh
fbpbgfbråh kijs ipbgis fb piapjtbs hu jgtujîòbs. Kijs obk
jgchrkifhs shorb is oisbs fb sbus muanikbgths, hs ipigdifhrbs fb
kbgtjris fbvbk sbr kijs eipizbs fb iprbgfbr ehk i bxpbrjígeji,
fbseirtigfh, ehrrjnjgfh hu figfh kijs pbsh i pjstis bspbeëcjeis piri
bgnigir. H ciasikbgtb ieusifh tikoêk phfb sb obgbcjejir, bstigfh
kijs ipth i ehgtbstir uk muanikbgth quigfh i oisb fbssb
 muanikbgth chr bspbejcjeifi.
bspbejcjeifi.
Hutri prbeiuîåh ê ehkprbbgfbr kbadhr i giturbzi fhs brrhs
qub hehrrbk gi fbtbeîåh fb criufbs. Bxjstbk fhjs tjphs fb brrhs qub
såh bxitikbgtb hphsths bk eiusi b ehgsbqñígeji. Fbgtrhfbserbgfh
fi vbrfifb h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris muani brrhgbikbgtb qub uki
pbsshi vbrfifbjri bsté kbgtjgfh. Fbgtrhierbfjtigfh bk uki
kbgtjri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris muani brrhgbikbgtb qub uk
kbgtjrhsh ê vbrfifbjrh. * Gåh jkphrti sb h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
fbpbgfb fb uk tbstb fb phaënrich hu fb sui jgtbrprbtiîåh fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir< bab ê vuagbrévba i bssbs kbskhs
fhjs brrhs. Abkorb-sb fi pissinbk qub ejtbj gh eipëtuah ?, fh
rhkigeb fb RpfjlbEisb ehkjnh, quigfh Mbrry huvb sui bsphsi,
_utd, ciaigfh ih tbabchgb ehk sbu ikigtb. Pbrebobgfh qub sui vhz
shi kijs cbkjgjgi fh qub quigfh bai ciai ehk bab, Mbrry pbrnugti=
"Yubk bri8" _utd jgvbgti i djstõrji fb eipi "Rki kuadbr fi bsehai
fhkjgjeia pbrnugtigfh sb ëikhs kitrjeuair Mhiggi b Edirajb." Ub
 Mbrry ierbfjtissb gi djstõrji fb _utd,
_utd, bstirji ehkbtbgfh uk brrh fb
ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Uuphgdi uk fjc-

* Ih ehgsjfbrir hs brrhs qub phfbk hehrrbr ehk quiaqubr tjph fb prhebfjkbgth fb tbstb, h tbrkh ciash
phsjtjvh ê crbqubgtbkbgtb usifh piri sb rbcbrjr ih qub edikh fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, b
ciash gbnitjvh ih qub edikh fb ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri. Gåh usbj bssbs tbrkhs, phrqub
phfbk sbr ehgcushs ih sb ehgsjfbrir uki kbgtjri, hgfb phsjtjvh pirbeb jkprõprjh piri
sb rbcbrjr i ianuêk fbtbetifh ehkh kbgtjrhsh. Iaêk fjssh, iedh fjcëeja tbr bk kbgtb i qub
tjph fb brrh h ciash phsjtjvh b h gbnitjvh sb rbcbrbk. Hutrhs tbrkhs sunbrjfhs såhIairkb
ciash phr uk brrh fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, b sbgdhrjti phr uk brrh fb ierbfjtir gi
kbgtjri. Bais tík i vigtinbk fb sbrbk orbvbs, kis gåh såh tåh bspbeëcjeis quigth is
crisbs qub ifhtbj.
 

936  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

triki fjcbrbgtb= _utd ê uki bsphsi cjba, gi vbrfifb ehgvbrsigfh

ehk i bsehai fhkjgjeia, b Mbrry ê sbu kirjfh fbsehgcjifh. Ub Mbrry
pbgsissb qub sui cjba bsphsi bstivi kbgtjgfh quigfh bai gåh
bstivi, bab bstirji ehkbtbgfh uk brrh fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb.
Gi Ubnugfi Nubrri Kugfjia, Djtabr ehkbtbu uk brrh fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri
- b Utiajg cbz uki jnuiakbgtb fbsistrhsi fbserbgîi-i-
brrh fb vbrfifb. Phr vérjhs kbjhs - sjkuaigfh ehgebgtriîòbs fb
trhpis, figfh jgëejh i rukhrbs, iajkbgtigfh ciashs paighs
kjajtirbs piri inbgtbs iabkåbs ehgdbejfhs - hs Iajifhs
ehgvbgebrik hs iabkåbs fb qub i jgvisåh Iajifi fi Burhpi, i
iobrturi fi "sbnugfi crbgtb", sbrji bk Eiaijs, gåh gh Ghr -
Kigfy Obied. Furigtb sbjs sbkigis ipõs i jgvisåh fi
Ghrkigfji, hs iabkåbs pbrsjstjrik bk sbu brrh, kigtbgfh
kujtis fb suis trhpis prhgtis bk Eiaijs, bk vbz fb rbchrîir sbu
bxêrejth bk oitiadi gi Ghrkigfji, gi erbgîi fb qub h
fbsbkoirqub gi Ghrkigfji bri ipbgis uk prbaýfjh piri uki
jgvisåh fb Eiaijs. ! Jssh bri ierbfjtir guki kbgtjri= hs iabkåbs
ehgsjfbririk vbrfifbjrhs hs rbaiths fb qub hs Iajifhs
paigbmivik jgvifjr Eiaijs, quigfh brik bgnighs
eujfifhsikbgtb ciorjeifhs. Hs iabkåbs muanirik qub uki
kbgtjri - h paigh fb jgvifjr Eiaijs - bri vbrfifb.
Bxitikbgtb h brrh hphsth - muanir i vbrfifb ehkh uki kbgtjri
- chj i rbeusi fb Utiajg bk ierbfjtir gis kujtis ifvbrtígejis qub bab
rbebobu, ianugs fb sbus prõprjhs bspjòbs bgtrb is trhpis
iabkås, qub Djtabr bstivi prbstbs i aigîir uk itiqub ehgtri i
_ýssji. Jssh bri uki fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb= Utiajg ehgsjfbrivi
kbgtjris hs rbaiths prbejshs fhs paighs iabkåbs.
Bssi fjstjgîåh bgtrb ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri b fbserbr gi
vbrfifb ê jkphrtigtb phrqub chrîi i itbgîåh piri hs pbrjnhs
níkbhs piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Gåh dé ehkh bvjtir
ehkpabtikbgtb hs fhjs brrhs< i bsehadi ê ipbgis bgtrb quia
irrjseir kijs. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb iviajir quigfh ê
prbcbrëvba irrjseir sbr bgnigifh b quigfh sbrji kbadhr irrjseir
cizbr uki ieusiîåh ciasi. H qub phfb sbr pbrfjfh hu nigdh phr
suspbjtir fb uk jghebgtb hu fir erêfjth i uk kbgtjrhsh
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  932 

fbpbgfb fi kbgtjri, fh kbgtjrhsh b fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Is

ehgsbquígejis phfbk sbr kujth pjhrbs piri uk tjph fb brrh< hu, hs
brrhs phfbk sbr jnuiakbgtb fbsistrhshs.
Gåh bxjstb uki rbnri nbria shorb quia tjph fb brrh phfb sbr
bvjtifh ehk kijs ciejajfifb. Às vbzbs, is edigebs fb eifi uk såh is
kbskis b, às vbzbs, uk tjph fb brrh ê kijs prhvévba fh qub h hutrh.
Ghvikbgtb, fbpbgfb fi kbgtjri, fh kbgtjrhsh b fh ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris. Is qubstòbs qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb ehgsjfbrir
ih fbejfjr quia brrh irrjseir såh ehgsjfbrifis gh cjgia fh prõxjkh
eipëtuah, fbphjs fb fjseutjr h phaënrich b ehkpiré-ah ehk h ush fb
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri fbtbetir h bgnigh. Inhri fbserbvbrbj
ehkh eifi uki fis pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir såh
vuagbrévbjs i bssbs fhjs tjphs
tjphs fb brrh b quijs prbeiuîò
prbeiuîòbs
bs phfb
phfbkk sbr
thkifis piri bvjtir hs brrhs.
Fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs, h qub edikbj igtbrjhrkbgtb fb pbrjnh fb
Orhliw phr gåh abvir bk ehgti ehkh is pbsshis fjcbrbk gh
ehkphrtikbgth bxprbssjvh, såh rbsphgsévbjs
rbsphgsévbjs phr ikoh
ikohss hs tjphs fb
fb
brrh gi fbtbeîåh fh bgnigh. Gbgduki pjsti piri bgnigir, gh rhsth,
ehrph, vhz hu piaivris, ê jgciaëvba, gbk kbskh i itjvjfifb fh sjstbki
gbrvhsh iutöghkh kbfjfi pbah phaënrich. Brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi
kbgtjri hehrrbk phrqub ebrtis pbsshis sjkpabskbgtb gåh ehkbtbk
brrhs quigfh kbgtbk. Gåh såh ipbgis psjehpitis, kis tikoêk
kbgtjrhshs giturijs, pbsshis qub usik i têegjei fb Utigjsaivslj b
iqubabs qub, phr hutrhs kbjhs, ehgsbnubk ierbfjtir bk suis prõprjis
kbgtjris. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb sb abkorir fjsshi iusígeji
fb uk sjgia fb bgnigh gåh ê prhvi fi vbrfifb.

I prbsbgîi fb uk sjgia fb bgnigh tikoêk phfb sbr bgnighsi,

eiusigfh h brrh hphsth, fbserbr fi vbrfifb, bk qub sb fjz qub uki
pbsshi vbrëfjei bsté kbgtjgfh. Rki pjsti piri bgnigir phfb sbr fifi
fbajobrifikbgtb phr uk vjnirjsti piri bxpahrir i erbgîi bqujvheifi fb
sui vëtjki fb qub pbnhu h vjnirjsti kbgtjgfh. Hs mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr
suphstikbgtb usik bssb truqub, bstiobabebgfh h qub gh mirnåh
m irnåh fh
pöqubr ê edikifh fb "ciasi pjsti". "Phr bxbkpah, uk mhnifhr phfb thssjr
fbajobrifikbgtb phr kujtis dhris quigfh
 

933  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

oabcigfh. H hphgbgtb, bspbrigîhsikbgtb istuth h sucjejbgtb,

ahnh rbehgdbeb bssb pifråh fb thssb b oabcb. Bk uki kåh eruejia
fh mhnh, quigfh is iphstis såh iukbgtifis, h tripiebjrh thssb
ghvikbgtb, kis fbsti vbz bab gåh bsté oabcigfh b, phrtigth,
nigdi uk phtb fb quborir i eirtbjri fb sbu hphgbgtb ehgcush. "9
H mhnifhr fb pöqubr gbstb bxbkpah ehgcjnurhu b bxpahrhu uk brrh
fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, auerigfh phr sbr muanifh ehkh kbgtjgfh. Kijs
crbqubgtbkbgtb, quigfh uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris ehkbtb uk brrh fb
fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, i pbsshi qub chj brrhgbikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifi ehkh
kbgtjrhsi shcrb. Gåh ê i fbshgbstjfifb qub abvi ianukis pbsshis i
sbrbk muanifis ehkh kbgtjrhsis quigfh såh vbrfifbjris, kis uki
pbeuajirjfifb bk sbu ehkphrtikbgth, uki jfjhssjgerisji bk sbu bstjah
bxprbssjvh. H qub piri i kijhrji fis pbsshis phfb sbr uki pjsti piri
bgnigir, gåh ê piri bssi pbsshi. Ianukis pbsshis=

• såh jgfjrbths b ejreugaõqujhs bk sui ciai<

• ciair ehk kujtis piusis eurtis hu ahgnis bgtrb is piaivris<
• ehkbtbr kujths brrhs fb ciai<
• usir phuehs jaustrifhrbs<
• cizbr kujths kigjpuaifhrbs ehrphrijs<
• crbqñbgtbkbgtb khstrik sjgijs fb kbfh, ignýstji hu rijvi bk suis bxprbssòbs
ciejijs, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fb ehkh rbiakbgtb sb sbgtbk<
• khstrir bxprbssòbs ciejijs issjkêtrjeis.

Bxjstbk bghrkbs fjcbrbgîis bgtrb hs jgfjvëfuhs bk thfhs bssbs

ehkphrtikbgths< b bssis fjcbrbgîis prhfuzbk gåh ipbgis
fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, kis tikoêk brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi
kbgtjri. Edikir fb kbgtjrhsi i pbsshi vbrfifbjri, qub
ghrkiakbgtb ciai jgfjrbtikbgtb, ê uk brrh fb fbserbr fi
vbrfifb< fjzbr qub h kbgtjrhsh ciai kigsh ê uk brrh fb ierbfjtir
gi kbgtjri. Kbskh qub i ciai fb tia ciaigtb ih kbgtjr phssi sb
thrgir kijs jgfjrbti b tbr kijs brrhs, phfb pissir fbspbrebojfi
phrqub ijgfi ê kujth kijs suivb fh qub i ciai ghrkiakbgtb ê
piri i kijhrji fis pbsshis.
I ýgjei kigbjri fb rbfuzjr brrhs fbvjfh ih Orhliw
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  93> 

pbrjnh ê piri oisbir hs muanikbgths bk uki kufigîi gh ehkphrtikbgth fh suspbjth.

H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb cizbr uki ehkpiriîåh bgtrb h
ehkphrtikbgth usuia fh suspbjth b h ehkphrtikbgth khstrifh
quigfh h suspbjth bsté sho suspbjti. Ê prhvévba qub is pbsshis sbmik
bgnigifis gis prjkbjris rbugjòbs phrqub gåh dé oisb piri
ehkpiriîåh, gbgduki hphrtugjfifb fb ghtir kufigîis gh
ehkphrtikbgth. Muanikbgths ioshauths - bai bsté cizbgfh tigtis iîòbs
fb kigjpuaiîåh qub fbvb bstir kujth jgehkhfifi
jge hkhfifi ehk ianh qub gåh
bsté fjzbgfh - prhvivbakbgtb bståh brrifhs. Muanikbgths rbaitjvhs - bai
bsté cizbgfh kujth kijs kigjpuaifhrbs fh qub h ghrkia piri bai qub
fbvb bstir kujth fbsehgchrtévba - såh i ýgjei kigbjri fb fjkjgujr hs
brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb fbvjfh i fjcbrbgîis
fjc brbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gh bstjah
bxprbssjvh. Mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr diojajfhshs sbnubk bssi prétjei,
kbkhrjzigfh is "pjstis" jfjhssjgerétjeis (pjstis piri bgnigir) fb sbus
hphgbgtbs rbnuairbs.? Ub uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris prbejsir cizbr uk
 muanikbgth ipõs uki prjkbjri rbugjåh,
rbugjåh, i rbugjåh fbvb sbr ahgni h
sucjejbgtb piri qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbgdi i edigeb fb
hosbrvir h ehkphrtikbgth ghrkia fh suspbjth. H ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris phfb tbgtir, phr bxbkpah, ehgebgtrir-sb phr uk tbkph bk
tõpjehs qub gåh eiusbk bstrbssb. Às vbzbs, jssh gåh sbré phssëvba. I
rbugjåh jgtbjri phfb sbr bstrbssigtb piri uk suspbjth qub sb rbssbgtb
hu tbk kbfh fb sbr suspbjth. Ub chr issjk, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
fbvb pbrebobr qub ê vuagbrévba i cizbr
c izbr muanikbgths bqujvheifhs fbvjfh
ih pbrjnh fb Orhliw, sbk ehgdbebr quijsqubr pbeuajirjfifbs gh

ehkphrtikbgth ghrkia fh suspbjth.

Is prjkbjris
prjkbjris rbugjòbs
rbugjòbs såh bspbejiakbgtb vuagbrévbjs i brrhs fb
 muanikbgth tikoêk
tikoêk phr eeiusi
iusi fis fjcbrbgîis
fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs
jgfjvjfuijs bk ehkh is
pbsshis rbinbk ihs bgehgtrhs jgjejijs. Ianukis pbsshis bståh sb
ehkphrtigfh fi kbadhr kigbjri phssëvba, sbnujgfh rbnris obk iprbgfjfis
shorb ehkh injr b, phr bssi rizåh, chrgbebk uki ikhstri gåh rbprbsbgtitjvi
fb sbu ehkphrtikbgth
ehkphrtikbgth usuia. Hutrhs iedik qub is prjkbjris rbugjòbs
prhvheik igsjbfifb, b sbu ehkphrtikbgth tikoêk, pbah khtjvh hphsth,
chrgbeb uki oisb phorb piri ehkpiriîåh. Ub phssëvba, h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbvb oisbir sbus muanikbgths bk uki sêrjb fb rbugjòbs, gi

bspbrigîi fb bstiobabebr uki ajgdi fb oisb kbadhr ehkh ehgdbejfh

 

934  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

erbseb. Bkohri phssi pirbebr qub fbtbetir kbgtjris sbré kijs

céeja quigfh is pbsshis gåh ipbgis sb ehgdbebk, kis sb
ehgdbebk jgtjkikbgtb, gbk sbkprb ê issjk. Ikigtbs, pirbgtbs,
ikjnhs hu ehabnis prõxjkhs phfbk fbsbgvhavbr phgths ebnhs hu
prbehgebjths qub jgtbrcbrbk gh muanikbgth prbejsh fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir.
I jgtbrprbtiîåh fb quitrh chgtbs fb vizikbgth - aipshs fb aëgnui,
tjrifis bkhejhgijs, aipshs bkoabkétjehs b kjerhbxprbssòbs - gåh ê
tåh vuagbrévba ih pbrjnh fb Orhliw. Gåh ê gbebssérji uki
ehkpiriîåh piri iviajé-ahs, phjs babs tík uk sjngjcjeifh bk sj
kbskhs, bk tbrkhs ioshauths. Abkorb-sb fh bxbkpah ejtifh fb
Crbuf, gh quia h Fr. _. bstivi suphstikbgtb fbserbvbgfh h fjvõrejh
fb hutri pbsshi. "Bu ehgdbîh uki bgcbrkbjri qub chj ghkbifi ehkh
eh-rbsphgfbgtb bk uk eish fb fjvõrejh. I bsphsi prhebsshu h
kirjfh b i ghkbhu ehkh eh-rbsphgfbgtb, bbab hotbvb h fjvõrejh.
"Bri gbebssérjh ehgdbejkbgth fis abjs fh fjvõrejh gi êphei (qub h
ifuatêrjh bri uk fhs ýgjehs khtjvhs piri h fjvõrejh, ipbgis h
eögmunb triëfh phfbrji prhebssir, b i pbsshi qub bstivi prhebssigfh
tbrji fjrbjth i pbgsåh iajkbgtëeji pbrkigbgtb b nbriakbgtb
ehgsjfbrévba) piri fbfuzjr fh fbsajzb fb qub h Fr. _. phfbrji tbr sjfh
h kirjfh fi djstõrji qub fbsbmivi phfbr pbfjr h fjvõrejh. Kbskh sbk
bssb ehgdbejkbgth, h fbsajzb fb fjzbr "bab" bk vbz fb "bai" tjgdi uk
sjngjcjeifh kujth bspbeëcjeh, ehkprbbgsëvba
ehkprbbgsëvba bk b fb sj kbskh= h Fr.
_. fbsbmivi qub h kirjfh b gåh i bsphsi tjvbssb sb fjvhrejifh. Hs
fbsajzbs gåh såh ehkh is piusis, qub sõ phfbk sbr bgtbgfjfis sb h
gýkbrh kufir. Hs fbsajzbs phfbk sbr bgtbgfjfhs sbk gbgduki
rbcbrígeji sb i pbsshi bsté ehkbtbgfh kijs fbsajzbs fh qub h ghrkia.

Jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fi crbquígeji ehk qub hehrrbk, uk fbsajzb,

Jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb
kjerh bxprbssåh hu fjseursh rbvbaik jgchrkiîòbs. Bab qubori h
bgehorjkbgth. Abkorb-sb fh bxbkpah fb kjgdi bxpbrjígeji bk qub
h iaugh qub bstivi sbgfh itieifh pbah prhcbsshr khstrhu h fbsajzb
bkoabkétjeh fh "fbfh". Gåh ê ehkh uki fjkjgujîåh ghs jaustrifhrbs
qub phfb sbr iviajifi ipbgis pbai ehkpiriîåh fi crbquígeji ehk
qub ianuêk hs bsté cizbgfh inhri ehk sbus
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  93: 

tixi ghrkia. H "fbfh" ê jgehkuk< sbu sjngjcjeifh ê obk ehgdbejfh.

Phr tbr sjfh uk fbsajzb bkoabkétjeh - ipbgis pirtb fh khvjkbgth
bkoabkétjeh, khstrifh chri fi phsjîåh usuia fb iprbsbgtiîåh - i
kbgsinbk fh "fbfh" phfbrji sbr jgtbrprbtifi ehkh vizikbgth fb
sbgtjkbgths qub h iaugh bstivi tbgtigfh bsehgfbr. Yuigfh Kiry,
i piejbgtb qub heuativi sbus paighs fb sujeëfjh, khstrhu uki
kjerhbxprbssåh, i kbgsinbk fb trjstbzi chj jgtbrprbtifi phr sj
kbski. H cith fb i trjstbzi sbr khstrifi bk uki bxprbssåh kjerh,
gåh ghrkia, kijs ahgni, jgfjeivi qub Kiry bstivi tbgtigfh
bsehgfbr sui trjstbzi. H ehgdbejkbgth fh ehgtbxth ehgvbrsiejhgia
phfb imufir gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fb thfi i bxtbgsåh fb uki kbgtjri,
kis is kbgsinbgs chrgbejfis phr fbsajzbs, tjrifis b
kjerhbxprbssòbs tribk jgchrkiîòbs heuatis b såh bais kbskis
sjngjcjeitjvis.
Bssis quitrh chgtbs fb vizikbgth - aipshs fb ajgnuinbk, tjrifis,
aipshs bkoabkétjehs b kjerhbxprbssòbs - såh fjcbrbgtbs fb thfis is
hutris pjstis piri bgnigir i bssb rbspbjth. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
gåh prbejsi fb uki oisb fb ehkpiriîåh piri bvjtir ehkbtbr brrhs fb
fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb. Gis prjkbjris rbugjòbs, phr bxbkpah, h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh prbejsi sb prbheupir bk jgtbrprbtir uk
fbsajzb, uki kjerhbxprbssåh hu uk fjseursh jgcaikifh, phrqub phfb
sbr uki pbsshi qub ehstuki khstrir bssbs ehkphrtikbgths.
Bxitikbgtb h hphsth. Ê i shrtb fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sb h suspbjth
chr ianuêk prhpbgsh i bsehrrbnòbs, tjrifis hu kjerhhrnigjskhs.
Bkohri i prbeiuîåh qub bxjnb ehgdbejkbgth prêvjh piri rbfuzjr hs
brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb phssi sbr fjspbgsifi piri bssis quitrh
chgtbs fb vizikbgth, i prbeiuîåh piri rbfuzjr hs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi
kbgtjri, kbgejhgifi igtbrjhrkbgtb, ijgfi sb ipajei. I iusígeji fbssis
hu fb quiaqubr hutri pjsti piri bgnigir gåh phfb sbr jgtbrprbtifi
ehkh prhvi fb qub ianuêk ê vbrfifbjrh. Gbk thfh kbgtjrhsh
ehkbtbré uk fbsajzb, khstriré uki kjerhbxprbssåh hu ciré uk
fjseursh jgcaikifh.
Itê inhri, ehgsjfbrikhs ipbgis uki chgtb fb brrhs gi fbtbeîåh
fb criufbs - i ciadi bk abvir bk ehgsjfbriîåh is fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs,

h pbrjnh fb Orhliw. Hutrh jnuiakbgtb jkphrtigtb

 

9>0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I chgtb fb prhoabkis, qub abvi i brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, ê h brrh

fb Htbah. Bssb brrh hehrrb quigfh h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbjxi fb
ehgsjfbrir qub uki pbsshi sjgebri qub bsté sho bstrbssb phfb pirbebr
bstir kbgtjgfh. Eifi uk fhs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri (bxpajeifh gh
eipëtuah 5) qub phfbk prhfuzjr vizikbgths b pjstis fb bgnigh phfb sbr
sbgtjfh phr hutrhs khtjvhs, quigfh pbsshis vbrfifbjris siobk qub såh
suspbjtis fb kbgtjr. Pbsshis vbrëfjeis phfbk tbr kbfh fb sbrbk
fbsierbfjtifis, b sbu kbfh phfb sbr ehgcugfjfh ehk i iprbbgsåh fb
fbtbeîåh fh kbgtjrhsh. Ianukis pbsshis tík uki euapi gåh rbshavjfi
tåh chrtb shorb hutrhs issugths qub bssbs sbgtjkbgths phfbk sbr
fbspbrtifhs sbkprb qub pbrebobrbk qub såh suspbjths fb quiaqubr
trigsnrbssåh. Hs sjgijs fbssbs sbgtjkbgths fb euapi phfbk sbr
ehgcugfjfhs ehk i euapi pbah bgnigh fb uk kbgtjrhsh. Pbsshis sjgebris
tikoêk phfbk sbgtjr fbsprbzh phr iqubabs qub siobk qub is bståh
ieusigfh ciasikbgtb, bkphaniîåh ehk h fbsicjh fb prhvir qub sbus
ieusifhrbs bstivik brrifhs, hu prizbr bk igtbejpir sui vjgnigîi, b hs
sjgijs fbssbs sbgtjkbgths phfbk sb issbkbadir ih fbabjtb bgnigifhr fb
uk kbgtjrhsh. Hutris bkhîòbs tikoêk phfbk sbr sbgtjfis phr
kbgtjrhshs hu phr pbsshis vbrfifbjris qub siobk qub bståh sho
suspbjti. Bkohri hs khtjvhs sbmik fjcbrbgtbs, tigth h kbgtjrhsh quigth
i pbsshi sjgebri phfbk sb sbgtjr surprbshs, zignifhs, fbsiphgtifhs,
ignustjifhs hu bghmifhs ehk is suspbjtis hu pbrnugtis fh ipigdifhr
fb kbgtjris.
Edikbj bssb brrh fbphjs fb Htbah phrqub i ebgi fi
khrtb gi pbîi fb Udilbspbirb ê uk bxbkpah bxebabgtb b
cikhsh fjssh. Htbah ieioi fb ieusir Fbsfíkhgi fb ikir
Eéssjh b kigfi qub bai ehgcbssb, mé qub bab vij kité-ai
phr sui trijîåh. Fbsfíkhgi pbfb qub Eéssjh sbmi
edikifh piri tbstbkugdir sui jgheígeji. Htbah fjz i bai
qub mé kigfhu ississjgir Eéssjh. Fbsfíkhgi pbrebo
pbrebobb
qub gåh sbré eipiz fb prhvir sui jgheígeji b qub Htbah i
kitiré.

FBUFBKHGI= Ij, bab ê triëfh, B bu bsthu fbscbjth!

HVBAH= Chri, prhstjtuti! Edhris phr bab gi kjgdi eiri8
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  9>9

FBUFBKHGI= Õ, oigb-kb, kbu sbgdhr, kis gåh kb kitb!

HVBAH= Eiaki, prhstjtuti!5

Htbah jgtbrprbti h kbfh b i ignýstji fb Fbsfíkhgi ehkh uki

rbiîåh à ghtëeji fi khrtb fb sbu suphsth ikigtb, ehgcjrkigfh
sui erbgîi gi jgcjfbajfifb fbai. Htbah gåh ehgsbnub pbrebobr
qub sb Fbsfbkhgi chr jghebgtb, bai ijgfi phfb khstrir bssis
kbskis bkhîòbs= ignýstji b fbsbspbrh phr Htbah gåh ierbfjtir
gbai b qub sui ýatjki bspbrigîi fb prhvir sui jgheígeji sb chj
inhri qub Htbah kigfhu kitir Eéssjh b tbkb qub inhri vij
kité-ai. Fbsfíkhgi edhrhu phr sui vjfi, phr sui sjtuiîåh, pbai
ciati fb ehgcjigîi fb Htbah, gåh pbai khrtb fb uk ikigtb.
H brrh fb Htbah tikoêk ê uk bxbkpah fb ehkh prbehgebjths 
phfb jgcaubgejir hs muanikbgths fb uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris.
Htdbaah bsté ehgvbgejfh igtbs fbsti ebgi qub Fbsfíkhgi ê
jgcjba. Htbah jnghri bxpajeiîòbs iatbrgitjvis piri h
ehkphrtikbgth fb Fbsfíkhgi, sbk ehgsjfbrir qub suis
bkhîòbs gåh såh prhvis fb uki chrki hu fb hutri. Htbah
prheuri ehgcjrkir, gåh tbstir sui erbgîi fb qub Fbsfíkhgi ê
jgcjba. Htbah ê uk bxbkpah bxtrbkh, kis hs prbehgebjths kujtis
vbzbs fjsthrebk h muanikbgth, cizbgfh ehk qub h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbsehgsjfbrb jfbjis, phssjojajfifbs hu ciths qub gåh sb
bgeijxik gh qub bab mé pbgsi. Jssh iehgtbeb kbskh quigfh h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris shcrb ehk sui erbgîi prbehgebojfi.
Htbah ê ithrkbgtifh phr sui erbgîi fb qub Fbsfíkhgi kbgtb,
kis jssh gåh h abvi i sb jgeajgir gi fjrbîåh hphsti, prheurigfh
 mustjcjeé-ai. Bab jgtbrprbti h ehkphrtikbgth fb Fbsfíkhgi
Fbsfíkhgi fb
uki chrki qub vij ehgcjrkir h qub bab kbghs qubr qub sbmi,
Bssbs prbehgebjths qub fjsthrebk h muanikbgth fh
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, abvigfh i brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi
vbrfifb, phfbk surnjr fb kujtis chgtbs. I erbgîi fb Htbah fb
qub Fbsfíkhgi bri jgcjba chj hori fb Jinh, sbu imufigtb fh kia,
qub, piri sbu prõprjh nigdh, eiushu i qubfi fb Htbah, erjigfh b
iajkbgtigfh is suspbjtis fb Htbah. Jinh phfbrji gåh tbr tjfh
suebssh sb Htbah gåh tjvbssb uki giturbzi ejukbgti. Pbsshis qub
 

9>?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

såh sucjejbgtbkbgtb ejukbgths phfbk gåh prbejsir fb Jinh piri

ehaheir sbu ejýkb bk mhnh. Babs prheurik ehgcjrkir sbus pjhrbs
kbfhs, fbsehorjgfh h qub suspbjtik - qub thfhs kbgtbk piri babs.
Pbsshis suspbjtis fbvbrjik sbr tbrrëvbjs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris,
prhpbgsis i brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb. Bxjstbk, ê eairh,
pbsshis erêfuais, qub ehkbtbk h ehgtrérjh, ierbfjtigfh gi kbgtjri,
gugei suspbjtigfh fb qubk is bgnigi.
Yuigfh is iphstis såh iatis, quigfh hs eusths piri h rbebpthr
fb kbgtjris sbrjik nrigfbs sb h suspbjth bstjvbssb kbgtjgfh, itê
kbskh pbsshis qub gåh såh ejukbgtis phfbk sb prbejpjtir piri h
 muanikbgth brrifh. Yuigfh
Yuigfh uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris cjei ehk
rijvi, tbkb i trijîåh, mé bxpbrjkbgti i dukjadiîåh qub hehrrbrji sb
sbus pjhrbs tbkhrbs chssbk cugfifhs, bab phfb jnghrir quiaqubr
ehjsi qub phssi trigqujajzé-ah b ouseir h qub h icajnjré kijs. Bab phfb
iebjtir i dukjadiîåh igtbs qub sui trijîåh sbmi prhvifi, bk vbz fb
irrjseir uki dukjadiîåh ijgfi pjhr sb chr kijs bgnigifh. Kbadhr
shcrbr inhri fh qub suphrtir h thrkbgth fi jgebrtbzi shorb h qub sb
tbkb. Bab tbk kijs kbfh fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri - fb sbr triëfh, phr
bxbkpah - fh qub fb gåh ierbfjtir gi vbrfifb - fb sbr uk kirjfh
ieusifhr b jrriejhgia. Bstis gåh såh bsehadis cbjtis riejhgiakbgtb.
r iejhgiakbgtb. H
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris thrghu-sb vëtjki fh qub edikh fbbkhîåh
sbavinbk. Is bkhîòbs phfbk sijr fh ehgtrhab, ifqujrjgfh jkpuash
prõprjh, gåh fjkjgujgfh ehk h tbkph, ehkh ehstukik iehgtbebr,
kis, ih jgvês fjssh, jgtbgsjcjeigfh-sb. Yuiaqubr ehjsi qub vé
iajkbgtir hs sbgtjkbgths tbrrëvbjs, iukbgtigfh sui fbstrutjvjfifb,
ê iprhvbjtifi. Bk tia jgcbrgh bkhejhgia, gåh sb phfb cjeir trigqujah<
gåh ê jssh qub sb ousei. I pbsshi inb piri jgtbgsjcjeir quiaqubr
bkhîåh sbgtjfi, trigschrkigfh h kbfh bk tbrrhr, i rijvi bk cýrji,
i rbpuasi bk rbpuasi, i ignýstji bk ignýstji. Rk jgeígfjh fb
bkhîòbs ehgshkb tufh h qub ehgcrhgti - hombths, bstrigdhs, bgtbs
qubrjfhs, h bu - itê qub sb bsnhtb. Gjgnuêk siob h qub eiusi h
jgëejh hu h cjk fbssbs jgeígfjhs cahrbstijs. Eairikbgtb, ianukis
pbsshis såh kujth kijs susebtëvbjs i jgeígfjhs bkhejhgijs fh qub
hutris. Hovjikbgtb, ianuêk fhkjgifh phr uk jgeígfjh fb bkhîòbs
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  9>5 

ê uk pêssjkh mujz fhs hutrhs, ierbfjtigfh ipbgis gh qub h ciz sb

sbgtjr pjhr.
Brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb - vbr h bgnigh quigfh
gåh dé gbgduk - gåh bxjnbk uk jgeígfjh bkhejhgia, uki
pbrshgiajfifb ejukbgti hu uk Jinh. Phfb-sb suspbjtir fb
bgnigh phrqub ê uki bxpajeiîåh phfbrhsi b ýtja fh qub, fb
hutri chrki, sbrji uk kugfh fbsehgebrtigtb. Rk
cugejhgérjh fi EJI phr vjgtb b hjth ighs bserbvbu= "Ehkh
bxpajeiîåh eiusia, h bgnigh ê jgtrjgsbeikbgtb sitjscitõrjh
prbejsikbgtb phrqub ê tåh hrfbgifh b riejhgia. Yuigfh
hutris bxpajeiîòbs pbrsuisjvis gåh bståh fjsphgëvbjs (tiavbz
phrqub hs cbgökbghs qub bstikhs prheurigfh bxpajeir
chrik gi vbrfifb eiusifhs phr brrhs, ciadis bk sbnujr
hrfbgs hu hutrhs cithrbs fbsehgdbejfhs piri gõs), h bgnigh
hcbrbeb uki bxpajeiîåh ehgvbgjbgtb b céeja. Ê ehgvbgjbgtb
phrqub hs hcjejijs fb jgtbajnígeji såh nbriakbgtb sbgsëvbjs à
phssjojajfifb fb bgnigh,
. . . Ê céeja phrqub quisb thfis is bvjfígejis phfbk sbr riejhgijs
jzbf piri sb imustir à djpõtbsb fb bgnigh< gi vbrfifb, phfb-sb
irnukbgtir qub, uki vbz qub h bgnigh tbgdi sjfh abvigtifh ehkh uki
phssjojajfifb sêrji, bssi djpõtbsb ê quisb jkugb à fbsehgcjrkiîåh. "6

Bssis hosbrviîòbs tík uki ipajeiîåh kujth kijs ikpai fh qub

jgtbajnígeji hu trioiadh phajejia. Kbskh quigfh sjngjcjei iebjtir qub
uk cjadh, pij, ikjnh hu ikigtb triju i ehgcjigîi, uk ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris phfb ehkbtbr brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, suspbjtigfh
brrhgbikbgtb fb uk bgnigh phrqub jssh bxpajei h jgbxpajeévba.
Rki vbz jgjejifh, h prbehgebjth fb qub h bgtb qubrjfh bsté
kbgtjgfh cjatri is jgchrkiîòbs piri bvjtir i fbsehgcjrkiîåh.
Hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris fbvbrjik bschrîir-sb piri tbr ehgsejígeji
fb sbus prõprjhs prbehgebjths shorb h suspbjth. Ubmi fbvjfh à pbrshgiajfifb
fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, jgeígfjhs cahrbstijs fb bkhîåh, ehgtrjoujîòbs fb
hutrhs, bxpbrjígejis igtbrjhrbs, prbssòbs fh trioiadh, i gbebssjfifb fb
rbfuzjr i jgebrtbzi - sb hs prbehgebj
prbehgebjths
ths shorb h suspbjth cchrbk
hrbk bxpajejtikbg
bxpajejtikbgtb
tb
rbehgdbejfhs, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk uki edigeb fb prhtbnbr ehgtri

i prhoiojajfifb fb jgtbrprbtir is ehjsis ipbgis fb uki chrki

 

9>6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

piri sb ifbquir i bssbs prbehgebjths. Gh këgjkh, uk ipigdifhr fb

kbgtjris phfb sbr eipiz fb pbrebobr qub ê vëtjki fbkijs fb sbus
prbehgebjths piri phfbr ehgcjir bk sbus muanikbgths shorb sb uk
suspbjth bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb cizbr uk bschrîh piri Ehgsjfbrb i
phssjojajfifb fb qub uk sjgia fb bkhîåh gåh sbmi uki pjsti piri bgnigir,
kis uki pjsti fb ehkh uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri sb sbgtb phr sbr suspbjti
fb kbgtjr. H sjgia fb uki bkhîåh ê uk sbgtjkbgth fb kbgtjri hu fb sbr
ieusifh hu muanifh ciasikbgtb8 H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb bstjkir
quijs bkhîòbs uk fbtbrkjgifh suspbjth prhvivbakbgtb sbgtjré gåh
ipbgis sb bstjvbr kbgtjgfh, kis, h kijs jkphrtigtb, sb bstjvbr sbgfh
vbrfifbjrh. Issjk ehkh gbk thfhs hs kbgtjrhshs tbråh thfhs hs
sbgtjkbgths phssëvbjs shorb i kbgtjri, gbk thfis is pbsshis vbrfifbjris
tbråh thfhs hs sbgtjkbgths shorb bstir sho suspbjti. H Eipëtuah 5 bxpajehu
ehkh bstjkir sb uk kbgtjrhsh tbgfb i sbgtjr iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh,
bgnigh, euapi hu prizbr bgnigifhr. Inhri, ehgsjfbrbkhs ehkh h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb bstjkir quijs bkhîòbs uki pbsshi
vbrfifbjri phfb sbgtjr phr sbr suspbjti fb kbgtjr.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb cizbr bssi bstjkitjvi ehk oisb
gh ehgdbejkbgth fi pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth. Gh jgëejh fbstb
eipëtuah, fbserbvj i gbebssjfifb fb h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris bstir
prbvjikbgtb cikjajirjzifh ehk h suspbjth, i cjk fb rbfuzjr brrhs ehk
oisb gis prjkbjris jkprbssòbs, qub gåh phfbk abvir bk ehgti ehkh
hs jgfjvëfuhs phfbk fjcbrjr bk ianugs fhs ehkphrtikbgths qub
phfbk sbr pjstis piri bgnigir. Inhri, uk tjph fjcbrbgtb fb
ehgdbejkbgth shorb h suspbjth ê gbebssérjh piri uk prhpõsjth
fjcbrbgtb. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris prbejsi ehgdbebr is
eirietbrëstjeis bkhejhgijs fh suspbjth piri fbsehgsjfbrir hs sjgijs
fb ebrtis bkhîòbs ehkh pjstis piri bgnigir. Ê prhvévba qub gbk
thfhs sjgtik kbfh, euapi, rijvi b issjk phr fjigtb, quigfh siobk
qub såh suspbjths fb cizbr ianh brrifh hu kbgtjr. Fbpbgfb bk pirtb
fi pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth.
Rki pbsshi iatikbgtb djpõerjti phfb sbgtjr rijvi sb shuobr
qub ê suspbjti fb kbgtjr, kis tbk phueh kbfh fb sbr
fbsierbfjtifi b gbgduki euapi cautuigtb. Rk jgfjvëfuh tëkjfh
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  9>2 

uia, sbk ehgcjigîi b kujtis vbzbs bspbrigfh h crieissh, phfb tbr

kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh, kis prhvivbakbgtb gåh sbgtjré rijvi hu
euapi. Mé chj cbjti kbgîåh i jgfjvëfuhs qub bståh tåh edbjhs fb euapi
qub sb sbgtbk euapifhs quigfh såh suspbjths fb uk fbajth qub gåh
ehkbtbrik. Bssis pbsshis eirrbnifis fb euapi phfbk, bgtrbtigth,
gåh bstir pirtjeuairkbgtb ikbfrhgtifis, zignifis, surprbsis,
ignustjifis hu bxejtifis. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvbfbseirtb h
sjgia fb uki bkhîåh ehkh uki pjsti piri bgnigir sb i
pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth thrgissb h suspbjth prhvévba fb tbr tia
sbgtjkbgth, kbskh sb h suspbjth bstjvbssb sbgfh vbrfifbjrh. Yuijs
bkhîòbs fbvbk sbr fbsehgsjfbrifis fbpbgfb fh suspbjth - gbk
thfi bkhîåh sbré ciejakbgtb fbspbrtifi bk thfi pbsshi sjgebri
qub siob qub bsté sho suspbjti.
Yuia bkhîåh, sb dhuvbr, is pbsshis jghebgtbs phfbk sbgtjr sb
shuobrbk qub såh suspbjtis fb trigsnrbssåh fbpbgfb tikoêk fb
sbu rbaiejhgikbgth ehk h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, fh qub sui
djstõrji pissifi ehk bssi pbsshi phfbrji sunbrjr. H^jgsahw Ohy's 
kbu pij sioji qub _hggjb h ehgsjfbrivi musth. Bab gugei ieushu
ciasikbgtb _hggjb gbk h pugju quigfh bab bri fb cith jghebgtb. Phr
eiusi fb sbu rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr, h pij gåh prbejsivi
kbghsprbzir hs sjgijs fb kb
kbfh
fh ehk
ehkhh prhvévb
prhvévbjsjs fb _h
_hggjb
ggjb sbr
vbrfifbjrh hu kbgtjrhsh. Gåh divji rizåh piri h kbgjgh tbkbr sbr
fbserbgtb, ipbgis rizåh piri tbkbr sbr pbnh sb kbgtjssb. Pbsshis
qub crbqñbgtbkbgtb ieusik ciasikbgtb, qub rbpbtjfikbgtb gåh
ierbfjtik gi vbrfifb, bstiobabebk uk rbaiejhgikbgth qub thrgi hs
sjgijs fb kbfh ikoënuhs, prhvivbakbgtb sb h suspbjth ê vbrfifbjrh
hu kbgtjrhsh. Rki bsphsi qub chj rbpbtjfikbgtb ieusifi fb tbr
eishs ikhrhshs b qub bsté sumbjti i ioushs vbroijs hu cësjehs, ipbsir
fb sui jgheígeji, tbk rizåh piri tbr kbfh fb kbgtjr hu fjzbr i
vbrfifb. Ubu kirjfh pbrfbu, bgtrb hutris ehjsis, i oisb piri i
utjajziîåh fb sjgijs fb kbfh ehkh bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri. H
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvbfbseirtb h sjgia fb uki bkhîåh ehkh
uki pjsti piri bgnigir sb h rbaiejhgikbgth
r baiejhgikbgth fh suspbjth ehk h
kbgtjrhsh thrgissb h suspbjth prhvévba fb tbr tia sbgtjkbgth,
kbskh sb h suspbjth bstjvbssb sbgfh vbrfifbjrh.
 

9>3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Gh prjkbjrh bgehgtrh, ipbsir fb gåh divbr rbaiejhgikbgth

igtbrjhr, ianuêk phfb sbr suspbjth fb kbgtjr. Phfb sbr uk prjkbjrh
bgehgtrh, bk qub uk suspbjti qub h hutrh bsté bsehgfbgfh h cith
fb sbr eisifh. Rk eigfjfith phfb suspbjtir qub h bkprbnifhr bsté
kbgtjgfh shorb ijgfi tbr qub bgtrbvjstir hutris pbsshis igtbs fb
thkir uki fbejsåh. Rk erjkjghsh phfb suspbjtir fi iabniîåh fh
jgtbrrhnifhr fi phaëeji fb qub sbu ikjnh ehgcbsshu b bsté
iprbsbgtigfh is prhvis fh bstifh ehgtri bab. H ehkprifhr phfb sb
pbrnugtir sb h ehrrbthr fb jkõvbjs bsté tbgtigfh iukbgtir h prbîh
quigfh fjz qub h prhprjbtérjh gbk kbskh ehgsjfbrirji uki hcbrti
tåh oijxi. Ubk bgvhavjkbgth prêvjh ehk h suspbjth, h rbebpthr fb
kbgtjris cjei fupaikbgtb prjvifh. Gbk ehgdbejkbgth fh suspbjth ' I
pbrshgiajfifb gbk h ehgdbejkbgth fb sbu rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr
phfbk sunbrjr sb dé ianuki gbebssjfifb fb fbseirtir bkhîòbs
bspbeëcjeis ehkh sbgfh hs sbgtjkbgths fb uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri
shorb sbr suspbjti. Kbskh issjk, h ehgdbejkbgth fis bxpbetitjvis
fh suspbjth shorb h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb chrgbebr uki oisb
piri bstjkir quijs bkhîòbs uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri phfb sbgtjr phr
sbr suspbjti fb kbgtjri.
Gbk thfh suspbjth tbk uki bxpbetitjvi obk chrkifi shorb eifi
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, b gbk thfh kugfh qub tbk vij ehkpirtjadir is
kbskis bxpbetitjvis. Uuphgdi qub h suspbjth sbmi ianuêk ehk iebssh i
kitbrjia eaissjcjeifh qub chj vjsth ehgcritbrgjzigfh ehk pbsshis qub h
COJ ierbfjti sbrbk inbgtbs shvjêtjehs fjscirîifhs. H suspbjth gugei
prbejsi tbr quiaqubr ehgtith ehk uk inbgtb fh COJ bk pirtjeuair, hu ehk
quijsqubr inbgtbs fh COJ, piri tbr bxpbetitjvis shorb h COJ qub fbvbrjik
sbr abvifis bk ehgsjfbriîåh. Ub bai ierbfjti qub h COJ gugei ehkbtb
brrhs b ê thtiakbgtb ehgcjévba, hs sjgijs fb kbfh gåh prbejsik sbr
fbsehgsjfbrifhs, kis phfbk sbr jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh uki iprbbgsåh phr
fbtbeîåh. Gh bgtigth, sb bai ierbfjti qub h COJ ê jgbpth hu fifh i
jgerjkjgir pbsshis, hs sjgijs fb kbfh tbrjik qub sbr fbsehgsjfbrifhs.
Phfb sbr kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh, bk vbz fb iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvbfbseirtir h sjgia fb uki bkhîåh ehkh
uki pjsti piri bgnigir sb is bxpbetitjvis fh suspbjth 
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  9>> 

cirji ehk qub h suspbjth tjvbssb tia sbgtjkbgth, kbskh sb h suspbjth

bstjvbssb sbgfh vbrfifbjrh.
Itê inhri, ajfbj ipbgis ehk i ehgcusåh eiusifi pbahs
sbgtjkbgths fi pbsshi vbrfifbjri shorb sbr suspbjti fb
kbgtjr. Is rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs fi pbsshi vbrëfjei tikoêk
phfbk bseairbebr, bk vbz fb ehgcugfjr, imufigfh i
fjstjgnujr i pbsshi vbrëfjei fh kbgtjrhsh. I ehgcusåh surnb
quigfh i pbsshi vbrfifbjri b h kbgtjrhsh phfbk tbr is
kbskis rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs à suspbjti< eairbzi quigfh suis
rbiîòbs phfbk sbr fjcbrbgtbs. Ianuêk phfb tbr sbgtjkbgths
thtiakbgtb fjcbrbgtbs shorb bstir sho suspbjti, sb bstjvbr
fjzbgfh i vbrfifb, b sb bstjvbr kbgtjgfh.
H kbgjgh ^jgsahw ê uk bxbkpah. H pij tjgdi kujtis
jgchrkiîòbs - ehgdbejkbgth fi pbrshgiajfifb fb sbu cjadh b
fb sbu rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr - h qub adb pbrkjtju cizbr
uki bstjkitjvi kujth bspbeëcjei fb ehkh sbu cjadh
prhvivbakbgtb sb sbgtjrji sb _hggjb fjssbssb i vbrfifb hu
kbgtjssb. Bab sioji qub sbu cjadh gåh bri uk kbgtjrhsh
gituria gbk uk psjehpiti, gåh bstivi edbjh fb euapi b tjgdi
viahrbs ehkugs. Phrtigth, i euapi phr bgnigh sbrji iati sb
_hggjb kbgtjssb. I kbgtjri, abkorb-sb, sbrji gbnir h rhuoh
sb bab rbiakbgtb tjvbssb cbjth jssh. H pij sioji qub h eirétbr
fh cjadh bri tia qub bab sb sbgtjrji euapifh phr uk erjkb,
jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fb bab kbgtjr hu sbr sjgebrh shorb jssh.
Bgtåh, sb _hggjb rhuohu b tbgti bsehgfbr, fuis chgtbs fb
chrtbs sbgtjkbgths fb euapi phfbk trië-ah - euapi phr kbgtjr
b euapi pbah erjkb qub bab bstivi bsehgfbgfh.

H pij tikoêk sioji qub sbu cjadh ehgcjivi gbab. Ubu

rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr bri tia qub _hggjb iebjtirji i icjrkiîåh
fb sbu pij fb qub bab ierbfjtirji bk _hggjb sb sbu cjadh fjssbssb
i vbrfifb. Phrtigth, _hggjb gåh fbvb tbkbr sbr fbsierbfjtifh.
Piri iukbgtir i iprbbgsåh
iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh, h pij, ehkh h fbtbethr
fb kbgtjris fh phaënrich, iabnhu sbr jgciaëvba - "... sb vheí kb
ehgtir uki kbgtjri, bu siobrbj, phrqub uk
 

9>4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kbgtjr bgtrb vheí b bu gåh phfb sbr bsehgfjfh. Bu siobrbj, _hggjb -

bgtåh abkorb-sb fjssh igtbs fb ciair. "_hggjb, prbsukjvbakb
prbsukjvbakbgtbgtb ehk
oisb bk bxpbrjígejis igtbrjhrbs, ierbfjthu. Phrtigth, _hggjb fbvbrji
tbr kbfh fb sbr pbnh sb kbgtjssb. Cjgiakbgtb, h pij hcbrbebu igjstji
piri ehgcjssåh= "Ub vheí cbz jssh, vheí fbvb kb fjzbr. Bu gåh vhu cjeir
ehk rijvi fb vheí, _hggjb
- fbsfb qub kb fjni i vbrfifb. "Ehk bsti fbeairiîåh, h
h pij tikoêk iukbgthu is iphstis< sb _hggjb kbgtjssb, bab
sbrji h hombth fi rijvi fb sbu pij. _hggjb prhvivbakbgtb sb
sbgtjrji kujth bgvbrnhgdifh sb bab tjvbssb rhuoifh, b jssh
ijgfi phfbrji jkpbfj-ah fb ifkjtjr. Ubu pij fbvbrji tbr fjth
ianh shorb ehkh bgtbgfbr ehkh uk kbgjgh phfb ebfbr à
tbgtiîåh, kis h jkphrtigtb ê gåh bsehgfbr, kis ifkjtjr h
qub bsté brrifh.
Vbgfh iviajifh quijs bkhîòbs _hggjb sbgtjré sb kbgtjr (kbfh b
euapi), b tbgfh uki oisb piri bstjkir qub bssis bkhîòbs gåh såh
tåh prhvévbjs
prhvévbjs sb _h _hggjb
ggjb fjssbr
fjssbr i vbrfifb, kijs uk pissh ijg
ijgfi
fi bri
gbebssérjh igtbs qub h pij pufbssb fjkjgujr hs brrhs gi
jgtbrprbtiîåh fis pjstis bgnigir. Fbvb-sb tbr ebrtbzi fb qub sb
_hggjb fjssbr i vbrfifb, bab gåh sbgtjré quijsqubr hutris bkhîòbs
qub phssik sb issbkbadir ihs sjgijs fb kbfh hu euapi b, issjk,
ehgcugfjr h muanikbgth fb sb bab bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh. _hggjb phfb
bstir zignifh ehk h kbstrb-bsehai phr muané-ah ciasikbgtb ehkh uk
aifråh< phrtigth, sjgijs fb rijvi, prjgejpiakbgtb sb ipirbebrbk ih sb
ciair shorb is iuthrjfifbs fi bsehai, fbvbk sbr fbsehgsjfbrifhs.
Prhvivbakbgtb _hggjb sb sbgtjrji ignustjifh ehk suis
ejreugstïgejis, b bbssbs
ssbs sbgtjkbgths
sbgtjkbgths fbsinrifévbjs phfbk sbr nbrijs
nbrijs
piri thfi i sui sjtuiîåh, gåh ê bspbeëcjeh piri i kbgîåh fb quiaqubr
ispbeth pirtjeuair fbab. Ubu pij, bgtåh, phfb jgtbrprbtir h kbfh b i
euapi ehkh bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri, kis i rijvi hu ignýstji phfbk
bstir prbsbgtbs kbskh sb _hggjb chr sjgebrh.
Kbskh quigfh is ehjsis såh tåh eairis - quigfh dé uki
oisb piri siobr quijs bkhîòbs h suspbjth sbgtjrji sb kbgtjssb hu
sb fjssbssb i vbrfifb, b quigfh gåh såh is kbskis bkhîòbs -
jgtbrprbtir pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir phfb
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  9>: 

ijgfi sbr pbrjnhsh. Kujths ehkphrtikbgths såh sjgijs fb kijs fb uki
bkhîåh, b iqubabs qub fbvbk sbr fbsehgsjfbrifhs quigfh uki fbssis
bkhîòbs phfb sbr sbgtjfi sb h suspbjth chr vbrfifbjrh, bgquigth hutri
phfb sbr sbgtjfi quigfh h suspbjth bsté kbgtjgfh. Viobais 9 b ?, gh ipbg-

fjx, chrgbeb iebssh jkbfjith piri vbrjcjeir quijs bkhîòbs phfbk

prhfuzjr eifi pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia.
Uuphgdi qub h pij pbrebobssb qub _hggjb bstivi suigfh b bgnhajgfh ehk crbquígeji. Bssbs sjgijs sbrjik jgýtbjs, phjs såh

sjgijs fb quiaqubr bkhîåh, phsjtjvi hu gbnitjvi. Ub _hggjb bstjvbssb kbgtjgfh, bais hehrrbrjik phr eiusi fh kbfh hu euapi, b sb

_hggjb bstjvbssb fjzbgfh i vbrfifb, bais phfbrjik hehrrbr phrqub bab sb sbgtji ignustjifh b ehk rijvi. Ub _hggjb khstrissb

kujths kigjpuaifhrbs, jssh tikoêk tbrji qub sbr fbsehgsjfbrifh, uki vbz qub hs kigjpuaifhrbs iukbgtik ehk quiaqubr

bkhîåh gbnitjvi. Kbskh hs sjgijs fb ipbgis ianukis fis bkhîòbs gbnitjvis, ehkh uki rbfuîåh fh thk fi vhz, tbrjik qub sbr

fbsehgsjfbrifhs. Ub h thk fi vhz cjeissb kijs oijxh phr eiusi fi euapi, jssh sbrji uk sjgia fb kbgtjri< kis phfb fjkjgujr fbvjfh

à trjstbzi hu ignýstji, b _hggjb phfb kujth obk sb sbgtjr ignustjifh sb bab kbgtb hu fjz i vbrfifb. Ipbgis iqubabs

ehkphrtikbgths qub kireik kbfh hu euapi, kis gåh rijvi, trjstbzi hu ignýstji phfbk sbr
s br jgtbrprbtifis ehkh pjstis piri

bgnigir. Ehkphrtikbgths qub kireik rijvi hu ignýstji, kis gåh kbfh hu euapi, phfbk sbr jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh pjstis piri i
dhgbstjfifb. H bstufh fis tiobais 9 b ? khstri qub hs sbnujgtbs ehkphrtikbgths phfbk khstrir sb _hggjb bsté kbgtjgfh hu

gåh= aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs, kjerhbxprbssòbs b iîòbs fb kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs. Bssbs såh hs ýgjehs

ehkphrtikbgths qub phfbk sjgiajzir jgchrkiîòbs ehk prbejsåh sucjejbgtb piri fjstjgnujr h kbfh hu i euapi fi rijvi hu ignýstji.

I prhpõsjth, fir i _hggjb uk tbstb fh phaënrich phfb gåh tbr cugejhgifh. H phaënrich kbfb ipbgis h fbspbrtir fi bkhîåh, gåh

quia bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi. _hggjb tbrji sjfh bkhejhgia, euapifh hu jghebgtb. Bkohri hs bstufhs qub iviajik i prbejsåh fh phaënrich

khstrbk qub bab sb sij kbadhr fh qub h ieish, bk ianugs fbssbs bstufhs aé Ehkphrtikbgths qub kireik rijvi hu ignýstji, kis

gåh kbfh hu euapi, phfbk sbr jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh pjstis piri i dhgbstjfifb. H bstufh fis tiobais 9 b ? khstri qub hs sbnujgtbs

ehkphrtikbgths phfbk khstrir sb _hggjb bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh= aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs, kjerhbxprbssòbs b

iîòbs fb kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs. Bssbs såh hs ýgjehs ehkphrtikbgths qub phfbk sjgiajzir jgchrkiîòbs ehk prbejsåh

sucjejbgtb piri fjstjgnujr h kbfh hu i euapi fi rijvi hu ignýstji. I prhpõsjth, fir i _hggjb uk tbstb fh phaënrich phfb gåh tbr
cugejhgifh. H phaënrich kbfb ipbgis h fbspbrtir fi bkhîåh, gåh quia bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi. _hggjb tbrji sjfh bkhejhgia, euapifh hu

jghebgtb. Bkohri hs bstufhs qub iviajik i prbejsåh fh phaënrich khstrbk qub bab sb sij kbadhr fh qub h ieish, bk ianugs fbssbs

bstufhs aé Ehkphrtikbgths qub kireik rijvi hu ignýstji, kis gåh kbfh hu euapi, phfbk sbr jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh pjstis piri i

dhgbstjfifb. H bstufh fis tiobais 9 b ? khstri qub hs sbnujgtbs ehkphrtikbgths phfbk khstrir sb _hggjb bsté kbgtjgfh hu

gåh= aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs, kjerhbxprbssòbs b iîòbs fb kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs. Bssbs såh hs ýgjehs

ehkphrtikbgths qub phfbk sjgiajzir jgchrkiîòbs ehk prbejsåh sucjejbgtb piri fjstjgnujr h kbfh hu i euapi fi rijvi hu ignýstji.

I prhpõsjth, fir i _hggjb uk tbstb fh phaënrich phfb gåh tbr cugejhgifh. H phaënrich kbfb ipbgis h fbspbrtir fi bkhîåh, gåh

quia bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi. _hggjb tbrji sjfh bkhejhgia, euapifh hu jghebgtb. Bkohri hs bstufhs qub iviajik i prbejsåh fh phaënrich

khstrbk qub bab sb sij kbadhr fh qub h ieish, bk ianugs fbssbs bstufhs aé H bstufh fis tiobais 9 b ? khstri qub hs sbnujgtbs

ehkphrtikbgths phfbk khstrir sb _hggjb bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh= aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs, kjerhbxprbssòbs b iîòbs fb kýseuahs ciejijs e
 

940  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

dhuvb kujths brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb. Fjseuth bssbs

bstufhs b h qub babs sjngjcjeik gh prõxjkh eipëtuah.
Bstjkir quijs bkhîòbs h suspbjth sbgtjrji sb bstjvbssb
fjzbgfh i vbrfifb b sb bais fjcbrbk fis bkhîòbs qub h
suspbjth sbgtjrji sb kbgtjssb, ehgchrkb kjgdi igéajsb fb H
kbgjgh ^jgsahw khstrhu, ê ehkpajeifh. _bqubr kujth
ehgdbejkbgth shorb h suspbjth. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, gåh divbré
ehgdbejkbgth sucjejbgtb piri cizbr bssis bstjkitjvis. B
quigfh dhuvbr, is bstjkitjvis phfbk gåh imufir i fbtbetir h
kbgtjrhsh. H ehgdbejkbgth phfb sunbrjr qub ê prhvévba qub
i kbski bkhîåh sbmi sbgtjfi qubr h suspbjth kjgti hu sbmi
vbrfifbjrh, ehkh iehgtbebu ehk Fbsfíkhgi. Kbskh
quigfh i bstjkitjvi sunbrb qub bkhîòbs fjcbrbgtbs sbrjik
sbgtjfis sb h suspbjth chssb vbrfifbjrh hu kbgtjssb, is pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs phfbk sbr ikoënuis. Gbgduk phfb sbr
bspbeëcjeh ipbgis às bkhîòbs qub fjcbrbgejirjik h kbgtjrhsh
fi pbsshi vbrfifbjri. Gbssbs eishs, gåh dé ehgdbejkbgth
sucjejbgtb piri bstjkir is bkhîòbs sbgtjfis pbah suspbjth< i
bstjkitjvi ê qub is kbskis bkhîòbs sbråh sbgtjfis qubr h
suspbjth bstbmi kbgtjgfh hu sbmi vbrfifbjrh< hu bkhîòbs
fjcbrbgtbs sbrjik sbgtjfis pbah kbgtjrhsh hu pbsshi dhgbsti,

Ê ipbgis pbrebobgfh quigfh bsté gbssi sjtuiîåh qub h

ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb bvjtir ehkbtbr brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi
vbrfifb b phfb sbr fbvjfikbgtb eiutbahsh quigth à sui
vuagbriojajfifb fb sbr bgnigifh phr kbgtjrhshs, ehkbtbgfh brrhs
fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Ê eairh qub, às vbzbs, igiajsir quijs bkhîòbs
h kbgtjrhsh sbgtjrji b quijs bkhîòbs uki pbsshi sjgebri phfbrji
sbgtjr phr bstir sho suspbjti, imufiré i pbnir uk kbgtjrhsh. Via
ehkh iehgtbeb ehk h^jgsahw Ohy bxbkpah, tia igéajsb jré jshair
pjstis qub såh sjgijs jgbquëvhehs fb dhgbstjfifb hu criufb b thrgiré
i tirbci fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris kijs céeja, iabrtigfh

* Abkorb-sb fb qub bxjstbk hutris pjstis piri bgnigir qub gåh prbejsik bgvhavbr
bkhîåh, ehkh aipshs fb aëgnui, aipshs bkoabkétjehs b tjrifis.
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  949

piri siobr quijs ehkphrtikbgths bab fbvb prheurir.

Kjgdi bxpajeiîåh fhs pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs gi fbtbeîåh fb
criufbs itê inhri trithu ipbgis fb sjtuiîòbs bk qub h suspbjth siob
qub ê suspbjth fb kbgtjr. Gh bgtigth, pbsshis vbrfifbjris phfbk
gugei pbrebobr qub eifi piaivri qub prhcbrbk, eifi nbsth b
ehgtriîåh ciejia såh bxikjgifhs bk ianuk khkbgth phr ianuêk
qub suspbjti qub bstbmik kbgtjgfh< b ianukis pbsshis vbrfifbjris
ierbfjtik qub bståh sumbjtis i tia bserutëgjh, quigfh, gi vbrfifb,
gåh bståh. Hs kbgtjrhshs gbk sbkprb siobk sb suis vëtjkis
suspbjtik hu gåh fb sbus bgnighs. Rki fbseuapi baiohrifi
fbstjgifi i fjssjpir suspbjtis phfb abvigtir uki qubståh gi kbgtb
fb uki vëtjki qub igtbrjhrkbgtb ehgcjivi. Is vëtjkis qub suspbjtik
qub bståh sbgfh bgnigifis phfbk kbgtjr, heuatigfh suis suspbjtis,
piri jgfuzjr h kbgtjrhsh i uk khvjkbgth bk ciash. Bxjstbk hutris
rizòbs pbais quijs i vëtjki phfb bgnigir h kbgtjrhsh. Bk ehgtri-
jgtbajnígeji, quigfh uk bspjåh ê fbsehobrth, i fbsehobrti phfb sbr
heuatifi fb khfh i iajkbgtir h jgjkjnh ehk jgchrkiîòbs ciasis phr
kbjh fh bspjåh. Hutris vëtjkis phfbk bsehgfbr i fbsehobrti fb qub
chrik jgfuzjfis bk brrh piri nhstir fb jgvbrtbr i kbsi b, phr uk
tbkph, vbr h kbgtjrhsh ehgtjguir i tbebr suis jgvbgîòbs sbk siobr
qub i vëtjki inhri siob qub tufh ê ciash.
Divbré nigdhs b pbrfis piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sb h
suspbjth gåh shuobr qub ê suspbjth fb kbgtjr. Rk kbgtjrhsh gåh
phfb bgehorjr ristrhs, igtbejpir pbrnugtis, prbpirir fbseuapis,
bgsijir i ciai b, fb hutris kigbjris, sbr eiutbahsh sb gåh ierbfjtir
qub eifi khvjkbgth bsté sbgfh bxikjgifh phr uki vëtjki suspbjti.
Ehgchrkb h tbkph pissi b i kbgtjri pirbeb sbr thtiakbgtb bgnhajfi,
uk kbgtjrhsh phfb cjeir tåh rbaixifh qub brrhs hehrrbk phr bxebssh
fb ehgcjigîi. Bssb nigdh piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris ê
ehkpbgsifh pbai prhoiojajfifb
prhoiojajfifb fb uk kbgtjrhsh qub ê tåh
ehgcjigtb i phgth fb sb thrgir fbsabjxifh gåh sbgtjr kujti iprbbgsåh
fb fbtbeîåh. Brrhs fbseujfifhs såh ehkprifhs à eusti fb brrhs
fbvjfh à iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Gåh ipbgis is pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijss piri h bgnigh nbrifh pbai fbtbeîåh b iprbbgsåh
ehkphrtikbgtij
såh sierjcjeifis, kis tikoêk pbrfjfis såh hs fbshrnigjzifhs
 

94?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jzjgn hs bcbjths fbssb kbfh, qub phfbk, ehkh h bxebssh fb ehgcjigîi,

prhfuzjr uk paigbmikbgth fbcjejbgtb. Viavbz i pbrfi kijs jkphrtigtb
sbmi h thrkbgth fb tbkbr i eipturi, qub prhvivbakbgtb gåh sb thrgiré
chrtb h sucjejbgtb piri khtjvir i ehgcjssåh sb h kbgtjrhsh gåh iedir qub
ianuêk bsté itrés fbab.
_hss Kuaaigby, bspbejiajsti bk trbjgir jgtbrrhnifhrbs
phajejijs, fbcbgfb h qub ediki fb bstritênji fh Eiviah fb
Vrõji, gi quia h phajejia cjgnb ierbfjtir gh suspbjth, piri cizbr
h sumbjth ciair kijs b sb bgrbfir bk suis prõprjis jgvbgîòbs.
Kbskh qub i iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh phssi fjkjgujr, h
suspbjth tbk kijhr prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr uk brrh
rbvbaifhr, sbnugfh Kuaaigby= ‑H phajejia fbvb bgehrimir i
chgtb \suspbjth[ bk sbu bgnigh puxigfh-h piri crbgtb,
ouseigfh sbkprb kijs b kijs fbtiadbs bk is ciorjeiîòbs
suspbjtis sbgfh hcbrbejfis. Bk uk sbgtjfh rbia, h hcjejia
tikoêk bgnigi ih cjgnjr qub ierbfjti gi chgtb ... \Bu[ gåh
phssh prbmufjeir i chgtb dhgbsti. Ub h hcjejia bsté brrifh bk
sui suspbjti jgjejia fb qub h ... suspbjth phfb bstir bgnigigfh
. . . \bsti têegjei fb jgtbrrhnitõrjh[ gåh eiusiré quiaqubr
jgmustjîi. Ipbgis hs bgnigifhrbs prbejsik tbkbr \jssh[. "2 Bssi
bstritênji abkori h ehgsbadh fb Uedhpbgdiubr= ‑Ub vheí tbk khtjvhs
piri suspbjtir qub uki pbsshi bsté adb ehgtigfh uki kbgtjri, fí i
jkprbssåh fb qub ierbfjthu bk eifi piaivri qub bai fjssb. Jssh adb
firé ehrinbk piri prhssbnujr< bab sb thrgiré kijs vbbkbgtb bk
suis icjrkiîòbs b gh cjgia trijr i sj kbskh. "3
Bkohri i erbgîi fb qub h iavh bsté ehgcjigfh pirbîi ebrti fjkjgujr i
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh fb uk kbgtjrhsh, ê fjcëeja fjzbr ehkh tia
ehgdbejkbgth icbtiré hutrhs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri. Ianugs
kbgtjrhshs phfbk sbgtjr kijs euapi phr bgnigh bk bgnigir uk iavh
ehgcjigtb fh qub phr uk suspbjth. Hutrhs phfbk sb sbgtjr kbghs
euapifhs, riejhgiajzigfh qub, bgquigth h iavh gåh shuobr b gåh chr
thrturifh phr suspbjtis, gbgduk figh sbré eiusifh. Bssbs kbgtjrhshs
phfbk ierbfjtir qub suis kbgtjris såh khtjvifis prjgejpiakbgtb pbai
ohgfifb, piri phupir i sbgsjojajfifb fb suis vëtjkis. Fupjgn fbaëeji
tikoêk phfb jr fb quiaqubr kigbjri, chrtiabejfh hu fjkjguëfh
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  945 

sb h kbgtjrhsh siob qub h iavh ê ehgcjévba. Bgnigir uki vëtjki bk

thtia ehgcjigîi phfb sbr bspbejiakbgtb fbajejhsh
fbajejhsh,, pbrkjtjgfh
sbgtjkbgths inrifévbjs fb fbsprbzh<
fbsprbzh< gh bgtigth,
bgtigth, bgnig
bgnigir
ir uk iavh
suspbjth phfb sbr bkhejhgigtb phr eiusi fh fbsicjh.
Gåh dé ehkh prbvbr sb uk kbgtjrhsh tbk kijhr hu kbghr prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr brrhs sb sbu iavh thrgir ehgdbejfis suis suspbjtis. Ê

eairh qub bxjstb uki edigeb fb qub is suspbjtis sbmik jgcugfifis< h suspbjth phfb sbr dhgbsth. Ubrji kijs céeja fjzbr qub uk suspbjth ê vbrfifbjrh

sb bab gåh shuobssb qub bstivi sho suspbjti8 Ub bab gåh siob qub ê suspbjth fb kbgtjr, bab gåh fbvb tbkbr sbr fbsierbfjtifh< gbk divbrji rijvi hu

ignýstji phr sbr suspbjth fb kbgtjr, b h suspbjth, kbskh sb edbjh fb euapi, gåh tbrji hphrtugjfifb bspbejia fb injr ehkh sb h kia tjvbssb sjfh

ehkbtjfh. Jssh ê kujth ohk, uki vbz qub hs sjgijs fb quiaqubr uki fbssis bkhîòbs phfbk sbr jgtbrprbtifhs sjkpabskbgtb ehkh pjstis piri

bgnigir, sbk quiaqubr gbebssjfifb fb sb prbheupir ehk i phssjojajfifb fb sbrbk, bk vbz fjssh, hs sbgtjkbgths fb uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri shorb

sbr suspbjti. Bssb nigdh ê ehkprifh, gh bgtigth, ehk h mé kbgejhgifh eusth fb qub ianugs fhs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri qub prhfuzbk pjstis

piri bgnigir, pirtjeuairkbgtb i fbtbeîåh fi iprbbgsåh, sbråh

sbråh kijs criehs sb bssi pbsshi qub gåh ehgdbeb gjgnuêk suspbjti qub bai bsté

kbgtjgfh ê fb cith uk kbgtjrhsh. Yuigfh h suspbjth gåh siob qub bxjstb suspbjti, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr

brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb

vbrfifb phrqub hs sjgijs fb bkhîåh, sb hehrrbr
hehrrbrbk,
bk, såh kijs prhvévbjs fb sbrbk pjstis piri bgnigir< kis phfb divb
divbrr kijs

brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri, phrqub hs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri tík kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb sbr chrtbs h sucjejbgtb piri trijr h kbgtjrhsh. H
jgvbrsh prhvivbakbgtb iehgtbeb sb i suspbjti chr ehgdbejfi - kijs fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, kis kbghs erbgîi gi kbgtjri. sbré kijs crieh sb bssi

pbsshi qub gåh ehgdbeb gjgnuêk suspbjti qub bab bsté kbgtjgfh ê fb cith uk kbgtjrhsh. Yuigfh h suspbjth gåh siob qub bxjstb suspbjti, h

ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb phrqub hs sjgijs fb bkhîåh, sb hehrrbrbk, såh kijs

prhvévbjs fb sbrbk pjstis piri bgnigir< kis phfb

phfb divbr kijs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri, phrqub
phrqub hs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri tík kbghs

prhoiojajfifb fb sbr chrtbs h sucjejbgtb piri trijr h kbgtjrhsh. H jgvbrsh prhvivbakbgtb iehgtbeb sb i suspbjti chr ehgdbejfi - kijs fbserbgîi gi

vbrfifb, kis kbghs erbgîi gi kbgtjri. sbré kijs crieh sb bssi pbsshi qub gåh ehgdbeb gjgnuêk suspbjti qub bab bsté kbgtjgfh ê fb cith uk

kbgtjrhsh. Yuigfh h suspbjth gåh siob qub bxjstb suspbjti, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tbk kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi

vbrfifb phrqub hs sjgijs fb bkhîåh, sb hehrrbrbk,

hehrrbrbk, såh kijs prhvévb
prhvévbjs
js fb sbrbk pjstis piri bgnigir< kis phfb divbr kijs
kijs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi

kbgtjri, phrqub hs sbgtjkbgths shorb i kbgtjri tík kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb sbr chrtbs h sucjejbgtb piri trijr h kbgtjrhsh. H jgvbrsh

prhvivbakbgtb iehgtbeb sb i suspbjti chr ehgdbejfi - kijs fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, kis kbghs erbgîi gi kbgtjri. phrqub hs sbgtjkbgths shorb

kbgtjr tík kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb sbr chrtbs h sucjejbgtb piri trijr h kbgtjrhsh. H jgvbrsh prhvivbakbgtb iehgtbeb sb i suspbjti chr ehgdbejfi -

kijs fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, kis kbghs erbgîi gi kbgtjri. phrqub hs sbgtjkbgths shorb kbgtjr tík kbghs prhoiojajfifb fb sbr chrtbs h sucjejbgtb

piri trijr h kbgtjrhsh. H jgvbrsh prhvivbakbgtb iehgtbeb sb i suspbjti chr ehgdbejfi - kijs fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb, kis kbghs erbgîi gi kbgtjri.

Fhjs hutrhs prhoabkis ehkpajeik i qubståh fb siobr sb h

ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris bstirji kbadhr sb h suspbjth gåh
shuobssb qub bsté sho suspbjti. Prjkbjrh, h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris phfb gåh tbr bsehadi. Gbk thfi sjtuiîåh pbrkjtjré qub
h iavh bsehgfi suis suspbjtis. Kbskh sb phssëvba, gbk thfhs
 

946  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

qubk pbgsi qub phfb sbr iavh fb uki kbgtjri qubr bsehgfbr suis
suspbjtis, kbgtjgfh piri pbnir uk kbgtjrhsh. B gbk thfh ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris tbk h tiabgth fb kbgtjrhsh piri tbr suebssh sbk sbr fbsehobrth
bk sbu bgnigh.
H sbnugfh prhoabki ê pjhr. Ih tbgtir bsehgfbr suis
suspbjtis, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris ehrrb h rjseh fb ciadir gbssi
heuatiîåh sbk pbrebobr. Bab ebrtikbgtb gåh phfb ehgtir ehk h
kbgtjrhsh piri sbr vbrfifbjrh shorb h issugth! Ianugs
kbgtjrhshs phfbk ehgcrhgtir ehrimhsikbgtb sbu iavh, uki vbz
qub pbrebobk qub bab ê suspbjth, bspbejiakbgtb sb babs pufbrbk
bxphr is tbgtitjvis fb heuatiîåh fh iavh. H kbgtjrhsh phfb
rbprbsbgtir djpherjsji, jgfjngh b kinhifh phr h iavh gåh sbr
crigeh shorb suis suspbjtis, prjvigfh jgmustikbgtb h kbgtjrhsh
fb uki edigeb fb sb vjgnir. Kbskh qub bssb bstritinbki gåh
ehgvbgîi, phfb pbah kbghs jgtjkjfir h iavh phr ianuk tbkph.
Gbk thfh kbgtjrhsh sbré tåh fbseirifh. Ianugs phfbk bsehgfbr
i fbsehobrti fb qub h iavh sb thrghu suspbjth piri qub phssik
nigdir tbkph piri ehorjr sbus ristrhs, prbpirir uki cuni, bte.
Jgcbajzkbgtb, gåh ê ipbgis h kbgtjrhsh qub phfb heuatir tia
fbsehobrti. Pbsshis vbrëfjeis tikoêk phfbk bsehgfbr qub
fbsehorjrik qub bståh sho suspbjti. Uuis rizòbs phfbk sbr
oistigtb virjifis. Babs phfbk bsehgfbr siobr qub bståh sho
suspbjti i cjk fb bvjtir uki ebgi, hu piri nigdir tbkph bk qub
bspbrik rbugjr bvjfígejis bk sbu iphjh, hu thkir kbfjfis qub
iqubabs qub suspbjtik muaniråh bk sbu civhr sb chr ehgsjfbrifh
qub babs injrik sbk siobr qub brik suspbjths.
Rki vigtinbk hotjfi ih rbvbair suspbjtis ê qub bssb
pïgtigh fb jgebrtbzis phfb sbr bvjtifh. Pbah kbghs h iavh siob
qub h suspbjth siob qub dé suspbjti. Kbskh issjk, i pbsshi
vbrfifbjri, ehkh h kbgtjrhsh, phfb tbgtir bsehgfbr quiaqubr
sbgtjkbgth fb bstir sho suspbjti. Rki vbz qub i suspbjti ê
rbehgdbejfi, h kbgtjrhsh fbvb qubrbr bsehgfbr quiaqubr
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh, kis i pbsshi vbrfifbjri tikoêk phfb
tbgtir bsehgfbr h kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifi b i rijvi hu
ignýstji phr sbr suspbjti, phr prbheupiîåh fb qub bstbs
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  942 

sbgtjkbgths sbrjik kia jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri. Ub chssbk
ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs qub tbgtissbk bsehgfbr sbgtjkbgths, sbrji kijs céeja
fbtbetir h bgnigh. Kis, sb chssb
c hssb issjk, ianugs kbgtjrhshs sbrjik bspbrths h
sucjejbgtb piri tikoêk khstrir sbus sbgtjkbgths.
Hutri vigtinbk hotjfi sb i vëtjki chr crigei shorb sui
suspbjti ê qub bai phfbré usir h qub ê edikifh fb
Vêegjei fh Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty. Fivjf Ayllbg, uk
psjeõahnh cjsjhaõnjeh qub ê uk erëtjeh fh ush fh fbtbethr
fb kbgtjris fh phaënrich, ierbfjti qub i têegjei fh
ehgdbejkbgth euapifh phfb kbadhrir i prbejsåh fh
phaënrich. H jgtbrrhnifhr gåh pbrnugti ih suspbjth sb bab
ehkbtbu h erjkb, kis sjk h suspbjth ê qubstjhgifh shorb
h ehgdbejkbgth qub ipbgis h euapifh tbrji. Uuphgdi qub
ianuêk sbmi suspbjth fb ississjgith< h suspbjth tbk uk
khtjvh, chj vjsth
fjigtb. Ehk pbrth fb
i têegjei fi ehgdbejkbgth
ebgi fh erjkb fh
b issjk phr h
euapifh,
suspbjth rbsphgfbrji i uki sêrjb fb pbrnugtis fb
kýatjpai bsehadi. Bk eifi qubståh, uki fis hpîòbs
sbkprb fbserbvbrji h qub iehgtbebu, bgquigth is hutris,
qub pirbebk jnuiakbgtb paiusëvbjs, fbserbvb
fbserbvbrji
rji ehjsis
qub gåh iehgtbebrik. Uõ h suspbjth euapifh, gåh h
jghebgtb, siobrji quia bri quia. Phr bxbkpah, phfb-sb
pbrnugtir ih suspbjth= "I pbsshi ississjgifi bstivi
fbjtifi fb oruîhs, vhatifi piri ejki, fb aifh hu
sbgtifi8" H suspbjth ê shajejtifh i fjzbr "Gåh" hu "Gåh
sbj" ipõs eifi iatbrgitjvi sbr ajfi. Uõ qubk ehkbtbu h
erjkb siobrji qub h khrth bstivi fbjtifh ehk h rhsth
piri ejki. Bk bxpbrjkbgths fb aiohritõrjh shorb kbgtjr,
Ayllbg fbsehorju qub i pbsshi qub tbk bssb
ehgdbejkbgth euapifh khstri uki kufigîi gi itjvjfifb
fh sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh, fbtbetifi pbah phaënrich,
quigfh i vbrfifbjri iatbrgitjvi ê kbgejhgifi, bgquigth
i pbsshi jghebgtb rbsphgfb fi kbski kigbjri gh h
phaënrich piri thfis is iatbrgitjvis. Ipbsir fi pbsshi
euapifi '>
 

943  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I vjrtufb fh tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth fb euapifh ê qub is rbiîòbs

jgehkugs gåh phfbk sbr fbvjfis ihs sbgtjkbgths fb uki pbsshi
jghebgtb shorb sbr suspbjti fb kbgtjr. Kbskh qub h suspbjth
jghebgtb tbgdi kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh, hu zignifh phr sbr
suspbjth, hu ignustjifh ehk sui sjtuiîåh, ipbgis phr ieish bab
khstrirji kijs rbiîåh bkhejhgia i "kbgtjr ehk i eiri piri ejki" fh
qub i hutris fbserjîòbs iatbrgitjvis. Ih usir kujtis fbssis
pbrnugtis fb kýatjpai bsehadi, quiaqubr rbiîåh jgehkuk khstrifi
phr uk suspbjth jghebgtb sbré bspiadifi bgtrb is iatbrgitjvis
vbrfifbjris b ciasis. H tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, bgtåh, bajkjgi
h kijhr pbrjnh bk fbtbetir h bgnigh
- brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb fbvjfh i ehgcugfjr h
sbgtjkbgths fb uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri shorb sbr suspbjth ehk hs fhs
kbgtjrhshs.
Jgcbajzkbgtb, bssi têegjei prhkjsshri piri fbtbetir kbgtjris
gåh chj sumbjti i kujtis pbsqujsis piri iviajir sui prbejsåh, b hs
bstufhs rbiajzifhs gåh khstrik qub bai sbmi sbkprb tåh prbejsi
quigth sunbrji h trioiadh hrjnjgia fb Ayllbg. H rbebgtb rbaitõrjh
fh Hccjeb hc Vbedghahny Issbsskbgt rbvjsigfh h phaënrich
phaë nrich
hosbrvhu qub h tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh "... fbtbethu uki
phrebgtinbk kêfji ajnbjrikbgtb jgcbrjhr fb euapifhs fh qub h
\tbstb kijs ehkuk fh phaënrich[." Fbsehorju-sb qub tjgdi uki
prhphrîåh rbaitjvikbgtb kijhr fb brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri,
kis uki tixi kbghr fb brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb.4

Bk quiaqubr eish, h tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth fb euapifh tbk ush

kujth ajkjtifh chri fhs jgtbrrhnitõrjhs erjkjgijs. Kujth crbqñbgtbkbgtb,
i pbsshi qub pbgsi sbr vëtjki fb uki kbgtjri gåh phssuj i jgchrkiîåh
qub h kbgtjrhsh phssuj b, sbk bai, h tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh gåh
phfb sbr usifh. Gh rhkigeb fb Rpfjlb Eisb ehkjnh 
_utd sioji qub bai bstivi tbgfh uk eish b ehk qubk bstivi.
H kirjfh fbai, Mbrry, sõ tjgdi suis suspbjtis, b phr gåh tbr
jgchrkiîòbs qub ipbgis h euapifh tbrji, bab gåh phfbrji usir
h euapifh
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  94> 

têegjei fh ehgdbejkbgth. Piri usir bssi têegjei, h ipigdifhr fb

kbgtjris fbvb siobr h qub iehgtbebu, kis ipbgis cjeir jgebrth
shorb qubk h cbz.
Kbskh qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sijoi thfis is
iatbrgitjvis, h tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth fh euapifh gåh phfb sbr
usifh piri fbsehorjr quia fbais iehgtbebu. H tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth
fb euapifh rbqubr ebrtbzi ioshauti phr pirtb fh ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris shorb uk ith hu bvbgth, sbgfh i qubståh sb h suspbjth chj
hu gåh h iuthr fh erjkb. Ub i pbrnugti chr= h qub bssi pbsshi cbz8
ehkh bssi pbsshi sb sbgtb8 - sb h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh siob
h qub h suspbjth cbz, h tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth fb euapi gåh phfb sbr
usifh.

Prbeiuîòbs gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir 

Iviajir pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir ê pbrjnhsh.
I ajsti ioijxh rbsukb thfis is prbeiuîòbs piri rbfuzjr hs
rjsehs qub chrik bxpajeifhs gbstb eipëtuah. H ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbvb sbkprb bstjkir hprhoiojajfifb qub uk nbsth
hu bxprbssåh jgfjei kbgtjri hu vbriejfifb< ririkbgtb ê
ioshautikbgtb ebrth. Gbssbs eishs, quigfh chr - uki
bkhîåh ehgtrifjzbgfh i kbgtjri vizigfh bk uki bxprbssåh
ciejia kierh ehkpabti, hu ianuki pirtb fi jgchrkiîåh heuati
aigîifi bk piaivris furigtb uk fjseursh - h suspbjth
pbrebobré jssh tikoêk b ehgcbssiré.
9. Vbgtb thrgir bxpaëejth i oisb fb quiaqubr piapjtb b
jgtujîòbs shorb sb ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh hu gåh. Vhrgigfh-
sb kijs ejbgtb fb ehkhvheís jgtbrprbtir pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir, vheí iprbgfbré i jfbgtjcjeir
sbus brrhs b rbehgdbebr quigfh gåh tjvbr kujti edigeb fb
cizbr uk muanikbgth ehrrbth.
?. Abkorb-sb fb qub bxjstbk fhjs pbrjnhs gi fbtbeîåh
bgnigh= fbserbr fi vbrfifb (muanir uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri piri
 

944  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bstir kbgtjgfh) b ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri (muanir uk kbgtjrhsh piri

sbr vbrfifbjrh). Gåh dé ehkh bvjtir ehkpabtikbgtb hs fhjs brrhs.
Ehgsjfbrb is ehgsbquígejis fb sb irrjseir i quiaqubr uk fhs brrhs.
5. I iusígeji fb jgfëejh fb fhah gåh ê prhvi fb
vbrfifb< ianukis pbsshis gåh vizik. I prbsbgîi fb uk sjgia fb
bgnigh gbk sbkprb ê bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri< ianukis pbsshis
pirbebk phueh à vhgtifb hu euapifis, kbskh quigfh såh
vbrfifbjris. Sheí phfb fjkjgujr h rjseh fb Orhliw, qub ê fbvjfh i
fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gh ehkphrtikbgth bxprbssjvh, oisbigfh sbus
 muanikbgths bk ukkufigîi gh ehkphrtikbgth fh suspbjth.
6. Prheurb bk sui kbgtb quijsqubr prbehgebjths qub vheí phssi
tbk shorb h suspbjth. Ehgsjfbrb sb sbus prbehgebjths jråh
jgcaubgejir sui edigeb fb cizbr uk muanikbgth ehrrbth. Gåh tbgtb

 muanir sb ianuêk
fhkjgifh bsté kbgtjgfh
bsté
pbah ejýkb hu bk ukhu gåh
gåh sb bkhejhgia.
jgeígfjh vheí sb sbgtjr
Bvjtb i
tbgtiîåh fb suspbjtir fb kbgtjris, phjs jssh bxpajei bvbgths qub
fb hutri chrki sbrjik jgbxpajeévbjs.
2. Ubkprb ehgsjfbrb i phssjojajfifb fb qub uk sjgia fb bkhîåh
îåh gåh ê uki pjsti piri bgnigir, kis uki pjsti fb ehkh uki
pbsshi vbrfifbjri sb sbgtb phr sbr suspbjti fb kbgtjr. Fbsehgsjfbrb
h sjgia fb uki bkhîåh ehkh uki pjsti piri bgnigir sb uk suspbjth
sjgebrh pufbr sbgtjr bssi bkhîåh phr eiusi= fi pbrshgiajfifb fh
suspbjth< i giturbzi fb sbu rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr ehk h suspbjth<

hu is bxpbetitjvis fh suspbjth.
3. Vbgdi bk kbgtb qub kujtis pjstis piri bgnigir såh sjgijs fb
kijs fb uki bkhîåh, b iqubais qub såh fbvbk sbr fbsehgsjfbrifis
sb uki fbssis bkhîòbs pufbr sbr sbgtjfi sb h suspbjth chr
vbrfifbjrh, bgquigth hutri phfb sbr sbgtjfi sb h suspbjth bstjvbr
kbgtjgfh.
>. Ehgsjfbrb sb h suspbjth siob hu gåh qub bab ê
sho suspbjti, b quijs sbrjik hs nigdhs hu pbrfis gi fbtbeîåh fh
bgnigh fb quiaqubr kigbjri.
4. Ub vheí tjvbr ehgdbejkbgth fb qub h suspbjth tikoêk
 

Pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs  94: 

Ciîi uk Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty ipbgis sb bab bstjvbr

kbgtjgfh b vheí pufbr jgtbrrhnir h suspbjth.
:. Gugei edbnub i uki ehgeausåh cjgia shorb sb uk sus-
pbet ê kbgtjr hu gåh sb oisbji ipbgis bk sui jgtbrprbtiîåh fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir
fbvbk sbrvjr ipbgis piri iabrté-ah shorb i gbebssjfifb fb kijs
jgchrkiîòbs b jgvbstjniîòbs. Pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs, ehkh h phaënrich,
gugei phfbk chrgbebr bvjfígejis ioshautis.
90. Rsb i ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh chrgbejfi gh ipígfjeb (tiobai 6)
piri iviajir i kbgtjri, h kbgtjrhsh, b vheí, h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris,
piri bstjkir i prhoiojajfifb fb ehkbtbr brrhs hu muanir ehrrbtikbgtb i
vbriejfifb.
Vbgtir fbtbetir kbgtjris usigfh h fbtbethr fb kbgtjris
fh phaënrich
gis tikoêk ê pbrjnhsh.
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri Bkohri
bgnigir,kbu
gåhcheh bstbmi
gh phaënrich,
b bk uki ikpai niki fb sjtuiîòbs bk qub is pbsshis
phfbk kbgtjr hu suspbjtir qub bståh kbgtjgfh, gåh ghs
ajkjtbs bstrbjths fb uk bxikb fb phaënrich, gh prõxjkh
eipëtuah fjseuth h phaënrich. Bk vérjis sjtuiîòbs jkphrtigtbs
- ehgtri-bspjhginbk, erjkbs b, eifi vbz kijs, ghs gbnõejhs -
h phaënrich ê usifh. Kjgdi igéajsb fi kbgtjri, gbstb b ghs
eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs, phfb, ierbfjth, imufir i ehkprbbgfbr
kbadhr hs phgths chrtbs b criehs fi fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris phr
phaënrich. Iaêk fjssh, i ehgsjfbriîåh fhs prhoabkis bk
bstiobabebr i prbejsåh fh phaënrich imufiré ijgfi kijs h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris i ehkprbbgfbr hs pbrjnhs fb
fbtbetir bgnighs i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. B, dé
uki qubståh jgtbrbssigtb - b prétjei - i sbr iohrfifi=
 

UBVB

H phaënrich ehkh
Ajb Eitedbr

Rk phajejia fb hutri ejfifb fi Eiajcõrgji sb jgserbvbu bk ghssh

fbpirtikbgth. Bab pirbeji sbr i bpëthkb fb ehkh uk phajejia fbvbrji
sbr, bab ehgdbeji hs eõfjnhs b, ehkh tjgdi bxpbrjígeji igtbrjhr gi
phaëeji, pirbeji sbr h eigfjfith jfbia. Bab gåh cbz gbgduki ifkjssåh
furigtb sui bgtrbvjsti fb prê-tbstb fh phaënrich. Uõ fbphjs qub h
phaënrich jgfjeivi kbgtjri bab ifkjtjrji tbr ehkbtjfh kijs fb 9?
issiaths bk sbrvjîh b usir sbu eirrh fb phaëeji piri rbtjrir hs obgs
rhuoifhs, paigtir gireõtjehs rhuoifhs bk suspbjths jghebgtbs piri
cizbr prjsòbs b qub vérjis vbzbs tbvb rbaiîòbs sbxuijs bk sbu eirrh fi
phaëeji ehk kbgjgis fb ipbgis 93 ighs.
- _bsphsti fh Fbtbtjvb Uirnbgth ^E Kbbl, Phajnricjsti, Fbpirtikbgth fb Phaëeji fb Uiajgis, Eiajcõrgji, i
uki pbsqujsi shorb ehkh hs fbpirtikbgths fb phaëeji usik h phaënrich.

Ciy chj prbsh bk Vhabfh bk 9:>4 b ieusifh fb rhuoh b

ississjgith fb uk ehgdbejfh qub, igtbs fb khrrbr, icjrkhu qub h
aifråh kiseirifh "pirbeji Ouzz \Ciy[". Ciy chj fbtjfh sbk cjigîi phr
fhjs kbsbs bgquigth i phaëeji prheurivi, bk våh, phr bvjfígejis qub
h ajnissbk ih ississjgith. Cjgiakbgtb, h prhkhthr hcbrbebu rbtjrir
is ieusiîòbs sb Ciy pississb gh tbstb fh phaënrich, kis bxjnju qub
Ciy bstjpuaissb i ifkjssjojajfifb fhs rbsuatifhs gh trjougia sb h
tbstb jgfjeissb criufb. Ciy ehgehrfhu, ciadhu gh tbstb, ciadhu bk uk
sbnugfh tbstb fb uk bxikjgifhr fjcbrbgtb, chj tbgtifi b ehgtri
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  9:9

vëtjki fb dhkjeëfjh quiajcjeifh b ehgfbgifh à prjsåh pbrpêtui.
Fbphjs fb kijs fb fhjs ighs, hs vbrfifbjrhs ississjghs chrik
eipturifhs< babs ehgcbssirik, bxhgbrigfh Ciy, qub chj bgtåh
prhgtikbgtb shath.
- Eish fbserjth pbah psjeõahnh Fivjf Ayllbg bk uk irtjnh gh quia bab ediki h phaënrich 
bxikjgir uki "têegjei psbufh-ejbgtëcjei".? 

Bxbkpahs ehkh bssb, prõs b ehgtris, iajkbgtik i

ehgtrhvêrsji shorb h phaënrich, kis dé kujth phueis bvjfígejis
ejbgtëcjeis shorb sui prbejsåh. Fb kijs fb 6.000 irtjnhs hu ajvrhs
puoajeifhs, kbghs fb 600 rbiakbgtb bgvhavbk pbsqujsi b,
fbstbs, gåh kijs fb trjgti i quirbgti itbgfbk ihs pifròbs
ejbgtëcjehs këgjkhs.5 Gåh rbshavjfh pbahs bstufhs fb pbsqujsi, i
fjseussåh shorb h phaënrich ê inufi b ieiahrifi. I kijhrji fhs
fbcbgshrbs vbk fi ipajeiîåh fi abj, inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji,
bkprbsis prbheupifis ehk curth b fbsciaqub b ianugs fhs
ejbgtjstis qub cjzbrik pbsqujsis. Hs erëtjehs jgeaubk ajobrtérjhs
a jobrtérjhs
ejvjs, ianugs murjstis b ifvhnifhs b hutrhs ejbgtjstis qub
bstufirik h phaënrich. *
Kbu hombtjvh gbstb eipëtuah ê thrgir h irnukbgth kijs
ehkprbbgsëvba, gåh rbshaví-ah. Gåh ciîh rbehkbgfiîòbs fb
phaëtjei shorb sb hu ehkh h phaënrich fbvb sbr usifh. Bk vbz
fjssh, prheurh bseairbebr i giturbzi fh irnukbgth piri
iqubabs qub fbvbk cizbr bssbs muanikbgths, thrgigfh is
bsehadis eairis b hs ajkjtbs fi bvjfígeji ejbgtëcjei
ehgdbejfhs. Kis gåh kb fjrjmh ipbgis i cugejhgérjhs fh
nhvbrgh, phajejijs, muëzbs hu ifvhnifhs. Vhfhs dhmb fbvbrjik
bgtbgfbr h irnukbgth shorb h phaënrich, phjs quigfh bab
fbvb sbr usifh b h qub cizbr ehk hs rbsuatifhs fh tbstb såh
qubstòbs jkphrtigtbs fb phaëtjei pýoajei. Gåh sbré rbshavjfh
siojikbgtb sbk uk pýoajeh kijs obk jgchrkifh. Vikoêk
phfb divbr rizòbs pbsshijs pbais quijs thfhs nhstirjik fb
sbr kijs obk jgchrkifhs. Bk kujtis ajgdis fb trioiadh, bk
bkprbnhs gåh rbaiejhgifhs ih nhvbrgh,

* Ipbgis uk pugdifh fb ejbgtjstis pbsqujshu i fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris gh phaënrich.

 

9:?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ehkbtbr uk erjkb såh shajejtifhs i cizbr uk tbstb fh phaënrich ehkh

pirtb fb uk pbfjfh fb bkprbnh, piri ehgtjguir sbu bkprbnh hu
piri hotbr prhkhîåh.
Kujtis fb kjgdis jfêjis shorb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri
bgnigir, bxpajeifis ghs prjkbjrhs sbjs eipëtuahs, ipajeik-sb ehk
jnuia chrîi piri fbtbetir bgnighs ehk uk phaënrich. Hs kbgtjrhshs
phfbk sbr triëfhs bk uk bxikb fb phaënrich phr eiusi fb sui
fbtbeîåh, iprbbgsåh, bgnigh, euapi hu prizbr bgnigifhr. Hs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris fbvbk sbr eiutbahshs quigth ih brrh fb
Htbah b ih pbrjnh fb Orhliw, brrhs fbvjfh i fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gh
ehkphrtikbgth bkhejhgia. Hs hpbrifhrbs fb phaënrich prbejsik
bgcrbgtir h rjseh fb brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri b gåh ierbfjtir gi
vbrfifb. I kijhrji fis prbeiuîòbs b rjsehs gi eipturi fb kbgtjris
såh hs kbskhs, gåh jkphrti sb i kbgtjri ê fbtbetifi pbah phaënrich
hu phr pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. Kis bxjstbk ehgebjths ghvhs b
ehkpajeifhs qub prbejsik sbr iprbgfjfhs=

• i fjcbrbgîi bgtrb prbejsåh b Rtjajtérjh - ehkh h

phaënrich phfb sbr ýtja kbskh sb gåh chr prbejsh<
• i ousei phr vbrfifb cugfikbgtia - ehkh ê fjcëeja fbtbrkjgir
i prbejsåh fh phaënrich sbk tbr ebrtbzi ioshauti fb qubk
såh hs kbgtjrhshs<
• i tixi oésjei fb kbgtjr - ehkh uk tbstb kujth prbejsh phfb
prhfuzjr kujths brrhs quigfh h nruph fb suspbjths jgeauj
kujth phuehs kbgtjrhshs<
• jkpbfjgfh i kbgtjri - ehkh i ikbiîi fb sbr bxikjgifh phfb
jgjojr ianugs fb kbgtjr, kbskh qub h prhebfjkbgth fb
bxikb sbmi fbcbjtuhsh.

Yubk usi h bxikb fh phaënrich 

H ush fh phaënrich piri fbtbetir ianuki chrki fb kbgtjri ê
nbgbriajzifh b erbsebgtb. Ê fjcëeja tbr ebrtbzi fb quigths tbstbs fb
phaënrich såh rbiajzifhs ghs Bstifhs Rgjfhs< i kbadhr bstjkitjvi
ê fb kijs fb uk kjadåh phr igh.6 I kijhrji - ebrei fb
500.000 phr igh - såh hcbrbejfhs phr bkprbnifhrbs prjvifhs. Bssbs tbstbs
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  9:5 

såh fifhs ehkh pirtb fi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh, piri ehgtrhair h

erjkb jgtbrgh b eh
ehkh
kh p
pirtb
irtb fh
fhss prheb
prhebfjkbgths
fjkbgths usifhs gi
rbehkbgfiîåh fb prhkhîòbs. I trjinbk prê-bkprbnh ê "iatikbgtb
ehgcjifi pbahs kbkorhs fi Isshejiîåh Giejhgia fb Ahmis fb Frhnis
bb Isshejifhs
fi Isshejiîåh Giejhgia
Nrhebrs. fb Ahmis fb Ehgvbgjígeji, fi Orjgls Jge...."
2 Bkohri sbmi jabnia bk fbzhjth bstifhs pbfjr
ihs cugejhgérjhs qub ciîik h tbstb fh phaënrich, hs bkprbnifhrbs
suphstikbgtb phfbk bgehgtrir kigbjris fb ehgthrgir bssis abjs.
"Hs bkprbnifhrbs phfbk fjzbr ih bkprbnifh qub suspbjtik fb
rhuoh, kis sb h bkprbnifh bgehgtrir uki kigbjri fb fbkhgstrir
jgheígeji, h bkprbnifhr gåh h fjspbgsiré."3 Bk 59 bstifhs, hs
cugejhgérjhs phfbk sbr shajejtifhs i cizbr uk tbstb fh phaënrich. Hs
bkprbnifhrbs prjvifhs qub cizbk kijs ush fh phaënrich såh oigehs
b hpbriîòbs fb virbmh. Ebrei fb kbtifb fhs 6.>00 bstiobabejkbgths
bstiobabejkbgths
fb cist chhf fh KeFhgiaf's, phr bxbkpah, cizbk uk tbstb fb
phaënrich piri trjinbk igtbs fh bkprbnh.>

Fbphjs fhs gbnõejhs, h prõxjkh ush kijs crbqubgtb fh tbstb fh

phaënrich ê ehkh pirtb fb jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs. Gåh ê usifh
ipbgis bk suspbjths fb erjkbs, kis às vbzbs tikoêk ehk
tbstbkugdis hu vëtjkis eumhs rbaiths såh fuvjfhshs. H
Fbpirtikbgth fb Mustjîi, h COJ b i kijhrji fhs fbpirtikbgths fb
phaëeji sbnubk i phaëtjei fb usir h phaënrich shkbgtb ipõs is
jgvbstjniîòbs tbrbk rbfuzjfh i ajsti fb suspbjths. I kijhrji fhs

bstifhs gåh pbrkjtb

bk uk bgsijh. Sjgtb bqub hsbstifhs
fhjs rbsuatifhs fh phaënrich
pbrkjtbk h tbstbsbmik rbaitifhs
fh phaënrich
ehkh prhvi sb chr bstjpuaifh igtbs fh tbstb b iebjth pbai ieusiîåh b
pbai fbcbsi. Hs ifvhnifhs fb fbcbsi nbriakbgtb cizbk tia iehrfh
bk trhei fh ehgsbgtjkbgth fh prhkhthr bk bgebrrir h eish sb h
phaënrich khstrir qub h suspbjth bri vbrfifbjrh. Chj h qub
iehgtbebu gh eish Ouzz Ciy fbserjth gh jgëejh fbstb eipëtuah.
Ghrkiakbgtb, ehkh gh eish fbab, hs prhkhthrbs gåh cizbk bssi
hcbrti sb tjvbrbk chrtbs bvjfígejis fb qub babs iedik qub
ehgvbgebrjik uk mýrj fi euapi fb uk suspbjth.

Gh Ghvh Kêxjeh b Kissiedusbtts, tbstb fh phaënrich rb-

 

9:6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hs prhebsshs phfbk sbr jgstiurifhs ehgtri i hombîåh fb uki

fis pirtbs. Hs rbsuatifhs gåh phfbk sbr ifkjtjfhs i kbghs qub
bstjpuaifh ehk igtbebfígeji gi kijhrji, kis gåh bk thfhs, hs
Vrjougijs Mufjejijs Cbfbrijs fb _beursh. Gbgduk Vrjougia fb
Ipbaiîòbs
gbnir fhs Bstifhs
i ifkjssåh Rgjfhs
fb prhvis fbrbvbrtbu uk
phaënrich. Fbtrjougia
iehrfhfjstrjtia phr
ehk _jedirf
L. ^ja- airf, Prheurifhr-Nbria Ifmugth Ifmugth fhs Bstifhs
Rgjfhs, "Gugei dhuvb uki fbejsåh fi Uuprbki Ehrtb shorb i
ifkjssjojajfifb fi prhvi fh phaënrich bk uk trjougia cbfbria."4
H nhvbrgh cbfbria ê h tbrebjrh kijhr usuérjh fh tbstb fh
phaënrich piri fbtbetir kbgtjris. Bk 9:4?, ??.2:> tbstbs chrik
rbaitifhs phr vérjis inígejis cbfbrijs. * I kijhrji chj fifi piri
jgvbstjnir uk erjkb, bxebth hs tbstbs fb phaënrich chrgbejfhs pbai
Inígeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia (GUI) b i Inígeji Ebgtria fb
Jgtbajnígeji (EJI). Bssis inígejis usik h phaënrich piri
jgvbstjniîòbs fb jgtbajnígeji b ehgtri-bspjhginbk. Jssh jgeauj
tbstir pbsshis qub tík erbfbgejikbgth fb sbnurigîi, kis såh
suspbjtis fb sb bgvhavbr bk itjvjfifbs qub ehaheirjik bk rjseh
bssi iuthrjziîåh, tbstir pbsshis suspbjtis fb bspjhginbk b
tbstir pbsshis qub ouseik erbfbgejikbgth fb sbnurigîi. Hs
rbaitõrjhs fi GUI fbrik :.3>? tbstbs fb phaënrich bk 9:4?, i
kijhrji piri trjinbk igtbs fh bkprbnh. I EJI gåh rbaiti i
crbquígeji ehk qub fé h phaënrich, kis rbehgdbeb h ush fh
phaënrich bk kujtis fis kbskis sjtuiîòbs qub i GUI.
Bk 9:4?, h Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi prhpös vérjis rbvjsòbs fb
sbus rbnuaikbgths shorb h tbstb fh phaënrich. Bssis rbvjsòbs phfbk
tbr sjngjcjeifh uk kijhr ush fb tbstbs fb phaënrich piri trjinbk fb
prê-iuthrjziîåh b piri trjinbk ipbrjõfjei fb cugejhgérjhs ehk
iuthrjziîåh fb sbnurigîi. Hutri nrigfb kufigîi

* H phaënrich ê usifh ituiakbgtb phr= Ehkigfh fb Jgvbstjniîåh Erjkjgia fh Bxêrejth fhs BRI<
Ehkigfh fb Jgtbajnígeji b Ubnurigîi fh Bxêrejth fhs BRI< Ubrvjîh fb jgvbstjniîåh givia<
Bserjtõrjh fb Jgvbstjniîòbs Bspbejijs fi Chrîi Iêrbi< Fjvjsåh fb Jgvbstjniîåh Erjkjgia fh Ehrph fb
Cuzjabjrhs Givijs fhs BRI< Inbgeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia< Ubrvjîh sberbth< COJ< Ubrvjîh fb
Jgspbîåh Phstia< Ifkjgjstriîåh fb Éaehha, Vioieh b Irkis fb Chnh< Frun Bgchrebkbgt
Ifkjgjstritjhg< EJI< RU Kirsdiaas< Ubrvjîh fb Iacïgfbni<
Iac ïgfbni< b h Fbpirtikbgth fb Vrioiadh.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  9:2 

prhphsth pbah Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi tbrji sjngjcjeifh qub

cugejhgérjhs hu eigfjfiths qub sb rbeusissbk i cizbr uk bxikb fb
phaënrich bstirjik phssjvbakbgtb sumbjths i "ehgsbquígejis
ifvbrsis". Bk 9:45, h prbsjfbgtb _binig prhpös ikpajir ijgfi
kijs h ush fh tbstb fh phaënrich.Vufh 
hs fbpirtikbgths bxbeutjvhs chrik iuthrjzifhs i "bxjnjr qub hs
cugejhgérjhs ciîik uk bxikb fb phaënrich gh fbeursh fis
jgvbstjniîòbs fb fjvuaniîòbs gåh iuthrjzifis fb jgchrkiîòbs
eaissjcjeifis ... \Ehkh gis iatbriîòbs prhphstis pbah Fbpirtikbgth
fb Fbcbsi, rbeusi[ i thkir uk tbstb fb phaënrich phfb rbsuatir
bk ... sigîòbs ifkjgjstritjvis b gbniîåh fb iuthrjziîåh fb
sbnurigîi ... \Hutri ghvi phaëtjei nhvbrgikbgtia[ tikoêk
pbrkjtjrji h ush fb phaënrich bk thfh h nhvbrgh gi trjinbk fb
sbnurigîi pbsshia fb cugejhgérjhs (b eigfjfiths i eirnhs) ehk
iebssh i jgchrkiîòbs iatikbgtb eaissjcjeifis. I ghvi phaëtjei
chrgbeb ihs edbcbs fb inígeji iuthrjfifb piri cizbr bxikbs
phajnrécjehs bk uki oisb pbrjõfjei hu ipbrjõfjei piri cugejhgérjhs
sbabejhgifhs iabithrjikbgtb ehk iebssh iatikbgtb sjnjahsh, b piri
gbnir bssb iebssh i cugejhgérjhs qub sb rbeusik i iebjtir uk
bxikb fb phaënrich. ": H Ehgnrbssh rbsphgfbu à prhphsti fh
Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi phr kbjh fb abnjsaiîåh qub ifjivi i
jkpabkbgtiîåh fbssis phaëtjeis
phaëtjeis itê iorja fb 9:46 b shajejthu ih
Bserjtõrjh fb Iviajiîåh fb Vbeghahnji (HVI) qub baiohrissb uk
rbaitõrjh shorb is bvjfígejis ejbgtëcjeis shorb i prbejsåh fh
phaënrich.90 Bssb rbaitõrjh chj puoajeifh bk ghvbkorh fb 9:45 b,
bgquigth bu bserbvh bssis piaivris, i Eisi Origei rbvjshu sui
prhphsti shorb h ush fh phaënrich b h Ehgnrbssh jgjejiré iufjígejis
shorb bab bk uki sbkigi.
H rbaitõrjh HVI ê uk fheukbgth bxtrihrfjgérjh, chrgbebgfh
uki rbvjsåh ehkpabti b jkpirejia b uki igéajsb erëtjei fis
bvjfígejis shorb i viajfifb ejbgtëcjei fh tbstb fh phaënrich. * Ê

* Rsbj kujth h rbaitõrjh fi HVI piri prbpirir bstb eipëtuah. Uhu nrith às quitrh pbsshis
qub abrik uk riseugdh fbstb eipëtuah b cjzbrik kujtis sunbstòbs ýtbjs b erëtjeis=
Abhgirf Uixb (prhcbsshr issjstbgtb fb psjehahnji gi Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Ohsthg) b Fbgjsb
Fhundbrty (igiajsti, HVI), iuthri b eh-iuthri,
 

9:3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gåh chj uki tirbci céeja, phjs is qubstòbs såh ehkpabxis b is

pijxòbs shorb i abnjtjkjfifb fh phaënrich, kbskh fbgtrh fi
ehkugjfifb ejbgtëcjei, såh chrtbkbgtb sbgtjfis. Ê jkphrtigtb
ghtir qub h pijgba ehgsuatjvh qub supbrvjsjhghu h rbaitõrjh
jgeauju hs prjgejpijs prhtinhgjstis fi ehkugjfifb ejbgtëcjei. Gbk
thfh kugfh qub hs ehgdbeji pbgsivi qub sbrji eipiz fb
ehgehrfir qub quiaqubr rbaith sbrji musth, kis babs ehgehrfirik.
Hs prhoabkis såh kbghrbs, bkohri, ê eairh, dimi ianuki
jgsitjsciîåh.
Ianugs phaënrichs prhcjssjhgijs chri fi ehkugjfifb
ejbgtëcjei ierbfjtik qub h rbaitõrjh HVI ê kujth gbnitjvh
shorb i prbejsåh fh tbstb fh phaënrich. H kbskh iehgtbebrji
ehk hs phaënrichs fh Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi. Rk rbaitõrjh
fi Inígeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia fb 9:45, "I Prbejsåh b
Rtjajfifb fh Vbstb fh Phaënrich", chj bserjth pbahs Edbcbs fis
Fjvjsòbs fh Phaënrich fh Bxêrejth, Kirjgdi, Chrîi Iêrbi b GUI.
99 Ubu rbaitõrjh, qub rbehgdbebk tbr sjfh prbpirifh bk trjgti
fjis, gåh utjajzhu ehgsbadh hu rbvjsåh fi ehkugjfifb
ejbgtëcjei, ehk bxebîåh fb uk fbcbgshr fh phaënrich. Hs
rbaitõrjhs fi GUI b fi HVI ehgehrfik shorb uk ush fh tbstb
fh phaënrich - bkohri i HVI sbmi kijs eiutbahsi fh qub i
GUI, ikohs ehgehrfik qub dé ianukis bvjfígejis fb qub hs
bxikbs fh phaënrich såh kbadhrbs fh qub h ieish piri
fbtbetir kbgtjris quigfh usifhs gi jgvbstjniîåh fb
jgejfbgtbs erjkjgijs bspbeëcjehs. Phstbrjhrkbgtb, bxpajeirbj
sui fjsehrfïgeji shorb i chrîi fbssi bvjfígeji b h ehgcajth
bgtrb i HVI b i GUI shorb h ush fb bxikbs fb phaënrich bk
iuthrjziîòbs fb sbnurigîi b ehgtri-bspjhginbk.
H rbaitõrjh fi HVI gåh chrgbeb uki ehgeausåh ýgjei hu
sjkpabs qub phssi sbr ciejakbgtb trifuzjfi bk abnjsaiîåh.
Ehkh phfbkhs bspbrir, i prbejsåh fh phaënrich (hu quiaqubr

rbspbetjvikbgtb, fh rbaitõrjh HVI< b Fivjf V. Ayllbg (Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Kjggbshti) b Fivjf

E. _isljg (Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Rtid). Fbgjsb Fhundbrty tikoêk rbsphgfbu nbgbrhsi b
piejbgtbkbgtb às kjgdis kujtis pbrnugtis bgquigth bu iorji eikjgdh itrivês fhs
irnukbgths b qubstòbs ehgcajtigtbs.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  9:> 

hutri têegjei fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris) fbpbgfb fi giturbzi fi
kbgtjri, fh kbgtjrhsh b fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris (bkohri h
rbaitõrjh HVI gåh usb bssbs tbrkhs). Ehk h fbtbethr fb kbgtjris fh
phaënrich, fbpbgfb tikoêk fi têegjei fb qubstjhgikbgth
bspbeëcjei, fi diojajfifb fh bxikjgifhr bk prhmbtir is pbrnugtis i
sbrbk cbjtis b fb ehkh hs nrécjehs fh phaënrich såh phgtuifhs.

Ehkh cugejhgi h phaënrich 

Fjejhgérjh ^bostbr fjz h tbrkh phaënrich sjngjcjei
‑uk jgstrukbgth piri rbnjstrir triîifhs fb vérjis
puasiîòbs fjcbrbgtbs sjkuatigbikbgtb< ikpaikbgtb=
Bab ciz jssh ikpajcjeigfh hs sjgijs eiptifhs fb sbgshrbs
qub bståh ajnifhs i fjcbrbgtbs pirtbs fh ehrph. Gh ush
tëpjeh fh phaënrich piri fbtbetir kbgtjris, quitrh
sbgshrbs såh ehaheifhs gh issugth. Vuohs pgbukétjehs
hu tjris såh bstjeifhs ih rbfhr fh tõrix b bstökinh fi
pbsshi, kbfjgfh is kufigîis gi prhcugfjfifb b gi
tixi fb rbspjriîåh. Rk kignujth fb prbssåh irtbrjia
ehaheifh ih rbfhr fh oëebps kbfb i itjvjfifb eirfëiei.
H quirth sbgshr kbfb kufigîis këgjkis gi
trigspjriîåh eiptifi phr babtrhfhs fb kbtia prbshs ihs
fbfhs. Rk kignujth fb prbssåh irtbrjia ehaheifh ih
rbfhr fh oëebps kbfb i itjvjfifb eirfëiei. H quirth
sbgshr
eiptifikbfb kufigîisfbkëgjkis
phr babtrhfhs gi trigspjriîåh
kbtia prbshs ihs fbfhs. Rk
kignujth fb prbssåh irtbrjia ehaheifh ih rbfhr fh
oëebps kbfb i itjvjfifb eirfëiei. H quirth sbgshr
kbfb kufigîis këgjkis gi trigspjriîåh eiptifi phr
babtrhfhs fb kbtia prbshs ihs fbfhs.
 

9:4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Fjejhgérjh ^bostbr Bsté ehrrbth qub h phaënrich às vbzbs ê

edikifh fb fbtbethr fb kbgtjris, kis jssh ê bgnighsh. H phaënrich
gåh fbtbeti kbgtjris phr sj sõ. Ubrji kujth kijs sjkpabs sb dhuvbssb
ianuk sjgia fjrbth bxeausjvh fi kbgtjri qub gugei sbmi uk sjgia fb
hutri ehjsi. Kis gåh bxjstb. Bkohri dimi ehgtrhvêrsji shorb quisb
tufh h kijs shorb h phaënrich, thfhs iqubabs qub usik h phaënrich
ehgehrfik qub bab cizgåh kbfjr fjrbtikbgtb i kbgtjri. Vufh h qub
h phaënrich kbfb såh sjgijs fb bxejtiîåh fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh - kufigîis cjsjhaõnjeis nbrifis prjgejpiakbgtb phrqub
uki pbsshi bsté bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifi. * H kbskh hehrrb ehk
is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Abkorb-sb fb qub bxpajqubj
igtbrjhrkbgtb qub gbgduki bxprbssåh ciejia, nbsth hu kufigîi fb
vhz ê uk sjgia fb kbgtjri pbr sb. Bssbs ehkphrtikbgths ipbgis
sjgiajzik bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia hu fjcjeuafifb fb pbgsir. I kbgtjri
phfb sbr jgcbrjfi fbabs phrqub i bkhîåh gåh sb bgeijxi gi ajgdi qub
bsté sbgfh sbnujfi hu i pbsshi pirbeb bstir jgvbgtigfh sui ajgdi. H
phaënrich chrgbeb jgchrkiîòbs kbghs prbejsis fh qub pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs shorb quijs bkhîòbs såh fbspbrtifis. Rki kjerh
bxprbssåh ciejia phfb rbvbair qub ianuêk bsté zignifh, ehk kbfh,
euapifh b issjk phr fjigtb. H phaënrich sõ phfb fjzbr qubianuk
bkhîåh chj fbspbrtifi, gåh quia.

Piri fbtbetir kbgtjris, h bxikjgifhr fh phaënrich ehkpiri i

itjvjfifb rbnjstrifi gh nrécjeh quigfh h suspbjth ê qubstjhgifh
shorb i qubståh eruejia, iqubai rbabvigtb piri h khtjvh fh bxikb
- "Sheí rhuohu hs $ >208" - ehk i rbsphsti fh suspbjth i ianuki
hutri qubståh qub gåh tritissb fh issugth bk qubståh - "Dhmb ê
tbrîi-cbjri8" "Sheí mé rhuohu ianuki ehjsi bk sui vjfi8" Rki
suspbjti ê jfbgtjcjeifi ehkh euapifi sb bai khstrir kijs
itjvjfifb gh phaënrich piri i pbrnugti rbabvigtb fh qub piri is
hutris pbrnugtis.
* Ebrths tjphs fb prhebssikbgth fb jgchrkiîòbs - ehgebgtriîåh, ousei fb jgchrkiîòbs, tiavbz
tikoêk pbrpabxjfifb - tikoêk phfbk prhfuzjr kufigîis gi itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh. Bkohri i kijhrji fhs rbaiths shorb h khtjvh pbah quia h phaënrich fbtbeti kbgtjris

tbgdi
fb bgcitjzifhê hpbah
jgchrkiîòbs pipba fi bxejtiîåh
kbghs bkhejhgia,
tåh jkphrtigtb _isljg b Ayllbg
gi prhfuîåh ierbfjtik
fi itjvjfifb qub h prhebssikbgth
fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh furigtb uk bxikb fb phaënrich.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  9:: 

H bxikb fh phaënrich, issjk ehkh is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir, ê vuagbrévba ih qub
edikbj fb brrh fb Htbah. Abkorb-sb fb qub Htbah ciadhu bk rbehgdbebr qub h kbfh fb Fbsfíkhgi phfb
gåh sbr i ignýstji fb uk ifýatbrh euapifh fb sbr pbnh, kis phfb sbr h kbfh fb uki bsphsi cjba fb uk
kirjfh qub gåh ierbfjtirji gbai. Hs jghebgtbs, gåh ipbgis hs kbgtjrhshs, phfbk cjeir bkhejhgiakbgtb
bxejtifhs quigfh siobk qub såh suspbjths fb kbgtjr. Uuspbjth fb erjkb, qubstjhgifh shorb itjvjfifb qub
phssi ehkprhkbtbr h erbfbgejikbgth fb sbnurigîi gbebssérjh ih bkprbnh, sho suspbjti fb vizikbgth
fb fheukbgth sjnjahsh piri i jkprbgsi, uk jghebgtb phfb cjeir bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh. H sjkpabs cith
fb sbr shajejtifh i cizbr h tbstb fh phaënrich phfb sbr sucjejbgtb piri eiusir kbfh bk ianukis pbsshis.
Jssh phfb sbr bspbejiakbgtb chrtb sb uk suspbjth tjvbr khtjvhs piri pbgsir qub h hpbrifhr fh phaënrich b
i phaëeji tík prbehgebjth ehgtri bab. H kbfh gåh ê i ýgjei bkhîåh qub uk kbgtjrhsh phfb sbgtjr ih
kbgtjr. Ehkh bxpajqubj gh eipëtuah 5, uk kbgtjrhsh phfb sbgtjr-sb bgnigifh, euapifh hu bgnigifh.
Yuiaqubr uki fbssis bkhîòbs prhfuz i itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh kbfjfi pbah phaënrich.
Yuiaqubr uk fbssbs sbgtjkbgths phfb sbr sbgtjfh gåh ipbgis phr uk kbgtjrhsh, kis tikoêk phr
ianukis pbsshis jghebgtbs. Is bkhîòbs qub uk suspbjth sbgtjré fbpbgfbk fi pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth,

fh rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr bgtrb h suspbjth b h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris b fis bxpbetitjvis fh suspbjth,

ehkh fjseutj igtbrjhrkbgtb gh eipëtuah 3. Yuiaqubr uki fbssis bkhîòbs prhfuz i itjvjfifb fh sjstbki
gbrvhsh iutöghkh kbfjfi pbah phaënrich. Yuiaqubr uk fbssbs sbgtjkbgths phfb sbr sbgtjfh gåh ipbgis
phr uk kbgtjrhsh, kis tikoêk phr ianukis pbsshis jghebgtbs. Is bkhîòbs qub uk suspbjth sbgtjré
fbpbgfbk fi pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth, fh rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr bgtrb h suspbjth b h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris b fis bxpbetitjvis fh suspbjth, ehkh fjseutj igtbrjhrkbgtb gh eipëtuah 3. Yuiaqubr uki fbssis
bkhîòbs prhfuz i itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh kbfjfi pbah phaënrich. Yuiaqubr uk fbssbs
sbgtjkbgths phfb sbr sbgtjfh gåh ipbgis phr uk kbgtjrhsh, kis tikoêk phr ianukis pbsshis jghebgtbs.
Is bkhîòbs qub uk suspbjth sbgtjré fbpbgfbk fi pbrshgiajfifb fh suspbjth, fh rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr
bgtrb h suspbjth b h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris b fis bxpbetitjvis fh suspbjth, ehkh fjseutj igtbrjhrkbgtb gh

eipëtuah 3.

I têegjei fi pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab 

Vhfhs hs qub usik h phaënrich b hs qub erjtjeik sbu ush
rbehgdbebk i gbebssjfifb fb rbfuzjr hs brrhs fb Htbah. Babs fjsehrfik
shorb h quåh obk hs prhebfjkbgths fh phaënrich piri cizbr pbrnugtis
phfbk rbfuzj-ah hu bajkjgé-ah. Bxjstbk quitrh prhebfjkbgths fb
qubstjhgikbgth usifhs ehk h phaënrich, b kijs sb ianukis fis
virjiîòbs fbssbs quitrh såh ehgsjfbrifis. Prbejsikhs ehgsjfbrir ipbgis
fhjs inhri. I prjkbjri fbais, i Vêegjei fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab, ê usifi
ehk kijs crbquígeji quigfh jgvbstjnikhs
 

?00 Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

suspbjths fb erjkbs. H suspbjth gåh ê ipbgis qubstjhgifh

rbabvigtb ih erjkb ("Sheí rhuohu hs $ >208"), kis tikoêk ih
ehgtrhab qubstòbs. Nrigfb pirtb fi ehgtrhvêrsji shorb bssi
têegjei fbehrrb fb fjvbrnígejis shorb h qub bssi qubståh
ehgtrhabs piri b quåh obk bab ê obk suebfjfh.
Ejtirbj i bxpajeiîåh fh psjeõahnh Fivjf _isljg shorb jssh,
phjs bab ê h prjgejpia ejbgtjsti i iphjir h ush fi Vêegjei fi
Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab bk jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs. "H
bxikjgifhr phfb fjzbr ih sumbjth= 'Phr sb tritir fb uki
qubståh fb rhuoh, prbejsh cizbr ianukis pbrnugtis nbrijs
shorb vheí bk rbaiîåh ih rhuoh b sui dhgbstjfifb oésjei.
Prbejsikhs cizbr jssh piri bstiobabebr qub tjph fb pbsshi qub
vheí ê gh qub fjz rbspbjth i rhuoir b fbtbrkjgir sb vheí ê hu
gåh h tjph fb pbsshi qub phfb tbr rhuoifh iqubab fjgdbjrh b,
kijs tirfb, kbgtjfh shorb jssh. Phrtigth, sb bu adb pbrnugtir=
"Furigtb hs prjkbjrhs 94 ighs fb sui vjfi, vheí ianuki vbz
pbnub ianh qub gåh pbrtbgeb i vheí ", ehkh vheí rbsphgfbrji
i bssi pbrnugti8" I kigbjri pbai quia i qubståh ê ehaheifi
ih sumbjth b h ehkphrtikbgth fh bxikjgifhr såh prhmbtifhs
piri cizbr h sumbjth sb sbgtjr gi fbcbgsjvi b ehgstrigní-ah i
rbsphgfbr 'Gåh'. . . . Bssb prhebfjkbgth \bserbvb _isljg[ ê
prhmbtifh piri erjir i phssjojajfifb fb qub uk sumbjth
jghebgtb bxpbrjkbgtb kijhr prbheupiîåh ehk rbaiîåh à
vbriejfifb fb suis rbsphstis às qubstòbs fb ehgtrhab fh qub
às qubstòbs rbabvigtbs. Gh bgtigth, uk sumbjth euapifh ijgfi
bstirji kijs prbheupifh ehk suis rbsphstis bgnighsis às
pbrnugtis rbabvigtbs, phrqub bssis pbrnugtis rbprbsbgtik i
ikbiîi kijs jkbfjiti b sêrji piri bab. Gh bgtigth, h sumbjth
jghebgtb siob qub bsté rbsphgfbgfh ehk sjgebrjfifb às
qubstòbs rbabvigtbs b cjei kijs prbheupifh ehk h bgnigh hu
i jgebrtbzi fb sui vbriejfifb bk rbaiîåh às suis rbsphstis às
qubstòbs fb ehgtrhab.9?
Fivjf Ayllbg - h psjeõahnh qub fbcbgfb h Vbstb fb
Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty, qub fbserbvj gh cjgia fh eipëtuah igtbrjhr - ê
h prjgejpia erëtjeh fh Vbstb fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab. (_isljg
erjtjei h Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty.) Bk sbu
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?09

ajvrh rbebgtb shorb h ush fh phaënrich, Ayllbg bserbvbu= "Piri

qub i têegjei fi pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab cugejhgb ehkh
igugejifi, eifi sumbjth fbvb sbr abvifh i ierbfjtir qub h tbstb
ê quisb jgciaëvba (gåh vbrfifbjrh) b qub fir rbsphstis fb
ehgtrhab chrtbs prbmufjeiré bab (h hphsth ê vbrfifbjrh). Ê
jkpaiusëvba suphr qub thfhs hs phaënrichs sbråh eipizbs fb
ehgvbgebr thfhs hs sumbjths fbssis fuis prhphsjîòbs ciasis. " 95
Ayllbg bsté ehrrbth ih fjzbr qub bssis prhphsjîòbs gis
quijs h suspbjth fbvb ierbfjtir såh ikois ciasis. Gjgnuêk qub
usi h phaënrich ierbfjti qub bab sbmi jgciaëvba, gbk kbskh sbu
fbcbgshr kijs ierëtjeh. Ehkbtb brrhs. Gh bgtigth, Ayllbg
prhvivbakbgtb bsté ebrth bk iphgtir qub h suspbjth gåh fbvb
siobr fjssh. * Ub uk suspbjth jghebgtb siob qub h phaënrich ê
ciaëvba, bab phfb cjeir ehk kbfh furigtb h bxikb, ehk kbfh fb
sbr muanifh kia phr uki têegjei jgehrrbti. Rk suspbjth tåh
fbsehgcjifh b ikbfrhgtifh phfb gåh khstrir gbgduki
fjcbrbgîi bk rbsphsti ih ehgtrhab b às qubstòbs rbabvigtbs, b
sb bab bstjvbr bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh bk rbsphsti i eifi
pbrnugti, h hpbrifhr fh phaënrich gåh phfb cizbr uk
 muanikbgth shorb sb sb bab ê euapifh hu jghebgtb. Pjhr ijgfi, uk
suspbjth jghebgtb qub ierbfjti qub h phaënrich ê ciaëvba phfb
khstrir kijs kbfh quigfh is qubstòbs rbabvigtbs piri h
erjkb såh kbgejhgifis,
I sbnugfi prhphsjîåh - qub chrtbs rbsphstis fb ehgtrhab h
ehaheiråh bk rjseh - tikoêk ê ciasi b, ghvikbgtb, thfhs hs hpbrifhrbs
fb phaënrich siobk fjssh. Bxitikbgtb h hphsth ê vbrfifbjrh - sb h
suspbjth khstrir kijs rbsphsti à pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab

* Bkohri i aõnjei fb Ayllbg gbstb phgth pirbîi paiusëvba b sbmi ehgsjstbgtb ehk kbu
prõprjh riejheëgjh, _isljg iphgti qub is bvjfígejis shorb jssh gåh såh cjrkbs. Bk fhjs
bstufhs, ghs quijs brrhs bk uk prê-tbstb chrik ehkbtjfhs prhphsjtiakbgtb piri qub h
suspbjth shuobssb qub h bxikb fh phaënrich bri ciaëvba, gåh dhuvb fjkjgujîåh
pbrebptëvba gi fbtbeîåh suosbqubgtb fb kbgtjri. Gh bgtigth, i ifbquiîåh fhs bstufhs
ejtifhs phr _isljg tbk sjfh qubstjhgifi. Bsti ê uki fis kujtis qubstòbs qub rbqubrbk
kijs pbsqujsis.
* * _isljg icjrki qub uk phaënrich diojajfhsh fbvb sbr eipiz fb sb bsehgfbr fh
suspbjtbpaiusëvba
pirbeb quia pbrnugti ê kijs
piri kjk, jkphrtigtb
b piri piri
hutrhs qub sbu fbstjgh
erjtjeik - ehgtrhab
i Vêegjei hu rbabvigtb.
fi Pbrnugti fb Gåh
Ehgtrhab, qub jssh sbkprb tbré suebssh, prjgejpiakbgtb ehk suspbjths orjadigtbs.
 

?0? Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

("Igtbs fb vheí tbr fbzhjth ighs, vheí mé pbnhu ianh qub

gåh pbrtbgebssb i vheí8") Fh qub ih rbabvigtb ("Sheí
rhuohu hs $ >208"), Bab ê Chri fb pbrjnh, muanifh gåh
kbgtjrhsh, jghebgtb fh erjkb. Ê h aifråh, gåh i pbsshi
jghebgtb, qub fbvbrji bstir kijs bxejtifi ehk i qubståh
fb $ >20, rbabvigtb piri h erjkb.
Piri qub h bxikb fh phaënrich cugejhgb, i qubståh fb
ehgtrhab fbvb fbspbrtir bkhejhgiakbgtb i pbsshi jghebgtb -
bxejté-ai pbah kbghs tigth quigth, sbgåh kijs fh qub, i qubståh
rbabvigtb piri h erjkb. I bspbrigîi ê thrgir h suspbjth jghebgtb
kijs prbheupifh ehk i qubståh fb ehgtrhab fh qub ehk i
qubståh rbabvigtb piri h erjkb, b cizbr jssh cizbgfh-h ierbfjtir
qub sui rbsphsti à qubståh fb ehgtrhab rbiakbgtb jkphrti,
jgcaubgejiré ehkh bab sbré muanifh. Phr bxbkpah, h bxikjgifhr
fh phaënrich prbsukb qub quisb thfh kugfh, igtbs fhs fbzhjth
ighs, pbnhu ianh qub gåh adb pbrtbgeji. Ghrkiakbgtb, ianukis
pbsshis phfbk ifkjtjr uk erjkb tåh prbeheb. Kis, furigtb h
bxikb fh phaënrich, h jghebgtb suspbjti phrqub h bxikjgifhr h
abvhu i pbgsir qub ifkjtjr tia jrrbnuairjfifb khstrirji qub bab ê
h tjph fb pbsshi qub rhuoirji hs $ >20. H bxikjgifhr fh
phaënrichqubr i pbsshi jghebgtb kbgtjr shorb i qubståh fb
ehgtrhab, gbnigfh qub ianuki vbz tbgdi abvifh ianh qub gåh adb
pbrtbgeji. H bxikjgifhr bspbri qub h suspbjth jghebgtb cjqub
bkhejhgiakbgtb editbifh phr kbgtjr, b jssh cjeiré rbnjstrifh gh
nrécjeh fh phaënrich. Yuigfh h suspbjth jghebgtb ê qubstjhgifh
shorb h erjkb - "Sheí rhuohu hs $ >208" - bab dhgbstikbgtb fjré
gåh. Ehkh bab gåh bsté kbgtjgfh, bab gåh cjeiré bkhejhgiakbgtb
editbifh, hu pbah kbghs gåh tåh editbifh quigth quigfh
kbgtju piri i pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, b gåh divbré kujti itjvjfifb
gh nrécjeh fh phaënrich. H aifråh tikoêk fjré gåh quigfh
qubstjhgifh sb bab rhuohu hs $ >20, kis bab cjeiré kujth kijs
bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh phr bssi kbgtjri rbabvigtb piri h
erjkb fh qub phr sui kbgtjri shorb i qubståh fb ehgtrhab. I
aõnjei, bgtåh, ê qub h nrécjeh fh phaënrich fh jghebgtb khstriré
kijs bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia piri h "
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?05 

fh qub piri i pbrnugti "Sheí rhuohu hs $ >208" Ipbgis h euapifh

khstriré kijs bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia piri i qubståh fb $ >20.

sb h Isuspbjth
têegjei jghebgtb
fi pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab bajkjgi h brrh fb Htdbaah sõ
ê, phrtigth, kijs bkhejhgiakbgtb
fbspbrtifh pbai qubståh fb ehgtrhab fh qub i qubståh rbabvigtb
piri h erjkb. Eish ehgtrérjh, hehrrbré uk brrh fb fbserbgîi gi
vbrfifb. Sikhs ehgsjfbrir h qub phfb prhfuzjr bssb brrh. H qub
phfb abvir uk suspbjth jghebgtb i cjeir kijs bkhejhgiakbgtb
bxejtifh ehk i pbrnugti rbabvigtb ("Sheí rhuohu hs $ >208") Fh
qub i pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab ("Igtbs fb tbr fbzhjth ighs, vheí pbnhu
ianh qub gåh pbrtbgebssb i vheí8") * Fhjs rbqujsjths fbvbk sbr
itbgfjfhs, uk jgtbabetuia b hutrh bkhejhgia. Jgtbabetuiakbgtb, h
suspbjth fbvb tbr rbehgdbejfh qub is fuis qubstòbs såh fjcbrbgtbs,
ipbsir fis tbgtitjvis fh phaënrich fb hoseurbebr bssb cith. H
suspbjth jghebgtb phfb ghtir ipbgis qub i pbrnugti shorb hs $ >20
ê shorb uk kijs rbebgtb bbspbeëcjeh bvbgth. Hu, h suspbjth
jghebgtb phfb fbsehorjr qub i qubståh rbabvigtb ê kijs

ikbiîifhr piri bab. Vriti-sb fb ianh qub phfb ieirrbtir uki

pugjîåh, bgquigth is qubstòbs fb ehgtrhab tritik fb issugths fh
pissifh gåh kijs pissëvbjs fb pugjîåh. t
H phaënrich ijgfi phfb cugejhgir B sb h suspbjth jghebgtb gåh
khstri kijhrbs rbsphstis bkhejhgijs quigfh qubstjhgifh shorb i
qubståh kijs bspbeëcjei, ikbiîifhri b rbabvigtb piri h erjkb.
Sikhs ehgsjfbrir ianukis fis rizòbs pbais quijsianuk suspbjths
jghebgtbs phfbk cizbr h jgvbrsh b sbr muanifhs euapifhs phrqub
såh kijs bkhejhgijs bk rbsphsti às qubstòbs rbabvigtbs fh qub às
fb ehgtrhab=
9 I phaëeji ê ciaëvba= Gbk thfh kugfh qub phfbrji tbr

* Gi prétjei, kujtis pbrnugtis rbabvigtbs b fb ehgtrhab såh cbjtis< kis jssh gåh kufirji
i suostïgeji fb kjgdi igéajsb.
t Rk fbcbgshr fi Vêegjei fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab fjrji qub h phaënrich diojajfhsh phfb
cizbr h suspbjth sb sbgtjr tåh kia ehk rbaiîåh ih pissifh, tåh ehgvbgejfh fb qub sbu
brrh pissifhqub
gåh ifkjtjr icbtiré sui iviajiîåh
sui rbsphsti b tåhfb
à qubståh prbheupifh qubkijs
ehgtrhab sbré sbré prhgugejifi
pbnh bk suifh
kbgtjri fb
qub sui
rbsphsti à qubståh rbabvigtb.
 

?06  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ehkbtbu uk erjkb bspbeëcjeh ê suokbtjfh i uk tbstb fb

phaënrich. I jghebgtb suspbjti qub pbfju piri cizbr h tbstb fh
phaënrich siob qub i phaëeji ehkbtbu uk brrh, nrivb, qub
phfb mé tbr prbmufjeifh sui rbputiîåh, ih suspbjté-ai. Bai mé
fbu sui bxpajeiîåh fb phr qub gåh ehkbtbu h erjkb, phr qub
gåh phfbrji hu gåh cirji jssh. Hovjikbgtb, babs gåh ehgcjik
gbai, bkohri fbvbssbk. Bkohri bai phssi vbr h tbstb ehkh
uki hphrtugjfifb obk-vjgfi fb prhvir sui jgheígeji, bai
tikoêk phfb tbkbr qub iqubabs qub ehkbtbrik h brrh fb
suspbjtir fbai ehkbtik kijs brrhs. Ub hs kêthfhs phajejijs
såh ciaëvbjs h sucjejbgtb piri cizí-ahs suspbjtir fbai, h tbstb fh
phaënrich tikoêk phfb sbr ciaëvba.
? I phaëeji ê jgmusti= Rki pbsshi phfb gåh nhstir b fbsehgcjir
inbgtbs fi abj, igtbs fb sb thrgirbk suspbjths fb uk
erjkb. Ub h suspbjth jghebgtb chr kbkorh fb uk nruph
kjghrjtérjh hu fb uki suoeuaturi qub fbsprbzi hu
fbsehgcji fi phaëeji, ê prhvévba qub h suspbjth bspbrb b
tbki qub h bxikjgifhr fh phaënrich h muanub kia.
5 Is kéqujgis såh ciaëvbjs= Ianuêk phfb, ê eairh, pbgsir qub
pbrcbjtikbgtb rizhévba qub i phaëeji i bstbmi jgvbstjnigfh
pbrcbjtikbgtb
phr uk erjkb qub bai gåh ehkbtbu. Kbskh bssi pbsshi
phfb fbsehgcjir fh phaënrich. Phfb sbr oisbifh gi
fbsehgcjigîi fi tbeghahnji bk nbria, hu i pbsshi phfb tbr
vjsth uk fhs kujths irtjnhs, rbvjstis hu ehgtis fb VS
erjtjeigfh h phaënrich.
6 H suspbjth ê uki pbsshi kbfrhsi, euapifi hu dhstja= Ianuêk
qubk nbriakbgtb ê kbfrhsh hu euapifh phfb rbsphgfbr kijs às
pbrnugtis kijs bspbeëcjeis, rbebgtbs b ikbiîifhris, b h kbskh
phfb iehgtbebr ehk ianuêk qub ê nbriakbgtb dhstja, bspbejiakbgtb
sb i pbsshi tbgfb i cjeir ehk rijvi fi iuthrjfifb. Yuiaqubr uki
fbssis bkhîòbs sbré rbnjstrifi gh phaënrich.
2 H suspbjth, kbskh sbgfh jghebgtb, tbk uki rbiîåh bkhejhgia 
ihs bvbgths bgvhavjfhs gh erjkb= Gåh ê ipbgis h euapifh qub
phfb tbr uki rbiîåh kijs bkhejhgia à qubståh rbabvigtb piri h
erjkb fh qub à qubståh fb ehgtrhab. Uuphgdi qub uk jghebgtb
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?02 

pbsshi, suspbjti fb ississjgir sbu ehabni fb trioiadh, tjgdi
jgvbmi fh kijhr ivigîh fh ehabni. Inhri qub sbu ehkpbtjfhr
bsté khrth, h suspbjth phfb sbgtjr rbkhrsh phr tbr sbgtjfh
jgvbmi, ianuk prizbr phr tbr "vbgejfh" i ehkpbtjîåh, euapi
phr sbgtjr i iabnrji b issjk phr fjigtb. Hu, suphgdi qub h
suspbjth jghebgtb tbgdi cjeifh kujth editbifh quigfh
bgehgtrhu h ehrph kutjaifh b bgsignubgtifh fb sbu ehabni
fb trioiadh. Yuigfh qubstjhgifh shorb h ississjgith, i
kbkõrji fiqubai ebgi fbspbrti ghvikbgtb bssbs
sbgtjkbgths, kis bab ê kiedjsti fbkijs piri ifkjtjr. H
suspbjth phfb gåh bstir ejbgtb fb thfhs bssbs sbgtjkbgths.
H suspbjth sbrji bgehgtrifh kbgtjgfh gh tbstb fh phaënrich,
b fb cith bstirji, kis chrik sbgtjkbgths jgejvjajzifhs, hu sbr
kiedjsti, qub bab bsehgfbu,
eipëtuah, fjseutjrbj bssb eish,gåh ississjgith. Gh prõxjkh

Hs fbcbgshrbs fh ush fi Vêegjei fb Yubståh fb Ehgtrhab gi

jgvbstjniîåh fb jgejfbgtbs erjkjgijs rbehgdbebk ianukis
fbssis chgtbs fb brrh, kis icjrkik qub ririkbgtb iehgtbebk.
Hs erëtjehs irnukbgtirik qub uki nrigfb phrebgtinbk fb
suspbjths jghebgtbs - hs erëtjehs kijs sbvbrhs icjrkik qub 20%
fhs jghebgtbs - khstrik uki rbsphsti kijs bkhejhgia à
qubståh rbabvigtb fh qub à qubståh fb ehgtrhab. Yuigfh jssh
iehgtbeb,
vbrfifbjrihgåh
phaënrich ciadi< ê uk brrh fb Htbah, b uki pbsshi
ê ierbfjtifi.

H Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Euapifh 

H Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Euapifh, fbserjth gh ýatjkh eipëtuah,

suphstikbgtb rbfuz is edigebs fb ehkbtbr bssbs brrhs fb fbserbr
fi vbrfifb. Piri usir bssi têegjei fb qubstjhgikbgth, h ipigdifhr
fb kbgtjris fbvb tbr jgchrkiîòbs shorb h erjkb qub ipbgis h
euapifh phssuj. Uuphgdi qub gjgnuêk, bxebth h bkprbnifhr, h

aifråh b hchjbxikjgifhr
fjgdbjrh fh phaënrich,
rhuoifh b qub sijoi
bstivi tufh bxitikbgtb quigth
jgeauëfh
 

?03  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ghtis fb $ 20. Rk tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth fb euapifhs pbrnugtirji ih

suspbjth= "Ub vheí rhuohu h fjgdbjrh fi eijxi rbnjstrifhri, siobré
quigth chj abvifh. Chj= $ 9208 $ 5208 $ 2208 $ >208 $ :208" B= "H
fjgdbjrh rhuoifh bstivi thfh bk ghtis fh kbskh viahr. Ub vheí
pbnhu h fjgdbjrh, siobré quia h tikigdh fis ghtis. Brik= ghtis fb $
28 Ghtis fb $ 908 Ghtis fb $ ?08 Ghtis fb $ 208 Ghtis fb $ 9008 "

"Rki pbsshi jghebgtb tbrji ipbgis uki edigeb bk ejgeh fb

rbinjr kijs chrtbkbgtb ih jtbk ehrrbth bk uki qubståh, ipbgis uki
edigeb bk vjgtb b ejgeh fb rbinjr kijs chrtbkbgtb ih jtbk ehrrbth
bk fuis qubstòbs b ipbgis uki edigeb bk fbz kjadòbs fb rbinjr
kijs chrtbkbgtb à pbrnugti ehrrbti sb fbz fbssis pbrnugtis shorb h
erjkb chssbk chrkuaifis. "96 "\I fjcbrbgîi psjehaõnjei jkphrtigtb
bgtrb h suspbjth euapifh b h jghebgtb ê qub uk bstivi prbsbgtb gi
ebgi fh erjkb< bab siob h qub iehgtbebu aé< sui kbgtb ehgtêk
jkinbgs qub gåh bståh fjsphgëvbjs piri uki pbsshi jghebgtb. . . . Phr
eiusi fbssb ehgdbejkbgth, h suspbjth euapifh rbehgdbebré pbsshis,
hombths b bvbgths isshejifhs ih erjkb. . . . sbu rbehgdbejkbgth
r behgdbejkbgth h
bstjkuairé b fbspbrtiré. . . , " 92

Rki ajkjtiîåh fh Nuj a ty Lghwabfnb Vbst ê qub gbk sbkprb

phfb sbr usifh, kbskh bk jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs. Is jgchrkiîòbs
shorb h erjkb phfbk tbr sjfh tåh ikpaikbgtb fjvuanifis qub tigth h
jghebgtb quigth h euapifh siobk fb thfhs hs ciths. Kbskh qub hs
 mhrgijs gåh fjvuanubk
fjvuanubk is jgchrkiîòb
jgchrkiîòbs,s, kujtis vbzbs i pha
phaëeji
ëeji h ciz gh
prhebssh fb jgtbrrhnitõrjh fb suspbjths. Ianugs erjkbs gåh sb
prbstik tåh ciejakbgtb ih ush fh Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth fi Nujafi.
Ubrji fjcëeja, phr bxbkpah, iviajir sb uki pbsshi qub ifkjtju uk
ississjgith bstivi kbgtjgfh bk sui iabniîåh fb qub chj bk abnëtjki
fbcbsi. B, às vbzbs, uk suspbjth jghebgtb phfb bstir prbsbgtb gi ebgi
fh erjkb b siobr tigth quigth i phaëeji shorb thfhs hs fbtiadbs.

_isljg, h fbcbgshr fi Ehgtrha Yubstjhg Vbed-

 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?0> 

gjqub, icjrki qub h Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty prhfuz
kijs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. "... h pbrpbtrifhr fh erjkb
fbvb sbr issukjfh ehkh tbgfh ehgdbejkbgth fhs fbtiadbs
qub såh ehobrths pbais pbrnugtis cbjtis. Ub h pbrpbtrifhr gåh
prbsthu i fbvjfi itbgîåh i bssbs fbtiadbs, gåh tbvb i
hphrtugjfifb ifbquifi fb hosbrvir hs fbtiadbs , hu bstivi
bkorjinifh gh khkbgth fh bvbgth, uk tbstb fb jgchrkiîåh
heuati gåh sbrji iprhprjifh shorb h issugth. "93
H Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Euapifh tikoêk gåh sbré
ýtja sb h suspbjth chr uki fiqubais pbsshis qub gåh
khstri kujti rbsphsti gis itjvjfifbs fh sjstbki
gbrvhsh iutöghkh kbfjfis pbah phaënrich. Ehgchrkb
fjseutjfh gh eipëtuah fi ajsti i rbspbjth fis pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs pirigh
fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs bgnigir, bxjstbk nrigfbs
ehkphrtikbgth bkhejhgia.
Bxjstbkgåh sjgijs fb bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia qub såh
ehkpabtikbgtb ehgcjévbjs, gbgduki pjsti khstrifi phr
thfhs. Gåh jkphrti h qub sbmi bxikjgifh - bxprbssåh
ciejia, nbsth, vhz, crbquígeji eirfëiei, rbspjriîåh - gåh
sbré sbgsëvba piri ianukis pbsshis. Igtbs, bgcitjzbj qub
i iusígeji fb uk aipsh fb aëgnui, hu fb uk aipsh
bkoabkétjeh, gåh prhvi qub uk suspbjth ê vbrfifbjrh.
Fi kbski chrki, i iusígeji fb itjvjfifb fh sjstbki
gbrvhsh
phaënrich,iutöghkh,
gåh prhvighrkiakbgtb
- piri thfhs - kbfjfi pbah gåh
qub i pbsshi
bsté iehrfifi. Ehk h Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty, is
pbsshis qub gåh iprbsbgtik kujti itjvjfifb fh
sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh quigfh bkhejhgia sbråh
tbstifis ehkh jgehgeausjvis. Ayllbg fjz qub jssh
iehgtbeb kujth ririkbgtb< kis tbk divjfh kujth
phuei pbsqujsi piri siobr ehk qub crbqñígeji jssh
phfb hehrrbr bgtrb pbsshis suspbjtis fb erjkbs, fb
sbrbk bspjòbs b issjk phr fjigtb.
Is frhnis phfbk suprjkjr i itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh b, issjk, prhfuzjr rbsuatifhs jgehgeausjvhs gh phaënrich,
 

?04  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sb hs tbstbs fb Ehgdbejkbgth Euapifh hu fb Pbrnugti fb

Ehgtrhab såh fifhs. Fjseutjrbj jssh b i qubståh fb siobr sb
psjehpitis phfbk bvjtir quiaqubr tjph fb bxikb fb phaënrich
kijs tirfb, ih rbsukjr is bvjfígejis itê h khkbgth.
H rbaitõrjh fi HVI, qub rbvjshu erjtjeikbgtb thfis is bvjfígejis,
ehgeauju qub ikois is têegjeis fb qubstjhgikbgth såh vuagbrévbjs
ihs brrhs qub sbus erëtjehs icjrkik. H Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth
Euapifh nbriakbgtb prhfuz kijs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri,
bgquigth h Vbstb fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab prhfuz kijs brrhs fb
fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb. Kbskh bssi ehgeausåh, gh bgtigth, ê
ehgtbstifi phr ianugs hpbrifhrbs b pbsqujsifhrbs fh phaënrich.
Ikojnñjfifbs ehgtjguik bxjstjgfh bk pirtb phrqub dhuvb phuehs
bstufhs, * bk pirtb phrqub ê kujth fjcëeja cizbr pbsqujsis qub
iviajbk i prbejsåh fh phaënrich. Is ciadis phfbk sbr bgehgtrifis bk
quisb thfhs hs bstufhs rbiajzifhs itê inhri. Rk prhoabki eruejia ê
bstiobabebr h qub ê edikifhvbrfifb cugfikbgtia, ianuki chrki fb
siobr, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb
jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fh phaënrich, sb ianuêk bri vbrfifbjrh
hu kbgtjrhsh. I kbghs qub h jgvbstjnifhr ehgdbîi i vbrfifb oésjei
- qubk kbgtju b qubk chj vbrfifbjrh - gåh dé ehkh iviajir i
prbejsåh fh phaënrich.

Bstufh fh phaënrich W Prbejsåh 

Is iohrfinbgs fb pbsqujsi piri bstufir i prbejsåh fh phaënrich
fjcbrbk gh nriu fb ebrtbzi qub babs phfbk tbr shorb i vbrfifb
cugfikbgtia. Eikph bstufhs bxikjgik jgejfbgtbs rbijs, fi vjfi rbia.
Fbgtrhigiaõnjeh bstufhs, ianuki sjtuiîåh, nbriakbgtb uk bxpbrjkbgth,
irrigmifh pbah jgvbstjnifhr ê bxikjgifh. Hs bstufhs fb eikph b
igiaõnjehs rbcabtbk hs phgths chrtbs b criehs ugs fhs hutrhs. Bk bstufhs
fb eikph, hs suspbjths rbiakbgtb sb prbheupik ehk h

* Bkohri bxjstik kjadirbs fb irtjnhs bserjths shorb h phaënrich, phuehs bgvhavbrik

quiaqubr pbsqujsi. I HVI bxikjghu 5.?00 irtjnhs hu ajvrhs, fhs quijs ipbgis ebrei fb 5?0
bgvhavjik pbsqujsis. I kijhrji fbabs gåh itbgfbu ihs pifròbs ejbgtëcjehs këgjkhs. Gh
 muanikbgth
prbejsåh fh fi HVI, dhuvb
phaënrich ipbgisfb
gi fbtbeîåh ebre
ebrei
i fb 50 bstufhs ejbgtëcjehs nbguëghs shor
kbgtjris. shorbb i
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?0: 

rbsuatifh fh tbstb fh phaënrich b, phrtigth, bkhîòbs chrtbs såh

prhvévbjs. Hutrh phgth chrtb ê qub sb bstufik hs tjphs ebrths fb
pbsshis - vbrfifbjrhs suspbjths, gåh eiahurhs. I criqubzi fhs

bstufhs fb eikph
ebrtbzi shorb ê i ikojnñjfifb
i vbrfifb cugfikbgtia shorb i vbrfifb
ê i prjgejpia cugfikbgtia.
chrîi I
fhs bstufhs
igiaõnjehs< ê céeja siobr, phjs h pbsqujsifhr irrigmi qubk kbgtjré b
qubk sbré vbrfifbjrh. I sui criqubzi ê qub, ehkh hs "suspbjths"
nbriakbgtb tík phueh hu gifi bk mhnh, ê jkprhvévba qub is
kbskis bkhîòbs sbmik fbspbrtifis. Iaêk fjssh, is pbsshis
tbstifis phfbk gåh sb pirbebr ehk h tjph fb pbsshi qub rbiakbgtb
ciz h tbstb fh phaënrich.

Eikph fb bstufhs 

Ehgsjfbrbkhs prjkbjrh phr qub ê tåh fjcëeja bstiobabebr uk

erjtêrjh fb vbrfifb cugfikbgtia bk bstufhs fb eikph. Pbsshis
rbiakbgtb suspbjtis fb erjkbs pissik phr uk tbstb fb phaënrich gåh
piri cjgs fb pbsqujsi, kis ehkh pirtb fi jgvbstjniîåh fb uk erjkb.
er jkb.
Phstbrjhrkbgtb, thrgik-sb fjsphgëvbjs jgchrkiîòbs shorb
sb babs ehgcbssirik hu chrik ehgsjfbrifhs euapifhs hu
jghebgtbs, hu is ieusiîòbs chrik rbmbjtifis. Pirbeb qub ehk
thfis bssis jgchrkiîòbs sbrji céeja bstiobabebr i vbrfifb,
kis gåh ê. Ejth h rbaitõrjh HVI=

Hs eishs phfbk sbr bgebrrifhs phr ciati fb bvjfígejis sucjejbgtbs, b

gåh phr jgheígeji. Ub uk mýrj ioshavbr uk rêu, gåh ê phssëvba
fbtbrkjgir itê qub phgth h mýrj ehgsjfbrhu qub h rêu bri rbiakbgtb
jghebgtb hu sb sbgtju qub gåh divji prhvis sucjejbgtbs piri itbgfbr
ih pifråh fb euapi iaêk fb quiaqubr fývjfi rizhévba. ' Kujtis
ehgcjssòbs fb euapi såh, gi vbrfifb, ehgcjssòbs fb euapifhs fb
erjkbs (kbghrbs)< ehkh _isljg hosbrvi, ê fjcëeja jgtbrprbtir h
sjngjcjeifh fb tijs iabniîòbs gh qub fjz rbspbjth à euapi gi ieusiîåh
hrjnjgia. H rbsuatifh ê qub, usigfh hs rbsuatifhs fh sjstbki fb
 mustjîi erjkjgia, hs bxikbs
bxikbs fh phaënrich p
phfbk
hfbk pirbebr tbr uk iath
iath
gýkbrh fb \brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb[ gh eish fb ioshavjîòbs,
hu \brrhs fb ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri[ bk h eish fb fbkjssòbs.9>
 

?90  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Bkohri pirbîi qub bssbs prhoabkis phssik sbr rbshavjfhs ehk uk

pijgba fb bspbejiajstis qub igiajsb thfis is bvjfígejis b edbnub i
uki fbejsåh shorb euapi hu jgheígeji, jssh iprbsbgti fuis
fjcjeuafifbs cugfikbgtijs.
cugfikbgtijs. Hs bspbejiajstis gbk sbkprb ehgehrfik
b, quigfh ehgehrfik, gåh dé ehkh tbr ebrtbzi fb quigfh bståh
brrifhs. Kbskh is ehgcjssòbs gbk sbkprb såh jsbgtis fb
prhoabkis. Ianukis pbsshis jghebgtbs ehgcbssik, b kbskh quigfh
véajfis, is ehgcjssòbs chrgbebk oisb à vbrfifb ipbgis shorb uki
pbqubgi, b tiavbz iatikbgtb jgehkuk, prhphrîåh fiqubabs qub
cizbk h phaënrich. Yuisb thfhs hs bstufhs fb eikph shcrbk fh
prhoabki fb qub i phpuaiîåh fb eishs fhs quijs hs eishs chrik
sbabejhgifh gåh ê jfbgtjcjeifh.

Igiaõnjeh  Bstufhs 

Hs prhoabkis gåh såh jbr ehk bstufhs igiaõnjehs, ipbgis

fjcbrbgtbs. Dé ebrtbzi shorb h cugfikbgth fi vbrfifb - h rb-
H pbsqujsifhr fjz i ianukis pbsshis piri sb ehkprhkbtbrbk ehk
"er jkb" b hutris gåh. I jgebrtbzi ê sb uk erjkb sjkuaifh sbré abvifh
tåh i sêrjh quigth uk erjkb rbia. Hs pbsqujsifhrbs fbsbgvh
fbsbgvhavbrik
avbrik
erjkbs sjkuaifhs qub bgvhavbråh hs sumbjths, tbgtigfh khtjvé-ahs
phr uki rbehkpbgsi sb gåh chrbk pbnhs quigfh cjzbrbk h tbstb fh
phaënrich. Heisjhgiakbgtb, hs sumbjths såh ikbiîifhs ehk pugjîåh
sb
såhsui kbgtjri
kbghrbs chrbxbkpah,
(phr fbtbetifi, kis fh
pbrfi phrerêfjth
rizòbsfh
êtjeis bssis
eursh phr pugjîòbs
pirtjejpir
fh bxpbrjkbgth). Yuisb thfhs iqubabs qub usik i têegjei fb kjssåh
fb ehgtrhab usirik uki vbrsåh fh erjkb sjkuaifh usifh phr _isljg=

Kbtifb fhs pirtjejpigtbs rbebobu uki nriviîåh qub sjkpabskbgtb adbs

fjzji qub uk igba divji sjfh rhuoifh fb uk bserjtõrjh bk ianuk aunir fh
prêfjh b qub babs sbrjik suokbtjfhs i uk tbstb fb fbtbethr fb kbgtjris
piri bstiobabebr sb bstivik sbgfh vbrfifbjrhs hu gåh quigfh gbnirik
pirtjejpiîåh bk iqubab rhuoh. Fjssbrik-adbs qub sb ipirbebssbk
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?99

vbrfifbjrhs gh tbstb, babs rbebobrjik uk oögus khgbtérjh

suostigejia. I hutri kbtifb fhs sumbjths rbebobu jgstruîòbs shorb h
erjkb qub fbvbrjik ehkbtbr. . . . Babs chrik piri uki siai bk uk
igfir fjcbrbgtb, itriërik i sberbtérji piri chri fh bserjtõrjh,
bgtririk bk sbu bserjtõrjh fbphjs qub bai siju, viseuadirik sui
kbsi bk ousei fb uki eijxi fb fjgdbjrh qub ehgtjgdi uk igba,
bsehgfbrik h igba bk sui pbsshi b, bk sbnujfi, vhatirik ih
aiohritõrjh piri
piri h tbstb fh phaënrich. Babs ch
chrik
rik ivjsifh
ivjsifhss piri gåh
rbvbair i gjgnuêk h cith fb bstirbk pirtjejpigfh fb uk
bxpbrjkbgth b tbr uk éajoj bk kåhs, eish ianuêk hs surprbbgfbssb
gi sberbtirji.
sberbtirji. Bab
Babss tikoêk
tikoêk ch
chrik
rik ivjsifhs
ivjsifhs piri gåh rbvbair
quijsqubr fbtiadbs fh erjkb ih bxikjgifhr fh phaënrich phrqub bab
siobrji qub babs brik euapifhs fh erjkb b gåh nigdirjik h fjgdbjrh
qub ghrkiakbgtb rbebobrjik,94

Bkohri sbmi uki tbgtitjvi jkprbssjhgigtb fb pirbebr uk erjkb

rbia, i qubståh ê sb is bkhîòbs shorb i kbgtjri såh fbspbrtifis.
Rki vbz qub h phaënrich kbfb i bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia, uk erjkb
sjkuaifh phfb ghs fjzbr quåh prbejsh h phaënrich ê ipbgis sb is
kbskis bkhîòbs, ehk i kbski chrîi, chrbk fbspbrtifis ehkh
sbrjik piri erjkbs rbijs. Gh eipëtuah 5, bxpajqubj trís bkhîòbs qub
phfbk sbr fbspbrtifis quigfh ianuêk kbgtb b, piri eifi uki
fbssis bkhîòbs, bxpajqubj h qub fbtbrkjgiré i jgtbgsjfifb ehk qub
i bkhîåh ê sbgtjfi. Sikhs ehgsjfbrir sb bssis bkhîòbs phfbk sbr
sbgtjfis bk uk erjkb sjkuaifh, ehkbtjfh piri bstufir i prbejsåh fh
phaënrich.
Iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh= H qub bsté bk mhnh ê h fbtbrkjgigtb
kijs jkphrtigtb fb quigth uk suspbjth tbkb sbr pbnh. Uunbrj gh
eipëtuah 5 qub quigth kijhr i rbehkpbgsi pbah suebssh b quigth
kijhr i pugjîåh pbah crieissh, kijhr i iprbbgsåh fh bgnigh sbré
sbgtjfi< b qub i sbvbrjfifb fi pugjîåh ê prhvivbakbgtb h kijs
jkphrtigtb. I sbvbrjfifb fi pugjîåh jgcaubgejiré h kbfh fi pbsshi
vbrfifbjri fb sbr kia muanifi tigth quigth h kbfh fi pbsshi
kbgtjrhsi fb sbr vjsti - ikohs shcrbk h kbskh ehgsb-
 

?9?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

qubgeb. Bk erjkbs sjkuaifhs, is rbehkpbgsis såh pbqubgis

b gåh dé pugjîåh< gbk i pbsshi vbrfifbjri gbk h kbgtjrhsh
fbvbk sbgtjr iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Viavbz hs sumbjths
phssik sb prbheupir sb bståh cizbgfh h qub bståh sbgfh
pinhs piri cizbr, kis jssh quisb ebrtikbgtb ê uk
sbgtjkbgth kujth kijs crieh fh qub h kbfh qub uki pbsshi
jghebgtb hu euapifi tbk quigfh uk erjkb rbia ê jgvbstjnifh.
Euapi fb bgnigh= I euapi ê kijs chrtb quigfh h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh
ehkpirtjadik viahrbs, h qub fbvbrji sbr issjk ghs erjkbs sjkuaifhs, kis i
ehkpirtjadik
euapi ê rbfuzjfi sb i kbgtjri chr iuthrjzifi, bxjnjfi b iprhvifi piri rbiajzir
h trioiadh fb ianuêk. Bk erjkbs sjkuaifhs, h kbgtjrhsh ê jgstruëfh i cizí-ah
b, ih kbgtjr, bsté imufigfh i ejígeji. Hs kbgtjrhshs fbvbk sbgtjr phuei euapi
fb bgnigh bk erjkbs sjkuaifhs.
Fbaëeji fb bgnigir= I bkphaniîåh fh fbsicjh, h prizbr fb
supbrir ê sbgtjfh ehk kijs chrîi sb h kbgtjrhsh tjvbr i
rbputiîåh fb sbr fjcëeja fb bgnigir. Bgnigir h phaënrich fbvb
rbprbsbgtir tia fbsicjh, b bssb sbgtjkbgth fbvb sbr
pirtjeuairkbgtb chrtb sb gåh dhuvbr hutris bkhîòbs
- kbfh hu euapi - piri fjauë-ah. * Ipbgis h kbgtjrhsh, gåh h vbrfifbjrh
pbsshi, sbgtjré uk prizbr bgnigifhr.
I igéajsb iejki sunbrb qub hs erjkbs sjkuaifhs jråh nbrir
ipbgis uki fis trís bkhîòbs qub phfbk sbr sbgtjfis quigfh
ianuêk ê suspbjth fb uk erjkb rbia - h fbabjtb bgnigifhr. Iaêk
fjssh, bssi bkhîåh sõ sbré sbgtjfi pbah kbgtjrhsh, gåh pbai pbsshi
vbrfifbjri. Rki vbz qub h kbgtjrhsh ê h ýgjeh qub phfb sbr
fbspbrtifh bkhejhgiakbgtb,
bkhejhgiakbgtb, i fbtbeîåh fbvb sbr céeja, kijs céeja, bu
sunjrh, fh qub ghrkiakbgtb sbré ehk erjkbs rbijs quigfh i pbsshi
vbrfifbjri ê kijs vuagbrévba i tbr ianugs fhs kbskhs sbgtjkbgths
qub h kbgtjrhsh . Pbsqujsi usigfh erjkbs sjkuaifhs jré,

• Igtbs fb siobr fi kjgdi igéajsb fh bxikb fh phaënrich, _isljg kb fjssb qub ierbfjti
qub ê i rbsphsti i uk fbsicjh, kijs fh qub fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh hu prizbr bgnigifhr,
qub trij h kbgtjrhsh. Bkohri jssh gåh prhvb kbu phgth, chrtiabeb kbu irnukbgth fb qub
hs erjkbs sjkuaifhs phfbk gåh sbr uki ohi igiahnji piri i niki fb bkhîòbs sbgtjfis
quigfh erjkbs rbijs såh ehkbtjfhs b is iphstis piri is pirtbs jghebgtbs b euapifis såh
iatis.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?95 

phr bssb riejheëgjh, supbrbstjkb i prbejsåh fh h phaj-

nrécjeh.

Bstufhs Dëorjfhs 
Dé kijs uki iohrfinbk fb pbsqujsi qub tbgti bvjtir is
criqubzis fh eikph b fh bstufh igiaõnjeh, ehkojgigfh is kbadhrbs
eirietbrëstjeis fb eifi uk. Bk uk tiadëorjfh bstufh h pbsqujsifhr
irrigmi is ehjsis piri qub uk erjkb rbia phssi hehrrbr. Gåh dé
fývjfi shorb i vbrfifb cugfikbgtia, issjk ehkh bk uk bstufh
igiaõnjeh, b kujti ehjsi bsté bk mhnh tigth piri hs suspbjths
vbrfifbjrhs quigth piri hs kbgtjrhshs, ehkh iehgtbeb ghs bstufhs
fb eikph. Bk uki tbsb fb kbstrifh fb Gbtzbr Fijb, kbkorh fi
Rgjfifb fb Jgtbrrhniîåh Ejbgtëcjei fi Phaëeji Jsribabgsb bk
 Mbrusiaêk, uk bstufh
bstufh dëorjfh fbs
fbssb
sb tjph chj cb
cbjth.
jth. I kbgtjri chj ""...
...
iutígtjei b ajvrbkbgtb rbiajzifi bk vbz fb sjkuaifi< ... hs sumbjths
ierbfjtik qub h jgtbrrhnifhr gåh siob qubk ehkbtbu h ith< hs
sumbjths ... \bstivik[ nbgujgikbgtb prbheupifhs ehk h rbsuatifh fh
tbstb fh phaënrich <... b h phaënrich \gåh[ sioji i prhphrîåh fb sumbjths
euapifhs b jghebgtbs gi ikhstri. "9: Hs sumbjths fi pbsqujsi chrik
vjgtb b uk phajejijs jsribabgsbs qub cjzbrik tbstbs fb pipba b aépjs
"qub chrik iprbsbgtifhs ehkh tbstbs fb iptjfåh horjnitõrjhs. Hs
sumbjths chrik shajejtifhs i phgtuir sbus prõprjhs tbstbs, h qub
prhphrejhghu i hphrtugjfifb fb tripiebir, hu sbmi, fb rbvjsir suis

rbsphstis jgjejijs. Is chadis

tritifis qujkjeikbgtb pirifbqub
rbsphstis fhpufbssb
i tripiîi tbstb, ghsbr
bgtigth, chrik
fbtbetifi.
Ubtb fhs vjgtb b uk sumbjths rbiakbgtb kufirik suis rbsphstis
jgjejijs. Kijs tirfb, hs sumbjths chrik jgchrkifhs fb qub brik
suspbjths fb tripiebir b tjvbrik i hphrtugjfifb fb cizbr uk bxikb
fb phaënrich, b chrik jgchrkifhs fb qub suis eirrbjris phfbk
fbpbgfbr fh rbsuatifh. "?0

Ê rbiajsti pbrkjtjr qub hs phajejijs sb rbeusbk i cizbr h

phaënrich - bk jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs, hs bxikbs fh phaënrich
såh uki hpîåh, gåh ioshautikbgtb bxjnjfi fb uk suspbjth. Vrís
fhs sbtb tripiebjrhs ehgcbssirik, hutrh tripiebjrh b fhjs
 

?96  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

suspbjths jghebgtbs sb rbeusirik i cizbr h phaënrich, b uk tbrebjrh

tripiebjrh gåh ipirbebu piri h tbstb. * Gh thtia, bgtåh, ipbgis
qujgzb fhs vjgtb b uk phajejijs hrjnjgijs cjzbrik h bxikb fh
phaënrich, fhjs tripiebjrhs b trbzb gåh tripiebjrhs. I têegjei fi
pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab chj usifi b ikohs hs tripiebjrhs chrik
fbtbetifhs ehk prbejsåh. Fhjs fhs trbzb vbrfifbjrhs gåh-tripiebjrhs
tikoêk chrik ehgsjfbrifhs, brrhgbikbgtb, ehkh kbgtjrhshs.
Gbgduki ehgeausåh phfb sbr tjrifi fbstb bstufh, phrqub tåh
phueis pbsshis chrik bxikjgifis. Kis bssbs bstufhs dëorjfhs
phfbk sbr kujth ýtbjs, bkohri dimi prhoabkis êtjehs bk abvir
ianuêk i tripiebir b kbgtjr. Hs jgvbstjnifhrbs jsribabgsbs
ierbfjtik qub ê mustjcjeévba phrqub uki iviajiîåh ehrrbti fh
phaënrich ê kujth jkphrtigtb= "Kjadirbs fb pbsshis såh
jgtbrrhnifis iguiakbgtb pbah phaënrich ... b fbejsòbs jkphrtigtbs
såh oisbifis ghs rbsuatifhs fb tijs tbstbs. Gh bgtigth, i viajfifb
fjssh cbrrikbgti gåh ê ehgdbejfi... "?9 Viavbz sbmi kijs mustjcjeévba
jkphr fbssi chrki à phaëeji, uki vbz qub bai issukb rjsehs
bspbejijs ehkh pirtb fb sbu trioiadh b bsté kijs bspbejcjeikbgtb
bgvhavjfi gh ush hu kiu ush fh phaënrich. I chrîi fbssb
bxpbrjkbgth dëorjfh ê qub bab ê rbia. Ianugs phajejijs tripiebjik
bk tbstbs. "Rki jgvbstjniîåh jgtbrgi sberbti phr hcjejijs fb iath
gëvba fh COJ fbtbrkjghu qub vérjis ebgtbgis fb cugejhgérjhs fh
bserjtõrjh bstivik bgvhavjfhs bk tripiîis nbgbriajzifis bk
bxikbs piri ehojîifis ghkbiîòbs fb inbgtbs bspbejijs".?? H
bxpbrjkbgth dëorjfh jsribabgsb gåh bri uk mhnh. Gåh chj
sjkpabskbgtb uk fbsicjh ehgsbnujr bgnigir h bxpbrjkbgtifhr.
H kbfh fb sbr pbnh sbrji iath b, pbah kbghs piri ianugs,
tikoêk divbrji euapi phr kbgtjr, phjs uki rbputiîåh (sb gåh
uki eirrbjri) bstivi bk mhnh.

* Bssbs gýkbrhs sunbrbk h qub hs bxikjgifhrbs fh phaënrich icjrkik, qub i ikbiîi fb

cizbr uk bxikb fh phaënrich prhfuz ehgcjssòbs bgtrb hs euapifhs. B, i rbeusi bk cizbr h
bxikb fh phaënrich gåh ê nirigtji ebrti fb euapi.
 

P_BEJUÅH FH PHAËN_ICH

BUVRFHU FB EIKPH BUVRFHU IGIAÕNJEHU *

* H nrécjeh chrgbeb is kêfjis, qub gbk sbkprb såh uk rbcabxh prbejsh fi niki fb rbsuatifhs fi pbsqujsi. Hs
jgtbrviahs såh hs sbnujgtbs= Piri kbgtjrhshs ehrrbtikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifhs bk bstufhs fb eikph, >9-::%< bk bstufhs
igiaõnjehs utjajzigfh i têegjei fi pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, 52-900%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh hs tbstbs fb
ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 39-:2%. Piri pbsshis vbrëfjeis ehrrbtikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifis= bk bstufhs fb eikph, 95-:6%<
bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs utjajzigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, 5?-:9%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh h tbstb
fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 40-900%. Piri pbsshis vbrëfjeis jfbgtjcjeifis jgehrrbtikbgtb= bk bstufhs fb eikph,
0->2%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, ?-29%< bk bstufhs
bst ufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh h
tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 0-9?%. Piri kbgtjrhshs jfbgtjcjeifhs jgehrrbtikbgtb< bk bstufhs fb eikph, 0-?:%<
bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs utjajzigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, 0-?:%<
 

P_BEJUÅH FH PHAËN_ICH
BUVRFHU FB EIKPH BUVRFHU IGIAÕNJEHU *

* H nrécjeh chrgbeb is kêfjis, qub gbk sbkprb såh uk rbcabxh prbejsh fi niki fb rbsuatifhs fi pbsqujsi. Hs
jgtbrviahs såh hs sbnujgtbs= Piri kbgtjrhshs ehrrbtikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifhs bk bstufhs fb eikph, >9-::%< bk bstufhs
igiaõnjehs utjajzigfh i têegjei fi pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab,
e hgtrhab, 52-900%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh hs tbstbs fb
ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 39-:2%. Piri pbsshis vbrëfjeis ehrrbtikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifis= bk bstufhs fb eikph, 95-:6%<
bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs utjajzigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti fb ehgtrhab, 5?-:9%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh h tbstb
fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 40-900%. Piri pbsshis vbrëfjeis jfbgtjcjeifis jgehrrbtikbgtb= bk bstufhs fb eikph,
0->2%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti
pbrn ugti fb ehgtrhab, ?-29%< bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh h
tbstb fb ehgdbejkbgth euapifh, 0-9?%. Piri kbgtjrhshs jfbgtjcjeifhs jgehrrbtikbgtb= bk bstufhs fb eikph, 0-?:%<
bk bstufhs igiaõnjehs usigfh i têegjei fb pbrnugti
p brnugti fb ehgtrhab, 0-?:%<
 

?94  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bvjfígejis piri i viajfifb fh tbstb fh phaënrich ehkh uk ehkpabkbgth

piri jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs tëpjeis fb jgejfbgtbs bspbeëcjehs.
. . . "?5 Bu ierbfjth qub ê phssëvba jr uk phueh iaêk fbssb eiutbahsh

ehgeausåh
bgtrb b ijgfi prbsbrvir
hs prhtinhgjstis ianuki ipirígeji fb ehgsbgsh
prjgejpijs.
Fbvb-sb fir kijs pbsh i uk rbsuatifh fb tbstb qub sunjri qub h
suspbjth ê vbrfifbjrh fh qub i uk qub sunjri qub bab bsté kbgtjgfh.
Ub i bvjfígeji gåh chr ehgvjgebgtb fb hutri chrki, hs jgvbstjnifhrbs
phfbk fbejfjr rbmbjtir is ieusiîòbs ehgtri uk suspbjth qub h tbstb sbmi
vbrfifbjrh. _isljg b hutrhs cizbk bssi sunbståh bspbejcjeikbgtb
quigfh h Vbstb fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab ê usifh, uki vbz qub prhfuz
phuehs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Ayllbg ierbfjti qub h Vbstb fi
Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab ê fbgåh ush b qub ipbgis i Vêegjei fh

Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty tbk prhkbssi fb ush gi jgvbstjniîåh erjkjgia.

Yuigfh h tbstb fh phaënrich fb uk suspbjth sunbrb kbgtjri, jssh gåh
fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh ehkh uki "oisb ifbquifi piri ehgfbgiîåh hu
kbskh piri prhebssir uki ieusiîåh... Rk tbstb fh phaënrich bgnighsh
sbrji sjkpabskbgtb i eiusi piri prhssbnujr ehk i jgvbstjniîåh..." ?6
?6

Ayllbg ehgehrfi ehk bsti ejtiîåh fb _isljg, kis ipbgis quigfh

ipajeifi ih Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty (gåh à Yubståh fb
Ehgtrhab).
Gh eipëtuah 4, bxpajeirbj h qub edikh edbeinbk fb kbgtjris,

bsbr
ghcbjtis
ipígfjeb
shorb(tiobai 6) ajsth
quiaqubr trjgtiibcjk
kbgtjri, hjthfb
pbrnugtis qub
bstjkir is phfbkfb
edigebs
qub bai phssi sbr fbtbetifi pbah phaënrich hu pbais pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs. Rki fis kjgdis jaustriîòbs fb vbrjcjeiîåh fb
kbgtjris ê uk rbaith fbtiadifh fh bxikb fh phaënrich fb uk
suspbjth fb ississjgith. Bssb bxbkpah hcbrbeb hutri
hphrtugjfifb piri rbehgsjfbrir i qubståh fb ehkh h bxikb fh
phaënrich fbvb sbr usifh gi jgvbstjniîåh erjkjgia. Inhri,
ehgsjfbrbkhs hutrhs ushs fh phaënrich, shorb hs quijs nrigfb
pirtb fi ehgtrhvêrsji ituia sb ebgtri.
 

?94  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bvjfígejis piri i viajfifb fh tbstb fh phaënrich ehkh uk ehkpabkbgth

piri jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs tëpjeis fb jgejfbgtbs bspbeëcjehs.
. . . "?5 Bu ierbfjth qub ê phssëvba jr uk phueh iaêk fbssb eiutbahsh
ehgeausåh b ijgfi prbsbrvir ianuki ipirígeji fb ehgsbgsh
bgtrb hs prhtinhgjstis prjgejpijs.
Fbvb-sb fir kijs pbsh i uk rbsuatifh fb tbstb qub sunjri qub h
suspbjth ê vbrfifbjrh fh qub i uk qub sunjri qub bab bsté kbgtjgfh.
Ub i bvjfígeji gåh chr ehgvjgebgtb fb hutri chrki, hs jgvbstjnifhrbs
phfbk fbejfjr rbmbjtir is ieusiîòbs ehgtri uk suspbjth qub h tbstb sbmi
vbrfifbjrh. _isljg b hutrhs cizbk bssi sunbståh bspbejcjeikbgtb
quigfh h Vbstb fi Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab ê usifh, uki vbz qub prhfuz
phuehs brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Ayllbg ierbfjti qub h Vbstb fi
Pbrnugti fb Ehgtrhab ê fbgåh ush b qub ipbgis i Vêegjei fh
Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty tbk prhkbssi fb ush gi jgvbstjniîåh erjkjgia.

Yuigfh h tbstb fh phaënrich fb uk suspbjth sunbrb kbgtjri, jssh gåh

fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh ehkh uki "oisb ifbquifi piri ehgfbgiîåh hu
kbskh piri prhebssir uki ieusiîåh... Rk tbstb fh phaënrich bgnighsh
sbrji sjkpabskbgtb i eiusi piri prhssbnujr ehk i jgvbstjniîåh..." ?6
?6

Ayllbg ehgehrfi ehk bsti ejtiîåh fb _isljg, kis ipbgis quigfh

ipajeifi ih Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty (gåh à Yubståh fb
Ehgtrhab).
Gh eipëtuah 4, bxpajeirbj h qub edikh edbeinbk fb kbgtjris,

bsbr
ghcbjtis
ipígfjeb
shorb(tiobai 6) ajsth
quiaqubr trjgtiibcjk
kbgtjri, hjt hfb
hjth pbrnugtis qub
bstjkir is phfbkfb
edigebs
qub bai phssi sbr fbtbetifi pbah phaënrich hu pbais pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs. Rki fis kjgdis jaustriîòbs fb vbrjcjeiîåh fb
kbgtjris ê uk rbaith fbtiadifh fh bxikb fh phaënrich fb uk
suspbjth fb ississjgith. Bssb bxbkpah hcbrbeb hutri
hphrtugjfifb piri rbehgsjfbrir i qubståh fb ehkh h bxikb fh
phaënrich fbvb sbr usifh gi jgvbstjniîåh erjkjgia. Inhri,
ehgsjfbrbkhs hutrhs ushs fh phaënrich, shorb hs quijs nrigfb
pirtb fi ehgtrhvêrsji ituia sb ebgtri.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?9: 

Eigfjfiths i vinis fb tbstb fb phaënrich 

H rbaitõrjh fi HVI, _isljg b Ayllbg ehgehrfik ehk bstb - thfhs såh ehgtri h ush fh
phaënrich gi trjinbk prê-ehgtritiîåh fb eigfjfiths i bkprbnh.
b kprbnh. Fh hutrh aifh, civhrbebgfh

sbu ush bståh kujths bkprbnifhrbs, prhcjssjhgijs phajnricifhs b ianugs cugejhgérjhs fh

nhvbrgh, pirtjeuairkbgtb iqubabs bk inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji. Bkohri i ipajeiîåh fb
tbstbs fb phaënrich piri eigfjfiths i bkprbnh sbmi h ush kijs crbqubgtb fh phaënrich, gåh
dé bstufhs ejbgtëcjehs piri fbtbrkjgir ehk qub prbejsåh h phaënrich fbtbeti quijs
eigfjfiths bståh kbgtjgfh shorb qubstòbs qub, sb ehgdbejfis, cirjik ehk qub babs gåh
chssbk ehgtritifhs . Gåh ê fjcëeja fb vbr phrquí. Fbtbrkjgir i vbrfifb cugfikbgtia bk
bstufhs fb eikph gåh sbrji céeja. Rki kbfjfi fi vbrfifb oésjei vjrji fb uk bstufh bk
qub thfhs hs eigfjfiths chrik
ch rik ehgtritifhs, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fhs rbsuatifhs fh tbstb
fh phaënrich, ehk vjnjaïgeji gh aheia fb trioiadh, fbtbrkjgigfh phstbrjhrkbgtb qubk
rhuohu hu sb bgvhavbu bk hutris iîòbs prbmufjejijs. Hutri iohrfinbk piri fbtbrkjgir i

vbrfifb oésjei sbrji jgvbstjnir eujfifhsikbgtb h djstõrjeh fb bkprbnhs igtbrjhrbs fb

thfhs hs eigfjfiths i bkprbnhs piri fbtbrkjgir qubk divji kbgtjfh shorb sbu pissifh.
Cizbr jssh ehkpabtikbgtb, piri qub dhuvbssb phuehs brrhs, sbrji kujth eirh. Chrik cbjths
ipbgis fhjs bstufhs igiaõnjehs - uk bgehgtrhu iati prbejsåh b h hutrh gåh< kis bxjstbk
kujtis fjserbpïgejis bgtrb hs bstufhs b fjcjeuafifbs fbgtrh fb eifi bstufh piri tjrir
quijsqubr ehgeausòbs. * sbrji kujth eirh. Chrik cbjths ipbgis fhjs bstufhs igiaõnjehs - uk
bgehgtrhu iati prbejsåh b h hutrh gåh< kis bxjstbk kujtis fjserbpïgejis bgtrb hs bstufhs
b fjcjeuafifbs fbgtrh fb eifi bstufh piri tjrir quijsqubr ehgeausòbs. * sbrji kujth eirh.
Chrik cbjths ipbgis fhjs bstufhs igiaõnjehs - uk bgehgtrhu iati prbejsåh b h hutrh gåh<
kis bxjstbk kujtis fjserbpïgejis bgtrb hs bstufhs b fjcjeuafifbs fbgtrh fb eifi bstufh

piri tjrir quijsqubr ehgeausòbs. *

I prbejsåh fh phaënrich gi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh gåh

phfb sbr bstjkifi issukjgfh qub sbrji i kbski qub chj
bgehgtrifi ghs bstufhs fb jgejfbgtbs erjkjgijs (vbr nrécjeh
iejki). Is pbsshis tbstifis phfbk sbr oistigtb

* Rsbj h muanikbgth fi HVI shorb bssbs fhjs bstufhs.?2 Iqubabs qub fbcbgfbk h
tbstb fh phaënrich fb prê-bkprbnh ehgsjfbrik bssbs bstufhs kbrjtõrjhs b
jkphrtigtbs. Kbskh sb hs bstufhs chssbk iebjths, ierbfjth sbr rizhévba fjzbr qub
ijgfi gåh dé oisb ejbgtëcjei piri tjrir quijsqubr ehgeausòbs shorb i prbejsåh fh
phaënrich gi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh - kijs fb fhjs bstufhs såh gbebssérjhs shorb uk
issugth tåh jkphrtigtb b ehgtrhvbrsh.
 

??0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fjcbrbgtb, b hs bxikjgifhrbs b is têegjeis fb tbstb fb bxikb

tikoêk såh fjcbrbgtbs. Gi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh, h
eigfjfith fbvb cizbr h tbstb piri ehgsbnujr h bkprbnh,
bgquigth hs suspbjths fb erjkbs tík i hpîåh fb gåh cizbr h
tbstb sbk qub i rbeusi sbmi usifi ehkh prhvi ehgtri babs.
_isljg fjz qub h bxikb fh phaënrich igtbs fh bkprbnh "... ê
ehbrejvh b prhvivbakbgtb prhfuz sbgtjkbgths fb
rbssbgtjkbgth qub phfbk jgtbrcbrjr chrtbkbgtb gi prbejsåh
fh bxikb fh phaënrich".?3 H qub bsté bk mhnh tikoêk ê obk
fjcbrbgtb. I pugjîåh phr sbr pbnh pbah phaënrich fbvb sbr
kujth kbghr gi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh fh qub bk ipajeiîòbs
erjkjgijs. Ehkh is iphstis såh kbghrbs, hs kbgtjrhshs
fbvbk sbgtjr kbghs iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh b sbr kijs
fjcëebjs fb pbnir. Gh bgtigth, hs jghebgtbs, qub kijs fbsbmik
h bkprbnh, phfbk tbkbr sbr muanifhs kia b, phr eiusi fjssh,
sbr kia iviajifhs.
H ehgtri-irnukbgth cbjth phr iqubabs qub fbcbgfbk h ush
fh phaënrich ê qub bab cugejhgi. Kujths eigfjfiths cizbk
ifkjssòbs prbmufjejijs fbphjs fb cizbr h tbstb fh phaënrich,
ifkjtjgfh ehjsis qub gåh divjik rbehgdbejfh igtbs fb cizbr h
tbstb fh phaënrich. Jsth ê ukRtjajtérjh irnukbgth. Gåh jkphrti sb
h phaënrich eipturi kbgtjrhshs ehk prbejsåh, sb iqubabs qub gåh
fbvbrjik sbr ehgtritifhs chrbk jfbgtjcjeifhs ih cizbr h tbstb.
Jssh h thrgi ýtja. Ayllbg irnukbgti qub tijs iabniîòbs fb
utjajfifb phfbk gåh sbr véajfis. "Hs rbaitõrjhs fb ifkjssòbs
prbmufjejijs phfbk bxinbrir h gýkbrh qub rbiakbgtb hehrrb, b
ianukis fis ifkjssòbs prbmufjejijs phfbk sbr ehgcjssòbs ciasis
cbjtis sho prbssåh. Iaêk fjssh, iqubabs qub cjzbrik ehjsis qub
cirji ehk qub babs gåh chssbk bkprbnifhs phfb gåh sbr
sucjejbgtbkbgtb jgtjkjfifh pbah tbstb fh phaënrich piri
ehgcbssir. Ubk bstufhs fb prbejsåh, gåh dé ehkh siobr quigtis
pbsshis qub ciadik gh tbstb fh phaënrich sbrjik rbiakbgtb
cugejhgérjhs cjêjs, gbk quigtis pbsshis qub pissirbk jråh
rhuoir fb sbus bkprbnifhrbs.
Nhrfhg Oiraigf, uk psjeõahnh chrkifh phr _isljg, qub
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ??9

ciz i trjinbk fh phaënrich prê-bkprbnh, iprbsbgti hutrh irnukbgth
oistigtb fjcbrbgtb piri sbu ush. Oiraigf bstufhu 600 eigfjfiths i
bkprbnhs ehkh khthrjsti fb eikjgdåh, eijxi, iakhxirjcb b issjk
phr fjigtb, qub chrik bgvjifhs pbahs bkprbnifhrbs i uki bkprbsi
prjvifi fb tbstb fb phaënrich. Kbtifb fhs 922 eigfjfiths qub
phgtuirik ehkh kbgtjrhshs ifkjtjrik quigfh chrik jgchrkifhs
fhs rbsuatifhs fh phaënrich. Oiraigf fbsehorju qub hs bkprbnifhrbs
chrik bk crbgtb b ehgtritirik 24% fbssis pbsshis qub ifkjtjrik
kbgtjr. "Kujths bkprbnifhrbs usik hs bxikbs fb phaënrich gåh
tigth piri fbejfjr sb ehgtritik uk eigfjfith, kis piri fbejfjr bk
qub phsjîåh ehaheé-ah. Phr bxbkpah, sb uk eigfjfith chr ehgsjfbrifh
iaehõaitri, bab phfb sbr ehgtritifh ehkh bstjvifhr bk vbz fb uk
khthrjsti. "?4
Oiraigf ehrrbtikbgtb iphgti qub fbvbkhs bstir bspbejiakbgtb
jgtbrbssifhs gh fbstjg
fbstjgh
h fis >4 pbsshis qub cchrik
hrik tbstifis ehkh
kbgtjrhsis, kis gbnirik, phjs bssis phfbk sbr vëtjkis fb brrhs fb
fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb. Oiraigf fjz qub fbvbkhs tbr ebrtbzi fb qub
33% fbabs chrik ehgtritifhs fb quiaqubr kigbjri. Kis gåh dé ehkh
siobr sb babs chrik ehgtritifhs piri bkprbnhs tåh fbsbmévbjs
quigth tbrjik hotjfh sb gåh chssbk hs rbsuatifhs fh phaënrich. I
kijhrji fhs gåh ehgtritifhs qub gbnhu kbgtjr, ipbsir fhs
rbsuatifhs fh phaënrich qub sunbrjik qub h cjzbrik, chj rbmbjtifi
fbvjfh às jgchrkiîòbs qub ifkjtju gi bgtrbvjsti fh prê-phaënrich.
"Ipbgis uki prhphrîåh kujth pbqubgi (kbghs fb 90%) fhs
eigfjfiths ehgsjfbrifhs bgnighshs, kis qub gåh h ifkjtjrik,
chrik rbmbjtifhs pbah phtbgejia bkprbnifhr phr bssb khtjvh."?:

Ehkh ianuêk ehgsjfbri jssh kbghs fb 90 phr ebgth cjnuri,

quigth figh phfbrji sbr cbjth phr bab, fbpbgfb fh tixi fb oisb
fb kbgtjr. I crisb tixi
t ixi oésjei sb rbcbrb i quigtis pbsshis cizbk
ianh. I tixi oésjei fb euapifhs bgtrb hs suspbjths fb erjkbs qub
cizbk h tbstb fh phaënrich ê prhvivbakbgtb kujth iati, tiavbz itê
20%. H phaënrich gåh ê ghrkiakbgtb fifh i thfhs, kis ipbgis i
uk pbqubgh nruph suspbjth phr eiusi fb uki jgvbstjniîåh
erjkjgia igtbrjhr. Oiraigf's
 

??? Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

H bstufh sunbrb qub i tixi oésjei fb kbgtjris bgtrb hs eigfjfiths i

bkprbnhs ê fb ebrei fb ?0%. Ebrei fb uk bk eifi ejgeh eigfjfiths
kbgtjré shorb ianh qub phfbrji, sb ehgdbejfh, jkpbfj-ahs fb sbrbk
ehgtritifhs.
Kbskh qub h tbstb fh phaënrich sbmi ehgsjfbrifh kijs prbejsh
fh qub prhvivbakbgtb ê, ehk uki tixi oésjei fb ?0%, dé ianugs
rbsuatifhs jgcbajzbs. _isljg, ih irnukbgtir ehgtri h tbstb fh
phaënrich igtbs fh bkprbnh, issukb, piri cjgs fb irnukbgtiîåh,
qub i prbejsåh fh tbstb fh phaënrich ê :0 phr ebgth, kijs iati fh qub
bab pbgsi qub rbiakbgtb ê.

Fifis bssis suphsjîòbs, hs tbstbs fb phaënrich fb prê-bkprbnh bk

9.000 jgfjvëfuhs prhfuzjrjik hs sbnujgtbs rbsuatifhs= fhs ?00
jgfjvëfuhs bgnighshs, 940 sbrjik ehrrbtikbgtb fjinghstjeifhs
ehkh bgnighshs b ?0 sbrjik jgehrrbtikbgtb fjinghstjeifh
fjinghstjeifhss ehkh
vbrfifbjrhs< fhs 400 issugths vbrfifbjrhs, >?0 sbrjik
fjinghstjeifhs ehrrbtikbgtb ehkh vbrfifbjrhs b 40 sbrjik
jgehrrbtikbgtb fjinghstjeifhs
fjinghstjeifhs ehkh bgnighshs. Fhs ?30 issugths
fjinghstjeifhs ehkh bgnighshs, 40 fbabs brik rbiakbgtb
vbrfifbjrhs. Issjk, fiqubabs qub chrik ehgsjfbrifhs bgnighshs,
59% bstivik rbiakbgtb sbgfh vbrfifbjrhs. Bssi ê uki tixi kujth
iati fb \brrhs fb fbserbgîi-i-vbrfifb[ abvigfh à gbniîåh fb
bkprbnh sb hs bxikbs fh phaënrich cchssbk
hssbk usif
usifhs
hs ehkh oisb piri
i fbejsåh. _bsuatifhs sbkbadigtbs gåh hehrrbrjik gh ehgtbxth fi
jgvbstjniîåh erjkjgia, uki vbz qub i tixi oésjei fb bgnigh gbssi
sjtuiîåh ê prhvivbakbgtb fb 20% hu kijs,50

H ehgtri-irnukbgth phfb sbr=

Sjgtb phr ebgth phfb sbr uki bstjkitjvi kujth oijxi fi tixi
oésjei fb kbgtjris bgtrb hs eigfjfiths i bkprbnhs. Ê oisbifh bk
ipbgis uk bstufh, ehk eigfjfiths bk Rtid. Viavbz bk bstifhs ehk
uki prhphrîåh kbghr fb kõrkhgs, dhuvbssb uk gýkbrh kijhr fb
kbgtjrhshs. Kbskh qub sbmi tåh iath quigth 20 phr ebgth, h
hphgbgtb fi trjinbk prê-trioiadh rbsphgfbrji qub jssh gåh fbvbrji
sbr cbjth sbk bvjfígejis shorb i prbejsåh fh phaënrich gbstb ush.
Prhvivbakbgtb ê kujth kbghs fh qub :0 phr ebgth.
I prbejsåh fh tbstb fh phaënrich rbiakbgtb gåh jkphrti. Vil-
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ??5 

cizbr h tbstb, hu i ikbiîi fb cizí-ah, ciz ehk qub is pbsshis
ifkjtik jgchrkiîòbs prbmufjejijs qub, fb hutri chrki, gåh
ifkjtjrjik. I rbsphsti ghvikbgtb sbrji qub sbk bstufhs fb
bxitjfåh gåh dé ehkh siobr quigtis pbsshis qub gåh bståh
ifkjtjgfh ehjsis cjzbrik ianh qub phfbrji prbmufjeir sbu
bkprbnifhr.
Rk ush rbaiejhgifh fh phaënrich ê tbstir pbrjhfjeikbgtb
pbsshis mé bkprbnifis. Bssb ush bsté sumbjth i thfis is
erëtjeis fbserjtis piri i trjinbk prê-bkprbnh.

Eigfjfiths à phaëeji piri tbstb fb phaënrich 

Bsti ê hutri ipajeiîåh ikpaikbgtb utjajzifi fb tbstb fb

phaënrich. Vhfhs hs irnukbgths qub ieioikhs fb fjseutjr shorb
h ush fh phaënrich gi trjinbk prê-bkprbnh piri hutrhs
bkprbnhs tikoêk sb ipajeik iquj. Bsthu tritigfh h eigfjfith à
phaëeji sbpirifikbgtb, bgtrbtigth, phrqub ianugs fifhs shorb i
utjajfifb bståh fjsphgëvbjs, b i giturbzi fh trioiadh pbrkjtb uk
ghvh irnukbgth piri h ush fh phaënrich gi trjinbk prê-
bkprbnh.
H tëtuah fb uk irtjnh fb _jedirf Irtdbr, uk phaënrich
prhcjssjhgia, fé i bssígeji fh irnukbgth= "Yuigths aifròbs,
aifròbs b erjkjghshs sbxuijs sbu fbpirtikbgth bsté ehgtritigfh
bstb igh 88 (Bspbrigîhsikbgtb, ipbgis 90% fhs bkprbnifhs !). "
59 Is fbsehobrtis fb Irtdbr såh oisbifis bk rbsphstis fb
pbsqujsis fb trjgti b fuis inígejis fjcbrbgtbs fb ipajeiîåh fi
abj. (Bab gåh chrgbeb jgchrkiîòbs shorb i phrebgtinbk qub jssh
rbprbsbgti fiqubabs fb qubk bab ousehu hotbr jgchrkiîòbs.)
Irtdbr rbaiti qub, bk 9:>0, 3.2?6 bxikbs phajnrécjehs fb prê-
bkprbnh chrik ifkjgjstrifhs pbahs phajejijs qub rbsphgfbrik à
sui pbsqujsi. "Jgchrkiîòbs fbrrhnitõrjis sjngjcjeitjvis chrik
iprbgfjfis pbai prjkbjri vbz ehk
?.99: fhs eigfjfiths! Bsti ê uki tixi fb fbsquiajcjeiîåh fb
5?%! H kijs jkphrtigtb i siobr ê qub i nrigfb kijhrji
fbssbs 3.2?6 bxikbs chj rbiajzifi ipõs h
 

??6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hs eigfjfiths mé divjik pissifh bk sbus bxikbs fb

igtbebfbgtbs. "Irtdbr sustbgti sbu irnukbgth ejtigfh vérjhs
bxbkpahs fb ehkh bri jkphrtigtb usir h phaënrich. Iquj bsté
uk bgvjifh phr Ghrkig Aueliy, phajnricjsti fh
fbpirtikbgth
bstivi bgtrb hsfb
90phaëeji fb Eabvbaigf,
prjkbjrhs bk ghssi Hdjh= ‑\H[
ajsti fb \p[ bsshi
ghkbiîòbs
ebrtjcjeifis quigfh cbz sbu bxikb prê-bkprbnh \phaënrich[.
Bab ehgcbsshu bstir bgvhavjfh bk uk issiath à kåh irkifi
gåh rbshavjfh. "5?
Ipbsir fbssis djstõrjis jkprbssjhgigtbs b fhs gýkbrhs
surprbbgfbgtbs shorb quigths eigfjfiths i bkprbnhs phajejijs
såh kbgtjrhshs, gåh fbvbkhs bsqubebr qub ijgfi gåh dé
bvjfígejis ejbgtjcjeikbgtb iebjtévbjs shorb i prbejsåh fh
phaënrich gi trjinbk fb eigfjfiths à phaëeji. Ub jssh pirbeb fjcëeja
fb ierbfjtir, ê phrqub ê kujth céeja ehgcugfjr utjajfifb ehk
prbejsåh. Hs fifhs fb Irtdbr såh shorb utjajfifb. Ehgsjfbrb h
qub bab gåh ghs fjz=
Yuigths fbssbs eigfjfiths tbstifhs ehkh kbgtjrhshs gåh
ifkjtjr qub kbgtju, gåh ehgcbssir quiaqubr jrrbnuairjfifb8 H qub
iehgtbebu ehk babs8 Bssbs såh fifhs fb utjajfifb tikoêk, kis i
kijhrji fhs qub fbcbgfbk h ush fh phaënrich piri i trjinbk prê-
bkprbnh hkjtb bssbs gýkbrhs.
Fhs tbstifhs ehkh kbgtjrhshs b qub gbnirik, quigths bstivik
rbiakbgtb fjzbgfh i vbrfifb b fbvbrjik tbr sjfh ehgtritifhs8 Piri

rbsphgfbr i bssi pbrnugti - quigths brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb chrik

ehkbtjfhs - ê gbebssérjh uk bstufh ieurifh.
Yuigths fhs qub gåh bstivik kbgtjgfh rbiakbgtb bstivik8 
Yuigths aifròbs, aifròbs, bstuprifhrbs b issjk phr fjigtb
bgnigirik h tbstb fh phaënrich8 Piri rbsphgfbr i bssi pbrnugti -
quigths brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri dhuvb - ê gbebssérjh uk
bstufh ieurifh.
Bsthu surprbsh qub gåh dimi bvjfígejis fbcjgjtjvis shorb
jssh. Gåh sbrji céeja, gåh sbrji oirith< kis hs fifhs fh utjajtérjh
gåh såh sucjejbgtbs. Is iphstis såhtikoêk iath piri gåh siobr
quigths
brrhs fb brrhs fb ierbfjtir
fbserbgîi gi kbgtjri hehrrbk, kujth kbghs hs
gi vbrfifb.
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ??2 

Itê qub i bvjfígeji sbmi hotjfi, uk irnukbgth phfb sbr cbjth

piri mustjcjeir hs eigfjfiths à phaëeji fh tbstb fh phaënrich,
phaë nrich, gåh
jkphrti quigths brrhs sbmik ehkbtjfhs, phrqub bab fbsehorb uk
gýkbrh
babs, suostigejia
kbskh fb jgfbsbmévbjs.
qub ianukis pbsshis qubKbskh qub
tbrjik gåh
sjfh itjgmi thfhs
pbrcbjtikbgtb
ohgs phajejijs gåh sbmik ehgtritifis (vëtjkis fb brrhs fb
fbserbgîi), bssb phfb gåh sbr uk prbîh kujth iath i pinir.

Bstb ê uk muanikbgth shejia b phaëtjeh. Fbvb-sb siobr qub gåh

dé bvjfígejis ejbgtëcjeis shorb i prbejsåh fh phaënrich gi trjinbk
fb eigfjfiths i sbrbk ehgtritifhs ehkh phajejijs. Bu ierbfjth
qub iqubabs qub fbcbgfbk h tbstb fh phaënrich phrqub bab ciz i
trjinbk fb pbah kbghs ianugs jgfbsbmévbjs, fbvbrjik sb sbgtjr
horjnifhs i vbr
prbejsåh såh qub bgquigth
rbiajzifhs, ipbgisbsti
piriprétjei ê sbnujfi,
fbsehorjr quigtisbstufhs fb
vbzbs is
pbsshis bståh brrifis rbmbjtifh.

Vbstb fb phaënrich piri pbnir bspjòbs 

Rk sirnbgth fh Bxêrejth ehk iebssh i jgchrkiîòbs erjpthaõnjeis

eigfjfithu-sb i uk eirnh ejvja \bk uki inígeji fb jgtbajnígeji[.
Furigtb h bxikb fh phaënrich, bab rbinju i vérjis qubstòbs
rbabvigtbs. Gi bgtrbvjsti põs-tbstb, bab ifkjtju vérjhs erjkbs
kbghrbs b fjvbrsis trigsnrbssòbs. H bxikjgifhr fh phaënrich
hosbrvhu rbiîòbs bspbeëcjeis ehgtëguis i qubstòbs rbabvigtbs b,
quigfh h sirnbgth chj rbbxikjgifh vérjis sbkigis fbphjs, i kbski
sjtuiîåh ehgtjguhu. Ubu iebssh chj rbtjrifh b uki jgvbstjniîåh
iobrti. Bgquigth i jgvbstjniîåh ijgfi bstivi bk igfikbgth, bab chj
bgehgtrifh khrth bk sbu iuthkõvba. Phstbrjhrkbgtb, chj
fbtbrkjgifh qub bab bstivi bgvhavjfh bk bspjhginbk bk ghkb fi
Rgjåh Uhvjêtjei.55

H rbaitõrjh fi Inígeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia shorb h ush fh

phaënrich chrgbeb bstb b vérjhs hutrhs bxbkpahs fb bspjòbs pbnhs bk
tbstbs fb phaënrich igtbs fh bkprbnh. Prbsukjvbak
Prbsukjvbakbgtb,
bgtb, ianugs gåh-
bspjòbs - pbssh
pbsshis
is vbrfifbjris
vbrfifbjris b pbrcbjtikbgtb bkprbnévbjs -
tikoêk ciadik gh tbstb. GUI gåh chrgbeb jgchrkiîòbs
 

??3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jgchrkiîòbs shorb quigths bspjòbs bab eipturi hu quigths kijs tirfb

fbsehorb qub h phaënrich brrhu. Kis babba b rbaiti gýkbrhs shorb quigtis
pbsshis chrik rbmbjtifis phr eiusi fb uki virjbfifb fb ifkjssòbs,
ehkh ush fb frhnis, itjvjfifb suovbrsjvi, ehgfbgiîòbs erjkjgijs
igtbrjhrbs b issjk phr fjigtb. Rk ehgmugth fb fifhs rbaitifhs ê fb ebrei
fb ?.:0? eigfjfiths i bkprbnhs qub bxjnbk iuthrjziîåh fb sbnurigîi b
qub cjzbrik uk bxikb fb phaënrich igtbs fh bkprbnh. Yuirbgti b trís
phr ebgth tbstifh ehkh vbrfifbjrh< kis jgchrkiîòbs suosbqubgtbs
khstririk qub 9> fhs ?.:0? bstivik heuatigfh jgchrkiîòbs
fbprbejitjvis. Issjk, hehgdbejfh phrebgtinbk fb brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi
kbgtjri chj jgcbrjhr i 9 phr ebgth (9> fhs
?.:0? pbsshis tbstifis). Sjgtb b uk phr ebgth gåh pissirik gh tbstb fh
phaënrich b, bk sbnujfi, cjzbrik nrigfbs ifkjssòbs qub hs jkpbfjrik fb
sbrbk ehgtritifhs. Sjgtb b quitrh phr ebgth gåh pissirik gh tbstb fh
phaënrich b fbphjs cjzbrik pbqubgis ifkjssòbs qub gåh hs jkpbfjrik fb
sbrbk ehgtritifhs. Hjth phr ebgth ciadirik gh tbstb fh phaënrich b, bk
sbnujfi,gåh ciîi quiaqubr ifkjssåh.
Hs 4% phfbk sbr bxbkpahs fb brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi
vbrfifb. I GUI gåh hs kbgejhgi bk sbu rbaitõrjh, kis
fbfuzj quigths fbvbk tbr sjfh pbahs gýkbrhs qub rbaitirik.
I GUI bgcitjzi qub h phaënrich ê ipbgis uki cbrrikbgti
usifi piri fbtbrkjgir qubk fbvb sbr ehgtritifh, gåh h
érojtrh cjgia. Is pbsshis qub ciadik gh tbstb såh
bgtrbvjstifis phstbrjhrkbgtb b uki tbgtitjvi ê cbjti piri
fbsehorjr is rizòbs pbais quijs i pbsshi khstrhu uki
rbsphsti bkhejhgia gh phaënrich i uki pbrnugti bspbeëcjei.
Nhrfhg Oiraigf kb fjssb qub i GUI gåh ehgtriti pbsshis sb
sui ciadi gh phaënrich gåh pufbr sbr bxpajeifi.
Ghvikbgtb, fbvbkhs abkorir qub bssbs såh ipbgis gýkbrhs fb
utjajfifb, gåh gýkbrhs fb prbejsåh. Ubk fifhs fb prbejsåh, gåh ê
phssëvba rbsphgfbr às sbnujgtbs pbrnugtis= Yuigths kbgtjrhshs
kijs obk-suebfjfhs phfbk divbr qub ijgfi bståh bk cugîòbs gi
GUI8 I GUI ierbfjti bk sbu gýkbrh fb kbghs fb 9 phr ebgth, kis
babs gåh tík uk bstufh fb prbejsåh piri ehkprhvé-ah. Bkohri babs
phssik pbgsir qub h phaënrich gåh fbjxi pissir gbgduk kbgtjrhsh,
babs gåh phfbk tbr ebrtbzi. H rbaitõrjh fi HVI hosbrvi qub "iqubabs
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ??> 

jgfjvëfuhs qub h Nhvbrgh Cbfbria kijs nhstirji fb fbtbetir (phr

bxbkpah, phr vjhaiîòbs fb sbnurigîi giejhgia) phfbk kujth obk sbr
hs kijs khtjvifhs b tiavbz hs kijs obk trbjgifhs piri bvjtir i
fbtbeîåh. "56 Ubk uk bstufh fb prbejsåh, gåh dé ehkh tbr ebrtbzi fb
quigths brrhs fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri chrik ehkbtjfhs. Rk bstufh
fb prbejsåh sbrji sbk fývjfi fjcëeja fb cizbr, kis gåh jkphssëvba.
Bstufhs dëorjfhs, ehkh h bstufh shorb phajejijs jsribabgsbs qub
fbserbvj igtbrjhrkbgtb, phfbk sbr uki iohrfinbk vjévba.
Is ehgtri-kbfjfis phfbk bgnigir h phaënrich8 Jssh jgeauj
itjvjfifbs cësjeis ehkh khrfbr i aëgnui, ush fb frhnis, djpghsb b
ojhcbbfoiel. Dé bstufhs qub sunbrbk qub is ehgtri-kbfjfis
cugejhgik itê ebrth phgth, kis fifhs hs eusths gis ipajeiîòbs
fb sbnurigîi giejhgia fb pbrfbr ianuêk qub ê uk bspjåh - uk

brrh fbBab
cbjtis. ierbfjtir
fbvb sbgi kbgtjri -bk
ehgebgtrir kujth kijs
eishs bkpbsqujsis fbvbrjik
qub h "inbgtb" qubsbr
usi is ehgtri-kbfjfis b tbgti bgnigir h phaënrich tbk i imufi fb
bspbejiajstis, bqujpikbgth têegjeh b kbsbs piri pritjeir, qub ê h
qub sb bspbrirji fb uk inbgtb rbia. H Fr. Mhdg Obiry JJJ, bx-
sberbtérjh issjstbgtb jgtbrjgh fb fbcbsi piri issugths fb siýfb,
"... ifvbrtju h Pbgténhgh qub sui fbpbgfígeji fh phaënrich
bstivi ehaheigfh bk pbrjnh, bk vbz fb prhtbnbr i sbnurigîi
giejhgia. Fjssbrik-kb qub hs shvjêtjehs cjzbrik uki bsehai fb
eduvi bk uk piës fh Oaheh Hrjbgtia, hgfb bgsjgik sbus inbgtbs
i vbgebr h phaënrich. Ehkh kujths fb ghsshs nbrbgtbs fh FHF
pbgsik qub cugejhgi, babs tík uki ciasi sbgsiîåh fb sbnurigîi,
thrgigfh kijs céeja piri uk inbgtb shvjêtjeh qub pissi gh
phaënrich piri iviajir h Pbgténhgh. '"52 Fifi bssi phssjojajfifb, ê
surprbbgfbgtb qub i GUI bstbmi ipbgis cizbgfh uk prhmbth
pjahth fb pbqubgi bseiai shorb ehgtrikbfjfis, fb iehrfh ehk i
HVI.
Yuigths fhs 4 phr ebgth qub tbstirik ehkh kbgtjrhshs, kis gbnirik -
?62 pbsshis, pbais kjgdis ehgtis - såh rbiakbgtb kbgtjrhshs, b quigtis såh
pbsshis vbrfifbjris muanifis brrhgbikbgtb pbah phaënrich8 Ghvikbgtb,
ipbgis uk bstufh fb prbejsåh phfbrji prhfuzjr uki rbsphsti.
Vbk divjfh ipbgis 9 bstufh fb ieuréeji, fb iehrfh ehk i
rbsphsti fi GUI b fi EJI, às HVI's
 

??4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jgquêrjth ‖ uk bstufh igiaõnjeh ehk iaughs, gh quia dé fývjfi

shorb hs erjtêrjhs piri bstiobabebr i vbrfifb cugfikbgtia b is
pbrnugtis cbjtis gåh tík gifi i vbr ehk i sbnurigîi giejhgia!
Ghvikbgtb, ê surprbbgfbgtb qub bk qubstòbs fb tia jkphrtïgeji
tåh phuei pbsqujsi rbabvigtb tbgdi sjfh cbjti. Kbskh qub gåh
dimi gbgduki prbheupiîåh bk gåh ierbfjtir gi vbrfifb,
quigfh is iphstis såh tåh iatis, fbvb divbr i kijhr prbheupiîåh
bk ierbfjtir ghs brrhs fh kbgtjrhsh.
Ubk fývjfi, kbskh sbk fifhs fb prbejsåh, uk irnukbgth chrtb
phfb sbr cbjth piri usir h phaënrich piri ristrbir pbsshis qub sb
eigfjfitik i bkprbnhs hgfb tík iebssh i jgchrkiîòbs sberbtis qub
phfbrjik, sb chrgbejfis i uk ifvbrsérjh, ehaheir bk rjseh i
sbnurigîi giejhgia. H prheurifhr-nbria ifmugth _jedirf L. ^jaairf
bxprbsshu suejgtikbgtb= "Kbskh qub h ush fh phaënrich phssi jshair
jgmustikbgtb ianugs eigfjfiths qub såh rbiakbgtb quiajcjeifhs,
ehgsjfbrikhs kijs jkphrtigtb bvjtir i ehgtritiîåh fb eigfjfiths
qub phssik rbprbsbgtir uk rjseh à sbnurigîi giejhgia."53
Ayllbg chrgbeb h ehgtri-irnukbgth bk sbu ehkbgtérjh shorb i
rbebgtb fbejsåh fi Nrå-Orbtigdi fb usir h tbstb fh phaënrich bk
suis inígejis qub ajfik ehk issugths sberbths= "Iaêk fhs fighs
eiusifhs às ei eirrbjris
rrbjris b rbputiîòbs
rbputiîòbs fb pb
pbsshis
sshis jghebgtbs, bsti
fbejsåh prhvivbakbgtb rbsuatiré bk i pbrfi piri h nhvbrgh fb
ianugs fb sbus cugejhgérjhs pýoajehs kijs ehgsejbgejhshs.
. . . \B,[ phr eiusi fi tbgfígeji fb sbr ajnbjrikbgtb kijs eirh
kis prhebfjkbgths fb sbnurigîi kijs bcjeizbs, uki vbz qub h tbstb
fh phaënrich chj jgtrhfuzjfh, bsti fbejsåh phfb kujth obk iorjr i
phrti piri uki céeja pbgbtriîåh fhs sbrvjîhs fb sbnurigîi phr
inbgtbs bstrignbjrhs trbjgifhs piri vbgebr h phaënrich. "5>

Sbrjcjeiîòbs fh phaënrich gh aheia fb trioiadh 

Ub viab
viab i pbgi tbgtir bvjtir qub jgfbsbmévbjs sb tthrgbk
hrgbk
cugejhgérjhs fb inígejis fb jgtbajnígeji, ehkbrejigtbs fb
fjikigtbs hu oiaehgjstis fb supbrkbreifh, pirbeb õovjh qub
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ??: 

sbrji ýtja qub babs cjzbssbk tbstbs fb phaënrich pbrjhfjeikbgtb,

uki vbz qub chssbk bkprbnifhs, piri vbr sb ianuk bsehrrbnhu.
Jssh ê cbjth bk kujtis bkprbsis. Ghvikbgtb, gåh dé fifhs shorb
sb h tbstb fh phaënrich sbrji prbejsh quigfh usifh fbssi chrki.
Prhvivbakbgtb, is tixis oésjeis fb kbgtjri såh kijs oijxis=
kujtis fis kiîås phfrbs mé fbvbrjik tbr sjfh sbabejhgifis pbah
tbstb fb prê-bkprbnh< b, kbghs cugejhgérjhs fh qub eigfjfiths i
bkprbnh phfbk tbr ianh i bsehgfbr. Yuigth kijs oijxis is
tixis oésjeis fb kbgtjri, kijs muanikbgths brrifhs divbré. Ub
thkirkhs h bxbkpah igtbrjhr fb 9.000 cugejhgérjhs, gh quia
prbsukjkhs qub h phaënrich sbrji :0 phr ebgth prbejsh, kis
fbsti vbz, bk vbz fb issukjr uki tixi oésjei fb kbgtjri fb ?0
phr ebgth, prbsukjkhs 2 phr ebgth, iquj bsté h qub iehgtbebrji=
62 kbgtjrhshs sbrjik jfbgtjcjeifh ehrrbtikbgtb, kis :2 pbsshis
vbrfifbjris sbrjik brrhgbikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifis ehkh kbgtjrhsis<
b, 422 pbsshis vbrfifbjris sbrjik ehrrbtikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifis,
kis 2 kbgtjrhshs bseipirjik, brrhgbikbgtb jfbgtjcjeifhs ehkh
vbrfifbjrhs.
Is Cjnuris > b 4 jaustrik nricjeikbgtb hs bcbjths fb tbr uki tixi
oésjei fb kbgtjri tåh oijxi. Piri fbstieir h qub i kufigîi gis
tixis oésjeis ciz ih gýkbrh fb pbsshis brrhgbikbgtb muanifis
ehkh kbgtjgfh, kigtjvb h viahr fb prbejsåh bstjkifh fb :0 phr
ebgth ehgstigtb. * Yuigfh i oisb fi kbgtjri ê fb ?0 phr ebgth, fhjs
kbgtjrhshs, bk kêfji, såh ipigdifhs phr eifi pbsshi vbrfifbjri
kia muanifi. Yuigfh i tixi oésjei fb kbgtjris ê fb 2%, bai sb jgvbrtb
b fuis pbsshis vbrfifbjris såh muanifis brrhgbikbgtb piri eifi
kbgtjrhsh pbnh.
H irnukbgth fb qub h rbssbgtjkbgth phr tbr qub cizbr h tbstb
phfb fjcjeuatir i hotbgîåh fb rbsuatifhs prbejshs fbvb sbr ipajeifh
iquj tikoêk. Hs cugejhgérjhs phfbk cjeir ijgfi kijs rbssbgtjfhs
phr tbrbk fb cizbr h tbstb fbphjs fb ehkbîirbk i trioiadir fh qub
igtbs, quigfh prheurivik bkprbnh.

* Gåh dé ehkh siobr quia phfb sbr i prbejsåh bk ikohs hs eishs, uki vbz qub gåh dhuvb
uk bstufh ifbquifh. Kis ê jkprhvévba qub edbnub i :0%.
 

?50  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Cjnuri >

I kbski mustjcjeitjvi piri h tbstb fh phaënrich igtbs fh

bkprbnh phfb sbr cbjti piri ipajeir h tbstb furigtb h bkprbnh
ehk phajejijs hu cugejhgérjhs fb uki inígeji ehkh i GUI. I
phaëeji ririkbgtb ciz jssh, bkohri ehk is tbgtiîòbs fh trioiadh
b i jgejfígeji fb ehrrupîåh, uk eish pufbssb sbr cbjth piri
 mustjcjeé-ah. I GUI ciz
ciz ianugs tbstbs fb phaënrich gh aheia fb
trioiadh. Ub uk cugejhgérjh ciadir gh tbstb b uki bgtrbvjsti
suosbqubgtb gåh rbshavbr h khtjvh, uki jgvbstjniîåh fb
sbnurigîi ê cbjti. À kjgdi pbrnugti shorb h qub iehgtbebrji sb h
issugth gåh pufbssb sbr rbshavjfh - sb ianuêk chssb rbprhvifh
gh tbstb fh phaënrich
pha ënrich rbpbtjfikbgtb, kis gifi ifvbrsh chssb
fbsehobrth< - kb fjssbrik= jssh gugei iehgtbebu< dé
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?59

Cjnuri 4

gbgduki phaëtjei fjcbrbgtb fb fbejfjr tia issugth eish i eish<

b uki fbejsåh gugei tbvb qub sbr cbjti. Ubrji uk issugth
fbajeifh. Fbkjtjr ianuêk qub bsté bkprbnifh dé kujths ighs
sbrji kujth fjcëeja sb gåh dhuvbssb bvjfígejis
 

?5?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fb jrrbnuairjfifbs, ipbgis h phaënrich rbpbtjfikbgtb ciadh.

Ub bai chssb jghebgtb, sui rijvi pbai jgmustjîi fb tbr sjfh
fbkjtjfi phfbrji tbgté-ai i fjvuanir is jgchrkiîòbs sberbtis
qub tbrji iprbgfjfh furigtb sbu bkprbnh. B, gh bgtigth, sb
thfi vbz qub adb chssb pbrnugtifh "Sheí fjvuanhu ianuki
jgchrkiîåh piri inbgtbs fb ianuk piës bstrignbjrh gh igh
pissifh8" h phaënrich khstrhu uki rbsphsti bkhejhgia
quigfh bai fjssb gåh, sbrji fjcëeja gåh cizbr gifi.

Vbhrji fb fbtbeîåh fb vizikbgths b fjssuisåh 

Rk fhs ghvhs ushs prhphsths piri h phaënrich ê jfbgtjcjeir,

sbk bgvhavbr h Fbpirtikbgth fb Mustjîi, jgfjvëfuhs fh nhvbrgh
qub cjzbrik fjvuaniîòbs gåh iuthrjzifis fb jgchrkiîòbs
eaissjcjeifis. Itê inhri, thfis bssis jgvbstjniîòbs fbvjik sbr
tritifis ehkh eishs erjkjgijs. Ub is kufigîis prhphstis pbah
nhvbrgh _binig bk 9:45 bgtrissbk bk vjnhr, is fjvuaniîòbs
gåh iuthrjzifis phfbrjik sbr tritifis ehkh qubstòbs
"ifkjgjstritjvis". Yuiaqubr edbcb fb inígeji nhvbrgikbgtia qub
ierbfjti qub uk cugejhgérjh vizhu jgchrkiîòbs phfb pbfjr ih
cugejhgérjh piri cizbr uk tbstb fh phaënrich. Gåh bsté eairh sb
jssh sbrji bxjnjfh fb thfhs iqubabs qub tjvbrik iebssh ih
fheukbgth vizifh - eish bk qub i tixi fb oisb kbgtjrhsi sbrji

oijxi b ipbsshis
iqubais tixi fb qub
brrhuki
gh ush fh phaënrich
jgvbstjniîåh iati - hu
igtbrjhr ipbgis
sunbrju piri
ehkh
prhvévbjs suspbjths.
H rbaitõrjh fi HVI iphgti qub gåh dé bstufhs piri
fbtbrkjgir i prbejsåh fhs phaënrichs gi fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris
shorb fjvuaniîòbs gåh iuthrjzifis. H COJ, gh bgtigth,
chrgbebu fifhs qub jgfjeivik qub divji usifh h phaënrich
ehk suebssh bk ?3 fbssbs eishs ih ahgnh fb quitrh ighs
- suebssh gi kijhrji fiqubabs qub ciadirik gh phaënrich
ehgcbssifh.54 Kis h ush fh phaënrich pbah COJ fjcbrb fh qub
phfb sbr pbrkjtjfh pbahs ghvhs rbnuaikbgths. H COJ
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?55 

gåh tbsthu thfhs iqubabs qub phfbrjik tbr cbjth uki fjvuaniîåh gåh
iuthrjzifi. (Bssb prhebfjkbgth chj fbghkjgifh ukrbfb fb irristh ush
fh phaënrich). Bk vbz fjssh, ipbgis uk nruph kijs rbstrjth fb suspbjths
sunbrjfhs pbai jgvbstjniîåh igtbrjhr chj tbstifh, fb khfh qub i tixi
oésjei fb kbgtjris chj kijhr b hs brrhs kbghrbs fh qub bk uki rbfb fb
irristh. Hs rbnuaikbgths fh COJ prhëobk h ush fb tbstbs fb phaënrich
piri "trjinbk fh tjph rbfb fb irristh fb uk nrigfb gýkbrh fb sumbjths
hu ehkh uk suostjtuth piri jgvbstjniîåh aõnjei
a õnjei phr kbjhs
ehgvbgejhgijs".5: Hs ghvhs rbnuaikbgths prhphsths bk 9:45 phfbk
pbrkjtjr h tbstb fh phaënrich fb irristh.
H tjph fb pbsshi bxikjgifi, h ehgtbýfh fh bxikb b hs
prhebfjkbgths fh bxikb gh tbstb fb phaënrich ifkjgjstritjvh
prhvivbakbgtb sbrjik fjcbrbgtbs fb quigfh pbsshis suspbjtis fb iths
erjkjghshs cizbk uk tbstb fb phaënrich. Prbsukjvbakbgtb, h
rbssbgtjkbgth sbrji iath, uki vbz qub uk cugejhgérjh phfbrji pbrfbr h
iebssh i jgchrkiîòbs eaissjcjeifis i kbghs qub cjzbssb h tbstb. I
pbsqujsi fi GUI ehk sbus prõprjhs cugejhgérjhs fbsehorju qub hs
cugejhgérjhs fi GUI iedik qub h tbstb fh phaënrich sb mustjcjei. Jssh
phfb sbr vbrfifb< kis, i kbghs qub i pbsqujsi tbgdi sjfh cbjti fb
chrki i nirigtjr h ighgjkith, iqubabs qub sb rbssbgtbk fh tbstb fh
phaënrich phfbk gåh ifkjtjr. Ê kujth kbghs prhvévba, ierbfjth, qub
cugejhgérjhs fh nhvbrgh bk hutris inígejis sjgtik qub h tbstb fh
phaënrich sb mustjcjei piri fbtbetir vizikbgths, prjgejpiakbgtb sb
pirbebr qub h hombtjvh ê suprjkjr jgchrkiîòbs kijs prbmufjejijs à
ifkjgjstriîåh fh qub à sbnurigîi fh piës.
H prheurifhr-nbria ifmugth ^jaairf tbstbkugdhu pbrigtb h
Ehgnrbssh shorb hutri mustjcjeitjvi piri h ush fh phaënrich= "Rk
obgbcëejh ifjejhgia fh ush fh phaënrich ê sbu bcbjth fjssuishr
shorb ebrths tjphs fb ké ehgfuti qub phfbk sbr fjcëebjs fb
fbtbetir phr hutrhs kbjhs. Cugejhgérjhs qub siobk qub bståh
sumbjths i hs bxikbs fb phaënrich phfbk sbr kijs prhpbgshs i
bvjtir tia ehgfuti jgifbquifi. "60 Jssh phfb gåh cugejhgir tåh
obk quigth pirbeb. H tbstb fh phaënrich prhvivbakbgtb
ehkbtbré
kbgtjgfh kujths kijs brrhs ih
shorb fjvuaniîòbs gåhtbgtir pbnir iqubais
iuthrjzifis quigfhpbsshis
h sus-
 

?56  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

pbets gåh såh cugejhgérjhs fb uki inígeji fb jgtbajnígeji. Kbskh

qub gåh sbmi issjk - b gjgnuêk siob sb ê issjk - sb is pbsshis
tbstifis pbgsirbk jssh, hu pbah kbghs siobrbk qub gjgnuêk siob,
i fjssuisåh phfb ciadir. H phaënrich cugejhgi sb i kijhrji fis
pbsshis qub cjzbrbk h tbstb iedirbk qub cugejhgiré. Rsir h
phaënrich ehk fjvuaniîòbs gåh iuthrjzifis phfb cizbr ehk qub h
jghebgtb, ehk hu sbk rizåh, tbgdi tigth kbfh b, ebrtikbgtb, tigti
rijvi fb sbr tbstifh quigth h euapifh.
Phfb-sb irnukbgtir qub gåh jkphrti sb h tbstb cugejhgi
hu gåh, bab ijgfi phfb tbr uk bcbjth fjssuishr bk ianugs, b
gbgduki pugjîåh prbejsi sbr fifi ihs qub ciadik gh tbstb,
bvjtigfh h fjabki êtjeh fb pugjr quiaqubr jghebgtb kia
 muanifh. Kis sb is ehgsbquígejis fb sbr muanifh uk
kbgtjrhsh gh phaënrich
h tbstb cugejhgb, såh jgsjngjcjeigtbs,
b ebrtikbgtb ê jkprhvévba
gåh tbré kujth qub
viahr fjssuishr
sb chr siojfh qub iqubabs qub ciadik gåh såh pugjfhs.

Ehkpirigfh h phaënrich b is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir 

Hs bxikjgifhrbs fh phaënrich gåh muanik sb uk suspbjth

bsté kbgtjgfh ipbgis gh nrécjeh fh phaënrich. H bxikjgifhr
fh phaënrich gåh ipbgis siob h qub i jgvbstjniîåh igtbrjhr

rbvbahu, kisjgchrkiîòbs
hotêk kijs bk uki bgtrbvjsti
à kbfjfifbqub
prê-tbstb,
bxpajeihhbxikjgifhr
prhebfjkbgth fh bxikb b fbsbgvhavb is qubstòbs qub sbråh
utjajzifis gh bxikb. H bxikjgifhr tikoêk hotêk
jkprbssòbs fis bxprbssòbs ciejijs, vhz, nbsths b kigbjri fb
ciair fh sumbjth furigtb i bgtrbvjsti prê-tbstb, gh prõprjh
bxikb b gi bgtrbvjsti põs-tbstb. Bxjstbk fuis bsehais fb
pbgsikbgth shorb sb h bxikjgifhr fbvb ehgsjfbrir pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs, iaêk fh nrécjeh fb phaënrich, ih cizbr sui
iviajiîåh shorb sb uk suspbjth bsté kbgtjgfh. Hs kitbrjijs
fb trbjgikbgth qub vj, usifhs phr
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?52 

iqubabs qub ehgsjfbrik is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs bgnighsis bståh
ehkpabtikbgtb fbsituiajzifhs, gåh oisbifhs gis ýatjkis fbsehobrtis fb
pbsqujsis puoajeifis. Babs jgeaubk uki sêrjb fb jfbjis brrifis b ianukis
ebrtis shorb ehkh jgtbrprbtir pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir.

Ipbgis quitrh bstufhs ehkpiririk muanikbgths ehk oisb bk

tbstbs phajnrécjehs b pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs ehk muanikbgths cbjths phr
phaënrichs qub gåh bxikjgirik hs issugths, kis ipbgis jgspbejhgirik
hs nrécjehs. Fhjs bstufhs sunbrjrik qub i prbejsåh oisbifi ipbgis gis
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs bri jnuia à prbejsåh fhs nrécjehs fh phaënrich, b
uk bstufh fbsehorju qub is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs prhfuzjrik
 muanikbgths qub brik prbejshs, kis gåh tåh prbejshs quigth iqubabs
cbjths i pirtjr fh rbnjstrh fh phaënrich. Vhfhs hs trís bstufhs shcrbrik fb
ciadis jkphrtigtbs= jgebrtbzi shorb i vbrfifb cugfikbgtia,
c ugfikbgtia, phuehs
suspbjths bxikjgifhs hu phuehs bxikjgifhrbs cizbgfh muanikbgths.
mua nikbgths.69
Bssbs prhoabkis chrik sigifhs gh quirth bstufh, fb _isljg b Ljredbr,
qub ijgfi gåh chj puoajeifh.6? Babs fbsehorjrik qub hs muanikbgths
oisbifhs bk pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs gåh brik kujth kbadhrbs
kba dhrbs fh qub h
ieish, bgquigth hs muanikbgths oisbifhs ipbgis ghs nrécjehs fh
phaënrich, sbk ehgtith ehk hs suspbjths, brik kujth kbadhrbs fh qub h
ieish.
, Is pbsshis ehstukik sbr bgnigifis, jgtbrprbtigfh kia hu
pbrfbgfh is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Abkorb-sb fb kbu

rbaitõrjh (gh jgëejh

pbsshis gåh siojik,fhphr
eipëtuah
kbjh6)
fbfb ghsshcjtis
ghssis bstufh, qub fbsehorju
fb vëfbh, qubfb
sb hs iaughs is
bgcbrkinbk bstivik kbgtjgfh hu fbserbvbgfh ehk sjgebrjfifb suis
bkhîòbs. Gh bgtigth, siobkhs qub divji pjstis gåh rbehgdbejfis piri
bgnigir. Yuigfh bssbs iaughs fb bgcbrkinbk kbgtjik, heuatigfh is
bkhîòbs gbnitjvis qub sbgtjik ih issjstjr ihs cjakbs ejrýrnjehs, h thk fb
sui vhz cjeivi kijs inufh, usivik kbghs khvjkbgths ehk is kåhs piri
jaustrir sui ciai b ehkbtbrik kijs fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs fb bgehadbr fb
hkorhs. Ieioikhs fb tbrkjgir ghssis kbfjîòbs ciejijs shorb bssbs
issugths b ijgfi gåh tjvbkhs tbkph fb puoajeir hs rbsuatifhs, kis babs
pirbebk sbr hs kijs prhkjsshrbs
 

?53  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jsjgn fb tufh gi jfbgtjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris. I kijs phfbrhsi fis

kbfjfis ciejijs bri iqubai qub fbtbetivi sjgijs sutjs fb
khvjkbgths kuseuairbs khstrigfh rbpuasi hu fbsprbzh
bkoutjfhs
Fbvbkhsbkkbfjr
shrrjshs ipirbgtbkbgtb
jgchrkiîòbs qub iscbajzbs.
pbsshis gåh ehgdbebk
hu gåh phssh vbr. Gh prõxjkh igh fbsehorjrbkhs quia ê. Sikhs
trbjgir uk nruph fb pbsshis, fjzbgfh i babs h qub prheurir b,
bk sbnujfi, khstrir is cjtis fb vëfbh. Ub sbus muanikbgths ijgfi
bstjvbrbk brrifhs, siobrbkhs qub i prbejsåh bk fbtbetir bssis
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir rbqubr vjsuiajziîåh abgti b
rbpbtjfi b kbfjîåh prbejsi. Kjgdi iphsti ê qub i prbejsåh sbré
ohi ehkh rbsuatifh fh trbjgikbgth, kis gåh tåh iati quigth gi
kbfjîåh prbejsi.

Ubrji jkphrtigtb
ehkpirir bk muanikbgths
i prbejsåh fhs uk bstufh ehkh
cbjthsh ifbpirtjr
_isljgfb bnrécjehs
Ljredbrfb
phaënrich ehk kbfjfis fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir b ehk
hs muanikbgths fb hosbrvifhrbs trbjgifhs, gåh jgníguhs. Jkinjgh qub
fbsehorjrëikhs qub, pbah kbghs piri ianukis suspbjtis, is kbfjfis
ehkphrtikbgtijs ifjejhgifis ihs muanikbgths cbjths ipbgis ehk hs
nrécjehs fh phaënrich iukbgtirjik i prbejsåh fi fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris.
Is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir phfbk chrgbebr jgchrkiîòbs
shorb quijs bkhîòbs såh sbgtjfis. Ê kbfh, rijvi, surprbsi, ignýstji hu
bxejtiîåh qub bsté prhfuzjgfh hs sjgijs fb bxejtiîåh gh nrécjeh fh
phaënrich8
Vikoêk phfb sbr phssëvba bxtrijr tijs jgchrkiîòbs bspbeëcjeis
shorb quijs bkhîòbs såh sbgtjfis fhs prõprjhs rbnjstrhs fh
phaënrich. Abkorb-sb fb ghssis fbsehobrtis (fbserjtis gh cjgia fh
eipëtuah 6), sunbrjgfh uk pifråh fjcbrbgtb fb itjvjfifb fh sjstbki
gbrvhsh iutöghkh piri eifi bkhîåh. Gjgnuêk ijgfi tbgthu bssi
iohrfinbk piri i jgtbrprbtiîåh fb nrécjehs fb phaënrich gi
fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris. Jgchrkiîòbs shorb bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis -
fbrjvifis fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs b fh nrécjeh - phfbk imufir i
fjkjgujr i jgejfígeji fb brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb b fb brrh fb
ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Hutrh issugth jkphrtigtb qub prbejsi sbr
jgvbstjnifh
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb

f b kbgtjris  ?5> 

oahqubifh ê h quåh obk shcjstjeifis ehgtrikbfjfis piri bvjtir i

fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris phfbk sbr fbtbetifis ehkojgigfh pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs b jgtbrprbtiîòbs bspbeëcjeis fb bkhîòbs fb nrécjehs fb
phaënrich.
H phaënrich sõ phfb sbr usifh ehk uk suspbjth ehhpbritjvh b
ehgsbgtjgfh. Pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs sbkprb phfbk sbr ajfis,
sbk pbrkjssåh, sbk ivjsh prêvjh, sbk qub h suspbjth fb kbgtjr
sijoi qub bsté sho suspbjti. Bkohri sbmi phssëvba prhjojr h tbstb
fh phaënrich bk ebrtis ipajeiîòbs, gugei sb phfbrji prhjojr h ush
fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri fbtbetir criufbs. Kbskh qub h
tbstb fh phaënrich gåh sbmi abnia piri fbtbetir cugejhgérjhs fh
nhvbrgh qub vizik jgchrkiîòbs, hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris
phfbk b ijgfi jråh bxikjgir h ehkphrtikbgth fis pbsshis
suspbjtis.
Bk kujths eishs bk qub sb suspbjti fb criufb - sbmi ehgmunia,
fjpahkétjei hu oirnigdi - uk tbstb fb phaënrich bsté chri fb
qubståh. Gåh jkphrti qub gåh sb bspbrb ehgcjigîi< gbk kbskh
uk ehgmugth fb pbrnugtis jgtbrrhnitõrjis ê pbrkjtjfh. Yuigfh i
ehgcjigîi ê bspbrifi, ehkh bgtrb eögmunbs, ikjnhs hu pijs b
cjadhs, cizbr pbrnugtis bk uki sbquígeji fjrbejhgifi, kbskh
sbk uk phaënrich, prbmufjei h rbaiejhgikbgth. Kbskh uk pij
qub phfb tbr kijs iuthrjfifb shorb sbu cjadh fh qub i kijhrji
fhs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris shorb iqubabs qub babs suspbjtik
phfb gåh sbr eipiz fb ireir ehk hs eusths fi jgtbrrhniîåh. I
ciadi bk iebjtir i iabniîåh jgjejia fb jgheígeji fi erjigîi phfbrji
prbmufjeir pbrkigbgtbkbgtb sbu rbaiejhgikbgth, kbskh sb i
erjigîi sb suokbtbssb, b gbk thfhs h cirjik.
Ianukis pbsshis phfbk iedir qub ê kbadhr, hu khria, gåh
tbgtir jfbgtjcjeir is kbgtjris, iebjtir is piaivris fis pbsshis, iebjtir
i vjfi pbah viahr fb cieb b gåh cizbr gifi piri fjkjgujr is edigebs fb
sbrbk bgnigifis. I bsehadi ê cbjti piri gåh ehrrbr h rjseh fb ieusir
jgmustikbgtb ianuêk fb kbgtjr, kbskh qub jssh sjngjcjqub iukbgtir
h rjseh fb sbr bgnigifh. Às vbzbs, bssi phfb sbr i kbadhr bsehadi.
Fbpbgfb fh qub bsté bk mhnh, qubk phfb bstir sho suspbjti, quia ê
i prhoiojajfifb fb sbr jgfuzjfh bk brrh b h
 

?54  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

itjtufb fh ipigdifhr bk rbaiîåh ihs hutrhs. Gh rhkigeb fb Rpfjlb

Eisb ehkjnh, H qub Mbrry pbrfbrji phr ierbfjtir qub sui bsphsi,
_utd, ê vbrfifbjri quigfh bsté kbgtjgfh shorb uk eish, b ehkh jssh
sb ehkpirirji ih qub bab pbrfbrji hu nigdirji ierbfjtigfh qub bai
bsté kbgtjgfh sb bai tjvbssb sjfh vbrfifbjrikbgtb cjba8 Bk ianugs
eisikbgths, h figh eiusifh phr uki ciasi ieusiîåh phfb sbr kijhr
fh qub h figh eiusifh phr pbrkjtjr qub uk bgnigh prhssjni sbk
ehgtbstiîåh, itê qub is bvjfígejis sbmik bskinifhris. Jssh gbk
sbkprb sbré h eish. Fbpbgfb fis pirtjeuairjfifbs fb eifi sjtuiîåh.
Ianukis pbsshis phfbk gåh tbr kujti bsehadi< babs phfbk sbr
kujth fbsehgcjifhs piri sb irrjseirbk i ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri,
kijs eipizbs fb irrjseir cizbr ciasis ieusiîòbs fh qub ehrrbr h rjseh
fb sbrbk thkifhs.
I ýgjei sunbståh shorb h qub sbkprb fbvb sbr ehgsjfbrifh
ih tbgtir fbejfjr quijs rjsehs ehrrbr ê gugei iaeigeb 
uki ehgeausåh cjgia shorb sb uk suspbjth bsté kbgtjgfh hu sbgfh
vbrfifbjrh ehk oisb ipbgis gh phaënrich hu bk pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs
piri bgnigir. H Eipëtuah 3 bxpajehu hs pbrjnhs b is prbeiuîòbs qub phfbk
sbr thkifis piri rbfuzj-ahs gi jgtbrprbtiîåh fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs.
Bstb eipëtuah fbvbrji tbr fbjxifh eairh hs rjsehs bgvhavjfhs gi jgtbrprbtiîåh
fb uk nrécjeh fb phaënrich ehkh bvjfígeji fb kbgtjri. H ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbvb sbkprb bstjkir hprhoiojajfifb 
qub uk nbsth, bxprbssåh hu sjgia fb phaënrich fb bxejtiîåh
bkhejhgia jgfjei kbgtjri hu vbriejfifb< ririkbgtb ê ioshautikbgtb
ebrth. Giqubabs rirhs eishs bk qub uki bkhîåh qub ehgtrifjz i
kbgtjri vizi bk uki bxprbssåh ciejia ehkpabti, hu ianuki pirtb fi
jgchrkiîåh heuati ê rbvbaifi bk piaivris furigtb uk fjseursh, h
suspbjth pbrebobré jssh tikoêk b ehgcbssiré. Kijs crbqubgtbkbgtb
crbqubgtbkbgtb,,
rbehgdbebr i prbsbgîi fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir hu
pjstis piri dhgbstjfifb, ehkh iehgtbeb ehk h phaënrich, phfb
ipbgis chrgbebr uki oisb piri fbejfjr sb fbvb hu gåh prhssbnujr
ehk uki jgvbstjniîåh.
H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris tikoêk fbvb iviajir i kbgtjri
bspbeëcjei bk tbrkhs fi prhoiojajfifb fb qub dimi ianuk
brrh. Ianugs bgnighs såh tåh céebjs fb rbiajzir qub dé phueh
 

H phaënrich ehkh ehabthr fb kbgtjris  ?5: 

edigeb fb ianuki pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia vjr à thgi. Hutris kbgtjris

såh tåh fjcëebjs fb rbiajzir qub kujths brrhs fbvbk hehrrbr, b divbré
kujtis pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs i sbrbk ehgsjfbrifis. H prõxjkh
eipëtuah fbserbvb h qub ehgsjfbrir ih bstjkir sb uki kbgtjri sbré
céeja hu fjcëeja fb fbtbetir.
 

HJVH

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris

I kijhrji fis kbgtjris fé ebrth phrqub gjgnuêk pissi pbah

trioiadir piri fbsehorjr ehkh eipturé-ahs. Ghrkiakbgtb,
gåh jkphrti kujth. Kis quigfh hs rjsehs såh iaths - quigfh i vëtjki
sbrji nrivbkbgtb prbmufjeifi sb chssb bgnigifi hu h kbgtjrhsh
sbrjikbgtb prbmufjeifh sb chssb pbnh b sb obgbcjejissb sb
brrhgbikbgtb muanifh ehkh vbrfifbjrh
vbrfifbjrh - dé rizåh piri cizbr bssb
trioiadh. I vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris gåh ê uki tirbci sjkpabs, cbjti
ripjfikbgtb. Kujtis qubstòbs fbvbk sbr ehgsjfbrifis piri bstjkir
sb hs brrhs såh hu gåh prhvévbjs b, sb chrbk, qub tjph fb brrhs
bspbrir b ehkh jfbgtjcjeir bssbs brrhs bk pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs
bspbeëcjeis. Fbvbk sbr cbjtis pbrnugtis shorb i giturbzi fi kbgtjri
bk sj< shorb is eirietbrëstjeis fh kbgtjrhsh bspbeëcjeh b fh
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris bspbeëcjeh. Gjgnuêk phfb sbrioshautikbgtb
ebrth sb uk kbgtjrhsh ciadiré hu gåh hu uki pbsshi vbrfifbjri
sbré bxhgbrifi. I vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris chrgbeb ipbgis uki
bstjkitjvi jgchrkifi. Kis cizbr tiabstjkitjvi fbvb rbfuzjr hs brrhs
fb ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri b gåh ierbfjtir gi vbrfifb. Gh këgjkh,
thrgi h kbgtjrhsh b h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris ejbgtbs fb ehkh ê
ehkpajeifh prbvbr sb uk kbgtjrhsh phfb sbr pbnh.
I vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris pbrkjtjré qub uki pbsshi
suspbjti bstjkb suis edigebs fb ehgcjrkir hu rbcutir suis
suspbjtis. Às vbzbs, tufh qub bab iprbgfb ê qub gåh ehgsbnub
fbsehorjr< sb Htbah shuobssb fjssh. Hu bab phfb iprbgfbr
quijs brrhs
brrhs såh prhvévbjs b h qub prheurir b huvjr. Ajb edbel-
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?69

kbgtjr tikoêk phfb sbr ýtja piri uk kbgtjrhsh. Ianugs phfbk fbejfjr
qub is prhoiojajfifbs bståh ehgtri babs b gåh bkoireir gi kbgtjri hu
gåh ehgtjguir i kbgtjr. Hutrhs phfbk sb sbgtjr bgehrimifhs phr ehkh
pirbeb céeja bseipir jkpugbs fb uki kbgtjri hu phfbk iprbgfbr bk
qub ehgebgtrir sbus bschrîhs piri bvjtir hs brrhs qub prhvivbakbgtb
ehkbtbråh. Gh prõxjkh eipëtuah, bxpajeirbj phr qub is jgchrkiîòbs gbstb
b bk hutrhs eipëtuahs nbriakbgtb imufik h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris kijs
fh qub h kbgtjrhsh.
Vrjgti b hjth pbrnugtis prbejsik sbr rbsphgfjfis piri vbrjcjeir
uki kbgtjri. I kijhrji fbabs mé chj kbgejhgifi gh fbehrrbr fi
bxpajeiîåh fb hutrhs issugths ghs eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs. Inhri bu hs
rbugj bk uki ýgjei ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh, ifjejhgigfh ianukis
pbrnugtis qub ijgfi gåh tjvb khtjvhs piri fbserbvbr. Igiajsirbj
vérjis kbgtjris fjcbrbgtbs, usigfh i ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh piri khstrir
phr qub ianukis kbgtjris såh céebjs b hutris fjcëebjs. (I ajsti
ehkpabti fb trjgti b hjth pbrnugtis ipirbeb gi tiobai 6 fh ipígfjeb.)
I céeja kbgtjr piri h kbgtjrhsh fbvb prhfuzjr phuehs brrhs b, phrtigth,
sbr furh piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbtbetir, bgquigth uk furh 
kbgtjr piri h kbgtjrhsh fbvbrji sbr céeja piri h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbtbetir. Rki kbgtjri céeja gåh bxjnjrji heuatir hu
ciasjcjeir bkhîòbs, divbrji ikpai hphrtugjfifb piri pritjeir i
kbgtjri bspbeëcjei, h kbgtjrhsh tbrji bxpbrjígeji bk kbgtjr b h
iavh, h phtbgejia ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, gåh sbrji suspbjth.
Irtjnh fb mhrgia jgtjtuaifh "Ehkh eiîifhrbs fb eiobîis
pbrsbnubk bxbeutjvhs gi sbavi ehrphritjvi"9 fbserbvbu uki
sêrjb fb kbgtjris kujth céebjs.
Hs eiîifhrbs fb tiabgths bgehgtrik bxbeutjvhs qub phfbk sbr itriëfhs
fb uki bkprbsi piri prbbgedbr uk eirnh bk hutri bkprbsi ehgehrrbgtb.
Sjsth qub gbgduki bkprbsi fbsbmi pbrfbr cugejhgérjhs tiabgthshs piri hs
ehgehrrbgtbs,
ehgehrrbg tbs, hs eiîifhrbs fb tiabgths gåh phfbk sbr fjrbths bk suis
tbgtitjvis fb iprbgfbr shorb hs eajbgtbs bk phtbgejia. Uiri Mhgbs, eiîifhri fb
tiabgths fb uki bkprbsi fb Ghvi Zhrl, ehgthu ehkh ehgsbnub is
jgchrkiîòbs fb qub prbejsi fb uki "kirei", sb pissigfh phr pbsqujsifhri
pbsqujsifhri
jgfustrjia= "'Bstikhs cizbgfh uk bstufh ehrrbaiejh
ehrrbaiejhgigfh
gigfh bfueiîåh b paighs
fb eirrbjri. Phssh pbrnugtir ianukis pbrnugtis8
pbrnugtis8 Bu gåh shu jgtbr-
 

?6? Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bstifi bk sbu ghkb, ipbgis is bstitëstjeis shorb sui eirrbjri

b bfueiîåh. 'B bu pbrnugth ih sumbjth tufh shorb bab= quigth
fjgdbjrh bab nigdi, bab ê eisifh, quigths ighs bab tbk,
gýkbrh fb cjadhs. . . . Eiîir eiobîis ê kigjpuair hutris
pbsshis piri adb fir jgchrkiîòbs.
"? Hutrh dbif-dugtbr fbserbvbu sbuUjkpabskbgtb, ê jssh qub ê.
trioiadh fi sbnujgtb
kigbjri= "Yuigfh is pbsshis kb pbrnugtik h qub bu ciîh,
fjnh qub kjgth, tripiebjh b rhuoh piri vjvbr."5
I bgtrbvjsti ehk i piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry, qub
fbserbvj gh prjkbjrh eipëtuah, chrgbeb uk bxbkpah fb uki
kbgtjri kujth furi=

KÊFJEH= Obk Kiry, ud, ehkh vheí bsté sb sbgtjgfh dhmb8

KI_Z= Õtjkh fhuthr. Bsthu igsjhsh piri pissir h cjk fb

sbkigi, ud,
sbkigis ehkqub
fbsfb kjgdi cikëaji,
bgtrbj vheí siob. Mé sb pissirik ejgeh
gh dhspjtia.
KÊFJEH= GÅH kijs sbgtjkbgths fbprjkjfhs, Kiry8 Ubk pbgsikbgths fb
sujeëfjh, vheí tbk ebrtbzi inhri8
KI_Z= Bsthu kujth bgvbrnhgdifh ehk jssh. Bu gåh, tbgdh ebrtbzi qub gåh
kb sjgth issjk inhri. Bu sõ qubrh jr, bstir bk eisi ehk kbu kirjfh.

Kirji b Uiri tjvbrik suebssh bk suis kbgtjris. Gbgduk fbabs chj

pbnh, kis Kiry phfbrji tbr sjfh. Bk thfhs hs eishs, is prhoiojajfifbs
brik ehgtri Kirji b civhrbejik Uiri. H fb Kirji ê kijs fjcëeja kbgtjri
piri rbtjrir. Kirji tikoêk ê kbghs diojajfhsi kbgtjrhsh, b h kêfjeh
tjgdi uki sêrjb fb vigtinbgs ehkh uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Sikhs
ehgsjfbrir prjkbjrh is kigbjris pbais quijs is prõprjis kbgtjris
fjcbrjik, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fis eirietbrëstjeis fhs kbgtjrhshs b fhs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris.
Kiry tbk qub kbgtjr shorb hs sbgtjkbgths, b Uiri gåh. Kirji
bsehgfb i ignýstji qub khtjvi sbus paighs sujejfis. Bssbs
sbgtjkbgths phfbk vizir, hu h cirfh fb heuaté-ahs phfb rbvbair
sbus cjgnjfhs sbgtjkbgths phsjtjvhs. Kiry gåh sõ prbejsi kbgtjr
shorb hs sbgtjkbgths, kis, ih ehgtrérjh fb Uiri, bai tbk chrtbs
sbgtjkbgths fb kbgtjr, sbgtjkbgths qub tikoêk fbvb heuatir.
Phrqub i kbgtjri fb Uiri ê iuthrjzifi - pirtb fh trioiadh
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?65 

- bai gåh sb sbgtb euapifi phr kbgtjr. Kirji gåh iuthrjzifi

i kbgtjri nbri euapi. Uupòb-sb qub uki piejbgtb sbmi dhgbsti ehk h
kêfjeh qub bsté tbgtigfh imufé-ai b, iaêk fjssh, Kiry nhstivi fb sbu
kêfjeh. Kirji tikoêk sb sbgtb bgvbrnhgdifi phr kbgtjr b phr
paigbmir tjrir sui vjfi.Is kbgtjris kijs fjcëebjs såh iqubais shorb i
bkhîåh sbgtjfi gi dhri fi kbgtjri< quigth kijs chrtbs is bkhîòbs b
quigth kijhr h gýkbrh fb bkhîòbs fjcbrbgtbs qub fbvbk sbr
heuatifis, kijs fjcëeja sbré i kbgtjri.Itê inhri bxpajqubj phr qub, iaêk
fb sbgtjr ignýstji, Kirji tikoêk sbgtji euapi b vbrnhgdi. Yuigfh
pissirkhs inhri fi ehgsjfbriîåh fi kbgtjri piri i igéajsb fhs
kbgtjrhshs, vbrbkhs phr qub Kirji sbgtjrji uki quirti bkhîåh qub
bai tikoêk fbvb heuatir.
Kirji tbk kbghs prétjei b diojajfifb bk kbgtjr fh qub
Uiri. Bai gugei tbgthu bsehgfbr paighs fb ignýstji b sujeëfjh
b gåh tbk bxpbrjígeji fb kbgtjr shorb quiaqubr ehjsi piri
uk psjqujitri. Uui ciati fb prétjei i fbjxi ehk kbfh fb sbr
pbni, b bssb kbfh, ê eairh, phfb vizir, iukbgtigfh h cirfh
fb bkhîòbs qub bai fbvb bsehgfbr. Uui fhbgîi psjqujétrjei i
thrgi bspbejiakbgtb vuagbrévba ih kbfh, euapi b vbrnhgdi.
Iaêk fjssh, ê jkprhvévba qub bai ehgsjni heuatir bssbs
sbgtjkbgths.
Kiry gåh prbvju thfis is pbrnugtis qub h kêfjeh
prhvivbakbgtb ciré, b bai tbk qub jgvbgtir sui ajgdi à kbfjfi qub
ivigîi. Uiri ê bxitikbgtb h hphsth. Bai tbk prétjei gbssb tjph fb
kbgtjri, mé h cbz kujtis vbzbs, bsté ehgcjigtb bk sui diojajfifb ehk
oisb bk suebsshs igtbrjhrbs b tbk uki ajgdi obk baiohrifi b
bgsijifi. Uiri tikoêk tbk i vigtinbk fb tbr bxpbrjígeji bk
ituiîåh, h qub i eipiejti i fbsbkpbgdir pipêjs ehk diojajfifb,
kujtis vbzbs ehgvbgebgfh itê i sj kbski.
H kêfjeh tbk trís vigtinbgs shorb h bxbeutjvh ehkh ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris. Bstb gåh ê uk prjkbjrh bgehgtrh, b sbu ehgdbejkbgth prêvjh
fb Kiry adb fé uki edigeb kbadhr fb bvjtir h pbrjnh fb Orhliw fbvjfh i
uki ciadi bk abvir bk ehgsjfbriîåh is fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs. Bkohri
gbk thfhs hs psjqujitris sbmik trbjgifhs piri fbtbetir sjgijs fb
bkhîòbs heuatis, bab tbk bssi diojajfifb.
 

?66  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

B, ih ehgtrérjh fh bxbeutjvh, h kêfjeh ê eiutbahsh. Bab bsté iabrti

piri i phssjojajfifb fb bgnigh, tbgfh sjfh bgsjgifh qub
piejbgtbs sujejfis fbphjs fb ianukis sbkigis gh dhspjtia
phfbk bsehgfbr sbus vbrfifbjrhs sbgtjkbgths piri sijr fh
dhspjtia b sb kitir.
Hs brrhs fb Kirji brik bvjfbgtbs bk sui ciai, vhz, ehrph b
bxprbssòbs. Bai gåh tbk prétjei ehkh kbgtjrhsi, gbk ciai
kigsi, b chrgbeb pjstis piri bgnigir bk sui bsehadi fb piaivris
b bk sui vhz= brrhs fb ciai, rhfbjhs, jgehgsjstígejis bk sui ciai b
piusis gi ciai. Is chrtbs bkhîòbs gbnitjvis qub bai sbgtb
tikoêk injrik piri prhfuzjr bssbs brrhs bk sui ciai b thk kijs
iath. Pjstis piri bssis bkhîòbs heuatis - ignýstji, kbfh, euapi b
vbrnhgdi - tikoêk brik bvjfbgtbs ghs bkoabkis fb
vizikbgth, ehkh bgehadbr fb hkorhs, khvjkbgths fb
iuthkigjpuaiîåh, fjkjgujîåh fhs khvjkbgths fh jaustrifhr b
kjerh bxprbssòbs ciejijs qub khstrik bssis quitrh bkhîòbs.
Vhfis is quitrh bkhîòbs vizirik ghs kýseuahs ciejijs
ehgcjévbjs, ipbsir fis tbgtitjvis fb Kiry fb heuaté-ais. Phrqub h
kêfjeh mé ehgdbeb Kirji, bab fbvbrji tbr sjfh kijs eipiz fb
jgtbrprbtir hs khvjkbgths ehrphrijs fb sbu jaustrifhr b
kigjpuaifhr qub, fb hutri chrki, bab phfbrji jgtbrprbtir kia phr
eiusi fis fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs bk uk prjkbjrh bgehgtrh. Gi
vbrfifb, sbu kêfjeh gåh pbrebobu is pjstis fb sbu bgnigh,
bkohri bu prbsuki qub, sb bab tjvbssb sjfh iabrtifh shorb h qub
bu bxpajqubj, bab b i kijhrji fhs hutrhs tbrjik fbtbetifh sui
kbgtjri.
Uiri tbk quisb i sjtuiîåh jfbia piri uki kbgtjrhsi= gbgduki
bkhîåh piri bsehgfbr< pritjqub bxitikbgtb gbssi kbgtjri< dhri fb
bgsijir< ehgcjigîi fbvjfh ihs suebsshs igtbrjhrbs< diojajfifbs giturijs b
fbsbgvhavjfis piri utjajzir bk sbu fbsbkpbgdh< iuthrjziîåh piri kbgtjr<
uki vëtjki jghebgtb qub bsté sumbjti i brrhs fb muanikbgth phr eiusi fb
uk prjkbjrh bgehgtrh< b uki vëtjki qub gåh ê bspbejiakbgtb tiabgthsi
piri muanir pbsshis. Eairh, ehk Uiri, ih ehgtrérjh fb Kiry, bu gåh tjvb
hphrtugjfifb fb bxikjgir uk cjakb hu vjfbhtbjpb piri prheurir
quiaqubr pjsti piri bgnigir, mé qub bsthu
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?62 

ehgtigfh ipbgis ehk uki ghtëeji fb mhrgia. Uõ phssh prbvbr

qub gbk bu gbk gjgnuêk kijs bgehgtrirëikhs quiaqubr pjsti
piri h bgnigh fbai. Chj uk bgnigh kujth céeja< gåh divji

khtjvhs pirihutri
I ýgjei bai ehkbtbr brrhs.
vigtinbk qub Uiri phfbrji tbr sbrji uki
vëtjki qub ehaiohrhu itjvikbgtb gh bgnigh, qub prbejsivi
sbr bgnigifi phr sbus prõprjhs khtjvhs. Gbk i Uiri gbk i
Kiry tjgdik jssh. _utd, i bsphsi pdj aigfbrjgn gh jgejfbgtb
qub ejtbj ghs eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs (rbtjrifh fh rhkigeb fb
 Mhdg RpfjlbEisb ehkjnh), tjgdi bssi vigtinbk. I kbgtjri
fbai bri kujth furi, qub fbvbrji bstir edbji fb brrhs, kis
sui vëtjki vhaugtérji gåh hs fbtbethu. Abkorb-sb fb qub h
kirjfh fb _utd, Mbrry, i huvb ciaigfh ih tbabchgb ehk sbu

ikigtb. Ubk
pbrnugti naiejir
i _utd ehkianh fjcbrbgtb
qubk bai bstégh shk fb sui Pbni
ehgvbrsigfh. vhz, Mbrry
fbsprbpirifi, _utd jgvbgti i ajgdi fb qub i bsehai fb
fhkjgnh bstivi ajnigfh, i quia Mbrry ehgtbsti ehkh gåh sb
ifbquigfh ih qub i huvju fjzbr. Mbrry gåh vij iaêk, b Rpfjlb
fé i bgtbgfbr qub Mbrry ciadi bk fbtbetir h bgnigh fb _utd
phrqub tbk uk khtjvh piri bvjtir uk ehgcrhgth shorb
jgcjfbajfifb= Mbrry tikoêk bsté bsehgfbgfh uk eish b, ehkh
sb ehgstithu, ê ehk i bsphsi fh ikigtb fb _utd!
Sikhs ehkpirir i kbgtjri kujth fjcëeja fb _utd, kis gåh fbtbetifi,

ehk uki
rizòbs kbgtjri
kujth kujth céeja,
fjcbrbgtbs. qub tikoêk
Bsti kbgtjri pissi
céeja vbk fbfbspbrebojfi, kis phr
uki igéajsb rbebgtb
fis têegjeis fb kbgtjri usifis phr vjnirjstis=

Bk "mhnh fb bspbadh". . . h vjnirjsti ehgcrhgti i vëtjki ehk uk

pbgsikbgth heuath, fbsirkigfh-i ih igtbejpir h ehgcrhgth rbia
sbgtjfh fi vëtjki. Mhdg Dikril, uk fhs vjnirjstis kijs jgvbgtjvhs
fhs prjkbjrhs ighs fbstb sêeuah gi Dugnrji, b uk eýkpajeb vbstjfh
ehkh uk têegjeh, bgtrhu gh bserjtõrjh fb uk vbrbifhr gi Prbcbjturi.
Dikril igugejhu qub tjgdik vjgfh ouseir h rbaõnjh qub fbvbrji sbr
ehgsbrtifh. H vbrbifhr, prhvivbakbgtb fbvjfh ih nrigfb viahr fh
rbaõnjh, rbauthu bk bgtrbné-ah. Bk vbz fb cugfikbgtir ijgfi kijs
sbu pipba, Dikril
 

?63  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

rbsphgfbu edikigfh i itbgîåh fh vbrbifhr piri h bxtrihrfjgérjh

viahr fh rbaõnjh, fbeairigfh qub chj phr bssb khtjvh qub h vjbri
pbsshiakbgtb.. Issjk, hs vjnirjstis bståh igsjhshs piri fjrbejhgir i
pbsshiakbgtb
itbgîåh fb suis vëtjkis piri i qubståh kijs sbgsëvba, iutbgtjeigfh
issjk sbu pipba ih pirbebr prbmufjeir sui prõprji eiusi.6
I prjkbjri qubståh i ehgsjfbrir ih bstjkir sb divbré hu gåh
pjstis piri bgnigir ê sb i kbgtjri bgvhavb hu gåh is bkhîòbs
sbgtjfis gh khkbgth fi kbgtjri. Ehkh bxpajqubj gh eipëtuah 5 b
jaustrbj bk kjgdi igéajsb fi kbgtjri fi piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry,
is kbgtjris kijs fjcëebjs bgvhavbk is bkhîòbs sbgtjfis gh
khkbgth fi kbgtjri. Is bkhîòbs gåh såh thfi i djstõrji< hutris
pbrnugtis fbvbk sbr cbjtis itê kbskh piri cizbr uki bstjkitjvi
shorb sb is bkhîòbs sbråh heuatifis ehk suebssh. Kis pbrnugtir
shorb bkhîòbs ê uk ohk aunir piri ehkbîir.

Bsehgfbr is bkhîòbs phfb sbr h prjgejpia hombtjvh fi kbgtjri -

ehkh iehgtbeb ehk Kirji, kis gåh ehk _utb. Kbskh quigfh gåh ê
issjk, quigfh i kbgtjri gåh ê shorb sbgtjkbgths, sbgtjkbgths
shorb i kbgtjri phfbk bstir bgvhavjfhs. Dé kujtis rizòbs pbais
quijs _utd phfb sbgtjr iprbbgsåh phr fbtbeîåh b euapi phr bgnigh.
Hovjikbgtb, bai tbkbrji is ehgsbquígejis sb sui tbgtitjvi fb
bsehgfbr sbu eish chssb fbsehobrti. Gåh ê ipbgis qub _utd gåh
sbré eipiz fb ehgtjguir i hotbr is rbehkpbgsis chrgbejf
chrgbejfis
is phr sbu
eish sb sui kbgtjri ciadir< bai phfb sbr pugjfi. Ubu kirjfh, Mbrry,
phfb fbjxé-ai sb fbsehorjr sui jgcjfbajfifb
jgcjfbajfifb<< b, sb dhuvbr uk fjvõrejh,
h tbstbkugdh shorb sbu ifuatêrjh phfb cizbr ehk qub bai rbeboi
ehgfjîòbs cjgigebjris kbghs civhrévbjs (h rhkige
rhkigebb fb Rpfjlb chj
bserjth fbz igtbs fi bri fh fjvõrejh sbk euapi). Kbskh bk bstifhs
sbk euapi, h ifuatêrjh phfb icbtir ifvbrsikbgtb i eustõfji fhs
cjadhs.

Gbk thfh kbgtjrhsh ê pugjfh sb chr pbnh< gbk i eiîifhri fb

tiabgths Uiri, gbk i piejbgtb psjqujétrjei Kiry shcrbrjik quiaqubr
pugjîåh sb suis kbgtjris ciadissbk. Bgquigth h vjnirjsti Dikril,
ehkh _utd, sbrji pugjfh, hutris qubstòbs cizbk
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?6> 

bab sbgtb kbghs iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh. Dikril ê bxpbrjbgtb

gbssb tjph fb kbgtjri b siob qub phssuj hs rbeurshs pbsshijs qub
h imufik ehkh kbgtjrhsh. Bkohri _utd tbgdi ehgsbnujfh
bgnigir h kirjfh,
bssi kbgtjri bxjnb bai gåh tbk
- ehorjr kujti prétjei
uk tbabchgbki gåhbxitikbgtb
huvjfh. Baigh qub
tikoêk gåh sb sbgtb ehgcjigtb quigth i sbu tiabgth ehkh
kbgtjrhsi.
H cith fb siobr qub sbré pugjfi sb sui kbgtjri ciadir ê ipbgis
uki fis chgtbs fh kbfh fb _utd fb sbr pbni. Bai tikoêk tbkb h
eistjnh pbah prõprjh ith fb kbgtjr. Ub Mbrry fbsehorjr qub _utd bsté
fjsphsti b ê eipiz fb bgnigé-ah, sui fbsehgcjigîi bk rbaiîåh i bai
phfb sbr uki chgtb fb prhoabkis iaêk fb sui jgcjfbajfifb. Ianugs
qub såh triëfhs icjrkik qub ê i pbrfi fb ehgcjigîi, gåh i

jgcjfbajfifb
jgcjfbajfifb,
Ghvikbgtb,, hosbrvb
qub bstéqub
iaêk fb sui
gbk thfheipiejfifb
kbgtjrhsh fb pbrfhir.
ê pugjfh pbah prõprjh
ith fb kbgtjr< jssh sõ ê vbrfifb quigfh h kbgtjrhsh b i vëtjki tík
uk cuturh prbtbgfjfh qub phfb sbr ikbiîifh pbai ciati fb
ehgcjigîi. Ub ipigdifi i kbgtjr, i eiîifhri fb eiobîis Uiri ipbgis
pbrfbrji i eipiejfifb fb hotbr jgchrkiîòbs fbsti "kirei" bk
pirtjeuair. Dikril sbrji pugjfh gåh phr ciasjcjeiîåh fb jfbgtjfifb,
kis phr rhuoh hu tbgtitjvi fb rhuoh. Kbskh i piejbgtb psjqujétrjei
Kiry gåh sbrji pugjfi phr kbgtjr i sj kbski. I fbsehobrti fb qub
bai kbgtju, gh bgtigth, fbjxirji sbu kêfjeh kijs eiutbahsh. I
ehgcjigîi fb qub i hutri pbsshi sbré vbrfifbjri gåh ê prbsukjfi hu
bxjnjfi bk thfhs hs rbaiejhgikbgths furifhurhs, gbk kbskh bk
thfhs hs eisikbgths.
I iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh fb _utd fbvb sbr ikpajifi phr bai
pbrebobr qub Mbrry ê suspbjth. I vëtjki fb Dikril, h vbrbifhr,
tikoêk suspbjti fb quiaqubr pbsshi qub qubjri rbkhvbr sbu
viajhsh rbaõnjh. I obabzi fh "mhnh fh bspbadh" ê qub iohrfir
fjrbtikbgtb b thrgir pýoajei uki suspbjti prjvifi i rbfuz. I
vëtjki pbgsi qub uk aifråh gugei sbrji tåh iufiejhsh i phgth
fb rbehgdbebr bxitikbgtb h qub sui vëtjki tbkb. Bssi aõnjei
tikoêk phfb cizbr uk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbsehgtir h
vizikbgth phrqub bab gåh phfb ierbfjtir qub uk kbgtjrhsh jrji
 

?64  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ehkbtbr tia brrh. Bk sui igéajsb fis criufbs kjajtirbs,

Fhgiaf Figjba b Litdbrjgb Dbrojn hosbrvik qub "
. . . quigth kijhr h vizikbgth, kbghs prhvévba qub h iavh ierbfjtb

 mé qub pirbeb

pirbe
bsbkjajtirbs
paigbmifhrbs
paigbmifhr ohk fbkij
fbkijss piri sbr vbrf
fbsehgtirik vbrfifb.
ifb. \Bk vérjhs
h vizikbgth[. eishs,
eishs,
. . ehkh hs cainrigtb
kujth
piri sbr quiaqubr ehjsi iaêk fb paigtis. "2

_utd, ehkh i piejbgtb Kiry, ehkpirtjadi viahrbs ehk sui

vëtjki b phfb sb sbgtjr euapifi phr kbgtjr. Kis ê kbghs eairh sb
_utd sbgtb qub heuatir sbu eish ê iuthrjzifh. Kbskh is pbsshis
qub ehgfbgik h ifuatêrjh gåh ehgehrfik gbebssirjikbgtb qub
hs eögmunbs jgcjêjs fbvbk rbvbair sui jgcjfbajfifb. Ehk Dikril
ê kijs ebrth. Ehkh i eiîifhri fb eiobîis Uiri, bab gåh sbgtb
euapi - kbgtjr ê pirtb fh qub babs cizbk piri nigdir i vjfi.

Prhvivbakbgtb
psjehpiti, h qubDikril
tikoêk tikoêk ê uk
fjkjgujrji kbgtjrhsh
i edigeb gituria
fb bab hu
sb sbgtjr
euapifh phr kbgtjr. Bgtrb hs ehabnis fb Dikril, kbgtjr piri
"kireis" ê pbrkjtjfh.
Is kbgtjris fb _utd b Dikril jaustrik kijs fhjs phgths. Bai
gåh igtbejpi quigfh prbejsiré kbgtjr b, phrtigth, gåh trbjghu b
trbjghu sui ajgdi. Jssh fbvb iukbgtir h kbfh fb _utd fb sbr pbni,
uki vbz qub i kbgtjri ehkbeb, mé qub bai siob qub gåh phfb
rbehrrbr i uk ehgmugth prbpirifh fb rbsphstis. Kbskh qub Dikril
chssb pbnh bk tia sjtuiîåh - b uk kbgtjrhsh prhcjssjhgi
prhcjssjhgiaa gåh h sbré
ehk crbquígeji - bab tbk h tiabgth fb jkprhvjsir qub bai gåh tbk.
Kis _utd tbk uki nrigfb vigtinbk shorb Dikril, iqubai
kbgejhgifi ih iprbsbgtir bstb bxbkpah - bai tbk uki vëtjki
fjsphsti, qub phr sbus prõprjhs khtjvhs gåh qubr pbné-ai. Às vbzbs,
bssi vëtjki phfb gbk kbskh bstir ejbgtb fb qub bsté ehgspjrigfh
piri kigtbr h bgnigh. Rpfjlb fbjxi h abjthr jgebrth sb Mbrry bsté hu
gåh ejbgtb fb sbu ehgaujh b sb _utd pbrebob qub jssh bsté
iehgtbebgfh. Bxjstbk fuis kigbjris pbais quijs is vëtjkis
vhaugtérjis thrgik i tirbci fh kbgtjrhsh kijs céeja. Hs kbgtjrhshs
tík kbghs kbfh fb sbrbk pbnhs sb shuobrbk qub suis vëtjkis gåh
bgxbrnik sbus brrhs. B hs kbgtjrhshs sb sbgtbk kbghs euapifhs
shorb
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?6: 

bgnigigfh bssis vëtjkis, phjs bais phfbk ierbfjtir qub bståh
ipbgis cizbgfh h qub suis vëtjkis fbsbmik qub ciîik.
Itê inhri, igiajsikhs quitrh kbgtjris, jfbgtjcjeigfh phr qub
ghs eishs fb Kiry b _utd divbrji pjstis piri bgnigh b phr qub
gåh fbvbrji divbr pjstis piri bgnigh gis kbgtjris fb Uiri hu
Dikril. Inhri, ehgsjfbrbkhs uk eish bk qub uki pbsshi
vbrëfjei chj ehgsjfbrifi kbgtjrhsi piri vbr ehkh i vbrjcjeiîåh fb
kbgtjris phfb tbr imufifh i bvjtir tia muanikbgth bqujvheifh.

Nbriaf Igfbrshg chj ieusifh fb bstuprir b ississjgir

Gigey Mhdgshg, i bsphsi fb sbu vjzjgdh. H kirjfh fb Gigey
vhathu piri eisi gh kbjh fi ghjtb fh trioiadh, bgehgtrhu h
ehrph fbai, ehrrbu itê i eisi fhs Igfbrshgs, fjssb i babs qub
sui bsphsi bstivi khrti b qub bab gåh ehgsbnuji bgehgtrir
sbu cjadh, b pbfju ih Ur. Igfbrshg piri ouseir i phaëeji.
Sérjhs jgejfbgtbs cjzbrik fb Igfbrshg uk suspbjth. Gh fji
sbnujgtb ih ississjgith, bab cjehu bk eisi sbk trioiadir, obobu
kujth bk uk oir aheia, ciahu shorb hs ississjgiths b, quigfh chj
abvifh piri eisi, chj huvjfh shauîigfh bgquigth fjzji à bsphsi= "Bu
gåh qubrji cizbr jssh, kis bu tjvb qub cizbr. " Uui iabniîåh phstbrjhr
fb qub bstivi ciaigfh shorb bkorjinubz, gåh ississjgith, gåh chj
ierbfjtifi. Yuigfh i phaëeji pbrnugthu i bab shorb uki kigedi gh
bsthcikbgth fb sbu eirrh, Igfbrshg icjrkhu qub bai bstivi aé igtbs
fb bab ehkpré-ah. Kijs tirfb, furigtb h jgtbrrhnitõrjh, bab ifkjtju
qub kbgtju, tbgfh sb sbgtjfh bgvbrnhgdifh phr ifkjtjr qub divji
bsohcbtbifh sui bsphsi furigtb uki fjseussåh, eiusigfh uk
signrikbgth gisia. Ubus jgtbrrhnifhrbs fjssbrik rbpbtjfikbgtb i
Igfbrshg qub bssb jgejfbgtb prhvhu qub bab bri uki pbsshi vjhabgti
qub phfji kitir b uk kbgtjrhsh qub gbnivi. Furigtb h
jgtbrrhnitõrjh, Igfbrshg ifkjtju qub, quigfh tjgdi 9? ighs, divji sb
bgvhavjfh bk uk fbajth sbxuia abvb qub gåh divji prbmufjeifh i
nirhti b gugei divji sjfh rbpbtjfh. Kijs tirfb, shuob-sb qub bab gåh
tjgdi fhzb ighs, kis qujgzb gi êphei. Jssh, sbus jgtbrrhnifhrbs
jgsjstjrik, bri kijs uki prhvi fb qub bab bri uk kbgtjrhsh, obk
ehkh
 

?20  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bvjfígeji fb qub bab tjgdi uk prhoabki sbxuia b, phrtigth, phfbrji

sbr i pbsshi qub bstuprhu b fbphjs ississjghu sui vjzjgdi Gigey.

 Mhb Vhwgsbgf, uk
uk hpbrifhr fb ph
phaënrich
aënrich prhcjssjh
prhcjssjhgia,
gia, chj trizjfh
b jfbgtjcjeifh pbahs jgtbrrhnifhrbs ehkh ianuêk qub gugei brrhu ih
pbnir uk kbgtjrhsh.

Vhwgsbgf jgjejiakbgtb bxbeuthu fuis ahgnis sêrjbs fb tbstbs bk

Igfbrshg b hotbvb ianukis abjturis fbsehgebrtigtbs b
ehgtrifjtõrjis. Yuigfh qubstjhgifh shorb h ississjgith bk sj,
Igfbrshg khstrhu "kigedis" bk suis cjtis qub brik jgfjeitjvis fb
bgnigh bk gbnir i euapi. Kis quigfh qubstjhgifh shorb i irki fh
erjkb b ehkh b hgfb bab i divji fbseirtifh, i cjti fh phaënrich
khstrhu qub bab siju "ajkph". Bk tbrkhs sjkpajstis, Igfbrshg
jgfjehu "euapi" pbah ississjgith fb Gigey b "jgheígeji" pbai irki
ehk i quia bai
qubstjhgifh chj dhrrjvbakbgtb
shorb hgfb bab divjibsciqubifi b ehrtifi.
hotjfh i ciei, qub tjphYuigfh
fb ciei bri
b hgfb bab sb ajvrhu fbai, Igfbrshg fjssb "Gåh sbj" b i cjti gåh
ohrrhu. . . . Vhwgsbgf rbbgehgtrhu Igfbrshg trís vbzbs gi irki fh
erjkb b hotbvb hs kbskhs rbsuatifhs. Yuigfh bab tbrkjghu,3

H muanikbgth fh hpbrifhr fh phaënrich ehgfjz ehk is erbgîis

fhs jgtbrrhnifhrbs fb qub babs tjgdik sbu dhkbk. Babs
qubstjhgirik Igfbrshg phr uk thtia fb sbjs fjis. Cjtis fb éufjh fi
jgtbrrhniîåh rbvbairik ehkh Igfbrshg bstivi bxiusth b cjgiakbgtb
ehgcbsshu uk erjkb qub gåh ehkbtbu. Yuisb itê h cjk, bab iabnhu
jgheígeji, prhtbstigfh qub gåh phfbrji tbr cbjth jssh, mé qub gåh
tjgdi kbkõrji fb tbr kitifh hu bstuprifh Gigey. Hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs
rbsphgfbrik fjzbgfh-adb qub uk ississjgh phfb tbr uk oabeiutb. I
ciati fb abkorigîi fh ith, fjssbrik babs, gåh prhvi qub bab gåh h
tbgdi ehkbtjfh. Igfbrshg issjghu uki ehgcjssåh fbphjs qub hs
jgtbrrhnifhrbs adb fjssbrik qub sui bsphsi fjssb qub sioji qub bab
divji kitifh Gigey, uki fbeairiîåh qub sui bsphsi kijs tirfb
gbnhu tbr cbjth. Phuehs fjis fbphjs, Igfbrshg rbpufjhu sui ehgcjssåh
b, sbtb kbsbs fbphjs, h vbrfifbjrh ississjgh,
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?29

Kjgdi igéajsb sunbrb qub is rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs fb Igfbrshg às

pbrnugtis fh ississjgith furigtb h tbstb fh phaënrich phfbk tbr
sjfh fbvjfis i hutrhs cithrbs iaêk fi phssjojajfifb fb bab bstir
kbgtjgfh quigfh fjssb qub gåh ehkbtbu h ississjgith. Abkorb-sb
fb qub h tbstb fh phaënrich êgåh uk fbtbethr fb kbgtjris. Bab ipbgis
fbtbeti bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia. I qubståh ê sb Igfbrshg phfbrji tbr
cjeifh bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh quigfh qubstjhgifh shorb h erjkb
sõ sb bab tjvbssb ississjgifh Gigey. Bxjstbk hutris rizòbs pbais
quijs Igfbrshg phfb tbr cjeifh bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh ehk h
erjkb, kbskh qub bab gåh h tbgdi ehkbtjfh8 Ub dhuvbssb, h tbstb fh
phaënrich prhvirji sbr jkprbejsh.

Is iphstis såh tåh nrigfbs - i pugjîåh tåh sbvbri - qub i

kijhrji* hs suspbjths euapifhs fb tia erjkb cjeirjik ehk kbfh< kis
h kbskh iehgtbebrji ehk ianugs jghebgtbs. Hs hpbrifhrbs fh
phaënrich tbgtik rbfuzjr h kbfh fh jghebgtb fb sbr fbserbgtb b
iukbgtir h kbfh fh euapifh fb sbr pbnh, fjzbgfh ih suspbjth qub i
kéqujgi gugei ciadi. Rki rizåh pbai quia Igfbrshg tbkbrji sbr
fbsierbfjtifh ê i giturbzi fh jgtbrrhnitõrjh qub prbebfbu h tbstb fh
phaënrich. Bspbejiajstis bk phaëeji> fjstjgnujr bgtrb bgtrbvjstis, qub
såh rbiajzifis piri hotbr jgchrkiîòbs, b jgtbrrhnitõrjhs, qub
prbsukbk euapi b såh ehgfuzjfhs fb chrki ieusitõrji, gi tbgtitjvi
fb ehinjr uki ehgcjssåh. Hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs crbqubgtbkbgtb,
crbqubgtbkbgtb, ehkh
cjzbrik ehk Igfbrshg, usik i chrîi fb sui prõprji ehgvjeîåh shorb
i euapi fh suspbjth, iobrtikbgtb rbehgdbejfi, piri chrîir h suspbjth
i fbsjstjr fb sui iabniîåh fb jgheígeji. Bkohri jssh phssi jgtjkjfir
h euapifh i ehgcbssir, h ciz ih eusth fb issustir h suspbjth jghebgtb,
qub pbrebob qub sbus jgtbrrhnifhrbs gåh tík i kbgtb iobrti shorb
sui euapi. Fbphjs fb vjgtb b quitrh dhris, sbk pirir, fb tia
jgtbrrhnitõrjh, Igfbrshg cbz h tbstb fh phaënrich.

Is rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs fb Igfbrshg às pbrnugtis fh ississjgith

* Bu fjnh i kijhrji hs suspbjths euapifhs cjeirjik ehk kbfh, phrqub gbk thfh kugfh
qub kiti tbk kbfh fb sbr pbnh. Gbk h prhcjssjhgia gbk h psjehpiti sbrjik.
 

?2?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

îòbs rbnjstrifis pbah phaënrich phfbk tbr sjfh nbrifis gåh

ipbgis phr sbu kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh, kis tikoêk phr
sbgtjkbgths fb vbrnhgdi b euapi. Kbskh jghebgtb fh
ississjgith, Igfbrshg tjgdi vbrnhgdi fb hutrhs fhjs erjkbs.
Ubus jgtbrrhnifhrbs siojik qub bab tjgdi vbrnhgdi fb oitbr gi
bsphsi b fb tbr, gi ifhabseígeji, ehkbtjfh uk erjkb sbxuia. Bab
tikoêk sb sbgtju euapifh phr bgnigh shorb suis tbgtitjvis fb
heuatir hu fbturpir bssbs jgejfbgtbs. Hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs
rbpbtjfikbgtb orjgeirik ehk bssbs jgejfbgtbs piri pbrsuifjr
Igfbrshg fb qub bab bri h tjph fb pbsshi qub phfji
phfj i kitir b
bstuprir, kis jssh tikoêk phfbrji tbr ikpajifh sbus
sbgtjkbgths fb vbrnhgdi b euapi b vjgeuaifh bssbs sbgtjkbgths
ih erjkb qub chj ieusifh fb ehkbtbr.
I vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris bxpajei phr qub quijsqubr sjgijs
fb kbfh, vbrnhgdi hu euapi - sbmik gis bxprbssòbs, nbsths,
vhz, ciai hu itjvjfifb fh sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh fb
Igfbrshg kbfjfi pbah phaënrich - sbrjik ikoënuhs ehkh
pjstis piri bgnigir. Bssis bkhîòbs brik tåh prhvévbjs fb
vjr à thgi sb Igfbrshg chssb jghebgtb quigth sb bab chssb fb
cith h ississjgh. Kijs uk jgejfbgtb qub hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs gåh
siojik thrghu jkphssëvba piri babs fjzbr, pbais rbiîòbs
bkhejhgijs fb Igfbrshg, sb bab bstivi kbgtjgfh hu gåh.
Fbphjs qub Igfbrshg siju fi prjsåh, Mikbs Pdbaig, h
 mhrgiajsti eumi djstõrji
djstõrji imufiri i ehgqujs
ehgqujstir
tir i ajobrfifb fb
Igfbrshg, pbrnugthu i Igfbrshg h qub phfbrji tí-ah cbjth
"rbprhvir" gh tbstb fh phaënrich. Igfbrshg rbvbahu ijgfi
hutri chgtb fb suis rbiîòbs bkhejhgijs ih erjkb qub gåh
ehkbtbu. I ghjtb fh ississjgith fb Gigey, quigfh Igfbrshg
chj ehk i phaëeji piri i eisi fb sbu vjzjgdh, bab hadhu piri h
ehrph gu fb Gigey ianukis vbzbs. Bab sbgtju qub jssh bri uki
ehjsi tbrrëvba piri bab tbr cbjth. Bk sui kbgtb, bab divji
ehkbtjfh uk erjkb, fjcbrbgtb fb ississjgith, kis qub, gh
bgtigth, h cbz sbgtjr b rbnjstrir euapi b vbrnhgdi. Bab kbgtju,
bsehgfbgfh bssb ith tbrrëvba fhs jgtbrrhnifhrbs b fh
hpbrifhr fh phaënrich b, ê eairh, sb sbgtju euapifh phr kbgtjr
piri iqubabs dhkbgs.
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?U5 

Hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs fb Igfbrshg ehkbtbrik h brrh fb

Htbah. Ehkh Htbah, babs rbehgdbebrik ehrrbtikbgtb qub sbu
suspbjth bstivi bkhejhgiakbgtb bxejtifh. H brrh fbabs chj

jfbgtjcjeir brrhgbikbgtb
qub is bkhîòbs i eiusi
ehrrbtikbgtb fi bkhîåh,phfbk
jfbgtjcjeifis ih gåhsbr
pbrebobr
sbgtjfis, qubr h suspbjth sbmi euapifh hu jghebgtb. Issjk
ehkh i ignýstji fb Fbsfíkhgi gåh bri ehk i pbrfi fb sbu
ikigtb, i vbrnhgdi, i euapi b h kbfh fb Igfbrshg gåh
bstivik rbaiejhgifhs ih ississjgith, kis i sbus hutrhs
erjkbs. Ehkh Htbah, hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs sb thrgirik vëtjkis fb
sbus prõprjhs prbehgebjths shorb h suspbjth. Babs tikoêk gåh
phfjik thabrir i jgebrtbzi fb siobr sb h suspbjth bstivi
kbgtjgfh hu gåh. Iajés, hs jgtbrrhnifhrbs tjgdik
jgchrkiîòbs, fbtiadbs shorb i irki fh erjkb, qub sõ h
euapifh tikoêk tbrji b gåh sbrji ehgdbejfh phr uk jghebgtb.
H cith fb Igfbrshg gåh tbr rbsphgfjfh gh phaënrich às
pbrnugtis shorb i ciei fbvbrji tbr sunbrjfh ih hpbrifhr fh
phaënrich qub Igfbrshg phfbrji sbr jghebgtb. Bk vbz fb
rbpbtjr h tbstb trís vbzbs, h phaënrich fbvbrji tbr ehgstruëfh
uk Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth Nujaty, usigfh jgchrkiîòbs shorb
h erjkb qub ipbgis h pbrpbtrifhr tbrji ehgdbejfh.
Dikril, h vjnirjsti, b Igfbrshg, h ieusifh fb ississjgith,
bxbkpajcjeik hs fhjs tjphs fb brrhs qub ithrkbgtik is tbgtitjvis fb
pbnir erjkjghshs kbgtjrhshs. Bk uk jgtbrrhnitõrjh hu furigtb uk
tbstb fb phaënrich, Dikril prhvivbakbgtb gåh tbrji sjfh fbspbrtifh
bkhejhgiakbgtb,
bkhejhgiakb gtb, pirbebgfh thtiakbgtb jghebgtb fb quiaqubr fbajth.
I vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris fbjxhu eairh phr qub uk kbgtjrhsh hu
psjehpiti bxpbrjbgtb, prhcjssjhgia b gituria ririkbgtb ehkbtb brrhs
ih kbgtjr. Dikril ê uk bxbkpah fb pbsshi bk qubk ierbfjtiré gi
kbgtjri. Igfbrshg rbprbsbgti bxitikbgtb h prhoabki hphsth. Bab
bri uk jghebgtb qub, phr thfis is rizòbs bxpajeifis, chj muanifh
euapifh - uk brrh fb gåh ierbfjtir gi vbrfifb.

Kbu prhpõsjth ih bxikjgir bssbs fhjs eishs gåh ê irnukbgtir qub i

fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris gh phaënrich hu h ush fb pjstis bxprbssjvis piri
bgnigir fbvik sbr prhjojfhs quigfh suspbjths fb erjkbs.
 

?26  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

såh bxikjgifhs. Kbskh qub sb fbsbmb, gåh dé ehkh jkpbfjr is pbsshis fb usirbk pjstis fb ehkphrtikbgth piri bgnigir. Is

jkprbssòbs fb thfhs shorb hs hutrhs såh oisbifis, bk pirtb, gh ehkphrtikbgth bxprbssjvh fi hutri pbsshi. Bssb

ehkphrtikbgth trigskjtb jkprbssòbs shorb kujth kijs fh qub vbriejfifb. H ehkphrtikbgth bxprbssjvh ê i prjgejpia chgtb fb

jkprbssòbs shorb sb ianuêk ê ikjnévba, bxtrhvbrtjfh, fhkjgifhr, itribgtb b itriëfh, jgtbajnbgtb, jgtbrbssifh hu ehkprbbgfjfh gh

qub ianuêk bsté fjzbgfh, b issjk phr fjigtb. Ghrkiakbgtb, tijs jkprbssòbs såh chrkifis jgvhaugtirjikbgtb, sbk qub i pbsshi

bstbmi ejbgtb fi pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia bspbeëcjei qub ehgsjfbrhu. Bxpajqubj gh eipëtuah 3 phr qub ierbfjth qub hs brrhs såh kbghs

prhvévbjs sb tijs muanikbgths chrbk cbjths fb chrki kijs bxpaëejti. Ub ianuêk

ianuêk bsté ejbgtb fi chg
chgtb
tb fb suis jkprbssòbs, sb ianuêk

ehgdbeb is rbnris qub sbnub ih jgtbrprbtir ehkphrtikbgths bspbeëcjehs, is ehrrbîòbs såh kijs prhvévbjs. Hs muanikbgths fb uki

pbsshi bståh kijs fjsphgëvbjs piri sbrbk ehgtbstifhs pbahs ehabnis, pbai pbsshi i qubk bsté muanigfh b phr kbjh fi

iprbgfjzinbk pbai bxpbrjígeji

bxpbrjígeji fb quijs muanikbgths sb rbvbairik ehrrbths b quijs chrik brrifhs. I kijhr pirtb fh trbjgikbgth

phajejia gåh bgcitjzi pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Prbsukh qub uk fbtbtjvb nbriakbgtb gåh ehgdbîi i oisb bxpaëejti fb

sbu piapjtb fb qub bssb suspbjth ê euapifh b iqubab, jghebgtb. Bkohri h trbjgikbgth ituia fb ianugs fbtbethrbs fb kbgtjri fh

phaënrich bgcitjzb i jkphrtïgeji fis pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri bgnigir, suis jgchrkiîòbs shorb quijs såh is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs

piri bgnigir bståh fbsituiajzifis hu sbk cugfikbgth, b kujth phuei itbgîåh ê fifi shorb
s horb quigfh tijs pjstis sbråh jgýtja hu

bgnighsh. ehrrbîòbs såh kijs prhvévbjs. Hs muanikbgths fb uki pbsshi bståh kijs fjsphgëvbjs piri sbrbk ehgtbstifhs, pbahs

ehabnis, pbai pbsshi i qubk bsté muanigfh b phr kbjh fi iprbgfjzinbk pbai bxpbrjígeji quijs muanikbgths sb rbvbairik ehrrbths

b quijs chrik brrifhs. I kijhr pirtb fh trbjgikbgth phajejia gåh bgcitjzi pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Prbsukh qub uk

fbtbtjvb nbriakbgtb gåh ehgdbîi i oisb bxpaëejti fb sbu piapjtb fb qub bssb suspbjth ê euapifh b iqubab, jghebgtb. Bkohri h

trbjgikbgth ituia fb ianugs fbtbethrbs fb kbgtjri fh phaënrich bgcitjzb i jkphrtïgeji fis pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri bgnigir, suis

jgchrkiîòbs shorb quijs såh is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir bståh fbsituiajzifis hu sbk cugfikbgth, b kujth phuei

itbgîåh ê fifi shorb quigfh tijs pjstis sbråh jgýtja hu bgnighsh. ehrrbîòbs såh kijs prhvévbjs. Hs muanikbgths fb uki pbsshi

bståh kijs fjsphgëvbjs piri sbrbk ehgtbstifhs pbahs ehabnis, pbai pbsshi i qubk bsté muanigfh b phr kbjh fi iprbgfjzinbk pbai

bxpbrjígeji quijs muanikbgths sb rbvbairik ehrrbths b quijs chrik brrifhs. I kijhr pirtb fh trbjgikbgth phajejia gåh bgcitjzi

pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Prbsukh qub uk fbtbtjvb nbriakbgtb gåh ehgdbîi i oisb bxpaëejti fb sbu piapjtb fb qub

bssb suspbjth ê euapifh b iqubab, jghebgtb. Bkohri h trbjgikbgth ituia fb ianugs fbtbethrbs fb kbgtjri fh phaënrich bgcitjzb i

jkphrtïgeji fis pjstis gåh-vbroijs piri bgnigir, suis jgchrkiîòbs shorb quijs såh is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir bståh

fbsituiajzifis hu jgcugfifis, b kujth phuei itbgîåh ê fifi shorb quigfh tijs pjstis sbråh jgýtja hu bgnighsh. pbai pbsshi i

qubk sb bsté muanigfh b phr iprbgfbr pbai bxpbrjígeji quijs muanikbgths sb rbvbairik ehrrbths b quijs chrik brrifhs. I kijhr pirtb fh trbjgikbgth phajejia

Gåh ê phssëvba iohajr h ush fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri

bgnigir bk jgtbrrhnitõrjhs erjkjgijs, b gåh bsthu ebrth fb qub i
 mustjîi sbrji cbjti sb issjk chssb. Bk bgnighs
bgnighs khrtijs, quigfh uki
pbsshi vbrfifbjri phfb sbr ciasikbgtb prbsi hu bxbeutifi phr uk
erjkb hu uk ississjgh kbgtjrhsh phfb bseipir fi ehgfbgiîåh,
thfis is tbgtitjvis abnijs fbvbk sbr cbjtis piri fbsehorjr i vbrfifb.
Bk vbz fjssh, kbu irnukbgth ê thrgir h prhebssh fb jgtbr-
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?22 

cjgnjgfh qub bssis pjstis såh kijs bxpaëejtis, kijs fbajobrifis b
kijs eiutbahsis. Bgcitjzbj h phtbgejia fb ehkbtbr brrhs b ehkh h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, ih ehgsjfbrir eifi uki fis pbrnugtis
fi kjgdi ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris (tiobai 6 fh ipígfjeb),
phfb bstjkir is edigebs fb fbtbetir uki kbgtjri hu rbehgdbebr
i vbrfifb. Ierbfjth qub h trbjgikbgth bk ehkh aheiajzir is
pjstis piri bgnigir, iprbgfbr hs pbrjnhs b prbeiuîòbs b sb
bgvhavbr gi vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris phfbrji thrgir hs fbtbtjvbs
kijs prbejshs, fjkjgujgfh hs brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb b fb
ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri. Kis sbrji gbebssérji uki pbsqujsi fb
eikph, bstufigfh jgtbrrhnifhrbs phajejijs b suspbjths fb erjkbs,
piri fbsehorjr sb bu bsthu ebrth. Bssb trioiadh chj jgjejifh b hs
rbsuatifhs pirbebrik prhkjsshrbs, kis jgcbajzkbgtb gåh chj
ehgeauëfh.4

Yuigfh hs aëfbrbs giejhgijs hphgbgtbs sb bgehgtrik

furigtb uki erjsb jgtbrgiejhgia, h bgnigh phfb sbr kujth kijs
khrtia fh qub gh trioiadh fi phaëeji, b fbtbeté-ah ê kijs
pbrjnhsh b fjcëeja. Is iphstis piri uk muanikbgth bqujvheifh -
fbserbr fi vbrfifb hu ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri - såh kijhrbs
fh qub itê kbskh gh kijs ehvirfb fhs bgnighs erjkjghshs.
Ipbgis ianugs ejbgtjstis phaëtjehs bserbvbrik shorb i
jkphrtïgeji fb kbgtjr b fbtbetir h bgnigh bk rbugjòbs pbsshijs
bgtrb edbcbs fb bstifh hu iaths cugejhgérjhs. Iabxigfbr Nrhtd
fjz= "Is tirbcis fb ifjvjgdir i itjtufb, is jgtbgîòbs b i
sjgebrjfifb fh hutrh aifh såh eruejijs piri quiaqubr bstjkitjvi
fb phaëtjei.": Bkohri uk aëfbr giejhgia phssi gåh fbsbmir nigdir
i rbputiîåh fb kbgtjrhsh fbseirifh, bssb eusth phfb sbr
ehkpbgsifh, fjz _hobrt Mbrvjs, "... quigfh h bgnigh obk-
suebfjfh phfb kufir is rbaiîòbs oésjeis fb phfbr gh sjstbki
jgtbrgiejhgia. h ush fb uki kbgtjri phfb imufir uk bstifh i
hotbr uki phsjîåh fhkjgigtb gh kugfh< phfb gåh jkphrtir
kujth qub bab tbgdi i rbputiîåh fb kbgtjr. "90
Dbgry Ljssjgnbr pirbeb fjsehrfir, bgcitjzigfh qub kbgtjr b
tripiîi såh prétjeis jkprufbgtbs= "Ipbgis hs rhkïgtjehs pbgsik
qub phfbk prbviabebr gis gbnhejiîòbs phr kbjh fb kiaigfrinbk...
 

?23  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

i tripiîi gåh ê h eikjgdh fi siobfhrji, kis fh fbsistrb piri uk

fjpahkiti. Rki vbz qub tbkhs qub ajfir ehk i kbski pbsshi
rbpbtjfikbgtb, phfbkhs
phfbkhs ghs sicir ipbgis uki vbz, gi kbadhr fis

djpõtbsbs, b bgtåh
rbaiejhgikbgth. "99ipbgis ih eusth
Viavbz uk fb sucheir
fjpahkiti phssi\pbrkigbgtb[
rbehgdbebr i h
jkphrtïgeji fh bgnigh shkbgtb fbphjs qub sui eirrbjri tbrkjgir, b
gåh dé gbgduki ebrtbzi fb qub ijgfi sbmi issjk piri Ljssjgnbr. Bk
quiaqubr eish, sbu rbaith fb sbus prõprjhs bschrîhs fjpahkétjehs bsté
rbpabth fb bxbkpahs fb ehkh bab sb bgvhavbu gh qub edikh fb
heuatiîåh b kbji heuatiîåh fb kbgtjris, obk ehkh kujths eishs bk
qub bab sb pbrnugthu sb sbus ehabnis bstivik bgnimifhs gi
heuatiîåh hu ciasjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris.
Utiajg chj kijs fjrbth= "Is piaivris fb uk fjpahkiti
gåh
qub fbvbk
tjph fb tbr rbaiîåh ehk
fjpahkieji ê8 ...is iîòbs
Ohis - eish såh
piaivris ehgtrérjh,
uk
bgehorjkbgth fb kés iîòbs. I fjpahkieji sjgebri gåh ê
kijs phssëvba fh qub énui sbei hu kifbjri fb cbrrh. "9?
Hovjikbgtb, bsti ê uki icjrkiîåh kujth bxtrbki. Às
vbzbs, hs fjpahkitis ciaik i vbrfifb, kis ebrtikbgtb
gbk sbkprb, b ririkbgtb quigfh sbr vbrfifbjrh
prbmufjeirji sbrjikbgtb hs jgtbrbssbs fb suis giîòbs.
Yuigfh gåh dé fývjfi fb qub ipbgis uki phaëtjei
phfb prhkhvbr hs jgtbrbssbs fb uki giîåh, hutris
giîòbs
prhoabkisiobk h qub bspbrir,
b prhvivbakbgtb kbgtjr
gåh gåh sbréphrqub
sbré tbgtifh, uk
sbrji hovjikbgtb ciash. Crbqñbgtbkbgtb, is ehjsis såh
kijs ikoënuis. Rki giîåh ierbfjti qub hutri giîåh
pbgsi qub phfbrji nigdir ehk iths sberbths, tripiîis
hu prheaikiîòbs bgnighsis, kbskh qub sbus iths
fbshgbsths sbmik fbsehobrths kijs tirfb. Gbssb eish,
is iviajiîòbs fhs jgtbrbssbs giejhgijs gåh såh
sucjejbgtbs, gbk is piaivris hu iîòbs pýoajeis fi giîåh
bk qub gåh sb ehgcji. Rki giîåh suspbjti fb bgnigh
iabnirji sbr ehgcjévba fi kbski chrki qub uki giîåh
vbrfifbjrikbgtb ehgcjévba.95
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?2> 

Gåh ê fb ifkjrir, bgtåh, qub hs nhvbrghs prheurbk kigbjris

fb fbtbetir i kbgtjri fb sbus ifvbrsérjhs. Hs bgnighs jgtbrgiejhgijs
phfbk hehrrbr bk vérjhs ehgtbxths fjcbrbgtbs, piri sbrvjr i

êhombtjvhs
quigfh giejhgijs
hs aëfbrbs,oistigtb fjcbrbgtbs.
hu cugejhgérjhs Rk bseiaåh
fb iath ehgtbxth,
qubmé kbgejhgifh,
rbprbsbgtik
uk aëfbr, sb bgehgtrik gi tbgtitjvi fb rbshavbr uki erjsb
jgtbrgiejhgia. Eifi aifh phfb fbsbmir oabcir, tbr hcbrtis qub gåh såh
pbrebojfis ehkh fbcjgjtjvis b tbr vbrfifbjris jgtbgîòbs gåh
rbehgdbejfis. Eifi aifh tikoêk fbsbmiré, às vbzbs, tbr ebrtbzi fb
qub h ifvbrsérjh pbrebob ehk prbejsåh iqubais ikbiîis qub gåh
såh oabcbs, iqubais hcbrtis qub såh cjgijs, iqubais jgtbgîòbs qub
sbråh rbiajzifis.
I diojajfifb fb kbgtjr hu inirrir tikoêk ê jkphrtigtb piri

bsehgfbr hu fbsehorjr uk itiqub surprbsi. H ejbgtjsti phaëtjeh Kjediba

Digfba fbserbvbu uk bxbkpah rbebgtb= "Bk ? fb mugdh \9:3>[, thrghu-sb
eairh piri h nhvbrgh jsribabgsb qub i nubrri bri jgbvjtévba. H prhoabki
bri ehkh aigîir uk itiqub surprbsi obk-suebfjfh bgquigthIkois hs
aifhs bstivik thtiakbgtb khojajzifhs b iabrtis. Ehkh pirtb fb uk paigh
fb bgnigh piri bsehgfbr i jgtbgîåh fb Jsriba fb jr à nubrri, Fiyig \h
kjgjstrh fi Fbcbsi jsribabgsb[ fjssb i uk mhrgiajsti orjtïgjeh bk ? fb
 mugdh qub bri ebfh b tirfb fbkijs
fbkijs piri Jsriba jr à nubrri. BBab
ab rbpbtju bsti
fbeairiîåh furigtb uki ehabtjvi fb jkprbgsi bk 5 fb mugdh. "96 Bkohri
bstb gåh tbgdi sjfh h ýgjeh kbjh qub Jsriba ushu piri bgnigir sbus
hphgbgtbs, i diojajfifb fb Fiyig bk kbgtjr chj rbabvigtb piri h suebssh
fbabs bk ehgsbnujr uki surprbsi thtia gh itiqub bk 2 fb mugdh.

Ijgfi hutrh ush fh bgnigh ê bgnigir h hphgbgtb shorb i

eipiejfifb kjajtir fh bgnigifhr. I igéajsb fb Oirthg ^diaby
fh rbirkikbgth sberbth fi Iabkigdi fb 9:9: i 9:5:
chrgbeb gukbrhshs bxbkpahs fb ehkh hs iabkåbs cjzbrik
jssh diojakbgtb.

. . . \J[ k inhsth fb 9:54, quigfh i erjsb fi Vedbehsahvéquji bstivi bsqubgtigfh

sho i prbssåh
ehgvjfhu fb Djtabr,
hs edbcbs \h kirbedia
fi Irkêb fb a'Ijriabkåh[
crigebsiDbrkigg
piri ukiNhrjgn
jgspbîåh.
 

?24  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

thur fb îåh fh Auctwiccb. H Nbgbria Mhsbpd Sujaabkjg, Edbcb fh

Bstifh-Kijhr fi Ibrhgéutjei, iebjthu prhgtikbgtb. . . . \H nbgbria
iabkåh Brgst Rfbt[ abvhu Sujaabkjg bk sbu ivjåh fb ehrrbjh pbsshia.
. . . Yuigfh Rfbt trhuxb h ivjåh abgth quisb bk vbahejfifb fb bstha, h
khkbgth qub bab divji paigbmifh eujfifhsikbgtb.
eujfifhsikbgtb. . . piri h obgbcëejh fb sbu
vjsjtigtb edbnhu. Fb rbpbgtb, uk Dbjglba Db-900 pisshu i thfi vbahejfifb, uk
kbrh ohrråh b uk edjifh. Ikohs hs ivjòbs phusirik b hs iabkåbs abvirik
sbus issustifhs vjsjtigtbs crigebsbs piri jgspbejhgir. . . . "Fjni-kb, Rfbt", \h
nbgbria iabkåh[ Kjaed pbrnugthu ehk fjspajeígeji cjgnjfi, "itê qub phgth
bstikhs ehk i prhfuîåh bk kissi8" Rfbt, gi dhri, rbsphgfbu= "Hd, i
sbnugfi ajgdi fb prhfuîåh bsté prhgti b i tbrebjri bstiré fbgtrh fb fuis
sbkigis." Sujaabkjg pirbeji fbsigjkifh b fbjxhu bseipir piri Kjaed qub
bstivi "fbspbfiîifh".
"fbspbfiîifh". . . . I fbabniîåh iêrbi crigebsi vhathu i Pirjs ehk i
piaivri fbrrhtjsti fb qub hAuctwiccb bri jkoitëvba.92

I ibrhgivb Db-900, eumi vbahejfifb chj iukbgtifi phr bssb truqub,

chj uki fis trís ýgjeis mé ehgstruëfis. Bstb tjph fb oabcb, cjgnjgfh
phfbr iêrbh jkoitëvba, ".. Vhrghu-sb uk jgnrbfjbgtb jkphrtigtb gis
gbnhejiîòbs fjpahkétjeis fb Djtbr, qub abvirik i sui orjadigtb sêrjb
fb trjugchs< i phaëtjei fb ipizjnuikbgth chj cugfifi pirejiakbgtb gh
kbfh fhAuctwiccb. " 993 3 

Bkohri hs bgnighs jgtbrgiejhgijs gbk sbkprb bxjmik ehgtith

pbsshia fjrbth bgtrb h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh (babs phfbk sbr
ehgsbnujfhs phr eikucainbk, ciashs ehkugjeifhs b issjk phr
fjigtb), bssbs bxbkpahs jaustrik qub dé heisjòbs bk qub i kbgtjri ê
eiri i eiri . Gåh phfb sbr usifh uk phaënrich hu quiaqubr hutrh
fjsphsjtjvh jgtrusjvh qub rbqubjri qub h hphgbgtb ehhpbrb piri qub
sui jgtbnrjfifb sbmi kbfjfi. Phrtigth, ghs ýatjkhs fbz ighs, h
jgtbrbssb sb vhathu piri i phssjojajfifb fb usir bstufhs ejbgtëcjehs fb
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir. Bxpajqubj gi Jgt rhfuîåh qub,
quigfh kb bgehgtrbj ehk cugejhgérjhs fb ghssh prõprjh nhvbrgh b
cugejhgérjhs fb hutrhs nhvbrghs, kjgdis ifvbrtígejis shorb hs
pbrjnhs gåh pirbebrik jkprbssjhgé-ahs. Rk fhs kbus khtjvhs ih
bserbvbr bstb ajvrh ê cizbr
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?2: 

kbu eish fb eiutbai ghvikbgtb, ehk kijs eujfifh b ehkpabtufb, b piri
thrgé-ah fjsphgëvba piri kijs fh qub ipbgis hs phuehs cugejhgérjhs ehk
qubk ehgsuatbj. Via ehkh iehgtbeb ehk is tripiîis erjkjgijs, is bsehadis
gåh såh sjkpabs. Às vbzbs, pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir phfbk
imufir i jfbgtjcjeir sb uk aëfbr hu hutrh phrti-vhz giejhgia bsté kbgtjgfh.
H prhoabki ê fbsehorjr quigfh jssh sbré phssëvba b quigfh gåh sbré, b
quigfh hs aëfbrbs phfbk sbr bgnigifhs phr suis prõprjis iviajiîòbs hu
pbais iviajiîòbs fb sbus bspbejiajstis shorb pjstis piri bgnigir.

Sikhs vhatir ih bxbkpah qub usbj gi prjkbjri pénjgi fbstb ajvrh,

quigfh Edikobraijg bgehgtrhu Djtabr pbai prjkbjri vbz, bk
Obredtbsnifbg, bk 92 fb sbtbkorh fb 9:54, qujgzb fjis igtbs fi
Ehgcbrígeji fb Kugjqub. * Djtabr prheurhu ehgvbgebr Edikobraijg
fb qub bab gåh paigbmhu uki nubrri ehgtri i Burhpi, qub bab ipbgis
fbsbmivi rbshavbr h prhoabki fhs Uufbths Iabkåbs gi
Vedbehsahvéquji. Ub i Nrå-Orbtigdi ehgehrfissb ehk sbu paigh
- uk pabojsejth fbvb sbr rbiajzifh gis érbis fi Ezbedh-
bsahvéquji, gi quia i kijhrji fi phpuaiîåh bri ehkphsti fb
iabkåbs sufigbsbs b, sb h phvh vhtissb i civhr, bssis érbis
sbrjik igbxifis à Iabkigdi - bgtåh Djtabr gåh jrji à nubrri.
Uberbtikbgtb, Djtabr mé bstivi ehkprhkbtjfh ehk i nubrri. Bab mé
divji khojajzifh sbu bxêrejth piri itieir i Vedbehsahvéquji bk
9½ fb hutuorh, b sbus paighs fb ehgqujsti kjajtir gåh piririk
phr ië. Abkorb-sb fb kjgdi ejtiîåh igtbrjhr fi eirti fb
Edikobraijg piri sui jrkå ipõs bstb prjkbjrh bgehgtrh ehk
Djtabr= "... \Djtabr ê[ uk dhkbk bk qubk phfbrji ehgcjir quigfh
bab fbu sui piaivri."9> Bk rbsphsti às erëtjeis fhs aëfbrbs fh
Pirtjfh Vrioiadjsti fb hphsjîåh, Edikobraijg fbserbvbu Djtabr
ehkh uki "erjituri bxtrihrfjgérji", uk "dhkbk qub sbrji kujth
kbadhr fh qub sui piaivri".94
Rki sbkigi fbphjs, Edikobraijg bgehgtrhu-sb ehk Djtabr pbai
sbnugfi vbz bk Nhfbsobrn. Djtabr inhri cbz ghvis fbkigfis -
* Bsthu bk fëvjfi ehk h ajvrh fb Vbachrf Viyahr Kugjqub ( vbr
vbr ghtis) piri hotbr jgchrkiîòbs
shorb Edikobraijg b Djtabr. Inrifbîh tikoêk ih Ur. Viyahr phr vbrjcjeir i bxitjfåh fb
kjgdi jgtbrprbtiîåh b ush fb sbu kitbrjia.
 

?30  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Is trhpis iabkås fbvbk heupir jkbfjitikbgtb is érbis bk

qub vjvjik hs iabkåbs fhs Uufbths, uk pabojsejth phfbrji
iehgtbebr kijs tirfb, gåh igtbs, fi heupiîåh kjajtir iabkå b
hs tbrrjtõrjhs qub bab icjrkivi sbrbk kijhrbs fh qub igtbs.
Phstbrjhrkbgtb, ih pbrsuifjr sbu niojgbtb i iebjtir bssis
fbkigfis, Edikobraijg fjssb= "Piri bgtbgfbr is iîòbs fis
pbsshis, bri gbebssérjh iviajir sbus khtjvhs b vbr ehkh suis
kbgtbs cugejhgivik ... Dbrr Djtabr tjgdi uki kbgtb bstrbjti b
bri vjhabgtikbgtb prbehgebjtuhsh shorb ebrths issugths, kis
gåh bgnigirji fbajobrifikbgtb uk dhkbk i qubk
rbspbjtivi b ehk qubk bstjvbri bk gbnhejiîòbs, b tjgdi
ebrtbzi fb qub Dbrr Djtabr inhri sbgtji ianuk rbspbjth phr bab.
Yuigfh Dbrr Djtabr igugejhu qub prbtbgfji cizbr ianh, tjgdi
ebrtbzi fb qub bab cirji jssh. " 9: Fbphjs fbssi ejtiîåh fb
Edikobraijg, h djsthrjifhr Vbachrf Viyahr pbrnugti= "Djtabr
rbiakbgtb bgnighu Edikobraijg tåh ehkpabtikbgtb, hu
Edikobraijg bgnighu sbus ehabnis i cjk fb hotbr i iebjtiîåh
fis bxjnígejis fb Djtabr8"?0 Uuphgdikhs, ehkh cbz Viyahr, qub
Edikobraijg ierbfjthu bk Djtabr, pbah kbghs bk sbu prjkbjrh
bgehgtrh bk Obredtbsnifbg. *
Bssis iphstis kujth iatis phfbrjik tbr cbjth Djtabr sbgtjr
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh, kis prhvivbakbgtb gåh. Bab tjgdi uki
vëtjki fjsphsti. Bab sioji qub sb Edikobraijg fbsehorjssb qub
bstivi kbgtjgfh, Edikobraijg pbrebobrji qub thfi i sui phaëtjei
fb ipizjnuir Djtabr divji ciadifh. Gh khkbgth
ipizjnuikbgth gåh bri uki phaëtjei vbrnhgdhsi, kis ifkjrifi< h
sjngjcjeifh kufhu ianukis sbkigis fbphjs, quigfh h itiqub
surprbsi fb Djtabr fbjxhu eairh qub Edikobraijg divji sjfh
bgnigifh. Djtabr bstivi fbtbrkjgifh i ehgqujstir i Burhpi à chrîi.
Ub Djtabr pufbssb sbr ehgcjévba, sb bab tjvbssb eukprjfh sbus iehrfhs,

* Bkohri thfhs hs rbaiths fb pbsshis bgvhavjfis gh khkbgth ciîik bssb muanikbgth, dé

uki bxebîåh. H rbaitõrjh fb Mhsbpd Lbggbfy i ^isdjgnthg shorb sui rbugjåh ehk
Edikobraijg icjrki qub "Edikobraijg siju ehk uki igtjpitji jgtbgsi \phr Djtabr[... Bab ê
eruba, iuthrjtérjh,
quiaqubr uk fb sbustbkhombtjvhs
uki ipirígeji furi"(Viyahr,
b kêthfhs b... UbrjiKugjqub,
ehkpabtikbgtb
p. >2?). jkpaieévba bk
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?39

Edikobraijg tbrji rbebojfh bahnjhs fh kugfh phr tbr siavifh
i Burhpi fi nubrri. Edikobraijg qubrji ierbfjtir bk Djtabr, b
Djtabr sioji fjssh. Hutrh cithr qub fjkjguëi sbu kbfh fb sbr
pbnh bri qub Djtabr sioji bxitikbgtb quigfh prbejsirji
kbgtjr b h qub prbejsirji fjzbr, piri qub pufbssb prbpirir b
bgsijir sui ciai. Gåh divji rizåh piri Djtabr sb sbgtjr euapifh
hu bgvbrnhgdifh phr sbu bgnigh
- bab ehgsjfbrivi bgnigir hs orjtïgjehs uk ith dhgrhsh, bxjnjfh
phr sbu pipba b bxjnjfh phr sui pbrebpîåh fi djstõrji. Gåh ê
ipbgis uk aëfbr fbsprbzifh ehkh Djtabr qub gåh sbgtjrji
vbrnhgdi hu euapi phr kbgtjr piri sbus ifvbrsérjhs. Gi vjsåh fb
kujths igiajstis phaëtjehs, kbgtjris såh bspbrifis gi fjpahkieji
jgtbrgiejhgia, ipbgis qubstjhgévbjs quigfh gåh sbrvbk ihs
jgtbrbssbs giejhgijs. I ýgjei bkhîåh qub Djtabr phfb tbr sbgtjfh
b qub phfbrji tbr vizifh ê uk prizbr bgnighsh. Iabnifikbgtb,
Djtabr sbgtji prizbr bk sui eipiejfifb fb bgnigir hs jgnabsbs, b
i prbsbgîi fb hutrhs iabkåbs qub issjstjrik i bssb bgnigh obk-
suebfjfh phfb kujth obk tbr iukbgtifh i bkphaniîåh b h
prizbr fb Djtabr bk bgnigir Edikobraijg. Kis Djtabr bri uk
kbgtjrhsh kujth diojajfhsh b, ipirbgtbkbgtb, bvjthu quiaqubr
vizikbgth fbssbs sbgtjkbgths.
Yuigfh h kbgtjrhsh b h iavh vík fb euaturis fjcbrbgtbs b
gåh ehkpirtjadik uk jfjhki, fbtbetir h bgnigh ê, phr uki
sêrjb fb rizòbs, kujth kijs fjcëeja. * Kbskh sb Djtabr ehkbtbu
brrhs b Edikobraijg gåh chj uki vëtjki vhaugtérji,
Edikobraijg h tbrji cbjth fjcjeuafifb bk fbtbetir bssbs brrhs.
Rk fhs khtjvhs ê qub i ehgvbrsi chj phr kbjh fb trifuthrbs.
Jssh hcbrbeb ih kbgtjrhsh fuis vigtinbgs bk rbaiîåh à
ehgvbrsi fjrbti. Ub bab ehkbtbr ianuk brrh vbroia - fbsajzbs,
piusis kujth ahgnis hu brrhs fb ciai - h trifuthr phfb
bgehorj-ahs. B, h prhebssh fb trifuîåh sjkuatïgbi

* Nrhtd ghthu bssb prhoabki, bkohri gåh tbgdi bxpajeifh ehkh hu phr qub bab
cugejhgirji= "... Jkprbssòbs pbsshijs \phr aëfbrbs[ såh prhvivbakbgtb kijs
bgnighsis gi prhphrîåh fi aieugi, phaëtjei, jfbhaõnjei, shejia b euaturia, bgtrb hs
pirtjejpigtbs iukbgti "(Nrhtd," Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets, "p. 464< vbmi ghtis).
 

?3?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

À kbfjfi qub eifi crisb ê trifuzjfi, h ciaigtb tbk tbkph piri

pbgsir bxitikbgtb ehkh bab rbfjnjré i prõxjki pirtb fb sui
kbgtjri. Kbskh qub h huvjgtb bgtbgfi i ajgnuinbk fh kbgtjrhsh, sb
gåh chr sui aëgnui gitjvi, bab prhvivbakbgtb pbrfbré sutjabzis gi
bgtrbni b gh tbxth qub phfbrjik sbr pjstis piri bgnigir.
Is fjcbrbgîis gis hrjnbgs giejhgijs b euaturijs tikoêk
phfbk hoseurbebr i jgtbrprbtiîåh fis pjstis vheijs, ciejijs b
ehrphrijs piri bgnigir, kis fb kigbjris kijs ehkpajeifis b
jgtrjgeifis. Eifi euaturi tbk sbus prõprjhs bstjahs prbserjths qub
nhvbrgik, itê ebrth phgth, i vbahejfifb, h thk b i iaturi fi ciai,
obk ehkh h ush fis kåhs b fh rhsth piri jaustrir i ciai. Hs
sjgijs ciejijs b vheijs fb bkhîåh tikoêk såh rbnjfhs pbah qub
fbserbvj gh eipëtuah 2 ehkhrbnris fb bxjojîåh, qub fjtik i
nbståh fi bxprbssåh bkhejhgia, b tikoêk virjik ehk i euaturi.
Ub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh siob shorb bssis fjcbrbgîis b
gåh is abvi bxpajejtikbgtb bk ehgti, bab cjei kijs vuagbrévba i
jgtbrprbtir brrhgbikbgtb thfhs bssbs ehkphrtikbgths b
ehkbtbr brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb hu erbgîi bk uki
kbgtjri.
Rk hcjejia fb jgtbajnígeji phfb pbrnugtir, gbstb phgth,
quigth fi kjgdi igéajsb fis rbugjòbs Djtabr-Edikobraijg phfbrji
tbr sjfh cbjth gi êphei. Ub jssh sõ chr phssëvba kujths ighs fbphjs,
quigfh ciths gåh fjsphgëvbjs gi êphei surnjrbk, i vbrjcjeiîåh fb
kbgtjris gåh sbrji fb ush prétjeh piri hs ithrbs prjgejpijs hu
sbus ehgsbadbjrhs quigfh babs fbsbmik tia imufi. Kjgdi abjturi
fb rbaiths fiqubai êphei sunbrb qub kujths fb kbus
 muanikbgths brik õovjhs,
õovjhs, pbah kbghs piri iianugs,
anugs, bk 9:54.
Edikobraijg tjgdi tigth bk mhnh ih fbsbmir ierbfjtir bk Djtabr
qub hutrhs, sbgåh bab, fbvbrjik tbr pbrebojfh i gbebssjfifb fb
bab fbvb sbr eiutbahsh ih ehgcjir bk sbus muanikbgths shorb i
vbriejfifb fb Djtabr. Iabnifikbgtb, Edikobraijg sb sbgtji
supbrjhr i sbus ehabnis phaëtjehs, bri ehgfbsebgfbgtb ehk babs,?9
b phfb gåh tbr iebjtifh tia eiutbai.
I fjsphsjîåh fb Djtabr fb kbgtjr piri i Jgnaitbrri tikoêk bstivi
obk bstiobabejfi gi êphei fi rbugjåh fb Obredtbsnifbg. Edik-
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?35 

obraijg gåh tbrji kbskh qub tbr ajfh hu ierbfjtir gh qub Djtabr
fjssb bk Kbjg Likpc. Dhuvb kujths bxbkpahs, ehkh suis
vjhaiîòbs heuatis fh pieth givia ignah-iabkåh hu suis kbgtjris
shorb suis jgtbgîòbs bk rbaiîåh à Éustrji. Igtbs fb ehgdbebr
Djtabr, Edikobraijg bxprbsshu sui suspbjti fb qub Djtabr bstivi
kbgtjgfh shorb i Vedbehsahvéquji, heuatigfh sbu paigh fb
ehgqujstir i Burhpi.?? Djtabr tikoêk bri ehgdbejfh phr sbr uk
kbgtjrhsh déoja, gåh ipbgis phr kbjh fb kighoris fjpahkétjeis
b kjajtirbs, kis quigfh eiri i eiri ehk sui vëtjki. Bab phfji
itjvir h bgeigth hu i cýrji b, ehk nrigfb kibstrji, jkprbssjhgir
hu jgtjkjfir, jgjojr hu ciasjcjeir sbgtjkbgths b paighs.
Hs bspbejiajstis bk djstõrji b ejígeji phaëtjei qub sb
bspbejiajzirik gis rbaiîòbs jgnaís-iabkås bk 9:54 fbvbrjik sbr
eipizbs fb muanir sb bsthu ehrrbth ih sunbrjr qub sb sioji h
sucjejbgtb piri rbsphgfbr às pbrnugtis fi ajsti fb kbgtjris (vbr
ipígfjeb). Gåh ierbfjth qub i vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris giqubai
êphei pufbssb tbr prbvjsth ehk ebrtbzi qub Djtabr kbgtjrji. Kis
phfbrji tbr prbvjsth qub Edikobraijg prhvivbakbgtb gåh pbnirji
Djtabr sb h cjzbssb. Bxjstbk ianukis hutris ajîòbs shorb i kbgtjri
i sbrbk iprbgfjfis gi rbugjåh Djtabr-Edikobraijg, kis bais såh
kbadhr ehgsjfbrifis fbphjs fb bxikjgir hutrh bxbkpah bk qub
i kbgtjri fb uk aëfbr phfb tbr sjfh fbtbetifi i pirtjr fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir.
Furigtb i erjsb fhs këssbjs euoighs, fhjs fjis igtbs fb uki
rbugjåh bgtrb h prbsjfbgtb Mhdg C. Lbggbfy b h kjgjstrh fis _baiîòbs
Bxtbrjhrbs shvjêtjeh Igfrbj Nrhkylh, * gi tbrîi-cbjri, hutuorh
96, 9:3?, h prbsjfbgtb Lbggbfy chj jgchrkifh phr KeNbhrnb
Ougfy fb qub uk vöh fh R-? shorb Euoi divji rbgfjfh
bvjfígejis jgehgtbstévbjs fb q
qub
ub i Rgjåh Uhvjêtjei bstivi
ehaheigfh këssbjs bk Euoi. Dhuvb rukhrbs rbpbtjfhs gbssb
sbgtjfh, b ehk uki babjîåh edbnigfh bk ghvbkorh,

* Bsthu bk fëvjfi ehk Nridik Iaajshg phr vbrjcjeir i bxitjfåh fb kjgdi

jgtbrprbtiîåh fh bgehgtrh bgtrb Lbggbfy b Nrhkylh. Kjgdi ehgti tikoêk chj
vbrjcjeifi phr uki pbsshi qub bri kbkorh fi ifkjgjstriîåh Lbggbfy b, gi êphei,
bk ehgtith ëgtjkh ehk thfhs hs prjgejpijs bgvhavjfhs gbstb jgejfbgtb.
 

?36  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ldrusdedbv (gis piaivris fh ejbgtjsti phaëtjeh Nridik Iaajshg)

"nirigtju ih prbsjfbgtb, pbahs eigijs kijs fjrbths b pbsshijs,
qub bgtbgfji h prhoabki fhkêstjeh fb Lbggbfy b gåh cirji
gifi piri ehkpajeé-ah. Bspbejcjeikbgtb, Ldrusdedbv divji
fifh ih prbsjfbgtb nirigtjis shabgbs fb qub i Rgjåh
Uhvjêtjei gåh phrji këssbjs hcbgsjvhs bk Euoi ‛.?5 Lbggbfy
bstivi "curjhsh" (fb iehrfh ehk Irtdur Uedabsjgnbr)<?6 bkohri
"... zignifh ehk hs bschrîhs fb Ldrusdedbv piri bgnigé-ah ...
\bab[ ... rbebobu i ghtëeji ehk eiaki, kis ehk uki bxprbssåh
fb surprbsi" (rbaith fb Vdbhfhrb Uhrbgshg).?2 Gis piaivris fb
_hobrt Lbggbfy, "... ehkh hs rbprbsbgtigtbs fi EJI
bxpajeirik is chths fh R-? giqubai kigdå ... pbrebobkhs qub
tufh gåh pissiri fb kbgtjris, uki njnigtbsei rbfb fb
kbgtjris".?3 Hs prjgejpijs issbsshrbs fh prbsjfbgtb
ehkbîirik i sb rbugjr giqubab fji piri ehgsjfbrir quijs
iîòbs h nhvbrgh fbvbrji thkir. H prbsjfbgtb fbejfju qub "...
gåh fbvbrji divbr fjvuaniîåh pýoajei fh cith fb qub sioëikhs
fhs këssbjs shvjêtjehs bk Euoi itê qub uk eursh fb iîåh
chssb fbejfjfh b prbpirifh ... I sbnurigîi bri bssbgejia, b h
prbsjfbgtb i cbz eairh qub bab bstivi fbtbrkjgifh i qub, pbah
kbghs uki vbz gi djstõrji fb ^isdjgnthg, gåh dhuvbssb
gbgduk vizikbgth "(_hnbr Djaskig, bgtåh gh Fbpirtikbgth
fb Bstifh).?>
Fhjs fjis fbphjs, gi qujgti-cbjri, 93 fb hutuorh, bgquigth
sbus ehgsbadbjrhs ijgfi fboitjik shorb h rukh qub h piës
fbvbrji thkir, h prbsjfbgtb Lbggbfy vju Nrhkylh. "Nrhkylh
bstivi ghs Bstifhs Rgjfhs dé kijs fb uki sbkigi, kis gbgduk
hcjejia ikbrjeigh sioji bxitikbgtb phr qub ... \Bab[ b divji
pbfjfh uki iufjígeji gi Eisi Origei. H pbfjfh divji edbnifh
quisb gi kbski dhri qub h. .. \Bvjfígeji chthnrécjei fh R-?[.
Ubré qub hs russhs ivjstirik h ivjåh fh R-?8 Babs nhstirjik fb
ciair ehk Lbggbfy piri sbgtjr suis rbiîòbs8 Babs usirjik bssi
piabstri piri jgchrkir i ^isdjgnthg qub Ldrusdedbv bstivi
gbstb kh- qub vij i pýoajeh shorb hs këssbjs, rbvbaigfh sbu nhapb

igtbs qub hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs phssik fbsbgeifbir sui rbiîåh8 "?4

 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?32 

Lbggbfy "... bstivi igsjhsh ehk i iprhxjkiîåh fi rbugjåh, kis

ehgsbnuju shrrjr ih fir is ohis-vjgfis i Nrhkylh b \Igithay[
Fhorygjg \h bkoijxifhr shvjêtjeh[ bk sbu bserjtõrjh" (Uhrbgshg).?:

Ijgfi sbkfb
bsehgfbr bstir prhgthsui
Nrhkylh piri injr, Lbggbfy
fbsehobrti ierbfjtivi
fhs këssbjs, sbr
piri jkphrtigtb
bvjtir qub hs
shvjêtjehs tjvbssbk uki vigtinbk ifjejhgia. *
I rbugjåh ehkbîhu às 9>d b furhu itê is 9:d92. H sberbtérjh
fb Bstifh Fbig _usl, Aabwbaayg Vdhkpshg (bx-bkoijxifhr fhs
Bstifhs Rgjfhs gi Rgjåh Uhvjêtjei) b Kirtjg Djafborigf (fjrbthr
fh Bserjtõrjh fb Issugths Iabkåbs) issjstjik b huvjik fb uk
aifh, bgquigth Fhorygjg, Saifjkjr Ubkbghr (fbputifh shvjêtjeh
kjgjstrh fis _baiîòbs Bxtbrjhrbs), b uk tbrebjrh hcjejia shvjêtjeh
issjstji fh hutrh aifh. Vrifuthrbs fb eifi aifh tikoêk

bstjvbrik
oiaigîh fbprbsbgtbs.
crbgtb piri"Lbggbfy
i airbjri,sbgthu-sb
Nrhkylh bk suifjrbjti
à sui eifbjri
bkfb
uk
fhs shcés obnb. Hs ejgbnricjstis bgtririk, tjririk chths piri i
phstbrjfifb \vbr chth[ b fbphjs siju. H russh rbehsthu-sb bk uki
iakhcifi ajstrifi b ehkbîhu i ciair - jgn
"50
Fbphjs fb ciair uk phueh shorb Obrajk, Nrhkylh
cjgiakbgtb ciahu fb Euoi. Ubnugfh h rbaith fb _hobrt
Lbggbfy, ‑Nrhkylh fjssb qub fbsbmivi ipbair ihs Bstifhs
Rgjfhs b ih Prbsjfbgtb Lbggbfy bk ghkb fh Prbkjbr

Ldrusdedbv
bxjstjik bk brbaiîåh
à Rgjåhi Uhvjêtjei piri fjkjgujr
Euoi. H Prbsjfbgtb is tbgsòbs
Lbggbfy huvju,qub
itögjth , kis tikoêk ehk ianuki ifkjriîåh pbai husifji fi
phsjîåh fb Nrhkylh ... \ciahu h prbsjfbgtb[
. . . ehk cjrkbzi, kis ehk nrigfb khfbriîåh, ehgsjfbrigfh i prhvheiîåh
îåh . . . "59 H mhrgiajsti Bajb Ioba rbaiti= "H prbsjfbgtb fbu i
Nrhkylh uki hphrtugjfifb eairi fb bseairbebr is ehjsis,
rbcbrjgfh-sb às rbpbtjfis nirigtjis fb Ldrusdedbv

* Gbssb phgth, fjcbrbgtbs rbaiths fjsehrfik. Bgquigth Uhrbgsbg rbaiti qub Lbggbfy gåh
tbvb fývjfis shorb i gbebssjfifb fb bgnigir Nrhkylh, Bajb Ioba ( I erjsb fhs këssbjs, p.
35< vbmi ghtis) rbaiti qub, jkbfjitikbgtb fbphjs, Lbggbfy pbrnugthu i _usl b Vdhkpshg
sb bab divji ehkbtjfh uk brrh ih gåh ehgtir i vbrfifb i Nrhkylh.
 

?33  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ubgtifhs, fi bsqubrfi piri i fjrbjti= Igithay Fhorygjg, Igfrbj

Nrhkylh, Mhdg C. Lbggbfy.

b Fhorygjg, qub hs këssbjs bk Euoi gåh pissivik fb irkis

igtjiêrbis. . . . Nrhkylh rbpbtju hostjgifikbgtb is vbadis
nirigtjis, qub h prbsjfbgtb inhri sioji sbrbk kbgtjris.
Lbggbfy gåh h ehgcrhgthu ehk hs ciths. "5?
Lbggbfy "pbrkigbebu jkpissëvba ... bab gåh fbu gbgduk sjgia
fb tbgsåh hu rijvi" (Uhrbgshg).
Nrhkylh bstivi ehk uk dukhr fb "mhvjiajfifb jgehkuk"
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?3> 

(Ioba)56 quigfh bab fbjxhu i Eisi Origei. Hs rbpõrtbrbs

pbrnugtirik i bab h qub chj fjth gi rbugjåh. Nrhkylh shrrju piri
babs, hovjikbgtb fb ohk dukhr, b fjssb qub is ehgvbrsis chrik
"ýtbjs, kujth ýtbjs".52 _hobrt Lbggbfy rbaiti= "Bu vjk ahnh fbphjs
qub Nrhkylh fbjxhu i Eisi Origei. H prbsjfbgtb fhs Bstifhs
Rgjfhs, phfb-sb fjzbr, gåh nhsthu fh phrti-vhz fi Rgjåh
Uhvjêtjei."53 "Bu bstivi khrrbgfh fb vhgtifb fb ehgcrhgté-ah ehk
ghssis bvjfígejis ", fjssb Lbggbfy, fb iehrfh ehk h ejbgtjsti
phaëtjeh Fivjf Fbtzbr.5> Bk sbu bserjtõrjh, Lbggbfy ehkbgthu
ehk _hobrt Ahvbtt b KeOugfy, qub divjik bgtrifh= "Nrhkylh ...
gbsti kbski siai, dé gåh kijs fb fbz kjguths, ehgthu kijs
kbgtjris fbseirifis fh qub mikijs huvj bk tåh phueh tbkph.
Furigtb thfh h tbkph sui gbniîåh ... Bu tjgdi is chths fb oijxh
gëvba gi nivbti ebgtria fi kjgdi bserjvigjgdi b chj uki bghrkb
tbgtiîåh khstré-ais i bab. "54
Ehgsjfbrbkhs prjkbjrh h Bkoijxifhr Fhorygjg. Bab
prhvivbakbgtb bri h ýgjeh gi rbugjåh qub gåh bstivi kbgtjgfh.
_hobrt Lbggbfy pbgsivi qub hs shvjêtjehs kbgtjrik piri
Fhorygjg, gåh ehgcjigfh gi diojajfifb fb Fhorygjg ehkh
kbgtjrhsh, b qub Fhorygjg chri vbrfifbjrh, ehkh sioji, ih gbnir
i bxjstígeji fb quiaqubr këssja bk Euoi bk sbus bgehgtrhs
igtbrjhrbs ehk _hobrt Lbggbfy. * Gåh sbrji jgehkuk qub uk
bkoijxifhr chssb tåh bgnigifh phr sbu prõprjh nhvbrgh piri tia
prhpõsjth. Mhdg C. Lbggbfy tjgdi cbjth bxitikbgtb jssh ehk Ifaij
Utbvbgshg, gåh h jgchrkigfh shorb i Oiëi fhs Phrehs,

"H fboitb shorb Fhorygjg ehgtjgui=" Fbsti rbugjåh fiti uki fis pbrnugtis pbrsjstbgtbs
shorb Fhorygjg. Bab sioji fhs këssbjs quigfh, fb cith, mugthu-sb ih sbu kjgjstrh fis
_baiîòbs Bxtbrjhrbs gi tbgtitjvi fb bgnigir h prbsjfbgtb8 "Bab fbvji siobr", fjssb Nbhrnb
^. Oiaa, bgtåh suosberbtérjh fb Bstifh. "Bab tbvb qub kbgtjr phr sbu piës." "H prbsjfbgtb b
sbu jrkåh chrik abvifhs phr Fhorygjg itê ebrth phgth", fjssb h bx-mujz fi Uuprbki Ehrtb
Irtdur M. Nhafobrn. "Ê jgehgeboëvba qub bab gåh shuobssb." Hutrhs tík kbghs ebrtbzi. H
ehgsbadbjrh fb sbnurigîi giejhgia fb Lbggbfy, KeNbhrnb Ougfy, fjz qub bab iedi qub
Fhorygjg gåh sioji. Kujths bspbejiajstis ikbrjeighs ehgehrfik, bxpajeigfh qub, sho h
sjstbki shvjêtjeh,

N. Liao, "Vdb Fhorygjg Ciethr", _bvjsti Gbw Zhrl Vjkbs, 95 fb kijh fb 9:46, p. 35).
 

?34  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

b, ehkh iphgti Iaajshg, "fi kbski chrki, h

bkoijxifhr miphgís gåh chj jgchrkifh fb Pbira Dirohr<
h bkoijxifhr iabkåh bk Khsehu gåh chj jgchrkifh fb
Oiroirhssi \h paigh iabkåh fb jgvifjr i _ýssji[".5: Gh
pbrëhfh bgtrb mugdh fb 9:3?, quigfh sb prbsukb qub
hs shvjêtjehs fbejfjrik ehaheir këssbjs bk Euoi, b gbsti
rbugjåh bk kbifhs fb hutuorh, hs shvjêtjehs usirik
Fhorygjg b Nbhrnj Ohasdilhv, uk hcjejia fb jgchrkiîåh
pýoajei fi bkoijxifi shvjêtjei, piri issbnurir
rbpbtjfikbgtb ihs kbkorhs fi ifkjgjstriîåh Lbggbfy
(_hobrt Lbggbfy, Edbstbr Ohwabs b Uhrbgshg) qub
gbgduk këssja hcbgsjvh bstivi sbgfh ehaheifh bk
Euoi. Ohasdilhv b Fhorygjg gåh prbejsivik siobr i
vbrfifb b prhvivbakbgtb, fb cith, gåh. Gbk
Ldrusdedbv, Nrhkylh, gbk quiaqubr hutri pbsshi qub
shuobssb i vbrfifb mikijs sb bgehgtrhu fjrbtikbgtb
ehk sbus hphgbgtbs itê 96 fb hutuorh, fhjs fjis igtbs
fi rbugjåh bgtrb Nrhkylh b Lbggbfy. Ldrusdedbv sb
bgehgtrhu bk Khsehu ehk h bkoijxifhr ikbrjeigh,
Chy Lhdabr, b gbnhu qub dhuvbssb quiaqubr këssja bk
Euoi.
Gi rbugjåh gi Eisi Origei, dhuvb fuis kbgtjris, uki fb
Lbggbfy b hutri fb Nrhkylh. Ianugs abjthrbs phfbk iedir bstrigdh
qub bu usb i piaivrikbgtjri piri fbserbvbr Lbggbfy, b gåh ipbgis
Nrhkylh. I kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh nhsti fb usir bssi piaivri
shorb ianuêk qub ê ifkjrifh, phrqub bais, kis gåh bu, ehgsjfbrik
i kbgtjri jgbrbgtbkbgtb ké. Is iîòbs fb Lbggbfy giqubai rbugjåh
sb bgeijxik gi kjgdi fbcjgjîåh fb uki kbgtjri fjssjkuaifi. Ikohs
hs dhkbgs, Lbggbfy b Nrhkylh, bsehgfbrik uk fh hutrh h qub
eifi uk sioji sbr vbrfifb - qub divji këssbjs bk Euoi. Kjgdi
igéajsb sunbrb phr qub Lbggbfy tjgdi kijs prhoiojajfifb fh qub
Nrhkylh fb tbr chrgbejfh uki pjsti piri sbu bgnigh.

Ehgtigth qub eifi uk tjvbssb baiohrifh sui ajgdi ehk

igtbebfígeji - b eifi uk tbrji i hphrtugjfifb fb cizí-ah - iaj
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?3: 

gåh fbvbrji divbr prhoabki bk bsehgfbr uk fh hutrh
h ehgdbejkbgth qub ehkpirtjadivik. Ikohs hs
dhkbgs phfbk tbr sbgtjfh iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh
phrqub hs rjsehs bgvhavjfhs
Prbsukjvbakbgtb, i igsjbfifbbrik
qubkujth nrigfbs.
Lbggbfy tbrji
sbgtjfh quigfh eukprjkbgthu Nrhkylh chj phr
fbtbeîåh fb iprbbgsåh. Is iphstis (b, phrtigth, i
iprbbgsåh fi fbtbeîåh) phfbk tbr sjfh kijhrbs piri
Lbggbfy fh qub piri Nrhkylh. Hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs
ijgfi gåh fbejfjrik h qub cizbr. Gbk kbskh is
jgchrkiîòbs fb jgtbajnígeji shorb quigths këssbjs
divji bk Euoi, bk qub bsténjh fb prbpiriîåh, bstivik
ehkpabtis. Hs ehgsbadbjrhs fb Lbggbfy pbgsirik qub
bab fbvbrji kigtbr i fbsehobrti bk sbnrbfh, phjs sb
Ldrusdedbv shuobssb igtbs qub hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs
injssbk, babs tbkjik qub Ldrusdedbv, phr kbjh fb
bvisòbs b ikbiîis, ehkpajeissb i iîåh ikbrjeigi b
nigdissb uki vigtinbk tétjei. Fb iehrfh ehk
KeNbhrnb Ougfy, "60 Hs shvjêtjehs tikoêk qubrjik
tbkph piri ehgeaujr i ehgstruîåh fb suis oisbs fb
këssbjs, kis gåh jkphrtivi kujth sb hs ikbrjeighs
iprbgfbssbk shorb hs këssbjs inhri. Hs shvjêtjehs
siojik qub hs ivjòbs ikbrjeighs R-? ahnh fbsehorjrjik
hs këssbjs, sb ijgfi gåh h tjvbssbk cbjth.
Kbskh qub gåh dimi gbgduki fjcbrbgîi gis iphstis, Lbggbfy
phfb tbr sbgtjfh kijs iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh fh qub Nrhkylh,
phrqub prhvivbakbgtb sb sbgtju kbghs ehgcjigtb shorb sui
eipiejfifb fb kbgtjr. Ebrtikbgtb bab tjgdi kbghs prétjei fh qub
Nrhkylh. Iaêk fjssh, Nrhkylh prhvivbakbgtb sb sbgtjrji kijs
ehgcjigtb sb ehkpirtjadissb fi hpjgjåh fb Ldrusdedbv shorb
Lbggbfy, chrkifi gi rbugjåh fb eýpuai fb Sjbgi uk igh igtbs, fb
qub Lbggbfy gåh bri kujth furh.
Iaêk fi phssjojajfifb fb Lbggbfy sbgtjr kijs
iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh fh qub Nrhkylh, bab tikoêk tbrji
h cirfh fb hutris bkhîòbs piri bsehgfbr. Is ehgtis
 

?>0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ejtbj uk rbaith fb qub, furigtb h bgehgtrh, Lbggbfy sb sbgtju

surprbsh, ifkjrifh b fbsehgtbgtb. H vizikbgth fb quiaqubr
uki fbssis bkhîòbs phfbrji tí-ah triëfh, phjs bssbs
sbgtjkbgths, giqubab ehgtbxth, sunbrjrjik qub Lbggbfy sioji
shorb h bgnigh shvjêtjeh. Phr hutrh aifh, Nrhkylh phfb tbr
sbgtjfh uk prizbr bgnigifhr. Jssh sbrji ehgsjstbgtb ehk hs
rbaiths fb qub bab pirbeji tåh mhvjia quigfh pirtju.
Is edigebs fb vizikbgth hu pjstis piri bgnigh gåh
sbrjik nrigfbs, uki vbz qub hs fhjs dhkbgs brik
diojajfhshs b eifi uk tjgdi eirietbrëstjeis pbsshijs qub h
thrgivik eipiz fb bsehgfbr quijsqubr bkhîòbs qub
sbgtjssb. Ijgfi issjk, Lbggbfy tjgdi kijs pbsh fh qub
Nrhkylh, kijs bkhîòbs qub bab sbgtji, b bab bri kbghs
diojajfhsh b kbghs ehgcjigtb bk sui diojajfifb ehkh
bgnigifhr. Is fjcbrbgîis euaturijs b fb jfjhki phfbk tbr
bgehobrth quiaqubr uki fb suis pjstis piri bgnigir, kis h
Bkoijxifhr Fhorygjg fbvbrji bstir bk phsjîåh fb jfbgtjcjeé-
ais. Ehk nrigfb ehgdbejkbgth, fbphjs fb kujths ighs gbstb
piës, shorb h ehkphrtikbgth ikbrjeigh, kujth ehgchrtévba
ehk h jfjhki, Fhorygjg tikoêk tbvb i vigtinbk fb sbr uk
hosbrvifhr b gåh uk pirtjejpigtb fjrbth, phfbgfh sb fbfjeir
ih bserutëgjh fh suspbjth. H Bkoijxifhr Vdhkpshg bstivi bk
uki phsjîåh sbkbadigtb,
Bkohri bu tbgdi phfjfh rbehrrbr i kujths rbaiths fbssb
bgehgtrh fh aifh ikbrjeigh, gåh dé jgchrkiîòbs fh aifh
shvjêtjeh b, phrtigth, gbgduki kigbjri fb ifjvjgdir sb
Fhorygjg rbiakbgtb sbgtju i vbrfifb hu gåh. _baiths fb qub
Fhorygjg pirbeji bstupbcith b vjsjvbakbgtb ioiaifh quigfh,
quitrh fjis fbphjs, h sberbtérjh fb Bstifh _usl h jgchrkhu fi
fbsehobrti fhs këssbjs b fh jgëejh fh oahqubjh givia
ikbrjeigh chrik jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh bvjfígejis fb qub hs
shvjêtjehs gåh siojik itê bgtåh shorb i fbsehobrti
ikbrjeigi.69 Ub sbu prõprjh nhvbrgh h tjvbssb kigtjfh
jnghrigtb shorb i jgstiaiîåh fb këssbjs, jssh tbrji
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?>9

chj h prjkbjrh qub bab shuob fjssh. Kbskh sb Fhorygjg shuobssb
shorb hs këssbjs, b kbskh sb shuobssb qub hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs
divjik fbsehobrth hs këssbjs, bab ijgfi phfbrji tbr cjeifh piskh
b ioiaifh pbai fbejsåh ikbrjeigi fb rbsphgfbr kjajtirkbgtb. I
kijhrji fhs igiajstis ehgehrfi qub hs shvjêtjehs gåh bspbrivik
qub Lbggbfy rbsphgfbssb à fbsehobrti ehk iîòbs kjajtirbs.
kjajt irbs.

I qubståh gåh ê fbtbrkjgir sb h bgehorjkbgth fb

Lbggbfy chj fbsehobrth, kis bxpajeir phr qub divji uki
edigeb fb qub pufbssb tbr sjfh b fbkhgstrir qub, kbskh
bgtåh, rbehgdbebr pjstis piri bgnigir gåh tbrji sjfh uki
qubståh céeja b fbsehkpajeifi. Iabnifikbgtb, Lbggbfy gåh
pbrebobu brrhs gis kbgtjris fb Nrhkylh. Ehkh Lbggbfy mé
sioji i vbrfifb, gåh prbejsivi bgehgtrir pjstis piri bgnigir.
Irkifh ehk bssb ehgdbejkbgth, Lbggbfy phfbrji ifkjrir i
diojajfifb fb Nrhkylh.
Ih igiajsir bssbs fhjs bgnighs jgtbrgiejhgijs, fjssb qub Djtabr,
Lbggbfy b Nrhkylh brik kbgtjrhshs giturijs, jgvbgtjvhs b
jgtbajnbgtbs gi ciorjeiîåh, ciaifhrbs suivbs b fb kigbjri
ehgvjgebgtb. Ierbfjth qub quiaqubr phaëtjeh qub edbnub ih phfbr, bk
pirtb, phr kbjh fb sui diojajfifb bk fboitbs b fjseurshs pýoajehs,
qub sbmi énja bk ajfir ehk pbrnugtis bk ehabtjvis fb jkprbgsi, ehk
uki jkinbk orjadigtb fb VS hu réfjh, tbk h tiabgth fb ehgvbrsiîåh
piri sbr uk kbgtjrhsh gituria. (Bkohri Nrhkylh gåh tbgdi edbnifh
ih phfbr phr bssbs kbjhs, bab shorbvjvbu quigfh phuehs h cjzbrik,
phr uk ahgnh pbrëhfh, b bk 9:35 mé bri iatikbgtb bxpbrjbgtb tigth
gi fjpahkieji quigth gi phaëtjei fb autis jgtbrgis fbgtrh fi Rgjåh
Uhvjêtjei.) Bssis pbsshis såh ehgtri vjgeuaiîåh< ciz pirtb fb sbu
bsthqub ehkbrejia. Yubr bsehadik kbgtjr hu gåh, babs tík is
diojajfifbs gbebssérjis piri cizí-ah obk. Eairh qub bxjstbk hutris
rhtis piri h phfbr phaëtjeh. Is diojajfifbs rbabvigtbs piri h bgnigh
jgtbrpbsshia gåh såh gbebssérjis piri bgebgir uk nhapb fb bstifh.
Gbk h cirji uk aëfbr qub iaeigîi h phfbr phr kbjh fb diojajfifbs
ourherétjeis, phr dbrigîi hu phr
 

?>? Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bgnigir hs rjvijs fhkêstjehs phr kbjh fb kighoris prjvifis

gbebssirjikbgtb tbk qub sbr uk kbgtjrhsh gituria, tiabgthsh ehkh uk
bxbeuthr fb ehgvbrsiîåh.
I diojajfifb fb ehgvbrsiîåh - i eipiejfifb fb heuatir b ciasjcjeir
is piaivris à kbfjfi qub såh ciaifis, ehk bxprbssòbs b nbsths
iprhprjifhs - gåh ê gbebssérji, fbsfb qub h kbgtjrhsh gåh tbgdi
qub bgcrbgtir hu ehgvbrsir ehk sbu iavh. Hs iavhs phfbk sbr
bgnigifhs phr bserjth, phr kbjh fb jgtbrkbfjérjhs, ehkugjeifhs à
jkprbgsi, phr iîòbs kjajtirbs b issjk phr fjigtb. Yuiaqubr chrki fb
kbgtjri, bgtrbtigth, ciadi sb h kbgtjrhsh gåh tjvbr diojajfifbs
bstritênjeis, chr jgeipiz fb pbgsir sbus khvjkbgths b hs fb sbu
iavh. Prbsukh qub thfhs hs aëfbrbs phaëtjehs fbvik sbr pbgsifhrbs
istuths b bstritênjehs, kis ipbgis ianugs tík is diojajfifbs fb
ehgvbrsiîåh qub adbs pbrkjtbk kbgtjr quigfh eiri i eiri ehk suis
pbfrbjris, ghs tjphs fb bgnighs qub ehgsjfbrikhs gbstb ajvrh.
Gbk thfh kugfh ehgsbnub kbgtjr hu bsté fjsphsth i kbgtjr.
Prbsukh qub i kijhrji fhs aëfbrbs phaëtjehs bsté fjsphsti i
kbgtjr, pbah kbghs piri ebrths iavhs, sho ebrtis ejreugstïgejis.
Itê Mjkky Eirtbr, qub cbz eikpigdi ehk i prhkbssi fb qub
gugei kbgtjrji piri h phvh ikbrjeigh, b qub fbkhgstrhu jssh
rbehgdbebgfh suis cigtisjis aisejvis bk uk
Paiyohy bgtrbvjsti à rbvjsti, kijs tirfb kbgtju, heuatigfh sbus
paighs fb rbsnitir pbai chrîi hs rbcêgs kigtjfhs gh Jrå. Igiajstis
bspbejiajzifhs bk bgnigh kjajtir tbgtirik jfbgtjcjeir aëfbrbs
kijs prhgths hu eipizbs fb kbgtjr. Rki phssjojajfifb ê qub babs
vbgdik fb euaturis qub thabrik h bgnigh,6? kis i bvjfígeji fb
qub bxjstbk tijs euaturis ê criei. * Hutrh gåh tbstifh

* Fjzbk qub hs shvjêtjehs såh kijs rbsbrvifhs b kijs vbrfifbjrhs fh qub hs hutrhs
ejfifåhs. H bspbejiajsti shvjêtjeh ^iatbr Didg irnukbgti qub h sjnjah tbk uki ahgni
djstõrji b ê uki eirietbrëstjei russi, gåh shvjêtjei ("Vdb Kijgsprjgns hc Uhvjbt Uberbey",
Hrojs 9:36= >9:-6>). _hgiaf Djgnaby fjz qub hs russhs såh kijs répjfhs bk chrgbebr
jgchrkiîòbs vhaugtérjis shorb ispbeths prjvifhs fb suis vjfis b kijs prhpbgshs i cizbr
fbeairiîòbs eirrbnifis fb bkhîåh gi prbsbgîi fb bstrigdhs. Jssh gåh sjngjcjei qub sbmik
kijs hu kbghs vbrfifbjrhs fh qub hutrhs giejhgijs. "Babs phfbk sbr sbehs, iustbrhs b
rbsbrvifhs ehkh hs ignah-sixòbs kijs tiejturghs hu bstrbjths fi abgfi, uki u ki vbz qub dé
kujth bspiîh piri virjbfifb bk russh ehkh bk quiaqubr hutri psjehahnji
giejhgia" (Djgnaby,Vdb _ussjig Kjgf, \ Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Uerjogbrs, 9:>>[, p. >6). Uwbbtsbr ierbfjti
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?>5 

I jfbji ê qub hs aëfbrbs kijs fjsphsths i kbgtjr såh bgehgtrifhs bk

piësbs (bspbejiakbgtb hgfb dé uki fjtifuri) ghs quijs hs aëfbrbs
tík uk pipba jkphrtigtb gis fbejsòbs kjajtirbs.65 Rki tbgtitjvi fb
fbsehorjr i pirtjr fb kitbrjia djstõrjeh uk tjph fb pbrshgiajfifb
bgnighsi eirietbrjzigfh aëfbrbs ehgdbejfhs phr tbrbk kbgtjfh gåh
chj obk-suebfjfi, kis gåh dé jgchrkiîòbs fjsphgëvbjs shorb bssb
trioiadh piri iviajir phr qub bab gåh tbvb suebssh.66
Gåh dé gbgduki bvjfígeji ehgerbti, fb uki chrki hu fb hutri,
shorb sb hs aëfbrbs phaëtjehs såh hu gåh bxtrihrfjgirjikbgtb eipizbs
ehkh kbgtjrhshs, kijs diojajfhshs b fjsphsths i kbgtjr fh qub,
fjnikhs, bxbeutjvhs fb gbnõejhs. Ub chrbk, jssh thrgirji hs bgnighs
jgtbrgiejhgijs ijgfi kijs fjcëebjs, b tikoêk sunbrjrji i jkphrtïgeji,
piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, fb jfbgtjcjeir is bxebîòbs, iqubabs
edbcbs fb bstifh qub såh ghtévbj
ghtévbjss phr gåh tbrbk i diojajfifb usuia
fb kbgtjrhshs .
Inhri vikhs ehgsjfbrir h hutrh aifh fi khbfi, sb hs edbcbs fb bstifh
såh hu gåh kijs eipizbs fh qub hutrhs ehkh ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris.
Pbsqujsis fbsehorjrik qub ianukis pbsshis såh bxebpejhgiakbgtb
diojajfhsis ehkh ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris, b qub i diojajfifb fb ipigdifhr
fb kbgtjris gåh bsté rbaiejhgifi
rbaiejhgifi à diojajfifb
diojajfifb fb kbgtjrhsh.62 Jgcbajzkbgtb,
bssi pbsqujsi bxikjghu prjgejpiak
prjgejpiakbgtb
bgtb bstufigtbs ugjvbrsjtérjhs. Gbgduk
trioiadh bxikjghu pbsshis qub heupik phsjîòbs fb ajfbrigîi bk
hrnigjziîòbs
hrnigjziî òbs fb quiaqubr tjph. Ub h tbstb fbssis pbsshis sunbrjssb qub
ianukis fbais såh déobjs ehkh ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris, bgtåh surnjrji i
qubståh fb siobr sb ê phssëvba jfbgtjcjeir ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjri diojajfhshs
à fjstïgeji, sbk adbs fir uk tbstb piri fbsehorjr. Ub hs ipigdifhrbs fb
kbgtjri bxebpejhgiakbgtb
bxebpejhgiakbgtb diojajfhshs pufbssbk ssbrbr jfbgtjcjeifhs i pirtjr fh
tjph fb jgchrkiîåh qub nbriakbgtb bsté fjsphgëvba shorb cjnuris pýoajeis, uk
aëfbr phaëtjeh qub bsté pbgsigfh bk kbgtjr phfb sbr

qub is euaturis fjcbrbk ipbgis bk quijs tjphs fb jgchrkiîòbs bståh sumbjtis i bgnigiîåh, b gåh
bk uki euaturi sbgfh kijs bgnighsi fh qub hutri ("I Fbcjgjîåh fb uki Kbgtjri," bk
Khfbahs Euaturijs bk Aignuinb igf Vdhundt, bf. Gihkj Yujgg b Fhrhtdy Dhaigfi \gh
prbah[). Bkohri bu gåh tbgdi khtjvhs piri irnukbgtir, quiaqubr ehgeausåh inhri sbrji
prbkituri, uki vbz qub dhuvb tåh phueh bstufh fis fjcbrbgîis giejhgijs hu euaturijs bk
kbgtjr hu pbnir kbgtjris.
 

?>6  Fjzbgfh sjojah 

eipiz fb iviajir ehk kijs prbejsåh h quåh eipiz sbu ifvbrsérjh phfb sbr
fb fbtbetir quiaqubr vizikbgth hu pjstis piri bgnigh.
H ejbgtjsti phaëtjeh Nrhtd irnukbgthu, piri kjk fb chrki
ehgvjgebgtb, qub edbcbs fb bstifh såh jgehkuk phorb eiîifhrbs fb
kbgtjris, kbghs eiutbahshs fh qub sbus fjpahkitis prhcjssjhgijs shorb
sui eipiejfifb fb iviajir h eirétbr b i ehgcjiojajfifb fb sbus
ifvbrsérjhs. ‑Edbcbs fb Bstifh b kjgjstrhs fis _baiîòbs Bxtbrjhrbs
crbqñbgtbkbgtb eirbebk fis diojajfifbs babkbgtirbs fb gbnhejiîåh b
ehkugjeiîåh hu fb jgchrkiîòbs oésjeis, phr bxbkpah, qub hs
eipiejtirjik i cizbr iviajiîòbs ehkpbtbgtbs fb sbus ifvbrsérjhs‛.63 Mbrvjs
ehgehrfi, hosbrvigfh qub edbcbs fb Bstifh phfbk supbrbstjkir sui
eipiejfifb fb ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris sb "sui isebgsåh ih phfbr
fbpbgfbr bk pirtb fb uki diojajfifb inuîifi fb muanir hs hutrhs".6>
Kbskh qub uk aëfbr bstbmi ehrrbth bk ierbfjtir qub ê
bxtrihrfjgirjikbgtb diojajfhsh ehkh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris, bab phfb
fbjxir fb abvir bk ehgsjfbriîåh ehkh ê kujth kijs fjcëeja fbtbetir uki
kbgtjri quigfh h suspbjth ê fb hutri euaturi b ciai hutrh jfjhki.
 Muanubj Edikobraijg ehkh
ehkh uki vëtjki vhaugtérji f fh
h bgnigh, tåh
bkpbgdifh bk bvjtir i nubrri, sb jssh chssb phssëvba, qub qubrji
fbsbspbrifikbgtb
fbsbspbrifikb gtb ierbfjtir bk Djtabr b supbrbstjkhu sui
eipiejfifb fb abr h eirétbr fb Djtabr. Gh bgtigth, Edikobraijg gåh
bri uk dhkbk thah< gbk fbsehgdbeji i phssjojajfifb fb Djtabr bstir
kbgtjgfh. Kis Edikobraijg tjgdi uk khtjvh kujth chrtb piri
qubrbr ierbfjtir bk Djtabr, phjs sb bab gåh pufbssb, i nubrri bstirji
jkbfjitikbgtb à kåh. Bssbs brrhs fb muanikbgth phr edbcbs fb
bstifh b i erbgîi bqujvheifi bk suis prõprjis diojajfifbs ehkh
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris gåh såh, fb iehrfh ehk Nrhtd, tåh
jgehkugs. Bk kbus tbrkhs, ê bspbejiakbgtb prhvévba sbkprb qub
is iphstis såh kujth iatis. Ê bgtåh, quigfh h kijhr figh phfb sbr
cbjth, qub uk edbcb fb Bstifh phfb cjeir oistigtb vuagbrévba i sb
thrgir uki vëtjki vhaugtérji fh bgnigh fb sbu ifvbrsérjh.
Ehgsjfbrb hutrh bxbkpah fb uki vëtjki vhaugtérji. Piri
bqujajorir i phgtuiîåh, sbabejhgbj fbsti vbz, bgtrb hs kujths
bxbkpahs chrgbejfhs phr Nrhtd, h hphgbgtb fb Edikobraijg,
^jgsthg Eduredjaa. Eduredjaa rbaiti qub h cith fb Utiajg "ciair
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?>2 

tigth fi '_ýssji' quigth fi 'Rgjåh Uhvjêtjei', b cizji rbcbrígejis à
Fjvjgfifb "64 abvhu-h i sb pbrnugtir sb Utiajg gåh kigtjgdi
ianukis erbgîis rbajnjhsis. * Bk hutrh jgejfbgtb, fbphjs fb
rbthrgir fb Jiati, bk 9:62, Eduredjaa fbcbgfbu sui cê gis
prhkbssis fb Utiajg fi sbnujgtb kigbjri= "Ujgth qub i piaivri
fbabs ê fbabs Gåh ehgdbîh gbgduk nhvbrgh qub eukpri suis
horjniîòbs kbskh phr ehgti prõprji, ipbsir fb tufh, kijs
shajfikbgtb fh qub h nhvbrgh russh. "6: Rk fb sbus ojõnrichs
fjssb fb Eduredjaa= "... ehk thfh h sbu ehgdbejkbgth fh pissifh
shvjêtjeh, ^jgsthg bstivi prbpirifh piri fir i Utiajg h obgbcëejh
fi fývjfi b ehgcjir bk suis jgtbgîòbs. Bri fjcëeja piri bab cizbr
hutri ehjsi sbgåh ierbfjtb gi prhojfifb bssbgejia fiqubabs bk
phsjîåh babvifi ehk qubk bab cbz gbnõejhs. "20 Utiajg gåh
rbtrjouju bssb rbspbjth. Kjahvig Fmjais ejti Utiajg ehkh fjzbgfh
bk 9:66= "Viavbz vheí pbgsb qub sõ phrqub shkhs iajifhs fhs
jgnabsbs ... bsqubebkhs qubk babs såh b qubk ê Eduredjaa. Babs
gåh bgehgtrik gifi kijs fheb fh qub bgnigir sbus iajifhs.
Eduredjaa ê h tjph qub, sb vheí gåh h vjnjir, tjri uk ehpbqub fh
sbu ohash.
. . , "29 H cheh fb Eduredjaa bk fbstrujr Djtabr b sui gbebssjfifb
phjs i imufi fb Utiajg phfb tí-ah thrgifh uki vëtjki vhaugtérji fhs
bgnighs fb Utiajg.
Fbj kijs bspiîh ihs bgnhfhs bgtrb bstifjstis fh qub i
quiaqubr hutri chrki fb bgnigh qub ehgsjfbrbj gbstb eipëtuah.
Bu cjz jssh gåh phrqub bsti sbmi i irbgi kijs prhkjsshri piri
fbtbetir pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir, kis phrqub ê i
kijs pbrjnhsi, hgfb muanikbgths bqujvheifhs phfbk sbr

* Mjkky Eirtbr cjehu jnuiakbgtb jkprbssjhgifh. Ih fbserbvbr sbu prjkbjrh bgehgtrh ehk
h prbsjfbgtb shvjêtjeh Abhgjf Orbzdgbv Eirtbr ejthu sui rbsphsti jgjejia fifi i Orbzdgbv
gh fji sbnujgtb= "Dhuvb uk itrish bxebssjvh gbsti rbugjåh, kis inhri qub cjgiakbgtb
bstikhs mugths, fbvbkhs cizbr h kéxjkh prhnrbssh. Bu bstivi Cjqubj kujth
jkprbssjhgifh hgtbk quigfh h prbsjfbgtb Orbzdgbv kb fjssb= 'Ub gåh tjvbrkhs suebssh,
Fbus gåh ghs pbrfhiré! " H ehkbgtérjh fb Eirtbr fb qub "Orbzdgbv pirbeji uk tigth
bkoiriîifh" ehk sui hosbrviîåh jkpajei qub Eirtbr, ehkh Eduredjaa, abvhu i sêrjh bssi
rbcbrígeji à fjvjgfifb (Eirtbr,Kigtbgfh i cê \ Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Oigtik Ohhls, 9:4?[, p. ?64).
 

?>3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kijs eirh phrqub hs bgnighs phfbk sbr khrtijs. Gh bgtigth, ehkh

iehgtbeb ehk i fbtbeîåh fb criufbs bgtrb suspbjths fb erjkbs, gåh dé
sbgtjfh bk irnukbgtir qub i fbtbeîåh fb criufbs
c riufbs i pirtjr fb pjstis

ehkphrtikbgtijs
quiaqubr giîåh. Ê fbvi sbr iohajfi.
fi giturbzi dukigiGåhehabtir
phfb sbr
tijsjgtbrrhkpjfh,
jgc hrkiîòbs,bk
jgchrkiîòbs, pbah
kbghs jgchrkiakbgtb, i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. B, ehkh
irnukbgtbj ih fjseutjr hs rjsehs fb fbtbetir bgnigh furigtb hs
jgtbrrhnitõrjhs, prhvivbakbgtb ê kijs sbnurh sb hs pirtjejpigtbs b
iqubabs qub hs iehgsbadik bstbmik ejbgtbs fb sbus muanikbgths fb
pjstis bxprbssjvis piri h bgnigh fh qub sb tijs jkprbssòbs
pbrkigbebrbk gh rbjgh fis jgtujîòbs b piapjtbs.
Ehkh hosbrvbj i rbspbjth fi fbtbeîåh fb bgnigh bgtrb suspbjths
fb erjkbs, kbskh qub chssb phssëvba iohajr i jgtbrprbtiîåh fb pjstis

ehkphrtikbgtij
ehkphrtikbgtijs s piri bgnigh
qub jssh sbrji fbsbmévba. bk rbugjòbs
Eairikbgtb, jgtbrgiejhgijs,
h rbnjstrh gåh erbjh
djstõrjeh khstri
jgcikbs bgnighs jgtbrgiejhgijs gi djstõrji kujth rbebgtb. Yubk gåh
nhstirji qub sbu prõprjh piës chssb kijs eipiz fb fbtbetir tijs
kbgtjris8 H prhoabki ê ehkh cizbr jssh sbk iukbgtir is edigebs fb
 muanikbgths brrifhs.
brrifhs. Vbkh qub h bxebssh fb ehgcjigîi fb
Edikobraijg b Edured- jaa bk sui eipiejfifb fb jgtbrprbtir h bgnigh
b iviajir h eirétbr fb sbus ehabnis phssi bkpiajfbebr fjigtb fi
irrhnïgeji fb uk bspbejiajsti bk ejígeji ehkphrtikbgtia qub nigdi
i vjfi iabnigfh sbr eipiz fb fbtbetir sjgijs fb bgnigh gh

bstrignbjrh aëfbrbs.bkohri jgfjrbtikbgtb, quijsqubr bspbejiajstis bk

Vbgtbj fbsicjir,
ehkphrtikbgth qub trioiadbk piri quiaqubr giîåh ehkh fbtbethrbs fb
bgnigh, thrgigfh-hs kijs ejbgtbs fi ehkpabxjfifb fb sui tirbci b
thrgigfh sbus eajbgtbs - iqubabs i qubk iehgsbadik - kijs eêtjehs. Kbu
fbsicjh fbvb sbr jgfjrbth, uki vbz qub tijs bspbejiajstis, sb bxjstbk, bståh
trioiadigfh sberbtikbgtb, * issjk ehkh iqubabs

* Bkohri gjgnuêk ifkjti tbr trioiadifh gbstb prhoabki, tbgdh kigtjfh

ehrrbsphgfígeji ehk cugejhgérjhs fh Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi b ianukis ehgvbrsis
tbabcögjeis ehk i EJI qub jgfjeik qub dé pbsshis bstufigfh pjstis piri bgnigir bk
ehgtri-bspjhginbk b fjpahkieji. H ýgjeh bstufh gåh eaissjcjeifh qub vj, cjgigejifh pbah
Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi, bri oistigtb tbrrëvba b gåh itbgfji ihs pifròbs ejbgtëcjehs usuijs.
 

Sbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris  ?>> 

qub bståh cizbgfh pbsqujsis eaissjcjeifis shorb ehkh fbtbetir

criufbs bgtrb gbnhejifhrbs hu edbcbs fb bstifh. Bspbrh thrgir
bssbs pbsqujsifhrbs igögjkhs kijs eiutbahshs b thrgir iqubabs
qub pinik phr sbu trioiadh kijs bxjnbgtbs b kijs erëtjehs fb
quijsqubr iabniîòbs shorb i utjajfifb fb sbu prhfuth.
Bu gåh fbvbrji sbr kia jgtbrprbtifh. Yubrh vbr bssi pbsqujsi
cbjti, iedh qub ê urnbgtb, b bgtbgfh phr qub quiaqubr giîåh cirji
pbah kbghs pirtb fbssi pbsqujsi sberbtikbgtb. Bspbrh qub i
pbsqujsi qub tbgtb jfbgtjcjeir hs ohgs b hs kius kbgtjrhshs b hs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris bgtrb hs tjphs fb pbsshis qub sb thrgik
thkifhrbs fb fbejsåh giejhgijs prhviré qub ê quisb jkphssëvba cizí-
ah, kis jssh fbvb sbr fbsehobrth. Fi kbski chrki, ierbfjth qub i
pbsqujsi bk sjtuiîòbs qub sb issbkbadik i rbugjòbs fb eýpuai hu
gbnhejiîòbs furigtb erjsbs - bk qub hs pirtjejpigtbs såh iatikbgtb
quiajcjeifhs b fb fjcbrbgtbs giîòbs, b hs bstufhs såh hrnigjzifhs fb
chrki qub is iphstis sbmik kujth iatis (gåh h bxpbrjkbgth fb
aiohritõrjh usuia shorb eiahurhs fi cieuafifb) - fbsehorjré qub h
rbgfjkbgth ê kujth oijxh. Kis jssh tikoêk fbvb sbr fbsehobrth b,
sb chr issjk, hs rbsuatifhs gåh fbvbk sbr eaissjcjeifhs b
ehkpirtjadifhs.

Bstb eipëtuah khstrhu qub h suebssh hu gåh fh bgnigh

gåh fbpbgfb fi irbgi. Gåh ê qub thfhs hs bgnighs ehgmunijs
crieissbk hu qub thfhs hs bgnighs ehkbrejijs, erjkjgijs hu
jgtbrgiejhgijs tbgdik suebssh. H crieissh hu h suebssh
fbpbgfbk fhs fbtiadbs fi kbgtjri, fh kbgtjrhsh b fh
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Cjei kijs ehkpajeifh gh gëvba
jgtbrgiejhgia fh qub bgtrb pij b cjadh, kis thfh pij siob qub
gbk sbkprb ê céeja bvjtir h brrh.
I Viobai 6 fh ipígfjeb rbaiejhgi thfhs hs trjgti b hjth jtbgs fi
ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris. Yuisb kbtifb fbssis pbrnugtis -
fbzhjth fbais - imufi i fbtbrkjgir sb h kbgtjrhsh tbré qub bsehgfbr
hu ciasjcjeir bkhîòbs, kbgtjgfh shorb sbgtjkbgths hu sbgtjkbgths
shorb kbgtjr.
H ush fi ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh gbk sbkprb chrgbeb uki bstjkitjvi. Phfb
gåh sbr ehgdbejfh h sucjejbgtb piri rbsphgfbr i kujtis fis qubstòbs
 

?>4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

îòbs, hu is rbsphstis phfbk sbr kjsturifis, ianukis

ianukis sunbrjgfh qub sbrji
uki kbgtjri céeja, b hutris qub sbrji uki kbgtjri fjcëeja fb fbtbetir. Kis jssh
fbvb sbr ýtja siobr. Kbskh quigfh uki bstjkitjvi phfb sbr cbjti, bai phfb
gåh prbvbr ehrrbtikbgtb, phjs hs kbgtjrhshs phfbk sbr triëfhs gåh phr sbu
ehkphrtikbgth,
ehkphrtik bgth, kis phr tbrebjrhs, b is pjstis kijs cainrigtbs piri bgnigir
phfbk, phr iejfbgtb, pissir fbspbrebojfis. Kis tigth h kbgtjrhsh quigth h
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvbrjik qubrbr
qubrbr siobr bssi bstjkitjvi. Yubk ê kijs
imufifh phr bssb ehgdbejkbgth - kbgtjrhsh hu ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris8 Bssb
ê h prjkbjrh phgth qub fjseutjrbj gh prõxjkh eipëtuah.
 

GHSB

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0

bu 9:54 bgtrb Ifhac Djtabr, h edigebabr fi Iabkigdi gizjsti, b

Gbvjaab Edikobraijg,

ehgtbgfh
h prjkbjrh-kjgjstrh
EHKBEB BUVB

bvbgth phrqub chj uk

uki ajîåh
AJS_H fbserbvbgfhorjtïgjeh.

fhs bgnighs
jkphrtigtb kijs
shorb
h prjkbjrhBsehadj

phrkhrtijs
qub is fi djstõrji,
kbgtjris
bssb
bgehgtrh
bgehgtrh

fåh
bk

ebrth. Abkorb-sb fb qub Djtbr mé divji hrfbgifh sberbtikbgtb ih

bxêrejth iabkåh qub itieissb i Vedbehsahvéqu
Vedbehsahvéquji.
ji. Abvirji ianukis
sbkigis, bgtrbtigth, piri qub sbu bxêrejth sb khojajzissb
thtiakbgtb piri h itiqub. Yubrbgfh i vigtinbk fb uk itiqub
surprbsi, Djtbr bsehgfbu sui fbejsåh fb jr piri i nubrri. Bk vbz
fjssh, fjssb i Edikobraijg qub bstivi fjsphsth i vjvbr bk piz sb hs
tedbehs ehgsjfbrissbk suis bxjnígejis shorb h rbfbsbgdh fis
crhgtbjris bgtrb sbus piësbs. Edikobraijg ierbfjthu gi kbgtjri fb
Duaabr b tbgthu pbrsuifjr hs tedbehs i gåh khojajzirbk sbu bxêrejth
bgquigth ijgfi divji uki edigeb fb piz.

Bk ebrth sbgtjfh, Edikobraijg bri uki vëtjki vhaugtérji qub

qubrji sbr bgnigifi. Eish ehgtrérjh, bab tbrji qub bgcrbgtir h
crieissh fb sui phaëtjei fb fjrbjth à Iabkigdi b ehkh bab ehahehu bk
rjseh i sbnurigîi fb sbu piës. I ajîåh shorb i kbgtjri ê qub ianukis
vëtjkis ehhpbrik jgvhaugtirjikbgtb piri sbrbk jgfuzjfis bk brrh.
H muanikbgth erëtjeh ê suspbgsh, jgchrkiîòbs ehgtrifjtõrjis såh
jnghrifis, phrqub ehgdbebr i vbrfifb ê kijs fhahrhsh, pbah kbghs
gh eurth prizh, fh qub ierbfjtir gi kbgtjri.
 

?40  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Bkohri bu ijgfi ierbfjtb qub bsti sbmi uki ajîåh jkphrtigtb

qub sb ipajei i kujtis hutris kbgtjris, gåh ipbgis iqubais bgtrb
edbcbs fb giîòbs, inhri, sbtb ighs fbphjs fb tbr bserjth bstb ajvrh,
tbkh qub h bgehgtrh bgtrb Duaabr b Edikobraijg phfb jkpajeir bk
fuis hutris ajîòbs jgehrrbtis shorb kbgtjr. Phfb pirbebr qub, sb
Edikobraijg gåh qujsbssb sbr bgnigifh, i kbgtjri fb Djtbr tbrji
ciadifh. Ghssi pbsqujsi fbsfb i puoajeiîåh hrjnjgia fb 9:42 fb
Ehgtigfh kbgtjris sunbrb qub itê kbskh ^jgsthg Eduredj aa, rjvia
fb Edikobraijg qub divji iabrtifh ehgtri Duaabr, phfb kujth obk
tbr sjfh jgeipiz fb fbtbetir i kbgtjri fb Duaabr. Ub Edikobraijg
tjvbssb trizjfh bspbejiajstis piri fbtbetir kbgtjris - fi Uehtaigf
Zirf hu fi Orjtjsd Jgtbaajnbgeb - babs tikoêk prhvivbakbgtb gåh
tbrjik cbjth kujth kbadhr.

Bstb eipëtuah bxpajei ghssis ghvis fbsehobrtis fb pbsqujsi qub kb

abvirik i bssis ghvis ehgeausòbs. Fbserbvh h qub iprbgfbkhs shorb
qubk phfb pbnir kbgtjrhshs b ianukis ghvis bvjfígejis shorb ehkh
pbnir kbgtjris. Ierbsebgtirbj tikoêk ianukis fjeis qub iprbgfj shorb
ehkh ipajeir ghssi pbsqujsi bxpbrjkbgtia i kbgtjris fi vjfi rbia, ehk
oisb bk kjgdi bxpbrjígeji ghs ýatjkhs ejgeh ighs, bgsjgigfh pbsshis
qub ajfik fjirjikbgtb ehk pbsshis suspbjtis fb kbgtjr.
Ehkh Djtbr bri kujth pbrvbrsh, bssb bxbkpah tikoêk phfb
sunbrjr qub ê sbkprb brrifh uk aëfbr giejhgia kbgtjr. Bssi
ehgeausåh ê kujth sjkpabs. H prõxjkh eipëtuah bxpahri hs
irnukbgths shorb quigfh i kbgtjri ê mustjcjeifi gi vjfi pýoajei,
ehgsjfbrigfh uki sêrjb fb jgejfbgtbs cikhshs gi djstõrji phaëtjei
ikbrjeigi rbebgtb. Ehgsjfbrigfh is ciasis icjrkiîòbs fh bx-
prbsjfbgtb Aygfhg Mhdgshg shorb hs suebsshs kjajtirbs ikbrjeighs
furigtb i nubrri fh Sjbtgå, b tikoêk is fbejsòbs fi Ifkjgjstriîåh
Giejhgia fb Ibrhgéutjei b Bspiîh (GIUI) fb aigîir h ögjous bspiejia
Fbsicjifhr quigfh divji uk rjseh ehgsjfbrévba fb bxpahsåh,
abvigtirbj i qubståh fb siobr sb bssbs chrik eishs fb iuthbgnigh.
B, sb chssbk, iqubabs qub kbgtjrik piri sj kbskhs ijgfi fbvbrjik
sbr rbsphgsiojajzifhs phr suis iîòbs8
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?49

Yubk phfb pbnir kbgtjrhshs8 

Yuigfh bu bserbvj Ehgtigfh kbgtjris Iedbj qub h tjph fb kbgtjri

qub vjgdi bstufigfh - bgnighs piri heuatir chrtbs bkhîòbs sbgtjfis gh
khkbgth fi kbgtjri - tjgdi phuei rbabvïgeji piri is kbgtjris ehgtifis
phr fjpahkitis, phaëtjehs, erjkjghshs hu bspjòbs. Bu tbkji qub hs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs - phajejijs, inbgtbs fi Inígeji
Ebgtria fb Jgtbajnígeji (EJI), muëzbs b bspbejiajstis psjehaõnjehs hu
psjqujétrjehs qub trioiadivik piri h nhvbrgh - pufbssbk sbr
bxebssjvikbgtb htjkjstis shorb sui eipiejfifb fb siobr quigfh ianuêk
bsté kbgtjgfh i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. Bu qubrji iabrtir
iqubabs eumh trioiadh bxjnb qub babs ciîik muanikbgths shorb kbgtjris b
vbriejfifb i fbsehgcjir fb quiaqubr pbsshi qub iabni sbr eipiz fb
fbtbetir criufbs i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs, h qub h sjstbki fb
 mustjîi erjkjgia edikiehkphrtikbgth. Bu qubrji iabrté-ahs piri sbrbk
kbghs ehgcjigtbs shorb sui prõprji eipiejfifb fb jfbgtjcjeir uk
kbgtjrhsh.
Inhri dé chrtbs bvjfígejis fb qub bu bstivi ebrth ih iabrtir hs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs qub i kijhrji fbabs fbvbrji
sbr kijs eiutbahsi quigth i sui diojajfifb. Kis tikoêk fbsehorj
qub phssh tbr bxinbrifh. Piri kjgdi surprbsi, fbsehorj qub ianugs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs såh kujth ohgs bk fbtbetir
kbgtjris i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. Iprbgfj ianh shorb
qubk babs såh b phr qub såh ohgs gjssh. B inhri tbgdh khtjvhs piri
pbgsir qub h qub iprbgfj shorb kbgtjris shorb bkhîòbs phfb sb
ipajeir i ianukis kbgtjris bk uk ehgtbxth phaëtjeh, erjkjgia hu fb
ehgtri-jgtbajnígeji.
Bu prhvivbakbgtb gugei tbrji iprbgfjfh jssh sb mé gåh tjvbssb
bserjth fbz Ehgtigfh kbgtjris. Rk prhcbsshr fb psjehahnji qub ciz
pbsqujsis bxpbrjkbgtijs fb aiohritõrjh shorb kbgtjris b bkhîòbs
nbriakbgtb gåh bgehgtri pbsshis qub trioiadik gh sjstbki fb
 mustjîi erjkjgia hu gh kugfh
kugfh fh bspjåh b ffii ehgtri-bspjhginbk.
Bssbs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs iprbgfbrik shorb kjk
gåh phr kbjh fb kjgdis puoajeiîòbs ejbgtëcjeis, qub ipirbebrik ghs
ýatjkhs trjgti ighs, kis phr kbjh fb rbaiths fi këfji fb
 

?4?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

kbu trioiadh ehjgejfbgtb ehk i puoajeiîåh fb Ehgtigfh kbgtjris.

Ahnh cuj ehgvjfifh i fir whrlsdhps piri muëzbs kugjejpijs,
bstifuijs b cbfbrijs, ifvhnifhs fb fbcbsi, phaëeji b iqubabs qub fåh
bxikbs fb phaënrich piri h Cbfbria Ourbiu hc Jgvbstjni- îåh (COJ), i
EJI, i Inígeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia, h Inígeji Igtjfrhnis, Ubrvjîh
Uberbth fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs b Bxêrejth, Kirjgdi b Chrîi Iêrbi fhs
Bstifhs Rgjfhs.
Kbgtjr gåh ê uki qubståh ieifíkjei piri bssis pbsshis. Babs
pbnik sbu trioiadh b h qub bu tbgdh i fjzbr ehk uki sbrjbfifb
khrtia. Gåh såh iaughs qub iebjtik i piaivri fb uk prhcbsshr
phrqub bab fé i ghti b ê i iuthrjfifb qub bserbvbu h ajvrh. Gh
këgjkh, kjgdis erbfbgejijs ieifíkjeis såh uki fbsvigtinbk piri
bssbs nruphs. Babs bxjnbk bxbkpahs fi vjfi rbia, qub bu ehgcrhgtb
sui bxpbrjígeji, bgcrbgtb sbus fbsicjhs b fí i babs ianh qub phssik
usir gh fji sbnujgtb. Phssh fjzbr i babs ehkh ê fjcëeja jfbgtjcjeir uk
kbgtjrhsh, kis babs tík qub cizbr bssbs muanikbgths ikigdå b gåh
phfbk bspbrir phr kijs pbsqujsis. Babs qubrbk quiaqubr imufi qub
bu phssi fir, iaêk fb ipbgis iabrtir piri sbrbk kijs eiutbahshs,
kis såh kujth eêtjehs b erëtjehs.

Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb, babs tikoêk brik kujth kijs cabxëvbjs fh

Uurprbbgfbgtbkbgtb,
qub bu iedbj qub chssb h kugfh ieifíkjeh. Babs bstivik kijs
fjsphsths i pbgsir bk kufir i chrki ehkh ehgfuzbk sbus
gbnõejhs fh qub i kijhrji fhs ehkjtís fb eurrëeuah ugjvbrsjtérjh. Rk
 mujz kb pbrnugthu
pbrnugthu furigtb h jgtbrviah fh iakhîh sb bbab
ab fbvbrji
rbhrnigjzir sui siai fb trjougia piri qub pufbssb vbr h rhsth fi
tbstbkugdi bk vbz fb sui guei. Gugei divji ehgsjfbrifh uki jfbji
tåh sjkpabs. I pirtjr fië, sbkprb fbj bssi sunbståh quigfh ehgvbrsbj
ehk hs muëzbs, b kujths rbhrnigjzirik sbus trjougijs.

Rk inbgtb fh Ubrvjîh Uberbth kb fjssb ehkh ê fjcëeja siobr sb

uki pbsshi qub cbz uki ikbiîi ehgtri h prbsjfbgtb bsté kbgtjgfh
quigfh fjz qub i ikbiîi gåh bri sêrji, chj fjth ipbgis piri
jkprbssjhgir uk ikjnh. Divji uki bxprbssåh tbrrëvba gh rhsth fbstb
inbgtb quigfh bab ehgthu ehkh babs tjgdik
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?45 

fbejfju qub Uirid Migb Khhrb bri uki "kiauei", gåh uki ississjgi fb
vbrfifb, ajobrtigfh-i phr bgnigh ipbgis ianukis dhris igtbs fb bai
ba i
fjspirir ehgtri h prbsjfbgtb Nbriaf Chrf bk ?? fb sbtbkorh,
9:>2. Bu fjssb ih inbgtb qub h whrlsdhp qub bu phfbrji hcbrbebr
phfbrji adbs fir ipbgis uki pbqubgi vigtinbk ifjejhgia,
prhvivbakbgtb ifjejhgigfh gåh kijs fh qub 9 phr ebgth ih sbu gëvba fb
prbejsåh. "Õtjkh", fjssb bab, "vikhs aé."
Kjgdi ehabni Kiurbbg H'UuJajvig9 b bu sbkprb jgjejivi ghsshs
whrlsdhps ehk uk orbvb tbstb fb quåh obk eifi pirtjejpigtb phfbrji
fjzbr, pbah ehkphrtikbgth, sb ianuêk bstivi kbgtjgfh. Ghssh tbstb fb
fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris khstri fbz pbsshis fjcbrbgtbs, is bstufigtbs fb
bgcbrkinbk, qub cjzbrik pirtb fh bxpbrjkbgth qub fbserbvj gh eipëtuah
? (pénjgis 2?-22). Eifi pbsshi fjz qub bsté tbgfh sbgtjkbgths
inrifévbjs ih issjstjr i uk cjakb qub khstri ebgis fi giturbzi b
igjkijs orjgeiadòbs. Ejgeh fis fbz kuadbrbs bståh fjzbgfh i vbrfifb< hs
hutrhs ejgeh bståh kbgtjgfh. Hs kbgtjrhshs bstivik rbiakbgtb vbgfh
ianugs cjakbs kêfjehs tbrrëvbjs b dhrrëvbjs, kis tbgtirik bsehgfbr sbus
sbgtjkbgths fb ehgtrirjbfifb b ehgvbgebr h bgtrbvjstifhr fb qub
bstivik vbgfh hs cjakbs inrifévbjs.
Bu tjgdi fuis rizòbs piri cizbr ghssh
g hssh tbstb fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris.
Bu gåh phfbrji pbrfbr i hphrtugjfifb fb iprbgfbr ehk qub prbejsåh
bssis pbsshis qub ajfik ehk hs bgnighs kijs khrtijs phfbk rbiakbgtb
fbtbetir quigfh ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh. Bu tikoêk bstivi ehgvbgejfh
fb qub cizbr uk tbstb fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris sbrji uki ohi iobrturi.
Jssh bgcrbgtirji fjrbtikbgtb h kbu pýoajeh ehk i fjcjeuafifb fb siobr
quigfh ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh. Bu hs sbfuzj fjzbgfh= "Sheí tbré uki
hphrtugjfifb ýgjei fb iprbgfbr i vbrfifb shorb sui eipiejfifb fb
pbnir kbgtjris. Sheí ciz muanikbgths issjk h tbkph thfh, kis ehk qub
crbquígeji vheí fbsehorb, ehk ebrtbzi, sb sbu hs muanikbgths bståh
ebrths hu brrifhs8 Iquj bsté sui edigeb. Bk ipbgis qujgzb kjguths,
vheí siobré i rbsphsti! " Jkbfjitikbgtb ipõs cizbr h tbstb, bu firji is
rbsphstis ehrrbtis. Bgtåh bu pbfj qub abvigtissbk i kåh sb iebrtissbk
thfhs hs fbz, ghvb ehrrbths, b issjk phr fjigtb. Bu rbnjstrbj hs rbsuatifhs
bk uk quifrh gbnrh piri qub babs pufbssbk iviajir sbu prõprjh
fbsbkpbgdh
 

?46  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

ehgtri h fb sbu nruph. Bkohri gåh chssb kbu prhpõsjth, bu sioji

qub bssb prhebfjkbgth tikoêk bxpugdi h quåh obk eifi pbsshi
divji sb siëfh.

kbuButbstb.
bspbrivi
Cizbrqub
ehkiqub
kijhrji
babs gåh sb siëssb
iprbgfik kujthtrjstb
iqubai obk gh
ajîåh sb bgeijxi gi kjgdi kjssåh fb thrgir bssis pbsshis
kijs eiutbahsis shorb quigfh phfbk siobr sb ianuêk
bsté kbgtjgfh. Furigtb is prjkbjris hcjejgis, cjqubj
prbheupifi ehk i phssjojajfifb fb kbus "iaughs"
hombtirbk, gåh qubrbgfh ehrrbr h rjseh fb sbrbk bxphsths
puoajeikbgtb sb fbsehorjssbk qub babs gåh brik eipizbs
fb fbtbetir kbgtjrhshs. Yuigfh babs fbsehorjssbk ehkh
i kijhrji fbabs tjgdi sb siëfh kia, bu bspbrivi qub babs
kb fbsicjissbk, qubstjhgigfh i viajfifb fh kbu tbstb,
irnukbgtigfh qub is kbgtjris qub bu khstrbj gåh brik
rbabvigtbs piri is kbgtjris ehk is quijs ajfirik. Jssh
gugei iehgtbebu. Bssbs dhkbgs b kuadbrbs gis
ehkugjfifbs fb mustjîi erjkjgia b jgtbajnígeji bstivik
fjsphsths i tbr sui eipiejfifb fb eipturir kbgtjris
bxphsti bk pýoajeh fjigtb fb sbus pirbs.
Uiobr ehkh babs sb siërik chrîhu bssbs ipigdifhrbs fb
kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs i fbsjstjr fis rbnris prétjeis bk qub kujths
fbabs ehgcjivik. Babs sb thrgirik kujth kijs eiutbahshs ih muanir h
bgnigh pbah ehkphrtikbgth. Iaêk fjssh, iabrtbj-hs shorb hs kujths
bstbrbõtjphs qub is pbsshis tík shorb ehkh siobr sb ianuêk bsté
kbgtjgfh - ehkh i jfbji fb qub is pbsshis qub sb jgqujbtik hu
fbsvjik h hadir quigfh ciaik bståh sbkprb kbgtjgfh.
Fh aifh kijs phsjtjvh, khstrbj i babs ehkh usir i ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh
fb kbgtjris fbserjti gh eipëtuah 4 (pénjgi ?69) bk ianugs bxbkpahs fi
vjfi rbia. B fbj kujti ígcisb, ehkh cjz ghs eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs, bk ehkh
is bkhîòbs phfbk trijr uki kbgtjri b ehkh fbtbetir hs sjgijs fbssis
bkhîòbs. Bu khstrbj i babs fbzbgis fb bxprbssòbs ciejijs kujth
ripjfikbgtb, i uk ebgtêsjkh fb sbnugfh, piri qub babs pufbssbk
iprbgfbr i jfbgtjcjeir kjerh bxprbssòbs ciejijs
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?42 

ciejakbgtb. Rsbj bxbkpahs nrivifhs bk vëfbh fb vérjis kbgtjris ehk is quijs

babs phfbrjik pritjeir suis diojajfifbs rbeêk-iprbgfjfis.
Bk sbtbkorh fb 9::9, ghssis fbsehobrtis shorb bssbs
ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris prhcjssjhgijs chrik puoajeifis.? Fbsehorju-
sb qub ipbgis uk nruph heupiejhgia sb siju kbadhr fh qub h ieish
- h Ubrvjîh Uberbth fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs. Rk phueh kijs fi kbtifb
fbabs hotbvb uki prbejsåh fb gëvba fb >0% hu kijs, quisb uk tbrîh
itjgnju 40% hu kijs. Bkohri bu gåh phssi tbr ebrtbzi fb phr qub h
Ubrvjîh Uberbth sb siju tåh kbadhr fh qub hs hutrhs nruphs, kjgdi
iphsti ê qub kujths fbabs cjzbrik uk trioiadh fb prhtbîåh -
hosbrvigfh is kuatjfòbs bk ousei fb quiaqubr sjgia fb ianuêk qub
pufbssb ikbiîir i pbsshi qub brik. prhtbnbgfh. Bssb tjph fb
vjnjaïgeji fbvb sbr uki prbpiriîåh kujth ohi piri fbtbetir is pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs sutjs piri bgnigir.
Ê surprbbgfbgtb piri kujtis pbsshis quigfh fbsehorbk qub
thfhs hs hutrhs nruphs prhcjssjhgijs prbheupifhs ehk i kbgtjri -
 muëzbs, ifvhnifhs, phajejijs, phaënrichs qub trioiadik piri i EJI,
EJI, COJ
hu GUI (Inígeji fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia), hs sbrvjîhs kjajtirbs b
psjqujitris qub cizbk trioiadh chrbgsb - gåh sb siërik kbadhr fh
qub h ieish. Våh surprbbgfbgtb quigth, i kijhrji fbabs gåh sioji
qub gåh phfbrji fbtbetir h bgnigh fh fbaithr. I sui rbsphsti à
pbrnugti qub cjzbkhs igtbs fb babs cizbrbk h ghssh tbstb shorb h
quåh obk babs iedivik qub jrjik sb sijr gåh bstivi rbaiejhgifi
ehk h quåh obk hu kia babs rbiakbgtb sb siëik, ehkh chj i sui
rbsphsti à kbski pbrnugti cbjti jkbfjitikbgtb ipõs babs
ehkpabtirbk h tbstb.
Cjqubj surprbsh qub ianuk Rk fbssbs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris
prhcjssjhgijs sbrji kujth prbejsh bk fbtbetir kbgtjris, uki vbz qub
gbgduk fbabs tjgdi quiaqubr bxpbrjígeji igtbrjhr ehk i sjtuiîåh
pirtjeuair gbk ehk is eirietbrëstjeis fhs kbgtjrhshs qub vjrik. Bu
prhmbtbj i sjtuiîåh khstrifi gh vëfbh piri iprhxjkir i sjtuiîåh fi
piejbgtb fb dhspjtia psjqujétrjeh qub bsté bsehgfbgfh sbus paighs
fb tjrir sui vjfi, piri hotbr i ajobrfifb fi supbrvjsåh kêfjei piri
qub bai phssi rbiajzir sbu ith. Bai fbvb bsehgfbr
 

?43  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sui ignýstji b fb chrki ehgvjgebgtb inbk ehkh sb bai gåh bstjvbssb

kijs fbprjkjfi. (Sbmi i fjseussåh gis pénjgis 93-9> b 26-23.)
26 -23.) Chrtbs
bkhîòbs gbnitjvis sbgtjfis gh khkbgth chrik ehobrtis phr uk
vbrgjz fb bkhîåh phsjtjvi. Ipbgis hs psjqujitris b psjeõahnhs
fbvbrjik tbr kujti bxpbrjígeji ehk bssi sjtuiîåh, b babs, ehkh
nruph, gåh brik kbadhrbs fh qub h ieish. Phr qub h Ubrvjîh Uberbth
fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs sb sijrji tåh obk bk fbtbetir bssb tjph fb
bgnigh8 *
Gåh bri õovjh piri kjk ehk igtbebfígeji, kis pbgsir bk
ghssis fbsehobrtis sunbrju uki ghvi jfbji shorb quigfh sbré
phssëvba fbtbetir h bgnigh i pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. H
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gåh prbejsi siobr tigth shorb h suspbjth
gbk shorb i sjtuiîåhB sb bkhîòbs chrtbs såh fbspbrtifis. Yuigfh

ianuêk pirbeb
bxprbssòbs gåhhu pirbeb ehk kbfh,
ehrrbsphgfbk ih qubeuapifh hu bxejtifh
is piaivris fjzbk, êbprhvévba
bssis
qub i pbsshi bstbmi kbgtjgfh. Yuigfh dé kujtis jgtbrrupîòbs fb
ciai (piusis, "ukdd" b issjk phr fjigtb), b gåh dé rizåh piri h
suspbjth gåh siobr h qub fjzbr, b h suspbjth nbriakbgtb gåh ciai
issjk, bab prhvivbakbgtb bsté kbgtjgfh. Bssis pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir sbråh kijs bspirsis sbkprb qub is
bkhîòbs gåh chrbk fbspbrtifis. Ub h kbgtjrhsh gåh bsté
bsehgfbgfh bkhîòbs chrtbs, i fbtbeîåh obk-suebfjfi fb kbgtjris
fbvb bxjnjr qub h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sbmi kijs vbrsifh gis
bspbejcjejfifbss fi sjtuiîåh b gis eirietbrëstjeis fh kbgtjrhsh.
bspbejcjejfifb
Ubkprb qub is iphstis såh iatis, dé uki edigeb fb qub h kbfh
fb sbr pbnh hu h fbsicjh fb fbrrhtir h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris (h qub
bu edikh fb fbaëeji fb bgnigir, pénjgi >3) pbrkjtjré i fbtbeîåh
prbejsi fb kbgtjris sbk i gbebssjfifb fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
tbr kujth ehgdbejkbgth shorb is bspbejcjejfifbs fb quiaqubr

* Viavbz hs nruphs prhcjssjhgijs qub tbstikhs pufbssbk tbr sb siëfh kujth kbadhr sb adbs
tjvêssbkhs kbgtjfh piri muanir h qub bri bspbeëcjeh piri i sjtuiîåh ehk qub ehstukik ajfir.
Phfbkhs tbr iprbgfjfh ipbgis qubk såh hs ohgs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb
fi cikjajirjfifb sjtuiejhgia, b gåh qubk såh hs ohgs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris quigfh hpbrik

bk sbu
bssi tbrrbgh ghrkia. Iedh qub gåh ê issjk, kis ipbgis pbsqujsis cuturis phfbk fbseirtir
phssjojajfifb.
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?4> 

sjtuiîåh hu h suspbjth. Kis, b ê jkphrtigtb, rjsehs iaths gåh ciråh

thfh kbgtjrhsh tbr kbfh fb sbr pbnh. Hs erjkjghshs ehk
bxpbrjígeji bk bseipir jkpugbs gåh tbråh bssb kbfh, gbk h pdj

aigfbrbr qub
igtbrjhrbs, ehgsbnuju
gbk kujtisbxpbrjbgtb.
h gbnhejifhr vbzbs heuatir sbus gbnõejhs
B kbgtjris irrjseifis
phfbk cizbr ehk qub ianugs suspbjths jghebgtbs qub tbkbk sbr
fbsierbfjtifhs pirbîik kbgtjr, kbskh quigfh gåh bståh. (Sbmi i
fjseussåh fh brrh fb Htbah gis pénjgis 9>0->5.)

Ub h kbgtjrhsh ehkpirtjadi viahrbs b rbspbjti h iavh fi kbgtjri,

dé uki edigeb fb qub bab sb sjgti euapifh phr kbgtjr b qub hs
sjgijs ehkphrtikbgtijs fbssi euapi fbgugejbk i kbgtjri hu
khtjvbk uki ehgcjssåh. Kis h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb bvjtir i

tbgtiîåh
ih fb tbk
quia gåh pbgsir kujth
fjrbjth. I obk fb sj kbskh,hu
kåb fbsehgcjifi prbsukjgfh
djpbrerëtjeirbspbjth
fbvb tbr
iuthehgdbejkbgth piri pbrebobr qub tbk bssis eirietbrëstjeis b,
phrtigth, gåh fbvb prbsukjr qub sui cjadi sb sbgtjré euapifi phr
kbgtjr piri bai. H bkprbnifhr jgmusth fbvb siobr qub ê vjsth ehkh
jgmusth ihs hadhs fb sbus bkprbnifhs b gåh phfb ehgcjir bk sjgijs
fb euapi piri trijr sbus bgnighs.

Gugei ê séojh ehgcjir ghs muanikbgths fb ianuêk shorb sb ianuêk

bsté kbgtjgfh sbk ianuk ehgdbejkbgth shorb h suspbjth hu i sjtuiîåh.
Kbu tbstb fb eipturi fb kbgtjris gåh fbu ih ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris
gbgduki hphrtugjfifb fb sb cikjajirjzir ehk eifi pbsshi qub
prbejsivi sbr muanifi. Fbejsòbs shorb qubk bstivi kbgtjgfh b qubk bri
vbrfifbjrh tjvbrik qub sbr thkifis ehk oisb gh cith fb vbr eifi
pbsshi ipbgis uki vbz, sbk gbgduki hutri jgchrkiîåh shorb iqubai
pbsshi. Gbssis ejreugstïgejis, kujth phueis pbsshis brik prbejsis. Gåh
bri jkphssëvba, ipbgis fjcëeja piri i kijhrji. (Bxpajeirbj kijs tirfb ehkh
iqubabs qub brik prbejshs chrik eipizbs fb cizbr bssb muanikbgth ehk
tåh phueis jgchrkiîòbs.) Vbkhs hutri vbrsåh fb ghssh tbstb qub khstri
fhjs bxbkpahs fb eifi pbsshi. Yuigfh hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris
phfbk ehkpirir h ehkphrtikbgth fi pbsshi bk fuis sjtuiîòbs, babs ba bs
såh kijs prbejshs, tufh
 

?44  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

bkohri, kbskh issjk, i kijhrji ciîi ipbgis uk phueh kbadhr fh qub h ieish. 5
I ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris gh eipëtuah 4 fbvb imufir i
bstjkir sb bk uki kbgtjri fb iath rjseh divbré pjstis ýtbjs,
bgnighsis hu phueis fb ehkphrtikbgth. Fbvb imufir i
fbtbrkjgir sb divbré fbtbeîåh, iprbbgsåh, bgnigh, euapi hu
prizbr bgnigifhr. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris gugei fbvb
sjkpabskbgtb prbsukjr qub sbkprb ê phssëvba fbtbetir criufbs i
pirtjr fb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb
rbsjstjr à tbgtiîåh fb rbshavbr i jgebrtbzi shorb i vbriejfifb
supbrbstjkigfh sui prõprji eipiejfifb fb fbtbetir uki kbgtjri.
Bkohri h Ubrvjîh Uberbth chssb h ýgjeh nruph heupiejhgia qub sb
siëi kbadhr fh qub h ieish, ianukis pbsshis bk thfhs hs hutrhs nruphs
tikoêk phgtuivik kujth. Bsthu ehgtjguigfh pbsqujsis piri fbsehorjr

phr qub ipbgis

bgnighs. ianukis
Ehkh babs pbsshis jssh8
iprbgfbrik såh kujth prbejsis
Phr qub gi fbtbeîåh
gbk thfh fb
kugfh iprbgfb
i jfbgtjcjeir i kbgtjri ehk kijs prbejsåh8 Ê rbiakbgtb uki diojajfifb
qub sb iprbgfb hu phfb sbr kijs uk fhk, ianh qub vheí tbk hu gåh
tbk8 Bssi jfbji bstrigdi vbjh à kbgtb pbai prjkbjri vbz quigfh fbsehorj
qub kjgdi cjadi fb hgzb ighs tjgdi uk fbsbkpbgdh quisb tåh prbejsh
quigth h kbadhr fh Ubrvjîh Uberbth fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs. Bai gåh abu kbus
ajvrhs hu irtjnhs. Viavbz kjgdi cjadi gåh sbmi tåh bspbejia< tiavbz i kijhrji
fis erjigîis sbmi kbadhr fh qub hs ifuaths piri fbtbetir kbgtjris.
Bstikhs ehkbîigfh uki pbsqujsi piri fbsehorjr.

Rkisåh
pbsshis pjsti piri i rbsphsti
fbtbethrbs à pbrnugti
fb kbgtjri prbejshsshorb
vbk phr qubis
fh qub ianukis
pbsshis
qub cjzbrik ghssh tbstb bserbvbrik quigfh pbrnugtikhs quijs
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs bais usirik piri cizbr sbus muanikbgths
shorb sb uki pbsshi bstivi kbgtjgfh. Ehkpirigfh iqubabs qub
brik prbejshs, bk thfhs hs nruphs heupiejhgijs, ehk iqubabs qub
brik jkprbejshs, fbsehorjkhs qub hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris
prbejshs kbgejhgirik h ush fb jgchrkiîòbs fh rhsth, vhz b ehrph,
bgquigth hs jgbxiths ipbgis kbgejhgirik is piaivris qub chrik
ciaifhs. Bssi fbsehobrti, ê eairh, sb bgeijxi kujth obk ehk h qub bu
fjssb ghs eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs bkEhgtigfh kbgtjris, kis gbgduki
fis pbsshis qub tbstikhs tjgdi ajfh h ajvrh igtbs fb
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?4: 

cbz ghssh tbstb. Ianukis pbsshis, iqubais qub brik ipigdifhris fb

kbgtjris prbejsis, siojik qub ê kujth kijs céeja fjscirîir piaivris
fh qub bxprbssòbs, vhz hu khvjkbgths ehrphrijs. Gåh qub is

êpiaivris sbmiksbr
fjth phfbk jgsjngjcjeigtbs - kujtis
kujth rbvbaifhris, vbzbskujth
b phfb is ehgtrifjîòbs gh qub
obk sbr qub
igéajsbs shcjstjeifis fi ciai phssik rbvbair kbgtjris6‖Kis h
ehgtbýfh fh fjseursh gåh fbvb sbr h ýgjeh cheh. Ijgfi prbejsikhs
fbsehorjr phr qub gbk thfhs ehkpirik is piaivris ehk h rhsth b i
vhz.

Ghvis fbsehobrtis shorb pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri kbgtjr 

Hutris pbsqujsis qub ehgeauëkhs ghs ýatjkhs fhjs ighs

ehrrhohrik b ehkpabkbgtik
shorb i jkphrtïgeji vhzEhgtigfh
fh rhsth bhfiqub kbgtjris ciai
gi fbtbeîåh fh bgnigh.
Kbfjgfh is bxprbssòbs ciejijs khstrifis bk cjtis fb vëfbh fis
bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk quigfh bais kbgtjik b ciaivik i
vbrfifb, bgehgtrikhs fjcbrbgîis bk fhjs tjphs fb shrrjshs.
Yuigfh bstivik rbiakbgtb sb fjvbrtjgfh, bxjojik kujths kijs
shrrjshs sbgtjfhs (cjnuri 2I gh eipëtuah 2) b, quigfh bstivik
kbgtjgfh, bxjojik h qub edikikhs fb shrrjshs kiseirifhs. (Bk
uk shrrjsh fjscirîifh, iaêk fhs aéojhs shrrjfbgtbs, dé sjgijs fb
trjstbzi \cjnuri 5I[, hu kbfh \cjnuri 5O[, hu rijvi \cjnuri 5E hu
cjnuri 6[, hu ghmh.)2
I fjstjgîåh bgtrb hs tjphs fb shrrjr tbk sjfh ijgfi kijs
iphjifi bk bstufhs ehk erjigîis b ifuaths, gbstb piës b gh
bxtbrjhr, bk kujtis ejreugstïgejis fjcbrbgtbs, gåh ipbgis
quigfh is pbsshis kbgtbk. Bgehgtrikhs fjcbrbgîis gh qub bsté
hehrrbgfh ehk h eêrborh b gh qub is pbsshis rbaitik qub bståh
sbgtjgfh quigfh khstrik uk shrrjsh sbgsëvba, bk ehkpiriîåh
ehk hutrhs tjphs fb shrrjsh. I kbadhr pjsti piri siobr sb h
shrrjsh ê rbiakbgtb iqubab gh quia i pbsshi bsté fbscrutigfh ê h
bgvhavjkbgth fhs kýseuahs qub ejreugfik h hadh, gåh ipbgis hs
aéojhs shrrjfbgtbs.3 Gåh ê tåh sjkpabs quigth ipbgis hosbrvir
runis fb pês fb niajgdi ghs eigths bxtbrghs fhs hadhs, ob-
 c  

?:0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phrqub jssh gbk sbkprb cugejhgi. Hs pês fb niajgdi såh uk sjgia ýtja fb
uk shrrjsh sbgtjfh ipbgis sb h shrrjsh chr abvb, sb h prizbr
bxpbrjkbgtifh gåh chr kujth chrtb. Bk uk shrrjsh kujth nrigfb hu
airnh, hs prõprjhs aéojhs shrrjfbgtbs erjiråh hs pês fb niajgdi, bgtåh vheí
fbvb hadir piri is shorigebadis. Ub h kýseuah fh hadh bstjvbr bgvhavjfh
phrqub ê rbiakbgtb h shrrjsh fb sitjsciîåh, i shorigebadi sb khvbré piri
oijxh, kujth ajnbjrikbgtb. Ê uki pjsti sutja, kis fbsehorjkhs qub is
pbsshis phfbk jfbgtjcjeir sbk gbgduk trbjgikbgth bspbejia.>

Sbrjcjeikhs tikoêk qub h thk fi vhz cjei kijs iath quigfh hs

bstufigtbs fb bgcbrkinbk kbgtbk shorb sbus sbgtjkbgths. Bssi
kufigîi gh thk fi vhz kirei h iukbgth fi bxejtiîåh bkhejhgia b
gåh ê uk sjgia fb kbgtjri. Ub ianuêk bsté suphstikbgtb eurtjgfh

uki Gbk
iath. ebgi thfhs
rbaixigtb b inrifévba,
hs kbgtjrhshs sbu thk fb
khstririk vhz gåh
sjgijs fbvb
ciejijs cjeir kijs
b vheijs fb
sbu bgnigh. Rsigfh is fuis chgtbs fb jgchrkiîåh, hs kbadhrbs
rbsuatifhs chrik hotjfhs - uki tixi fb "iebrths" fb 43 phr ebgth.
Kis jssh ijgfi sjngjcjei qub bk 96 phr ebgth uk brrh chj ehkbtjfh<
ehk oisb gis kbfjfis ciejijs b fb vhz, pbgsikhs qub i pbsshi
bstivi sbgfh vbrfifbjri quigfh kbgtji b kbgtjgfh quigfh bri
vbrfifbjri. Phrtigth, bkohri is kbfjfis cugejhgbk ehk i nrigfb
kijhrji fis pbsshis, bais gåh cugejhgik ehk thfhs. Bu gåh' Bspbrh
qub ianuk fji hotbgdikhs uk ehgmugth fb kbfjfis

ehkphrtikbgtijs
fbsbkpbgdh qubbcugejhgbk
gituria ehk thfhs. Ianukis
gåh sbråh ipigdifis, b ianukis pbsshis
pbsshistík
såh
tåh jfjhssjgerétjeis qub h qub rbvbai kbgtjris piri hs hutrhs gåh
sbré piri bais.
Bk uk trioiadh bk igfikbgth, h Fr. Kirl Crigl b bu bgehgtrikhs
i prjkbjri bvjfígeji qub ipõji kjgdi jfbji fb qub bxjstbk ianugs
kbgtjrhshs kujth ohgs, qub tík fbsbkpbgdh gituria, b ianukis
pbsshis qub såh pêssjkhs kbgtjrhshs b gugei ehgsbnubk bgnigir hs
hutrhs. Fr. Crigl b bu cjzbkhs is pbsshis kbgtjrbk hu fjzbrbk i
vbrfifb bk fhjs ebgérjhs fb bgnigh. Bk uk ebgérjh, babs phfbrjik tbr

ehkbtjfh
phfbrjik uk erjkb
kigtbr sbsjkuaifh, tjrigfh
ehgsbnujssbk $ 20 fb uki
ehgvbgebr pisti, qub babs
h jgtbrrhnifh.
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?:9

phjs babs bstivik fjzbgfh i vbrfifb quigfh iabnirik gåh tbr

pbnifh h fjgdbjrh. Gh hutrh ebgérjh, babs phfbk bstir kbgtjgfh hu
fjzbgfh i vbrfifb shorb sui hpjgjåh shorb uki qubståh phaíkjei,
ehkh kbgtjrhshs
brik h iohrth huobk-suebfjfhs
i pbgi fb khrtb.
bkCrigl fbsehorju
uk ebgérjh qubobk-
chrik iqubabs qub
suebfjfhs bk hutrh, b iqubabs qub brik céebjs fb fbtbetir quigfh
kbgtjik shorb suis hpjgjòbs brik céebjs fb fbtbetir quigfh
kbgtjik shorb h erjkb.4
Jssh phfb pirbebr kujth õovjh, kis kujth fh riejheëgjh ghs
eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs phfbrji sunbrjr qub såh hs fbtiadbs fi kbgtjri, gåh
i diojajfifb fi pbsshi, qub fbtbrkjgik sb uki fbtbrkjgifi kbgtjri ê
obk-suebfjfi. Prhvivbakbgtb, ikohs hs cithrbs såh jkphrtigtbs.
Ianukis pbsshis såh tåh ohis hu tåh rujgs bk kbgtjr qub i sjtuiîåh b
hs fbtiadbs fi kbgtjri gåh jkphrtik kujth< babs jråh ehgsjstbgtbkbgtb
bseipir fjssh hu ciadiråh. I kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh ê tåh bxtrbkifi b,
piri bais, h qub fbtbrkjgi h quåh obk bais phfbk kbgtjr ê piri qubk
bståh kbgtjgfh, shorb h qub bståh kbgtjgfh b h qub bsté bk mhnh.

Is prhoiojajfifbs fb fbtbetir kbgtjris gh trjougia 

H qub iprbgfj bgsjgigfh phajejijs, muëzbs b ifvhnifhs ghs
ýatjkhs ejgeh ighs sunbrju uki pjifi - qub inhri ush bk
kbus whrlsdhps=
prhmbtifh h sjstbki
phr ianuêk fb mustjîi
qub qubrji erjkjgia
thrgir fbvb fbtbetir
jkphssëvba tbr sjfh h
bgnigh pbah ehkphrtikbgth. H suspbjth euapifh tbk kujtis
edigebs fb prbpirir b bgsijir suis rbsphstis igtbs qub sui
vbriejfifb sbmi iviajifi pbah mýrj hu mujz, iukbgtigfh issjk
sui ehgcjigîi b fjkjgujgfh sbu kbfh fb sbr fbtbetifh.
Kirqub uk ehgtri h mujz b h mýrj. H bxikb fjrbth b h
jgtbrrhnitõrjh hehrrbk kbsbs, sb gåh ighs, ipõs h jgejfbgtb,
bkohtigfh is bkhîòbs isshejifis ih bvbgth erjkjgia.
Kirqub fhjs phgths ehgtri h mujz b h mýrj. Fbvjfh ih ahgnh
itrish igtbs fh jgëejh fh muanikbgth, h suspbjth tbré
 

?:?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

rbpbtju sui ciasi ehgti tigtis vbzbs qub bai phfb ehkbîir i
ierbfjtik sui prõprji djstõrji ciasi< quigfh jssh iehgtbeb, bai,
bk ebrth sbgtjfh, gåh bsté kbgtjgfh ih tbstbkugdir. Kirqub
trís ehgtri h mujz b h mýrj.
m ýrj. Yuigfh ehgtbstifi bk jgtbrrhnitõrjh,
i rê nbriakbgtb chj prbpirifi, sbgåh bgsijifi phr sbu prõprjh
ifvhnifh, b is pbrnugtis cbjtis kujtis vbzbs pbrkjtbk uki
sjkpabs rbsphsti sjk hu gåh. Kirqub quitrh phgths ehgtri h mujz
b h mýrj. B bgtåh dé h jghebgtb rêu qub vbk i muanikbgth ehk
kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh. Phr qub h mýrj b h mujz fbvbrjik
ierbfjtir gbai, sb i phaëeji, h prhkhthr b h mujz, bk iîòbs prê-
 muanikbgth piri fbkjssåh,
fbkjssåh, gåh ierbfjtirik8
ierbfjtirik8 Hs sjgijs fb kbfh
fb gåh ierbfjtir phfbk sbr kia jgtbrprbtifhs ehkh h kbfh fb
uki pbsshi euapifi fb sbr pbni. Kirqub ejgeh phgths ehgtri h

 mujz b h mýrj.
Bkohri is prhoiojajfifbs bstbmik ehgtri hs qub fbsehorbk hs
ciths, ehkh såh edikifhs h mujz b h mýrj, qub phfbk ehgcjir kujth
gh ehkphrtikbgth, h kbskh gåh hehrrb ehk i pbsshi qub ciz i
bgtrbvjsti hu jgtbrrhnitõrjh jgjejia. Ghrkiakbgtb ê i phaëeji, hu às
vbzbs, bk eishs fb ioush jgcigtja, uki issjstbgtb shejia. Bssis såh is
pbsshis qub tík i kbadhr edigeb fb siobr, phr kbjh fb pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs, sb ianuêk bsté kbgtjgfh. Rk kbgtjrhsh
nbriakbgtb gåh tbvb edigeb fb bgsijir b ê kijs prhvévba qub tbgdi
kbfh fb sbr pbnh hu sbmi euapifh pbai iîåh brrifi. Bkohri i phaëeji
bgåh
hs êissjstbgtbs shejijs
obk trbjgifi piriphssik sbr obk-jgtbgejhgifhs,
cizbr pbrnugtis i kijhrji
jkpirejijs b gåh
fjrbejhgifis. Babs gåh chrik bgsjgifhs i iviajir is pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs piri i vbriejfifb b i kbgtjri, b såh tbgfbgejhshs
bk sui prbsugîåh tëpjei.: Babs iedik qub quisb thfhs qub vbbk såh
euapifhs b thfhs bståh kbgtjgfh, b jssh phfb kujth obk sbr
vbrfifb piri i nrigfb kijhrji fis pbsshis qub babs jgtbrrhnik.
Yuigfh cjz kbu tbstb fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris pbai prjkbjri vbz
piri hs phajejijs, fbsehorj qub kujths fbabs divjik muanifh thfis is
pbsshis qub vjik gh vëfbh ehkh kbgtjrhsis. "Gjgnuêk gugei fjz i
vbrfifb", babs kb fjssbrik. Cbajzkbgtb, hs mýrjs gåh såh
ehgtjguikbgtb bxphsths i suspbjths fb erjkbs b, phrtigth,
 prhvivbakbgtb gåh prbsukbk qub h suspbjth sbmi euapifh.

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?:5 

Oigfbjris fb bxpahriîåh fh iakjrigtb Phjgfbxtbr 

Is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs gh rhsth, ehrph, vhz b kigbjri fb

ciair gåh såh sjgijs fb kbgtjri pbr sb. Babs phfbk sbr sjgijs fb
bkhîòbs qub gåh ehkojgik ehk h qub bsté sbgfh fjth. Hu phfbk
sbr sjgijs fb qub h suspbjth bsté pbgsigfh shorb h qub bsté fjzbgfh
igtbs fb fjzí-ah. Uåh oigfbjris qub kireik érbis qub prbejsik sbr
bxpahrifis. Babs ehgtik ih ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris qub ianh bsté
iehgtbebgfh b qub bab prbejsi fbsehorjr cizbgfh kijs pbrnugtis,
vbrjcjeigfh hutris jgchrkiîòbs b issjk phr fjigtb. Sbmikhs uk
bxbkpah fb ehkh bssbs sjgiajzifhrbs phfbk cugejhgir.
Abkorb-sb fb qub bk kbifhs fb 9:43 hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs
vbgfbrik irkis ih Jrå gi bspbrigîi fb hotbr i ajobrtiîåh fb
rbcêgs ikbrjeighs kigtjfhs gh Aëoigh phr nruphs fjrjnjfhs hu
sjkpitjzigtbs fh Jrå. I ifkjgjstriîåh _binig fjssb qub gåh bri
sjkpabskbgtb uki trhei fb irkis piri rbcêgs, kis bri pirtb fb
uki tbgtitjvi fb rbstiobabebr kbadhrbs rbaiîòbs ehk i ajfbrigîi
jsaïkjei khfbrifi bkbrnbgtb gh Jrå ipõs i khrtb fh Iyi- thaaid
Ldhkbjgj. Kis uk bseïgfiah fb nrigfbs prhphrîòbs surnju
quigfh chj rbaitifh qub ianugs fhs auerhs hotjfhs ehk i vbgfi
fbssis irkis ih Jrå
Jrå chrik
chrik usifhs sberbtikbgtb, bk vvjhaiîåh
jhaiîåh
fjrbti fi abj fh Ehgnrbssh (is bkbgfis Ohaigf), piri ehkprir
irkis piri hehgtris, h nruph rbobafb gjeirinubgsb prõ-
ikbrjeigh qub bstivi autigfh ehgtri i ghvi ajfbrigîi
a jfbrigîi shvjêtjei
prõ-shvjêtjei gbsti giîåh ebgtrh-ikbrjeigi. Bk uki bgtrbvjsti
ehabtjvi bk 9:43, h prbsjfbgtb _hgiaf _binig b h prheurifhr-
nbria Bfwjg Kbbsb rbvbairik i fjcbrbgîi fb cugfhs piri h
ehgtris. Ih kbskh tbkph, iabnirik gåh siobr gifi i rbspbjth.
Babs igugejirik qub h vjeb-iakjrigtb Mhdg Phjgfbxtbr, h
ehgsbadbjrh piri issugths fb sbnurigîi giejhgia, divji
rbgugejifh b qub sbu ehabni, tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Hajvbr Ghrtd, chri
fjspbgsifh fb suis cugîòbs gh Ehgsbadh fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia.
Is ghtëejis shorb h bseïgfiah Jrå-Ehgtri chrik bxtbgsis, b is
pbsqujsis rbiajzifis gi êphei khstririk qub i kijhrji fh phvh
ikbrjeigh gåh ierbfjtivi gi icjrkiîåh fh prbsjfbgtb _binig
 

?:6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

qub bab gåh sioji shorb hs fbsvjhs jabnijs fb auerhs piri h

ehgtris.
Hjth kbsbs fbphjs, h tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Ghrtd tbstbkugdhu
pbrigtb h ehkjtí fh Ehgnrbssh qub jgvbstjnivi h eish Jrå-
Ehgtri. Gbk bab fjssb qub divji fjseutjfh thfi i qubståh
ehk crbquígeji ehk ^jaajik Eisby, fjrbthr fi Inígeji
Ebgtria fb Jgtbajnígeji. Eisby, phrêk, khrrbu ipbgis trís
kbsbs igtbs fb Ghrtd tbstbkugdir. Gbk fjssb ih ehkjtí qub
Eisby h ivjshu qub bab (Ghrtd) tbrji qub sbr h "eiri fi qubfi"
b qub Phjgfbxtbr tikoêk phfbrji tbr qub ehkpirtjadir bssb
pipba piri prhtbnbr h prbsjfbgtb _binig.
Phjgfbxtbr tbstbkugdhu fjzbgfh ih ehkjtí fh ehgnrbssh
qub bab shzjgdh fbu i iprhviîåh ih paigh fh ehrhgba Ghr
piri fbsvjir hs auerhs fis vbgfis fb irkis piri h ehgtris. " 
Bab icjrki tbr bxbrejfh bssi iuthrjfifb sbk gugei fjzbr ih
prbsjfbgtb piri prhtbnbr _binig fi 'qubståh phajtjeikbgtb
vhaétja' qub phstbrjhrkbgtb bxpahfju shorb babs. 'Bu thkbj i
fbejsåh,' Phjgfbxtbr fbeairhu bk uk thk gbutrh b gituria. " 90

I ebrti iaturi fb sbu fbphjkbgth, quigfh adb pbrnugtik

shorb uk iakhîh qub bab tbvb ehk h ciabejfh fjrbthr fi EJI
^jaajik Eisby, Phjgfbxtbr fjz qub gåh ehgsbnub sb abkorir fh
qub chj fjth gh iakhîh, ipbgis qub babs ehkbrik sigfuëedbs. H
sbgifhr Uik Gugg pbrsbnub Phjgfbxtbr inufikbgtb shorb sui
kbkõrji crieissifi b, furigtb hs fhjs kjguths sbnujgtbs,
Phjgfbxtbr khstri fuis kjerhbxprbssòbs ciejijs kujth répjfis
fb rijvi, thk fb vhz babvifh, quitrh nhabs b kujtis piusis b
rbpbtjîòbs fb ciai. Bstb khkbgth gh tbstbkugdh fb Phjgfbxtbr
jaustri quitrh phgths jkphrtigtbs.
9. Yuigfh is kufigîis ehkphrtikbgtijs gåh sb rbstrjgnbk i uk
khfiajfifb ýgjei (cieb, vhz hu iatbriîòbs fh sjstbki gbrvhsh
iutöghkh jgfjeifis pbai fbnautjîåh), ê uk sjgiajzifhr jkphrtigtb
fb qub ianh jkphrtigtb bsté iehgtbebgfh b qub fbvb sbr bxpahrifh.
Bkohri gåh fbvikhs jnghrir hs sjgijs qub sb rbstrjgnbk i ipbgis
uk tjph fb ehkphrtikbgth, uki vbz qub phfb
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?:2 

Bx-issbsshr fb sbnurigîi giejhgia, vjeb-iakjrigtb Mhdg

Phjgfbxtbr

ipbsir fb tufh h qub tbkhs, ê prhvévba qub sbmi kijs ehgcjévba b i

bkhîåh qub ehgfuz is kufigîis sbmi kijs chrtb, quigfh hs sjgijs
itrivbssik fjcbrbgtbs ispbeths fh ehkphrtikbgth.
?. Ê kbghs irrjseifh jgtbrprbtir uk kufigîi gh ehkphrtikbgth fh qub
piri jgtbrprbtir ianuki eirietbrëstjei ehkphrtikbgtia qub i pbsshi
khstri rbpbtjfikbgtb. Phjgfbxtbr gåh ehstukivi khstrir dbsjtiîòbs gi
ciai, piusis, bgnhajr hu ianh pirbejfh. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb
sbkprb prheurir kufigîis gh ehkphrtikbgth, phr eiusi fh qub edikh
fb Pbrjnh fb Orhliw gh eipëtuah 6 (pénjgi :9). Gåh sbrbkhs bgnigifhs
pbais jfjhssjgerisjis fb uki pbsshi sb ghs ehgebgtrirkhs gis kufigîis
fb ehkphrtikbgth.
5. Yuigfh is kufigîis fb ehkphrtikbgth hehrrbk bk rbaiîåh i uk
tõpjeh hu pbrnugti bspbeëcjei, qub fjz ih ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris qub
bsti phfb sbr uki érbi qubgtb piri bxpahrir. Kbskh qub h sbgifhr
Gugg b hutrhs ehgnrbssjstis tbgdik prbssjhgifh Phjgfbxtbr bk kujths
tõpjehs, Phjgfbxtbr gåh fbkhgstrhu bssbs ehkphrtikbgths itê qub h
sbgifhr Gugg h prbssjhgissb shorb h iakhîh ehk h fjrbthr Eisby.
 

?:3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

H pifråh fb ehkphrtikbgth suspbjth fb Phjgfbxtbr fbsipirbebu

fbsipirbebu
quigfh Gugg pirhu fb pbrnugtir shorb h iakhîh b kufhu piri
hutrh tõpjeh. Ubkprb qub uk nruph fb kufigîis ehkphrtikbgtijs
pirbeb hehrrbr bk rbaiîåh i uk tõpjeh bspbeëcjeh, h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fbvb tbgtir vbrjcjeir sb ê fb cith rbaiejhgifh ih tõpjeh.
Rki kigbjri fb cizbr jssh ê ioigfhgir h tõpjeh, pissigfh piri
hutri ehjsi ehkh Gugg cbz, b bgtåh rbthrgir jgbspbrifikbgtb ih
tõpjeh b vbr sb h nruph fb ehkphrtikbgths rbipirbeb.
6. H ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb tbgtir fbsehorjr uki iatbrgitjvi
bxpajeiîòbs fb phr qub is kufigîis ehkphrtikbgtijs bståh
hehrrbgfh, ehgsjfbrigfh hutris bxpajeiîòbs iaêk fi phssjojajfifb
fb qub sbmik sjgijs fb bgnigh. Ub Phjgfbxtbr bstivi kbgtjgfh bk
suis rbsphstis shorb h iakhîh, bab prhvivbakbgtb cjeirji editbifh
ehk jssh. Bab bri ehgdbejfh phr sbr uk dhkbk rbajnjhsh< sui bsphsi
ê fjéehgi bk sui jnrbmi. Ê prhvévba qub bab tbgdi ianuk ehgcajth
shorb kbgtjr, kbskh qub iedb qub jssh sb mustjcjei pbah jgtbrbssb
giejhgia. B bab prhvivbakbgtb tbrji kbfh fb sbr pbnh tikoêk. Kis
bxjstbk hutris iatbrgitjvis qub prbejsik sbr ehgsjfbrifis.

Phjgfbxtbr tbstbkugdhu phr kujths fjis. Uuphgdikhs qub gh

jgtbrviah fh iakhîh bab sbkprb sb rbýgi ehk sbus ifvhnifhs,
ehkbgfh uk sigfuëedb prbpirifh phr sui bsphsi. Uuphgdi qub
dhmb, quigfh bab pbrnugti à bsphsi sb bai cbz uk sigfuëedb piri
bab, bai cjei jrrjtifi b fjz= "Mhdg, bu gåh phssh cizbr uk sigfuëedb
piri vheí thfhs hs fjis, sbkigi ipõs sbkigi, tbgdh hutris
rbsphgsiojajfifbss tikoêk!" B sb babs tík h tjph fb eisikbgth bk
rbsphgsiojajfifb
qub i rijvi ririkbgtb ê bxprbssi, Phjgfbxtbr phfb cjeir editbifh
ehk bssb bpjsõfjh. Kijs tirfb giqubai kigdå, quigfh Gugg adb
pbrnugti shorb h iakhîh b bab kbgejhgi qub ehkbrik sigfuëedbs,
is bkhîòbs gåh rbshavjfis shorb i fjseussåh ehk sui bsphsi
rbipirbebk, b såh bssbs sbgtjkbgths qub vbkhs, gåh i euapi phr
kbgtjr shorb ianuk ispbeth fh Jrå. Eish ehgtrérjh hu kbfh fb sbr
pbnh.
Gåh tbgdh ehkh siobr sb bssi ajgdi fb bspbeuaiîåh tbk
cugfikbgth. Bssb ê h kbu phgth. I kbgtjri
 

Ajb Eitedjgn gi fêeifi fb 9::0  ?:> 

Bx-tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Hajvbr Ghrtd

H ipigdifhriaêk
iatbrgitjvis fbvbfbsbkprb
kbgtjrtbgtir ehgsjfbrir
b rbugjr bxpajeiîòbs
jgchrkiîòbs qub phfbk
imufir i fbseirté-ais. H qub Phjgfbxtbr rbvbahu ê qub ianh
shorb h iakhîh ehk Eisby bsté qubgtb, kis gåh siobkhs h
quí, b phrtigth gåh fbvbkhs siatir à ehgeausåh fb qub bab
bsté kbgtjgfh sbk fbseirtir hutris bxpajeiîòbs.

Eipiejfifb fb ituiîåh fb Hajvbr Ghrtd 

H tbstbkugdh fh Vbgbgtb Ehrhgba Ghrtd furigtb is iufjígejis

Jrå-Ehgtris jaustri hutrh phgth abvigtifh bk Ehgtigfh kbgtjris. H
ghrtb pirbeb sbr uk ohk bxbkpah fh qub edikh fb
 

?:4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

jgtêrprbtb gituria.99 Gåh qubrh sunbrjr qub Ghrtd bstivi fb cith

kbgtjgfh (bkohri bab tbgdi sjfh ehgfbgifh phr kbgtjr bk sbu
fbphjkbgth igtbrjhr pbrigtb h Ehgnrbssh), kis ipbgis qub, sb bab
bstivi, gåh phfbrëikhs fjzbr phr sbu ehkphrtikbgth. Ub bab
kbgtjssb, sbrji kujth ehgvjgebgtb. Ubu fbsbkpbgdh, ehkh
pbrchrkigeb, chj ajgfh fb sb vbr.9?
Pbsqujsis fb hpjgjåh pýoajei cbjtis gi êphei khstririk
qub Ghrtd bri ikpaikbgtb ifkjrifh pbah phvh ikbrjeigh.
Bxjstbk kujtis rizòbs piri h sbu ipbah. Bab phfb tbr sjfh
vjsth ehkh uk Fivj ehgtri h Nhajis fh phfbrhsh nhvbrgh,
vjz. h ehkjtí fh Ehgnrbssh. B, piri ianukis pbsshis, sbu
ugjchrkb imufhu. Bab tikoêk phfb tbr pirbejfh uk eiri ciajfh,
issukjgfh jgmustikbgtb i ieusiîåh fh prbsjfbgtb hu fh fjrbthr

fi EJI. B pirtb fbRki

ehkphrtikbgth. sbu ipbah bri suifhs
fis kireis prõprji itjtufb,
irtjstis sbuêbstjah
giturijs qub fb
babs såh inrifévbjs fb sb vbr< gõs nhstikhs
nhstikhs fb sbu
fbsbkpbgdh. Gåh dé rizåh piri pbgsir qub bssis pbsshis
kbgtbk kijs fh qub quiaqubr hutri pbsshi (bkohri phssik
sbr kijs tbgtifis, phjs siobk qub phfbk bseipir jkpugbs),
kis quigfh kbgtbk, suis kbgtjris såh pbrcbjtis.
H tbstbkugdh fb Ghrtd tikoêk abvigti qubstòbs êtjeis b
phaëtjeis shorb i prhprjbfifb fb kbgtjr phr uk cugejhgérjh pýoajeh.
Gh prõxjkh eipëtuah, fjseuth bstb b hutrhs jgejfbgtbs djstõrjehs.
 

FB]

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei

pbsqujsi b pbsqujsi bk igfikbgth, b tikoêk bstufh shorb

kjgdiGH
bxpbrjígeji Buipigdifhrbs
bgsjgigfh
ÝAVJKH EIPËVRAH fbserbvj fbsehobrtis
fb kbgtjris fb rbebgtbs Bsti
p rhcjssjhgijs.
prhcjssjhgijs.

bu
eipëtuah gåh ê oisbifh bk bvjfígejis ejbgtëcjeis. Bk vbz fjssh,
oisbjh-kb bk kjgdis iviajiîòbs pbsshijs jgchrkifis phr pbgsir
shorb i giturbzi fi kbgtjri b tbgth ipajeir kjgdi pbsqujsi piri
ehkprbbgfbr h ehgtbxth kijs ikpah bk qub vjvh.

Hajvbr   Mustjcjeitjvi fh Ghrtb piri 

piri  Fbjtifh 

I ebrti iaturi fb sbu fbphjkbgth, h tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Ghrtd

ifkjtju qub, ianugs ighs igtbs, divji kbgtjfh piri h Ehgnrbssh
shorb h fbsvjh fb cugfhs jrigjighs piri h nhvbrgh gjeirinubgsb prõ-
ikbrjeigh ehgtris. " Kbgtjr
Kbgtjr gåh ê céeja piri kjk ", fjssb bab." Kis
tëgdikhs qub pbsir gi oiaigîi i fjcbrbgîi bgtrb vjfis b kbgtjris.
"Vikphueh bstivi ejtigfh i mustjcjeitjvi eaéssjei piri kbgtjr
fbcbgfjfi gi cjahshcji furigtb sêeuahs. H qub vheí fbvbrji fjzbr piri
uk dhkbk bkpugdigfh uki irki qub pbrnugti= "Hgfb bsté sbu
jrkåh8 Bu vhu kité-ah. "Bstb ebgérjh gåh hcbrbeb gbgduk fjabki
piri i kijhrji fb gõs. Gåh rbvbaikhs hgfb ghssh jrkåh bsté. Gõs
kbgtjkhs, chrgbebgfh uki aheiajziîåh ciasi. Ehkh Hajvbr Gh rtd
fjssb, sb i prõprji vjfi bsté bk mhnh, bgtåh vheí tbk qub kbgtjr .
Rk bxbkpah kijs prhsijeh ê vjsth gis jgstruîòbs qub hs pijs fåh ihs
cjadhs shorb h qub fjzbr
 

500  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sb uk bstrigdh oitbr gi phrti. Babs såh jgstruëfhs i gåh fjzbr qub bståh
shzjgdhs bk eisi, kis i kbgtjr, iabnigfh qub sbus pijs bståh tjrigfh
uki shgbei.

Bk sbu ajvrh puoajeifh quitrh ighs ipõs is iufjígejis gh

Ehgnrbssh, Ghrtd fbserbvbu sbus sbgtjkbgths shorb h Ehgnrbssh
b i ehrrbîåh fb sui eiusi. ‑Piri kjk, kujths sbgifhrbs,
ehgnrbssjstis b itê kbskh sbus cugejhgérjhs brik pbsshis
prjvjabnjifis qub ioigfhgirik fbseirifikbgtb i rbsjstígeji
gjeirinñbgsb b fbjxirik hehgtris vuagbrévba i uk jgjkjnh
phfbrhsh b obk irkifh. B inhri babs qubrjik kb dukjadir phr
cizbr h qubbabs fbvbrji tbr cbjth! (pénjgi 20). . . Gugei kb vj
iejki fi abj, gbk tjvb i jgtbgîåh fb cizbr gifi jabnia. Ubkprb
ierbfjtbj, b ijgfi ierbfjth, qub is bkbgfis fb Ohaigf gåh
jkpbfjrik h Ehgsbadh fb Ubnurigîi Giejhgia fb iphjir h
ehgtris. Kbskh i kijs rjnhrhsi fis bkbgfis ehgtjgdi orbedis
qub usikhs piri nirigtjr qub i rbsjstígeji gjeirinubgsb gåh
chssb ioigfhgifi. "9 Ghrtd rbehgdbebu bk sbu ajvrh qub bab
bgnighu kbkorhs fh Ehgnrbssh bk 9:43 quigfh babs tbgtirik
fbsehorjr sb bab bstivi chrgbebgfh imufi fjrbti ihs ehgtris.

I mustjcjeitjvi fb Ghrtd kbgtjr piri fbcbgfbr vjfis gåh sb

 mustjcjei phrqub, bk prjkbjrh aunir, gåh ê ebrth qub sui bsehadi
tbgdi sjfh eairi. Bab icjrkhu qub hehgtris khrrbrji phr eiusi
fis bkbgfis Ohaigf, pbais quijs h Ehgnrbssh divji prhjojfh, bk
uk phgth, kijs imufi "abtia" i babs. Kis gåh dhuvb ehgsbgsh
bgtrb hs bspbejiajstis fb qub gbnir tia imufi sjngjcjeirji i khrtb
fhehgtris. Chj uk muanikbgth phaëtjeh, fh quia i kijhrji fhs
fbkheritis b fi kijhrji fhs rbpuoajeighs fjsehrfhu chrtbkbgtb.
Jssh gåh ê sbkbadigtb à ebrtbzi fb qub h ississjgh fbeairifh
qub ikbiîi kitir h ciré.
Rki sbnugfi hombîåh à iabniîåh fb Ghrtd fb qub bab bstivi
kbgtjgfh piri siavir vjfis ê uk prhoabki ehk qubk bri h iavh fb suis
kbgtjris. Bab gåh bstivi kbgtjgfh piri i pbsshi qub prheaikivi i
jgtbgîåh fb ehkbtbr uk ississjgith. Ub i kitigîi hehrrbssb, sbrji h
bxêrejth fi Gjeirénui qub h cirji, gåh hs kbkorhs fi
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  509

Ehgnrbssh. Bgquigth iqubabs qub fjsehrfirik fis bkbgfis fb

Ohaigf pufbssbk iabnir qub bsti sbrji i ehgsbqñígeji, gåh bri i
jgtbgîåh fbeairifi fiqubabs qub vhtirik gis bkbgfis fb Ohaigf,
gbk phfbrji sbr ehgsjfbrifi i fbajobrifikbgtb ouseifi, kbskh
qub gåh fbeairifh, hombtjvh fbssi abnjsaiîåh.

Pbsshis séojis b, prbsukjvbakbgtb, jnuiakbgtb khrijs

fjsehrfirik shorb quijs sbrjik is ehgsbquígejis fb kigtbr i imufi
"abtia" b sb is bkbgfis fb Ohaigf cbedirik thtiakbgtb thfis is
orbedis. ]bahsikbgtb, Ghrtd gåh phfji vbr, hu sb vji qub gåh sb
jkphrtivi, qub gåh divji uki ýgjei vbrfifb iquj ehk i quia thfhs
hs dhkbgs b kuadbrbs riejhgijs ehgehrfissbk. Gbk h dýorjs bri
fir kijs pbsh ih sbu muanikbgth fh qub h fi kijhrji gh Ehgnrbssh,
b ierbfjtir qub jssh bri uki mustjcjeitjvi piri bgnigir h Ehgnrbssh.

Kjgdi tbrebjri hombîåh ih riejheëgjh fb Ghr fb qub bab kbgtju

piri siavir vjfis ê qub sui kbgtjri vjhaivi uk ehgtrith qub bab divji
cbjth qub h prhjoji fb kbgtjr piri h Ehgnrbssh. Gjgnuêk ê horjnifh
i rbsphgfbr ehk sjgebrjfifb i uk ississjgh ehgcbssh. Is iîòbs
fbeairifis fb uk ississjgh vjhaik is abjs qub gõs b bab
suoserbvbkhs. Ghsshs cjadhs gåh tík horjniîåh fb sbr sjgebrhs ehk
uk bstrigdh qub oitb à phrti, bkohri i qubståh sb thrgissb kijs
tbgborhsi sb bssb bstrigdh iabnissb bstir bk pbrjnh. Vhfhs,
bgtrbtigth, såh horjnifhs i tbstbkugdir ehk sjgebrjfifb pbrigtb
uki ehkjssåh piraikbgtir b phfbk sbr prhebssifhs phr kbgtjr.
Gbk tjgdi rizòbs ifjejhgijs piri sbr vbrfifbjrh, bk vjrtufb fb sui
prhcjssåh. H tbgbgtb-ehrhgba Ghrtd, ehkh hcjejia kjajtir, murhu
fbcbgfbr i Ehgstjtujîåh.? Gbk jssh bstivi sbk rbeursh sb bab
sbgtjssb qub bstivi sbgfh chrîifh i bxbeutir phaëtjeis qub bab
ierbfjtivi sbrbk jkhriakbgtb pbrjnhsis
 

50?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hutris. Bab phfbrji tbr rbgugejifh b fbphjs ciaifh

puoajeikbgtb ehgtri is bkbgfis fb Ohaigf.
H irnukbgth ehgtjgui dhmb, mé qub cugejhgérjhs fi EJI qub
suphstikbgtb kbgtjrik piri h Ehgnrbssh bståh sbgfh
prhebssifhs. Rki qubståh fjseutjfi rbebgtbkbgtb gi jkprbgsi
ê sb dé uk ehgmugth bspbejia fb rbnris piri cugejhgérjhs fi EJI,
qub, fbvjfh à giturbzi sberbti fb sbu trioiadh, phfbk gåh sbr
horjnifhs i sbr vbrfifbjrhs ih Ehgnrbssh. Rki vbz qub Ghrtd
bstivi rbebobgfh hrfbgs fh fjrbthr fi EJI Eisby, suis iîòbs
phfbk sbr mustjcjeifis ehkh sbnujgfh i ghrki piri cugejhgérjhs
fiqubai inígeji. Fivjf ^djppab, qub ê h fjrbthr fi isshejiîåh fb
bx-hcjejijs fi EJI, fjssb= ‑Gi kjgdi hpjgjåh, fjvuanir h këgjkh
gbebssérjh ih Ehgnrbssh, sb babs pufbrbk sb sicir, gåh ê uki
ehjsi rujk. kb jgehkhfh bk euapir quiaqubr uk fbssbs eiris. "5
_iy Eajgb, tikoêk uk hcjejia iphsbgtifh fi EJI, fjssb= ‑Gi vbadi
trifjîåh fi EJI, iedikhs qub hs hcjejijs fb iath bseiaåh fbvbrjik
sbr prhtbnjfhs fi bxphsjîåh‛.6 Utigscjbaf Vurgbr, qub chj fjrbthr
fi EJI fh prbsjfbgtb Mjkky Eirtbr fb 9:>> i 9:49, irnukbgti
qub i EJI gugei fbvbrji sbr iuthrjzifi phr uk prbsjfbgtb i
kbgtjr piri h Ehgnrbssh, b hs cugejhgérjhs fi inígeji fbvbrjik
siobr qub babs gåh sbråh prhtbnjfhs sb kbgtjrbk.2
I ieusiîåh fb Ghrtd, Phjgfbxtbr b, kijs rbebgtbkbgtb, fhs
hcjejijs fi EJI, Iaig Cjbrs b Eaijr Nbhrnb, phr kbgtjr ih Ehgnrbssh,
phfb trigskjtjr bssi kbgsinbk. Nbhrnb ê h kijs iath hcjejia fi EJI i
sbr prhebssifh phr kbgtjr à ehkjssåh fh ehgnrbssh Jrå-Ehgtri bk
9:4>. Rki vbz qub sb ierbfjti ikpaikbgtb qub h fjrbthr fi EJI
Eisby gåh sbnuju bssis rbnris, phfb-sb irnukbgtir qub ê brrifh
pugjr is pbsshis qub chrik abvifis i ierbfjtir qub gåh bstivik
ipbgis cizbgfh h qub h prbsjfbgtb qubrji, kis qub sbrjik
prhtbnjfis eish chssbk bxphstis.

Prbsjfbgtb _jedirf Gjxhg b h Bseïgfiah ^itbrnitb 

H bx-prbsjfbgtb Gjxhg ê prhvivbakbgtb h cugejhgérjh
pýoajeh kijs crbqubgtbkbgtb ehgfbgifh phr kbgtjr. Bab bri h
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  505 

prjkbjrh prbsjfbgtb i rbgugejir, kis gåh chj sjkpabskbgtb phrqub

bab kbgtju. Vikphueh chj chrîifh i rbgugejir phrqub is pbsshis qub
trioiadivik piri i ^dj tb Dhusb chrik ipigdifis gh bserjtõrjh fb
^itbrnitb b gh ehkpabxh fb ipirtikbgths bk mugdh fb 9:>?,
tbgtigfh jgvifjr i sbfb fh pirtjfh fbkherétjeh. Chj h bgehorjkbgth
qub bab fjrjnju b is kbgtjris qub ehgthu piri kigtí-ah. Cjtis fb
éufjh fb ehgvbrsis gi ^dj tb Dhusb, kijs tirfb thrgifis pýoajeis,
rbvbairik qub Gjxhg fjssb gi êphei= "Gåh fhu i këgjki piri h qub
iehgtbeb, qubrh qub vheí oahqubjb jssh, fbjxb-hs jkpahrir i Yujgti
Bkbgfi, hu quiaqubr hutri ehjsi, sb vij siavé-ah - siavb h paigh. "

H bgehorjkbgth tbvb suebssh phr quisb uk igh, itê qub uk fhs

dhkbgs ehgfbgifhs pbai jgvisåh fb ^itbrnitb, Mikbs KeEhrf,
fjssb ih mujz qub h rhuoh bri pirtb fb uki ehgspjriîåh kijhr. Bgtåh,
shuob-sb qub Gjxhg divji nrivifh thfis is ehgvbrsis gh Uiaåh Hvia.
Ipbsir fi tbgtitjvi fb Gjxhg fb suprjkjr is jgchrkiîòbs kijs
prbmufjejijs fbssis cjtis, divji prhvis sucjejbgtbs piri qub h Ehkjtí
 Mufjejérjh fi Eïkiri trhuxbssb
trhuxbssb irtjnhs fb jkpb
jkpbiedkbgt.
iedkbgt. Yuigfh i
Uuprbki Ehrtb hrfbghu qub Gjxhg bgtrbnissb is cjtis ih nrigfb mýrj,
Gjxhg rbgugejhu bk : fb inhsth fb 9:>6.

H prhoabki, i kbu vbr, gåh chj qub Gjxhg kbgtju, phjs sustbgth
qub hs aëfbrbs giejhgijs às vbzbs h cizbk< chj shorb jssh qub Gjxhg
kbgtju, sui khtjviîåh piri kbgtjr b piri qubk bab kbgtju. Gåh
dhuvb i tbgtiîåh fb bgnigir hutrh nhvbrgh - h iavh fi kbgtjri fb
Gjxhg bri h phvh ikbrjeigh. Gåh divji ehkh rbeaikir uki
 mustjcjeitjvi bk tbrkhs
tbrkhs fi gbebssjfifb fb itjgnjr hs hom
hombtjvhs
btjvhs fi
phaëtjei bxtbrgi. Gjxhg bsehgfbu sbu ehgdbejkbgth fb uk erjkb, i
tbgtitjvi fb rhuoir fheukbgths fhs bserjtõrjhs fh pirtjfh
fbkherétjeh ghs bfjcëejhs ^itbrnitb. Ubu khtjvh bri pbrkigbebr gh
eirnh, piri gåh ehrrbr h rjseh fb sbr rbprhvifh pbahs babjthrbs, eish
shuobssbk qub Gjxhg sioji qub iqubabs qub trioiadivik piri bab
divjik jgcrjgnjfh i abj piri hotbr uki vigtinbk piri bab gis
prõxjkis babjîòbs. H prjkbjrh irtjnh fb jkpbiedkbgt ieushu Gjxhg
 

506  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

phr hostrujr i mustjîi, h sbnugfh irtjnh h ieushu fb iousir

fhs phfbrbs fb sbu eirnh b gåh nirigtjr qub is abjs sbmik
cjbakbgtb bxbeutifis, b h tbrebjrh irtjnh ieushu Gjxhg fb
fbshobfbebr fbajobrifikbgtb às jgtjkiîòbs piri is
nriviîòbs b hutrhs fheukbgths fh Ehkjtí Mufjejérjh . Gåh
fbvbkhs sjkpabskbgtb ehgfbgir Gjxhg phrqub bab bri uk
kbgtjrhsh, bkohri bssi chssb uki ieusiîåh crbqubgtb cbjti
ehk mýojah pbahs qub hfbjik Gjxhg. Hs aëfbrbs giejhgijs gåh
phfbrjik cizbr sbu trioiadh sb chssbk prhjojfhs fb kbgtjr
bk thfis is ejreugstïgejis.

I kbgtjri mustjcjeifi fh prbsjfbgtb Mjkky Eirtbr 

Rk ohk bxbkpah fb ejreugstïgeji bk qub i kbgtjri fb uk

cugejhgérjh pýoajeh bri mustjcjeévba iehgtbebu furigtb h kigfith
fh bx-prbsjfbgtb Mjkky Eirtbr. Bk 9:>3, h bx-nhvbrgifhr fi
Nbõrnji Mjkky Eirtbr chj babjth prbsjfbgtb ipõs fbrrhtir Nbriaf
Chrf, qub divji sb thrgifh prbsjfbgtb quigfh Gjxhg rbgugejhu.
Gi eikpigdi babjthria, Eirtbr prhkbtbu fbvhavbr i khriajfifb à
Eisi Origei, ipõs hs ighs fjcëebjs b bseigfiahshs fb ^itbrnitb.
I kirei rbnjstrifi fb sui eikpigdi chj hadir piri is eïkbris
fb tbabvjsåh b fjzbr, fb chrki oistigtb sjkpajsti, qub bab gugei
kbgtjrji piri h phvh ikbrjeigh. Phrêk, trís ighs fbphjs, bab
kbgtju vérjis vbzbs piri heuatir sbus paighs fb rbsnitir rbcêgs
ikbrjeighs fh Jrå.
Furigtb hs prjkbjrhs ighs fi prbsjfígeji fb Eirtbr, h Té fh
Jrå chj fbrruoifh phr uki rbvhauîåh jsaïkjei cugfikbgtiajsti. H
xé sbkprb rbebobu iphjh ikbrjeigh, bgtåh, quigfh chj piri h
bxëajh, Eirtbr pbrkjtju qub bab chssb ihs Bstifhs Rgjfhs piri
tritikbgth kêfjeh. Curjhshs, kjajtigtbs jrigjighs thkirik i
bkoijxifi fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs bk Vbbrå, cizbgfh 30 rbcêgs. Hs
bschrîhs fjpahkétjehs piri rbshavbr i erjsb fhs rbcêgs furirik
kbsbs sbk rbsuatifhs, bgquigth hs ghtjejérjhs gi tbabvjsåh thfis
is ghjtbs ehgtivik h gýkbrh fb fjis, fbphjs kbsbs, qub hs
ikbrjeighs bstivik sbgfh kigtjfhs ehkh prjsjhgbjrhs.
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  502 

Ahnh fbphjs qub hs rbcêgs chrik iprbbgfjfhs, Eirtbr
hrfbghu sberbtikbgtb qub hs kjajtirbs ehkbîissbk h
trbjgikbgth piri uki hpbriîåh fb rbsnitb. Bssi prbpiriîåh
p rbpiriîåh gåh
chj sjkpabskbgtb bsehgfjfi, kis rbprbsbgtigtbs fh nhvbrgh
rbpbtjfikbgtb cjzbrik fbeairiîòbs ciasis piri kjgjkjzir
quijsqubr suspbjtis shorb h qub bstivik cizbgfh. Phr kujths
kbsbs, h Pbgténhgh, h fbpirtikbgth fb bstifh b i Eisi Origei
iabnirik rbpbtjfikbgtb qub uki kjssåh piri ajobrtir hs rbcêgs
bri ahnjstjeikbgtb jkphssëvba. Bk 4 fb migbjrh fb 9:40, h
prbsjfbgtb Eirtbr kbgtju bk uki bgtrbvjsti ehabtjvi, fjzbgfh
qub uk rbsnitb kjajtir "quisb ebrtikbgtb tbrkjgirji bk
crieissh b quisb ebrtikbgtb tbrkjgirji gi khrtb fhs rbcêgs".
Bgquigth fjzji jssh, i chrîi kjajtir Fbati bgsijivi i hpbriîåh fb
rbsnitb heuati gh fbsbrth fh sufhbstb fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs.
Eirtbr kbgtju piri h phvh ikbrjeigh phrqub sioji qub hs
jrigjighs bstivik huvjgfh h qub bab fjssb b qubrji ieiakir hs
kjajtigtbs jrigjighs qub prhtbnjik hs rbcêgs ehk uki ciasi
sbgsiîåh fb sbnurigîi. Eirtbr cbz sui sberbtérji fb jkprbgsi,
 Mhfy Phwbaa, gbnir qub h nhvbrgh bstjvbssb paigbmigfh
paigbmigfh rbsnitir
hs rbcêgs gh bxith khkbgth bk qub i kjssåh fb rbsnitb bstivi
bk igfikbgth. Eirtbr bserbvbu bk suis kbkõrjis= "Yuiaqubr
suspbjti phr pirtb fhs kjajtigtbs fb uki tbgtitjvi fb rbsnitb
ehgfbgirji h bschrîh ih crieissh ... H suebssh fbpbgfji fi
surprbsi thtia.3 " Abkorb-sb fb qub Djtabr tikoêk kbgtju piri
hotbr i vigtinbk fi surprbsi shorb uk ifvbrsérjh.
Ehgfbgikhs Djtabr gåh phrqub bab kbgtju, kis phr eiusi fb
sbus hombtjvhs b iîòbs. Kbgtjr phr uk aëfbr giejhgia piri hotbr
vigtinbk shorb uk jgjkjnh gåh ê bk sj brrifh.
H prjgejpia iavh fis kbgtjris fb Eirtbr brik hs jrigjighs
qub vjhairik h fjrbjth jgtbrgiejhgia ih thkir ehkh rbcêgs
cugejhgérjhs fi bkoijxifi fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs. Gåh divji ehkh
bgnigé-ahs sbk bgnigir h phvh ikbrjeigh b h Ehgnrbssh. H
khtjvh bri prhtbnbr ghssi prõprji chrîi kjajtir. B i kbgtjri
furirji phueh. Bkohri ianugs kbkorhs fh Ehgnrbssh
abvigtissbk i qubståh fb siobr sb Eirtbr tjgdi h fjrbjth fb injr
 

503  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

sbk ivjsé-ahs ehk igtbebfígeji, ehgchrkb prbehgjzifh pbai

_bshauîåh fhs Phfbrbs fb Nubrri, Eirtbr icjrkhu qub h rbsnitb
tjgdi sjfh uk ith fb kjsbrjeõrfji, gåh uk ith fb nubrri. Eirtbr chj
ehgfbgifh phrqub i kjssåh fb rbsnitb ciadhu, gåh phrqub bab
quborhu sui prhkbssi fb gåh kbgtjr.
Utigscjbaf Vurgbr, fjrbthr fi EJI sho Eirtbr, bserbvbgfh shorb h
eish Jrå-Ehgtri b i gbebssjfifb fhs cugejhgérjhs fi EJI sbrbk
dhgbsths ehk h Ehgnrbssh, abvigthu i qubståh shorb h qub bab tbrji
cbjth sb h Ehgnrbssh adb pbrnugtissb sb i EJI bstivi prbpirifi
furigtb uki hpbriîåh fb rbsnitb= "Bu tbrji fjcjeuafifb bk siobr
ehkh rbsphgfbr. Bspbrh tbr fjth ianh ehkh= 'Ierbfjth qub gåh ê
iehgsbadévba ciair shorb quijsqubr paighs piri rbshavbr h prhoabki
fhs rbcêgs, piri qub gåh dimi jgcbrígejis jgehrrbtis sbr fbsbgdifh b
phssjvbakbgtb vizifh piri hs jrigjighs. 'Bu bgtåh tbrji ehgsuatifh h
prbsjfbgtb shorb sb bu fbvbrji rbthrgir b rbsphgfbr à pbrnugti
jkbfjitikbgtb. "> H Ur. Vu r gb r gåh fjssb h qub tbrji cbjth sb h
prbsjfbgtb Eirtbr h tjvbssb jgstruëfh i rbthrgir ih Ehgnrbssh b
gbnir qub dhuvbssb quiaqubr paigh piri rbsnitir hs rbcêgs.

Is kbgtjris fb Aygfhg Mhdgshg shorb i Nubrri fh Sjbtgå 

Kijs pbrjnhsh chj i heuatiîåh fh bx-prbsjfbgtb Aygfhg O.

 Mhdgshg fh pýoajeh fb jgchrkiîòbs ifvbrsis shorb h prhnrbssh fi
nubrri gh Sjbtgå. Mhdgshg divji issukjfh i prbsjfígeji ipõs h
ississjgith fb Mhdg C. Lbggbfy bk 9:35, kis ehgehrrbu à babjîåh bk
9:36. Furigtb i eikpigdi, h hphgbgtb rbpuoajeigh fb Mhdgshg, h
sbgifhr fh Irjzhgi, Oirry Nhafwitbr, fjssb qub phfbrji bstir
fjsphsth i usir irkis itökjeis piri vbgebr i nubrri . Mhdgshg
pbnhu i ajgdi hphsti. "Gåh vikhs kigfir kbgjghs ikbrjeighs i
ghvb hu fbzbssbjs kja qujaökbtrhs fb eisi piri cizbr h qub hs
kbgjghs isjétjehs fbvbrjik cizbr phr sj prõprjhs." Rki vbz babjth b
ehgvbgejfh fb qub i nubrri phfbrji sbr vbgejfi ehk h bgvjh fb
trhpis, Mhdg-
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  50> 

cjadh bgvjhu kbjh kjadåh fb nirhths ikbrjeighs piri h Sjbtgå

ghs ighs sbnujgtbs. I Ikêrjei ieiohu mhnigfh kijs ohkois gh
Sjbtgå fh qub is usifis furigtb i Nubrri Kugfjia
JJ.
 Mhdgshg pbgshu qub
qub bstirji bk uki phsjîåh chrtb piri
gbnhejir uk cjk ifbquifh piri i nubrri ipbgis sb h ghrtbgdh
vjbtgikjti ierbfjtissb qub bab tjgdi i hpjgjåh pýoajei ikbrjeigi
phr trés fbab. B bgtåh Mhdgshg sbabejhghu h qub rbvbahu ih phvh
ikbrjeigh shorb h prhnrbssh fi nubrri. Ubus ehkigfigtbs
kjajtirbs iprbgfbrik qub Mhdgshg qubrji i kbadhr jkinbk
j kinbk
phssëvba fh suebssh ikbrjeigh b fhs crieisshs fhs vjbtgikjtis b
vjbtehgnubs, b fbphjs fb uk tbkph bssi chj i ýgjei jgchrkiîåh
qub bab rbebobu fhs ehkigfigtbs fb eikph gh Sjbtgå. Kis i
edirifi fbsiohu quigfh, bk migbjrh fb 9:34, uki fbvistifhri
hcbgsjvi fhs vjbtgikjtis b vjbtehgnubs fh ghrtb furigtb i
tbkphrifi fb cêrjis fh Vbt bxpös ihs ikbrjeighs b ih kugfh
ehkh hs Bstifhs Rgjfhs bstivik ahgnb fb vbgebr i nubrri. I
hcbgsjvi fh Vbt hehrrbu furigtb i prõxjki eikpigdi babjthria
prbsjfbgejia. Ubgifhr _hobrt Lbggbfy, qub bstivi ehgehrrbgfh
ehgtri Mhdgshg pbai jgfjeiîåh fbkheriti, fjssb qub i hcbgsjvi
fh Vb t "quborhu i késeiri fi jausåh hcjejia, ehk i quia
bsehgfbkhs ghssis vbrfifbjris ejreugstïgejis, itê fb gõs
kbskhs". Phuehs kbsbs fbphjs, Mhdgshg igugejhu sui fbejsåh
fb gåh sb eigfjfitir à rbbabjîåh.
Bk uki fbkherieji, gåh dé kigbjri céeja fb bgnigir hutri
giîåh sbk bgnigir sbu prõprjh phvh, b jssh thrgi h bgnigh uki
phaëtjei kujth pbrjnhsi quigfh pritjeifi phr kujth tbkph. H
bgnigh fb Mhdgshg shorb h prhnrbssh fi nubrri gåh chj uki
qubståh fb fjis, hu sbkigis, hu kbskh kbsbs. Ih erjir i jausåh
fb vjtõrji jkjgbgtb, Mhdgshg prjvhu h babjthrifh fis jgchrkiîòbs
fb qub prbejsivi piri cizbr bsehadis phaëtjeis jgchrkifis. Rki
fbkherieji gåh phfb shorbvjvbr sb uk pirtjfh phaëtjeh pufbr
ehgtrhair is jgchrkiîòbs qub h babjthrifh tbk shorb uki
qubståh eruejia piri sbu vhth.
Ehkh hosbrvhu h sbgifhr Lbggbfy, suspbjth qub hutrh eusth
 

504  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

fbssb bgnigh chj qub Mhdgshg b pbah kbghs ianugs fb sbus

ehgsbadbjrhs quisb pissirik i ierbfjtir bk suis prõprjis
kbgtjris. Gåh såh ipbgis hs cugejhgérjhs fh nhvbrgh qub såh
susebtëvbjs i bssi irkifjadi. Ierbfjth qub quigth kijs ianuêk
kbgtjr, kijs céeja sb thrgi cizí-ah. Eifi vbz qub uki kbgtjri ê
rbpbtjfi, dé kbghs ehgsjfbriîåh shorb sb ê ehrrbth sb bgvhavbr
gh bgnigh. Fbphjs fb kujtis rbpbtjîòbs, h kbgtjrhsh phfb cjeir
tåh à vhgtifb ehk i kbgtjri qub gåh pbrebob kijs qub bsté
kbgtjgfh. Phrêk, sb chr bstjkuaifh hu fbsicjifh, h kbgtjrhsh
sb abkoriré fb qub bsté jgvbgtigfh. Bkohri Mhdgshg qujsbssb
ierbfjtir bk suis ciasis icjrkiîòbs shorb h prhnrbssh fi
nubrri, b às vbzbs phfb tbr pbgsifh qub brik vbrfifbjris,
fuvjfh qub bab tbgdi ehgsbnujfh sb bgnigir thtiakbgtb.

H ögjous bspiejia Fbsicjifhr Fbsistrb b 

Iuth-fbebpîåh 

Fjzbr qub ianuêk sb bgnighu ê uki qubståh obk fjcbrbgtb.

Gh iuthbgnigh, i pbsshi gåh pbrebob qub bsté kbgtjgfh piri sj
kbski. B i pbsshi gåh ehgdbeb sbu prõprjh khtjvh piri sb
bgnigir. H iuthbgnigh hehrrb, erbjh bu, kujth kijs ririkbgtb
fh qub ê iabnifh phr uki pbsshi euapifi piri fbseuapir, ipõs
h cith, suis iîòbs brrifis. Is iîòbs qub abvirik ihFbsicjifhr H
fbsistrb fh ögjous bspiejia abvigti i qubståh fb sb iqubabs qub
thkirik i fbejsåh fb aigîir h ögjous bspiejia, ipbsir fis chrtbs
ifvbrtígejis shorb hs pr
prhvévbjs
hvévbjs pbrjnhs, phfbk tbr sjfh vëtjkis
vëtjkis
fb iuthbgnigh. Fb qub hutri chrki phfbkhs bxpajeir i fbejsåh
fb qubk ehgdbeji hs rjsehs fb ivigîir ehk h aigîikbgth8

H aigîikbgth fh ögjous bspiejia bk ?4 fb migbjrh fb 9:43

chj vjsth phr kjadòbs gi tbabvjsåh. Bstb aigîikbgth chj
ikpaikbgtb fjvuanifh phrqub i trjpuaiîåh jgeauëi uki
prhcbsshri, Edrjsti KeIuajccb. I iufjígeji fi tbabvjsåh jgeauëi
kujths iaughs, jgeaujgfh i prõprji turki fi Uri. KeIuajccb. Bai
fbvbrji tbr fifh uki ajîåh fh bspiîh sjfbria. Kis ipbgis sbtb
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  50: 

bgty b trís sbnugfhs ipõs h aigîikbgth, i givb bxpahfju
kitigfh thfhs hs sbtb i ohrfh.
Gi ghjtb igtbrjhr ih aigîikbgth, uk nruph fb bgnbgdbjrhs
fi Khrthg Vdjhlha, i bkprbsi qub ehgstruju hs chnubtbs fb
rbchrîh, rbehkbgfhu hcjejiakbgtb qub h aigîikbgth chssb
ifjifh phrqub i prbvjsåh fh tbkph crjh furigtb i ghjtb phfbrji
rbfuzjr sbvbrikbgtb i baistjejfifb fi ohrriedi H- sbahs fb igba.
Ub jssh iehgtbebr, h vizikbgth fb ehkoustëvba phfb cizbr ehk
qub hs chnubtbs fb rbchrîh bxpahfik. Hs bgnbgdbjrhs fi Vdjhlha
ajnirik piri i Ifkjgjstriîåh Giejhgia fi Ibrhgéutjei b fh
Bspiîh (GIUI), pbfjgfh ugigjkbkbgtb h ifjikbgth fh
aigîikbgth inbgfifh piri i kigdå sbnujgtb.
 Mé divji hehrrjfh trís ifjikbgths
ifjikbgths gi fiti fb aigîikbgth
aigîikbgth,,
vjhaigfh i prhkbssi fi GIUI fb qub h ögjous bspiejia tbrji
erhghnrikis fb aigîikbgth prbvjsëvbjs b fb rhtjgi. Aiwrbgeb
Kuaahy, nbrbgtb fb prhmbth fb chnubtbs fi GIUI, fjseutju ehk hs
bgnbgdbjrhs fi Vdjhlha, fjzbgfh qub gåh divji bvjfígejis sucjejbgtbs
fb qub h tbkph crjh prbmufjeirji hs igêjs fb vbfiîåh. Kuahy
ehgvbrshu giqubai ghjtb ehk h nbrbgtb fi Vdjhlha Oho Augf, qub
kijs tirfb tbstbkugdhu pbrigtb i ehkjssåh prbsjfbgejia ghkbifi
piri jgvbstjnir hFbsicjifhr fbsistrb. Augf tbstbkugdhu qub Kuaahy
adb fjssb giqubai ghjtb piri ehaheir sbu "edipêu fb nbrbgejikbgth"
bk vbz fb sbu "edipêu fb bgnbgdbjrh". Ipirbgtbkbgtb cizbgfh jssh,

Augf kufhu sui

bgnbgdbjrhs. hphsjîåh
Kuaahy ih ehgtithu
tikoêk aigîikbgth,
Mhb jnghrigfh
Ljakjgjstbr,sbus prõprjhs
uk fhs vjeb-
prbsjfbgtbs fi Vdjhlha, pbfjgfh-adb qub issjgissb uk sjgia vbrfb fb
aigîikbgth. Bab h cbz às ?5d62, bgvjigfh phr cix uki rbehkbgfiîåh
fb aigîikbgth piri i GIUI. Iaaig KeFhgiaf, qub bri fjrbthr fh
prhmbth fh chnubtb fi Vdjhlha, sb rbeushu i issjgir i iprhviîåh
hcjejia piri h aigîikbgth. Fhjs kbsbs fbphjs, KeFhgiaf fbjxirji sbu
bkprbnh gi Vdjhlha.
Kijs tirfb, i ehkjssåh prbsjfbgejia fbsehorju qub quitrh fhs
prjgejpijs bxbeutjvhs sbgjhrbs fi GI
GIUI
UI rbsphgsévbjs
rbsphgsévbjs phr iuthrjzir

eifi aigîikbgth
bgnbgdbjrhs gugei bchrik
fi Vdjhlha jgchrkifhs
h nbrbgtb fh fbsiehrfh
fb chnubtbs fi GIUI.bgtrb hs
 

590  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Vrjpuaiîåh fi givb Fbsicjifhr 

bqujpb fb kbgt gi ghjtb bk qub i fbejsåh fb aigîikbgth chj

thkifi. _hobrt Ujbel, nbrbgtb fh ögjous bspiejia fh Lbggbfy Upieb
Ebgtbr< Nbgb Vdhkis, h fjrbthr fb aigîikbgth fi Fbsicjifhr bk
Lbggbfy< Irghaf Iafrjed, nbrbgtb fb sjstbkis fb trigsphrtb bspiejia
fh Mhdgshg Upieb Ebgtbr bk Dhusthg< b h fjrbthr fh Uduttab, Khhrb,
thfhs tbstbkugdirjik kijs tirfb qub gåh chrik jgchrkifhs fb
qub hs bgnbgdbjrhs fi Vdjhlha sb hpugdik à fbejsåh fb
aigîikbgth.
Ehkh Kuaahy phfbrji tbr bgvjifh h ögjous bspiejia siobgfh
qub phfbrji bxpahfjr8 Rki bxpajeiîåh ê qub sho prbssåh
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  599

ebrtbzi fb qub bab sb thrghu vëtjki fb iuthbgnigh, gi vbrfifb
cjeigfh ehgvbgejfh fb qub hs bgnbgdbjrhs bstivik bxinbrigfh
h qub bri rbiakbgtb uk rjseh jgsjngjcjeigtb. Ub Kuaahy chj

rbiakbgtb
rbsphgsévbavëtjki fb iuth-bgnigh,
phr sui phfbkhs
fbejsåh brrifi8 Uuphgdi ehgsjfbré-ah
qub hutri pbsshi
tjvbssb kbgtjfh piri Kuaahy b fjth i bab qub gåh divji rjseh.
Ebrtikbgtb gåh h euapirëikhs phr tbr thkifh uki fbejsåh
brrifi. Ê fjcbrbgtb sb bab sb bgnighu8 Iedh qub prhvivbakbgtb
gåh, sb Kuaahy rbiakbgtb sb bgnighu. I qubståh ê= chj
iuthbgnigh hu kiu muanikbgth, obk riejhgiajzifh8
Piri fbsehorjr, fbjxb-kb ehkpirir h qub siobkhs shorb Kuaahy
ehk uk fhs bxbkpahs eairhs fb iuthbgnigh fjseutjfh phr
bspbejiajstis qub bstufik i iuthbgnigh.4 Rk piejbgtb ehk eïgebr

tbrkjgia
sjgijs fb qub ierbfjti
uk tukhr qub vijjgeurévba
kiajngh sb rbeupbrir, bkohri dimi
fb prhnrbssåh kujths
répjfi, kigtêk
uki ciasi erbgîi. Kuaahy tikoêk kigtbvb uki ciasi erbgîi,
ierbfjtigfh qub h ögjous bspiejia phfbrji sbr aigîifh ehk
sbnurigîi. (I iatbrgitjvi qub Kuaahy tjgdi ebrtbzi fb qub bxpahfjrji,
iedh qub fbvbrji sbr fbseirtifi.) H piejbgtb ehk eïgebr ierbfjti
qub sbré eurifh, ipbsir fis chrtbs bvjfígejis ehgtrérjis. H piejbgtb
ehk eïgebr siob qub bsté cjeigfh kijs crieh, qub i fhr bsté
iukbgtigfh, kis bab jgsjstb qub bssbs såh ipbgis ehgtritbkphs
tbkphrérjhs. Kuaahy tikoêk kigtbvb sui ciasi erbgîi, ipbsir fis
bvjfígejis ehgtrérjis. Bab sioji qub hs bgnbgdbjrhs pbgsivik qub h
tbkph crjh figjcjeirji hs rbtbgthrbs fb H-rjgn b, sb h ehkoustëvba
vizissb, hs chnubtbs phfbrjik bxpahfjr, kis bab ehgsjfbrhu is
iabniîòbs bxinbrifis.
H qub fbserbvj itê inhri gåh ghs fjz sb h piejbgtb ehk
eïgebr hu Kuaahy ê uk kbgtjrhsh fbajobrifh hu vëtjki fb
iuthbgnigh. H rbqujsjth eruejia piri i iuthfbebpîåh ê qub i
vëtjki gåh tbgdi ehgsejígeji fb sbu khtjvh piri kigtbr sui
ciasi erbgîi. * H piejbgtb ehk eïgebr gåh ehgehrfi
* Phfb pirbebr qub iuthbgnigh ê ipbgis hutrh tbrkh piri h ehgebjth fb rbprbssåh fb
Crbuf. Bxjstbk
surnb fb pbah kbghs prhcugfikbgtb
uki gbebssjfifb fuis fjcbrbgîis.bgrijzifi
Gi rbprbssåh, i jgchrkiîåh
gi bstruturi heuati fh sbac
fh pbsshia
 

59?  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Ubj ehgsejbgtbkbgtb qub sbu bgnigh ê khtjvifh phr sui

jgeipiejfifb fb ehgcrhgtir h kbfh fi prõprji khrtb jkjgbgtb.
Bssb babkbgth - gåh bstir ehgsejbgtb fi khtjviîåh piri h
iuthbgnigh - bsté ciatigfh piri Kuaahy. Yuigfh Kuaahy fjssb i
Augf piri ehaheir sbu edipêu fb nbrbgtb, bab khstrhu qub
bstivi ejbgtb fh qub prbejsivi cizbr piri kigtbr i erbgîi fb qub
h aigîikbgth fbvbrji prhssbnujr.
_jedirf Cbygkig, h cësjeh aiurbifh ehk h Ghoba qub chj
ghkbifh piri i ehkjssåh prbsjfbgejia qub jgvbstjnhu h
Fbsicjifhr fbsistrb, bserbvbu h sbnujgtb shorb i kbgtiajfifb fb
nbrbgejikbgth qub jgcaubgejhu Kuaahy. "\Yuigfh[ h prhmbth fi
aui ieiohu, i GIUI ... \tbvb[ qub ehgvbgebr h Ehgnrbssh fb qub
bxjstb uk prhmbth qub sõ i GIUI phfb cizbr. Piri cizbr jssh, ê

gbebssérjh - pbaheish
gbebssérjh gbstb kbghs chjipirbgtbkbgtb 
- bxinbrir= bxinbrir h quåh behgökjei sbrji i
aigîifbjri, bxinbrir quigtis vbzbs bai phfbrji vhir, bxinbrir quåh
sbnurh sbrji, bxinbrir hs nrigfbs ciths ejbgtëcjehs qub sbrjik
fbsehobrths. ": Ubkigi fb ghtëejis I rbvjsti fjssb= "Bk ebrth sbgtjfh,
i inígeji pirbeji uki vëtjki fb sui prõprji hstbgtiîåh,
ehkphrtigfh-sb ehkh sb h vöh bspiejia chssb rbiakbgtb tåh
rhtjgbjrh quigth uki vjinbk fb ögjous".
Kuaahy chj ipbgis uk fhs kujths gi GIUI qub kigtbvb bssbs
bxinbrhs. Bab fbvb tbr tbkjfh i rbiîåh fh Ehgnrbssh sb h ögjous
bspiejia tbvb qub sbr itrisifh pbai quirti vbz. I ké puoajejfifb qub
ehgtrifjz is icjrkiîòbs bxinbrifis fi GIUI shorb h ögjous bspiejia
phfb icbtir iprhprjiîòbs cuturis. I puoajejfifb prbmufjejia fb hutri
fiti fb aigîikbgth ifjifi phfb tbr pirbejfh uki ebrtbzi. H rjseh
fbvjfh ih eajki bri ipbgis uki phssjojajfifb, gåh uki ebrtbzi.
Kbskh hs bgnbgdbjrhs qub sb hpusbrik ih aigîikbgth gåh
bstivik ioshautikbgtb ebrths fb qub

, h qub gåh ê tjpjeikbgtb h eish gi iuth-jausåh. B ianugs sustbgtik qub ehgcrhgtir

h iuth-bgnigifhr ehk i vbrfifb phfb quborir h bgnigh, bgquigth gi rbprbssåh
tia ehgcrhgth gåh ciré ehk qub i vbrfifb sbmi rbehgdbejfi. Sbmi i fjseussåh fbssbs
prhoabkis bk Ahelirf b Piuadus,Iuth-fbebpîåh.
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  595 

sbrji uki bxpahsåh. Ianugs fbabs rbaitirik fbphjs pbgsigfh ipbgis

ianugs sbnugfhs igtbs fi bxpahsåh qub jssh phfbrji gåh iehgtbebr.

Fbvbkhs ehgfbgir Kuaahy phr sbu kiu muanikbgth, sui fbejsåh fb fir kijs pbsh às prbheupiîòbs fi ifkjgjstriîåh fh

qub às fhs bgnbgdbjrhs. Digl Uduby, uk bspbejiajsti bk sbnurigîi fb chnubtbs qub rbvjshu is bvjfígejis i pbfjfh fi GIUI,

fjssb= "Gåh ê uk fbcbjth fb prhmbth. Dhuvb uk brrh fb muanikbgth". Gåh fbvbkhs bxpajeir hu fbseuapir muanikbgths brrifhs

fjscirîigfh i iuth-jausåh. Fbvbkhs tikoêk ehgfbgir Kuaahy phr gåh jgchrkir sbus supbrjhrbs, qub tjgdik i iuthrjfifb cjgia

piri i fbejsåh fb aigîikbgth, shorb h qub bab bstivi cizbgfh b phr qub bstivi cizbgfh jssh.
jss h. Cbygkig hcbrbeb uki bxpajeiîåh

ehgvjgebgtb fb phr qub Kuaahy issukju i rbsphgsiojajfifb shorb sj kbskh. "\Hs[ eiris qub bståh tbgtigfh cizbr h Ehgnrbssh

iprhvir sbus prhmbths gåh qubrbk huvjr bssb tjph fb ehgvbrsi \shorb prhoabkis, rjsehs, bte.[. Ê kbadhr sb babs gåh huvjrbk, piri

qub phssik sbr kijs ' dhgbsths '- babs gåh qubrbk bstir gi phsjîåh fb kbgtjr piri h Ehgnrbssh! Ahnh, ahnh is itjtufbs ehkbîik

i kufir= jgchrkiîòbs fb
fb oijxh qub såh fbsinrifévbjs
fbsinrifévbjs - 'Bstikhs tbgfh uk prhoabki
prhoabki ehk hs sbahs< fbvbkhs ehgsbrté-ah
ehgsbrté-ah igtbs

fb vhirkhs fb ghvh '- ê suprjkjfh phr nrigfbs qubjmhs b nbrbgtbs fb gëvba kêfjh qub fjzbk=' Ub vheí kb ehgtir shorb hs

prhoabkis fis cheis, tbrbkhs qub itbrrir h ögjous bspiejia b ehgsbrtir '. Hu, 'Gåh, gåh, ehgtjgub vhigfh, phrqub sbgåh vij cjeir

kia' hu 'Gåh kb fjni< Bu gåh qubrh huvjr shorb jssh. ' Viavbz babs gåh fjnik bxpajejtikbgtb 'Gåh kb fjni', kis fbsbgehrimik i

ehkugjeiîåh, h qub fé gh kbskh. " jgchrkiîòbs

jgchrkiîòbs fh cugfh qub såh fbsinrifévbjs - 'Bstikhs tbgfh uk prhoabki ehk hs sbahs<

fbvbkhs ehgsbrté-ah igtbs fb vhirkhs fb ghvh '- ê suprjkjfh phr nrigfbs qubjmhs b nbrbgtbs fb gëvba kêfjh qub fjzbk=' Ub vheí

kb ehgtir shorb hs prhoabkis fis cheis, tbrbkhs fb itbrrir h ögjous bspiejia b ehgsbrté-ah '. Hu, 'Gåh, gåh, ehgtjgub vhigfh,

phrqub sbgåh vij cjeir kia' hu 'Gåh kb fjni< Bu gåh qubrh huvjr shorb jssh. ' Viavbz babs gåh fjnik bxpajejtikbgtb 'Gåh kb fjni',

kis fbsbgehrimik i ehkugjeiîåh,

ehkugjeiîåh, h qub fé gh kbskh. " jgchrkiîòbs fh cugfh qub såh fbsinrifévbjs - 'Bstikhs tbgfh uk

prhoabki ehk hs sbahs< fbvbkhs ehgsbrté-ah igtbs fb vhirkhs fb ghvh '- ê suprjkjfh phr nrigfbs qubjmhs b nbrbgtbs fb gëvba

kêfjh qub fjzbk=' Ub vheí kb ehgtir shorb hs prhoabkis fis cheis, tbrbkhs qub itbrrir h ögjous bspiejia b ehgsbrtir '. Hu, 'Gåh,

gåh, ehgtjgub vhigfh, phrqub sbgåh vij cjeir kia' hu 'Gåh kb fjni< Bu gåh qubrh huvjr shorb jssh. ' Viavbz babs gåh fjnik

bxpajejtikbgtb 'Gåh kb fjni', kis fbsbgehrimik i ehkugjeiîåh, h qub fé gh kbskh. " Shu tbr qub itbrrir h ögjous bspiejia b

ehgsbrté-ah. ' Hu, 'Gåh, gåh, ehgtjgub vhigfh, phrqub sbgåh vij cjeir kia' hu 'Gåh kb fjni< Bu gåh qubrh huvjr shorb jssh. ' Viavbz

babs gåh fjnik bxpajejtikbgtb 'Gåh kb fjni', kis fbsbgehrimik i ehkugjeiîåh, h qub fé gh kbskh. " Shu tbr qub itbrrir h

ögjous bspiejia b ehgsbrté-ah. ' Hu, 'Gåh, gåh, ehgtjgub vhigfh, phrqub sbgåh vij cjeir kia' hu 'Gåh kb fjni< Bu gåh qubrh huvjr

shorb jssh. ' Viavbz babs gåh fjnik bxpajejtikbgtb 'Gåh kb fjni', kis fbsbgehrimik i ehkugjeiîåh, h qub fé gh kbskh. " 90

I fbejsåh fb Kuaahy fb gåh jgchrkir sbus supbrjhrbs shorb i

chrtb fjsehrfïgeji shorb h aigîikbgth fh ögjous bspiejia phfb sbr
ehgsjfbrifi uki kbgtjri phr hkjssåh. Abkorb-sb fb kjgdi
fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri (gh eipëtuah ?, pénjgi ?3) ê qub uki pbsshi
fbajobrifikbgtb,, phr bsehadi, bgnigi hutri pbsshi sbk quiaqubr
fbajobrifikbgtb
ghtjcjeiîåh fb qub h bgnigh vij hehrrbr. Gåh jkphrti sb h
 

596  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

I kbgtjri ê rbiajzifi fjzbgfh ianh ciash hu hkjtjgfh

jgchrkiîòbs eruejijs. Bssis såh ipbgis fjcbrbgîis fb têegjei,
phjs h bcbjth ê h kbskh.
I ghtjcjeiîåh ê uki qubståh eruejia. Hs ithrbs gåh såh
kbgtjrhshs, kis hs jkjtifhrbs såh, phjs h pýoajeh fh ithr ê
ghtjcjeifh fb qub uk pipba sbré rbprbsbgtifh. Rk phueh kijs
ikoënuh ê uk mhnh fb pöqubr, bk qub is rbnris iuthrjzik
ebrths tjphs fb bgnigh, ehkh oabcbs b vbgfis fb jkõvbjs, hgfb
gjgnuêk fbvb bspbrir qub hs vbgfbfhrbs rbvbabk i vbrfifb
fbsfb h jgëejh sbu prbîh fb vbgfi rbia. Ub Cbygkig bstjvbr
ehrrbth, sb hs edbcbs fi GIUI tjvbssbk fbsbgehrimifh i
ehkugjeiîåh, bssbgejiakbgtb fjzbgfh= "Gåh kb fjni", bgtåh jssh
phfb ehgstjtujr uki ghtjcjeiîåh. Kuaahy b prbsukjvbakbgtb
hutrhs gi GIUI siojik qub kés ghtëejis hu fbejsòbs fjcëebjs gåh
fbvbrjik sbr pissifis piri h thph. Ub chssb issjk, Kuaahy gåh
fbvbrji sbr ehgsjfbrifh uk kbgtjrhsh phr gåh jgchrkir sbus
supbrjhrbs, phjs babs divjik iuthrjzifh h bgnigh b siojik qub
gåh sbrjik jgchrkifhs. Bk kjgdi hpjgjåh, hs supbrjhrbs qub
gåh chrik jgchrkifhs fjvjfbk pirtb fi rbsphgsiojajfifb pbah
fbsistrb ehk Kuaahy, qub gåh hs ehgthu. Hs supbrjhrbs tík i
rbsphgsiojajfifb cjgia gåh ipbgis pbai fbejsåh fb aigîikbgth,
kis phr erjir i itkhscbri gi quia Kuaahy hpbrhu. Babs
ehgtrjouërik piri is ejreugstïgejis qub abvirik ih sbu kiu
 muanikbgth b piri i sui fbejsåh fb gåh hs bgvhavbr gi fbejsåh.
Cbygkig hosbrvi is sbkbadigîis bgtrb i sjtuiîåh gi
GIUI b ehkh hs cugejhgérjhs fb gëvba kêfjh gh eish Jrå-
Ehgtris, ehkh Phjgfbxtbr, sb sbgtjrik ih fjzbr ih prbsjfbgtb
_binig h qub bstivik cizbgfh. Erjir uki itkhscbri gi quia
hs suohrfjgifhs ierbfjtbk qub iqubabs ehk iuthrjfifb cjgia
gåh fbvbk sbr jgchrkifhs fb issugths pbahs quijs sbrjik
rbsphgsiojajzifhs, prhphrejhgigfh gbniîåh paiusëvba i uk
prbsjfbgtb, fbstrõj i nhvbrgigîi. H bx-prbsjfbgtb Dirry
Vrukig fjssb ehk rizåh= "I rbsphgsiojajfifb ieioi iquj." H
prbsjfbgtb hu EBH fbvb khgjthrir, iviajir, fbejfjr b sbr
rbsphgsévba pbais fbejsòbs. Uunbrjr h ehgtrérjh phfb sbr
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  592 

vigtimhsh gh eurth prizh, kis pòb bk pbrjnh quiaqubr

hrnigjziîåh djbrérqujei, bgehrimigfh eigdòbs shaths b uk
ikojbgtb fb bgnigh sigejhgifh.

 Mujz Eairbgeb Vdhkis b Prhcbsshri Igjti Djaa 

H tbstb ikpaikbgtb ehgcajtigtb fh mujz Eairbgeb Vdhkis,
jgfjeifh à Uuprbki Ehrtb, b fi prhcbsshri fb fjrbjth Igjti Djaa,
gh huthgh fb 9::9, hcbrbeb uki sêrjb fb ajîòbs sêrjis shorb i
kbgtjri. H frikétjeh ehgcrhgth tbabvjsjhgifh ehkbîhu phuehs
fjis igtbs fb h Ubgifh ehgcjrkir i ghkbiîåh fb Vdhkis piri i
Uuprbki Ehrtb. I prhcbsshri Dj aa tbstbkugdhu pbrigtb h Ehkjtí
 Mufjejérjh fh Ubgifh qub
qub bgtrb 9:49 b 9:45, quigfh bri
bri
issjstbgtbpiri Eairbgeb Vdhkis, prjkbjrh gh Niojgbtb fb
Fjrbjths Ejvjs gh Fbpirtikbgth fb Bfueiîåh b fbphjs quigfh
Vdhkis sb thrghu edbcb fi Ehkjssåh fb Hphrtugjfifbs Jnuijs
fb Bkprbnh, bai tjgdi sjfh vëtjki fb issêfjh sbxuia. "Bab ciahu
shorb iths qub tjgdi vjsth bk cjakbs phrghnrécjehs bgvhavbgfh
qubstòbs ehkh kuadbrbs cizbgfh sbxh ehk igjkijs b cjakbs
khstrigfh sbxh bk nruph hu ebgis fb bstuprh ... Bab ciahu shorb
kitbrjijs phrghnrécjehs rbtritigfh jgfjvëfuhs ehk pígjs nrigfbs
hu sbjhs nrigfbs bgvhavjfhs bk vérjhs iths sbxuijs. Bk vérjis
heisjòbs, Vdhkis kb ehgthu eairikbgtb shorb suis prõprjis
prhbzis sbxuijs ... Bab fjssb qub sb bu ehgtissb i ianuêk shorb
sbu ehkphrtikbgth, jssh irrujgirji sui eirrbjri. " Bai ciaivi ehk
ioshauti eiaki, bri ehgsjstbgtb b piri kujths hosbrvifhrbs
kujth ehgvjgebgtb.

Jkbfjitikbgtb ipõs sbu tbstb, h mujz Vdhkis gbnhu

thtiakbgtb thfis is suis ieusiîòbs= "Bu gåh fjssb hu cjz is
ehjsis qub Igjti Dj aa iabnhu." Ipõs h tbstb fb Djaa, Vdhkis
fjssb= "Bu nhstirji fb ehkbîir fjzbgfh jgbqujvheikbgtb, gåh
eitbnhrjeikbgtb, qub gbnh thfi b quiaqubr iabniîåh ehgtri
kjk dhmb." Ehk kujti rijvi fh ehkjtí phr cbrjr sui
rbputiîåh, Vdhkis icjrkhu qub bab bri h
 

593  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

vëtjki fb uk itiqub ehk khtjviîåh riejia. Bab ehgtjguhu= ‑Gåh

phssh kb ajvrir fbssis ieusiîòbs phrqub bais mhnik ehk hs
pjhrbs bstbrbõtjphs qub tbkhs shorb hs dhkbgs gbnrhs gbstb
piës‛. _beaikigfh shorb i prhviîåh qub h Ubgifh h cbz pissir,
Vdhkis fjssb= "Bu tbrji prbcbrjfh uki oiai fb ississjgh i bstb
tjph fb jgcbrgh bk vjfi". I iufjígeji, fjssb bab, chj "uk
ajgedikbgth fb iati tbeghahnji piri gbnrhs irrhnigtbs".
Vbkph I kigedbtb fi rbvjsti giqubai sbkigi fjzji= "Bgquigth
i giîåh hosbrvi, fuis tbstbkugdis irtjeuaifis b ehgcjévbjs
iprbsbgtik vjsòbs
vjsòbs jrrbehgejajévbjs
jrrbehgejajévbjs fh qub iehgtbebu dé quisb
quisb uki
fêeifi." I ehaugjsti Gigey Njoos bserbvbu bkVbkph= " Kbskh
Kbskh
fbphjs fb huvjr thfh h tbstbkugdh ignustjifh, qubk phfbrji tbr
ebrtbzi fb qub sioji h qub rbiakbgtb iehgtbebu8 Yuia fbabs bri uk
kbgtjrhsh fb prhphrîòbs êpjeis8 "
Kbu cheh bsté kijs rbstrjth ipbgis ih ehkphrtikbgth khstrifh

Eairbgeb Vdhkis
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  59> 

phr Djaa b Vdhkis ehkh eifi uk tbstbkugdhu, gåh h fbphjkbgth fb

Vdhkis pbrigtb h ehkjtí igtbrjhr ih eish Igjti Djaa, gbk i djstõrji
pissifi fb ianuêk hu h tbstbkugdh fb hutris tbstbkugdis shorb

eifi uk fbabs.
gbgduki Ehgsjfbrigfh
jgchrkiîåh ghvi huipbgis h sbu
bspbejia. sjngjcjeifh,
Bu sõ pufb ghtirgåh bgehgtrbj
h qub bri
õovjh piri i jkprbgsi, qub eifi uk ciaivi b sb ehkphrtivi fb
kigbjri oistigtb ehgvjgebgtb. Kis dé ianukis ajîòbs i sbrbk
iprbgfjfis ehk bssb ehgcrhgth shorb kbgtjri b kbgtjri.

Gåh tbrji sjfh céeja piri gbgduk fbabs kbgtjr

fbajobrifikbgtb fjigtb fb thfi i giîåh. Is iphstis piri
ikohs brik bxtrbkikbgtb iatis. Pbgsb quia tbrji sjfh h
rbsuatifh sb ianuk fbabs tjvbssb injfh fb tia chrki qub
chrik
këfji bmuanifhs, ehk
pbah phvh hu sbk rizåh,
ikbrjeigh. ehkh
Jssh gåh kbgtjrhshs
iehgtbebu< pbai
ikohs
pirbejik bstir ciaigfh sêrjh.
Uuphgdi qub Dj aa bstjvbssb sbgfh sjgebrh b Vdhkis tjvbssb
fbejfjfh kbgtjr fbajobrifikbgtb. Ub bab tjvbssb ehgsuatifh h
sbnugfh eipëtuah bkEhgtigfh kbgtjris bab tbrji iedifh kbu
ehgsbadh fb qub i kbadhr kigbjri fb bgehorjr h kbfh fb sbr
pbnh ê ehk uk vbrgjz fb hutri bkhîåh. Rsigfh h bxbkpah fh
ajvrh fb Mhdg RpfjlbEisb ehkjnh, Fbserbvj gi pénjgi 5 5 ehkh i
bsphsi jgcjba _utd phfji bgnigir sbu kirjfh fbsehgcjifh

pirtjgfh piriphr
gi fbcbgsjvi h itiqub, fbjxigfh-sb
gåh ierbfjtir cjeirêehk
gbai. Jssh rijvi b fbjxigfh-h
bxitikbgtb h qub
Eairbgeb Vdhkis cbz. Uui rijvi bri jgtbgsi, sbu iavh gåh bri
Igjti Djaa, kis h Ubgifh. Bab tbvb h obgbcëejh ifjejhgia fb hotbr i
sjkpitji fb thfhs hs qub sb zignirik ehk hs phaëtjehs b fb
ipirbebr ehkh uk Fivj autigfh ehgtri h phfbrhsh Nhajis.

Issjk ehkh Vdhkis tbrji pbrfjfh i sjkpitji sb tjvbssb

itieifh Djaa, hs sbgifhrbs tbrjik pbrfjfh i sjkpitji sb
tjvbssbk itieifh Vdhkis, uk dhkbk gbnrh qub fjz qub bsté

sbgfhsbgtjfh
cirji ajgedifh phrbab
piri sbrgåh
uppj ty. Ubhbab
issjstjr chssb
cjakb fb kbgtjr, tikoêk
Igjti Djaa
 

594  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

Igjti Djaa

tbstbkugdh, fb khfh qub hs sbgifhrbs gåh phfbrjik ciejakbgtb pbrnugtir i bab shorb jssh.

Bkohri bsti ajgdi fb riejheëgjh fbvi inrifir àqubabs qub sb

hpusbrik i Vdhkis igtbs fi iufjígeji, gåh prhvi qub bab bstivi
kbgtjgfh. Bab phfbrji kujth obk tbr itieifh i ehkjssåh fh Ubgifh
sb bstjvbssb fjzbgfh i vbrfifb. Ub Djaa chssb h kbgtjrhsh, Vdhkis
tbrji thfh h fjrbjth fb cjeir curjhsh ehk h Ubgifh
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  59: 

phr huvjr suis djstõrjis, trizjfis gh ýatjkh khkbgth, bk pýoajeh,

bxitikbgtb quigfh pirbeji qub sbus hphgbgtbs phaëtjehs divjik
pbrfjfh i tbgtiîåh fb oahqubir sui jgfjeiîåh. Ub Djaa chssb i

kbgtjrhsi,
gåh phfbrjiVdhkis phfbrji
tbr issjstjfh ih tbr cjeifh tåhfbai
tbstbkugdh editbifh b zignifh qub
gi tbabvjsåh.

Ubré qub Igjti Dj aa bstivi kbgtjgfh8 Iedh jkprhvévba, phjs, sb

chssb, fbvbrji tbr kbfh fb sbr fbsierbfjtifi b gåh divji sjgia fb
iprbbgsåh. Bai tbstbkugdhu ehk crjbzi b eiaki, ehk rbsbrvi b
phuehs sjgijs fb quiaqubr bkhîåh. Kis i iusígeji fb uki pjsti
ehkphrtikbgtia piri bgnigir gåh sjngjcjei qub i pbsshi bsté sbgfh
vbrfifbjri. Igjti Dj aa tbvb tbkph piri prbpirir b bgsijir sui
djstõrji. Ê phssëvba qub bai pufbssb cizbr jssh fb chrki ehgvjgebgtb,
kis gåh ê prhvévba.
Bkohri sbmi kijs prhvévba qub Vdhkis sbmi h kbgtjrhsh fh qub
Igjti Djaa, dé uki tbrebjri phssjojajfifb qub kb pirbeb kijs
prhvévba. Gbgduk fbabs fjssb i vbrfifb b, gh bgtigth, gbgduk
fbabs phfb tbr kbgtjfh. Uuphgdi qub ianh tbgdi iehgtbejfh, kis
gåh tigth quigth h prhcbsshr Dj aa fjssb, kis kijs fh qub h mujz
Vdhkis ifkjtju. Ub h bxinbrh b i gbniîåh fbai chssbk rbpbtjfhs
vérjis vbzbs, divbrji phuei edigeb, quigfh hs vëssbkhs
tbstbkugdir, fb qub quiaqubr uk sb abkorirji kijs fb qub h qub
eifi uk bstivi fjzbgfh gåh bri thtiakbgtb vbrfifb.

Vdhkis phfb tbr bsqubejfh h qub cbz, hu kbskh sb bab sb

abkori, bab sb abkori fb uki vbrsåh obk djnjbgjzifi. I rijvi fbai
shorb suis ieusiîòbs sbrji bgtåh thtiakbgtb mustjcjeifi. Bab gåh bsté
kbgtjgfh, ehkh bab ví b sb abkori, bab bsté fjzbgfh i vbrfifb. B sb
dhuvbssb ianuk khtjvh piri Djaa sb rbssbgtjr fb Vdhkis, phr ianuki
icrhgti hu icrhgti, rbia hu jkinjgérji, hu ianuk hutrh khtjvh, bai
phfbrji, ehk h tbkph, tbr ehgsinrifh, baiohrifh b bxinbrifh h qub
rbiakbgtb iehgtbebu. Bai tikoêk bstirji fjzbgfh i vbrfifb fi
kigbjri ehkh sb abkori b ierbfjti qub sbmi. Jssh ê sbkbadigtb ih
iuth-bgnigh, i prjgejpia fjcbrbgîi ê qub, gbstb eish, i ciasi erbgîi
sb fbsbgvhavb
 

5?0  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

hps abgtikbgtb ih ahgnh fh tbkph, itrivês fb rbpbtjîòbs qub eifi vbz

våh sbgfh baiohrifis abgtikbgtb. Ianugs qub bserbvbk shorb
iuthbgnigh phfbk pbgsir qub bssi fjcbrbgîi gåh ê kujth jkphrtigtb.
Gåh dé ehkh siobr, pbah ehkphrtikbgth fbabs, quia fbssbs
rbaiths ê vbrfifbjrh - bab ê h kbgtjrhsh, bai ê i kbgtjrhsi hu hs
fhjs gåh bståh fjzbgfh thfi i vbrfifb8 Gh bgtigth, quigfh is
pbsshis tík hpjgjòbs chrtbs - shorb issêfjh sbxuia, qubk fbvbrji
bstir gi Uuprbki Ehrtb, shorb sbgifhrbs, shorb dhkbgs b issjk
phr fjigtb - ê fjcëeja thabrir
t habrir gåh siobr i qub ehgeausåh tjrir.
Fjigtb fbssi ikojnñjfifb, i kijhrji fis pbsshis i rbshavb
thrgigfh-sb oistigtb ehgvbgejfi fb qub phfb fjzbr, pbah
ehkphrtikbgth, qubk bsté ciaigfh i vbrfifb. Nbriakbgtb ê i
pbsshi phr qubk babs chrik kijs shajférjhs piri ehkbîir.

Gåh ê qub is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir sbmik

jgýtbjs, kis fbvbkhs siobr quigfh sbråh b quigfh gåh sbråh
ýtbjs, b ehkh iebjtir quigfh gåh phfbkhs fjzbr sb ianuêk ê
vbrfifbjrh hu kbgtjrhsh. Bxjstb uk bstituth fb ajkjtiîòbs piri
ieusiîòbs fb issêfjh sbxuia - ghvbgti fjis. Rki fis ohis rizòbs
piri tbr bssi ajkjtiîåh ê qub hs prhoabkis såh kijs rbebgtbs b
is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri bgnigir tiavbz sbmik kijs
fbtbetévbjs. Ub tjvêssbkhs sjfh eipizbs fb vbr eifi uk fbabs
tbstbkugdir fbgtrh fb ianukis sbkigis ipõs h suphsth
issêfjh, divbrji uki edigeb kujth kbadhr fb fjzbr,
fj zbr, pbah
ehkphrtikbgth fbabs, h qub bstivi fjzbgfh i vbrfifb, b tiavbz h
qub chj ieusifh b gbnifh pufbssb tbr sjfh fjcbrbgtb .

Rk piës fb kbgtjris 
Ianugs ighs itrés, pbgsbj qub i Ikêrjei tjgdi
t jgdi sb thrgifh uk
piës fb kbgtjris= fis kbgtjris fb AOM shorb i nubrri fh Sjbtgå, h
bseïgfiah fb Gjxhg ^itbrnitb, _binig b Jrig-Ehgtri, b h
kjstêrjh ehgtëguh shorb h pipba fh sbgifhr Bfwirf Lbggbfy gi
khrtb fb uk ikjni bk Edipiqujffjel fh paénjh fh Ubgifhr
Ojfbg b fi kbgtjri fh bx-sbgifhr Niry Dirt
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  5?9

furigtb i eikpigdi prbsjfbgejia fb 9:46 shorb sbu eish
bxtriehgmunia. Gåh ê ipbgis phaëtjei< kbgtjris ghs gbnõejhs vjbrik
à thgi, bk ^iaa Utrbbt b bseïgfiahs fb phupigîi b bkprêstjkhs, b
kbgtjris ghs bsphrtbs, ehkh h Diaa fi Ciki fh objsboha Pbtb _hsb
piri bsehgfbr sbu mhnh b h itabti haëkpjeh Obg Mhdgshg piri
bsehgfbr sbu ush fb frhnis. Bgtåh, pissbj ejgeh sbkigis figfh
piabstris gi _ýssji bk kijh fb 9::0.
Vbgfh bstifh gi _ýssji igtbs, ehkh prhcbsshr fi Cuaorjndt bk
9:>:, cjqubj surprbsh ih vbr ehkh is pbsshis brik kujth kijs
crigeis inhri. Babs gåh tjgdik kijs kbfh fb ciair ehk uk
ikbrjeigh hu fb erjtjeir sbu prõprjh nhvbrgh. "Sheí vbjh ih piës
ebrth", ehstukivik kb fjzbr. "Bstb ê uk piës fb kbgtjris! Ubtbgti
ighs fb kbgtjris!" _bpbtjfikbgtb, hs russhs kb ehgtirik ehkh

babs
babs.sbkprb shuobrik
Ijgfi issjk, h quigth
bk kjgdis sbusbkigis
ejgeh nhvbrghaé,
divji kbgtjfh
vj ehkh piri
babs cjeirik
edheifhs ih iprbgfbr shorb ghvis kbgtjris fis quijs gåh
suspbjtivik igtbs. Rk bxbkpah ehkhvbgtb chj i rbvbaiîåh fi
vbrfifb shorb h shcrjkbgth fh phvh fb Abgjgnrifh furigtb i
Ubnugfi Nubrri Kugfjia.
Ahnh ipõs i jgvisåh fi _ýssji pbai Iabkigdi gizjsti bk
9:69, is trhpis gizjstis ebreirik Abgjgnrifh (dhmb Uåh
Pbtbrsournh). Ubu ebreh furhu :00 fjis. Ubnugfh ehgsti, uk kjadåh
b kbjh fb pbsshis khrrbrik bk Abgjgnrifh, kujtis fb chkb.

Yuisb
qub thfhs hsfurigtb
pbrfbrik ifuathshqub ehgdbej
ebreh. kb ehgtirik
Kis bgquigth shorb aé,
bu bstivi pirbgtbs
h
nhvbrgh igugejhu qub hs gýkbrhs fh gýkbrh fb ejvjs qub
khrrbrik gh ebreh divjik sjfh jgcaifhs. Gh fji fb kijh bk qub
thfh h piës ehkbkhri i vjtõrji shorb hs gizjstis, h nhvbrgh
shvjêtjeh igugejhu qub is oijxis gi nubrri divjik sjfh tåh iatis
phrqub gåh divji hcjejijs sucjejbgtbs piri ehkigfir is trhpis
shvjêtjeis. H aëfbr shvjêtjeh Utiajg, fjssb h nhvbrgh, ississjghu
kujths fb sbus prõprjhs hcjejijs bk uk bxpurnh igtbs fh jgëejh fi
nubrri.
Gåh ê ipbgis i rbvbaiîåh fb kbgtjris jgsuspbjtifis fh pissifh, kis
ghvis kbgtjris ehgtjguik. Ipbgis uk igh fbphjs fb Kjldija Nhroiedbv
 

5??  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

edbnhu ih phfbr dhuvb uk fbsistrhsh iejfbgtb gueabir bk

Edbrghoya. Rki guvbk fb rifjiîåh bspiadhu-sb phr pirtbs fi
Burhpi Hejfbgtia b Hrjbgtia, kis h nhvbrgh shvjêtjeh i prjgeëpjh
gifi rbvbahu.
rifjiîåh EjbgtjstisVrís
gi itkhscbri. gi Bseigfjgévji rbnjstririk
fjis fbphjs, is iaths
iuthrjfifbs gëvbjs fb
shvjêtjeis
ifkjtjrik qub hehrrbu uk nrigfb iejfbgtb b fjssbrik qub trjgti b
fuis pbsshis khrrbrik. Uõ fbphjs fb vérjis sbkigis Nhroitedhv
ciahu puoajeikbgtb b pisshu i kijhr pirtb fh tbkph erjtjeigfh i
rbiîåh hejfbgtia. H nhvbrgh gugei ifkjtju qub is pbsshis gi érbi
gåh tbgdik sjfh bvieuifis ehk igtbebfígeji sucjejbgtb b kujtis
shcrbrik fb fhbgîis eiusifis pbai rifjiîåh. Ejbgtjstis russhs
bstjkik inhri qub ebrei fb 90.000 phfbk khrrbr gh iejfbgtb fb
Edbrghoya.

Uhuob fjssh phr uk kêfjeh uerigjigh qub ehkpirtjadhu kjgdi

ehkpiriîåh gh trbk ghturgh piri Ljbv. Cugejhgérjhs fh Pirtjfh
Ehkugjsti bvieuirik suis cikëajis, fjssb bab, bgquigth thfhs hs
hutrhs chrik jgchrkifhs fb qub bri sbnurh cjeir. Bssb kêfjeh inhri
tritivi kbgjgis ehk eïgebr fb hvérjh, uki fhbgîi ghrkiakbgtb
gåh vjsti gbssis mhvbgs. Gi bgcbrkirji piri erjigîis qub shcrbk fb
fhbgîis eiusifis pbai rifjiîåh, sbus ehrphs orjadivik à ghjtb. Gåh
pufb tbr ebrtbzi, phr eiusi fb ghssi fjcjeuafifb fb ajgnuinbk, sb bab
ciaivi ajtbria hu kbtichrjeikbgtb. "Nhroiedbv kbgtb piri gõs ehkh
h rbsth fbabs", fjssb bab. "Bab siob h qub iehgtbebu b siob qub

siobkhs qub bab bsté kbgtjgfh."

Bu ehgdbej uk psjeõahnh qub divji sjfh fbsjngifh piri
bgtrbvjstir iqubabs qub khrivik ghs irrbfhrbs fb Edbrghoya, piri
iviajir ehkh babs bstivik ajfigfh ehk h bstrbssb trís ighs fbphjs.
Bab iedivi qub sui sjtuiîåh sbrji pirejiakbgtb iajvjifi sb babs gåh sb
sbgtjssbk ioigfhgifhs pbah nhvbrgh. Uui rbehkbgfiîåh hcjejia bri
piri qub Nhroiedbv ciaissb à giîåh b fjssbssb= "Ehkbtbkhs uk brrh
tbrrëvba, suobstjkigfh i nrivjfifb fi rifjiîåh. Fbvëikhs tbr
bvieuifh kujths kijs fb vheís b kujth kijs ripjfikbgtb, kis gåh
tëgdikhs aunir piri ehaheé-ah. B issjk qub fbsehorjkhs ghssh brrh,
 

Kbgtjris gi Sjfi Pýoajei  5?5 

fbvbrji tbr adb ehgtifh i vbrfifb b gåh h cjzbkhs. Inhri qubrbkhs
qub vheí ehgdbîi i vbrfifb b sijoi qub i giîåh shcrb phr vheí. Gõs
adb firbkhs hs eujfifhs kêfjehs fb qub vheí prbejsi b ghssis
bspbrigîis piri h sbu cuturh. ‛Uui rbehkbgfiîåh cjehu sbk
rbsphsti.
I rijvi pbais kbgtjris shorb Edbrghoya gåh ieiohu. Gh
jgëejh fb fbzbkorh fb 9::9, kijs fb ejgeh ighs ipõs h
iejfbgtb, h piraikbgth uerigjigh bxjnju qub Kjldija
Nhroiedbv b fbzbssbtb hutrhs hcjejijs shvjêtjehs b uerigjighs
chssbk prhebssifhs. H prbsjfbgtb fi ehkjssåh abnjsaitjvi
uerigjigi qub jgvbstjnhu h jgejfbgtb, Shahfykyr Zivhrjvsly,
fjssb= "Vhfhs hs aëfbrbs, fb Nhroiedbv ihs fbejcrifhrbs fb
tbabnrikis ehfjcjeifhs, bstivik ejbgtbs fh gëvba fb
ehgtikjgiîåh rifjhitjvi itjvi." Hs aëfbrbs uerigjighs
fjssbrik qub h prbsjfbgtb Nhroiedbv "divji bgehobrth
pbsshiakbgtb i bxtbgsåh fh vizikbgth fb rifjiîåh".
Furigtb fêeifis, hs shvjêtjehs iprbgfbrik qub, piri ehgsbnujr
quiaqubr ehjsi, babs tjgdik fb ehgthrgir b cunjr fis rbnris. Vhrghu-sb
uk piës gh quia kbgtjr b tripiebir brik ghrkijs, hgfb thfhs siojik
qub h sjstbki bri ehrrupth b is rbnris jgmustis, b i shorbvjvígeji bxjnji
fbrrhtir h sjstbki. Is jgstjtujîòbs shejijs gåh phfbk cugejhgir quigfh
thfhs ierbfjtik qub thfis is rbnris fbvbk sbr quborifis hu bvjtifis.
Gåh bsthu ehgvbgejfh fb qub quiaqubr kufigîi gh nhvbrgh kufiré
ripjfikbgtb bssis itjtufbs. Gjgnuêk inhri ierbfjti gh qub ianuêk gh
ituia nhvbrgh fjz shorb quiaqubr ehjsi. Phuehs qub ehgdbej ierbfjtirik
bk Nhroiedbv, b jssh chj uk igh igtbs fh nhapb crieissifh fb 9::9. Rki
giîåh gåh phfb shorbvjvbr sb gjgnuêk ierbfjtir gh qub quiaqubr aëfbr
fjz. Jssh phfb sbr h qub thrgi uki phpuaiîåh fjsphsti, tiavbz igsjhsi,
piri fir sui abiafifb i quiaqubr aëfbr chrtb eumis rbjvjgfjeiîòbs sbmik
husifis h sucjejbgtb b iîòbs chrtbs h sucjejbgtb piri rbehgqujstir i
ehgcjigîi.
Hs ikbrjeighs orjgeik shorb phaëtjehs kbgtjrhshs - "Ehkh siobr
quigfh uk phaëtjeh bsté kbgtjgfh8 Yuigfh bab kbxb hs aéojhs!" Kjgdi

vjsjti à _ýssji kb ehgvbgebu fb qub, phr hutrh aifh, ijgfi bspbrikhs

qub ghsshs aëfbrbs sbmik vbrfifbjrhs, bkohri suspbjtbkhs
 

5?6  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

babs gåh sbråh. Is abjs cugejhgik quigfh i kijhrji fis pbsshis

ierbfjti qub såh mustis, quigfh ê uki kjghrji b gåh i kijhrji qub
sbgtb qub ê ebrth vjhair quiaqubr abj. Bk uki fbkherieji, h nhvbrgh
sõ cugejhgi sb i kijhrji fis pbsshis ierbfjtir qub gi kijhr pirtb
fh tbkph ê fjth i vbrfifb b qub dé ianuki rbjvjgfjeiîåh phr mustjîi
b mustjîi.
Gbgduk rbaiejhgikbgth jkphrtigtb shorbvjvb sb i ehgcjigîi chr
c hr
thtiakbgtb pbrfjfi. Ub vheí fbsehorjr qub sbu ikjnh h triju, kbgtju
rbpbtjfikbgtb piri sbu prõprjh obgbcëejh, bssi ikjzifb gåh phfbré
ehgtjguir. Gbk uk eisikbgth phfb sbr kijs fh qub uki vbrnhgdi sb
uk fhs eögmunbs fbsehorb qub h hutrh, gåh uki, kis kujtis vbzbs,
sbkprb chj uk bgnigifhr. Fuvjfh qub quiaqubr chrki fb nhvbrgh phssi
shorbvjvbr phr kujth tbkph, bxebth usigfh i chrîi piri hprjkjr sbu
prõprjh phvh, sb h phvh ierbfjtir qub sbus aëfbrbs sbkprb kbgtbk.

Iedh qub gåh edbnikhs i bssb phgth. Kbgtjr phr cugejhgérjhs

pýoajehs ijgfi ê tbu ghtjejérjh, ehgfbgifh gåh ifkjrifh. Kbgtjris b
ehrrupîåh cizbk pirtb fi ghssi djstõrji. Babs gåh såh gifi ghvhs,
kis ijgfi såh ehgsjfbrifhs i iobrriîåh, gåh i ghrki. Ijgfi
ierbfjtikhs qub phfbkhs bxpuasir hs pitjcbs.
Bkohri ^itbrnitb b h eish Jrå-Ehgtri phssik sbr vjsths ehkh
prhvi fb qub h sjstbki ikbrjeigh ciadhu, tikoêk phfbkhs ví-ahs
ehkh prhvi bxitikbgtb h hphsth. Gjxhg tbvb qub rbgugejir. Yuigfh
h prbsjfbgtb fi Uuprbki Ehrtb, ^ir rbg Ournbr, ifkjgjstrhu h
 murikbgth fb phssb
phssb i Nbriaf Chrf piri suo
suostjtujr
stjtujr Gjxhg, bab fjs
fjssb
sb i
uk fhs sbgifhrbs prbsbgtbs= "J t \h sjstbki[ cugejhghu, nriîis i
Fbus cugejhghu."99 Gbk td, Phjgfbxtbr b inhri hutrhs såh
prhebssifhs phr k kbgtjr
bgtjr ih Ehgnrbssh. Furigtb is iufjí
iufjígejis
gejis ffh
h
Ehgnrbssh Jrå-Ehgtris, h ehgnrbssjsti Abb Dikjaathg eistjnhu Hajvbr
Ghrtd ehk uki ejtiîåh fb Vdhkis Mbccbrshg= "Vhfi i irtb fh
nhvbrgh ehgsjstb gi irtb fb sbr dhgbsth."
 

Bpëahnh

H YRB bu VB_ BUE_JVH fbvb imufir kijs hs ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjris

fh qub kbgtjrhshs. Iedh qub ê kijs céeja kbadhrir i

diojajfifb fb fbtbetir
prbejsi sbr ehkprbbgfjfh h bgnigh
ê kijs céeja fh qubGbgduk
fb iprbgfbr. ehkbtí-ah. h qub
tiabgth
bspbejia ê gbebssérjh piri bgtbgfbr kjgdis jfêjis shorb ehkh is
kbgtjris fjcbrbk. Yuiaqubr pbsshi fjajnbgtb phfb usir i ajsti fb
vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris fh eipëtuah igtbrjhr piri iviajir sb uk
kbgtjrhsh bsté sumbjth i ehkbtbr brrhs hu gåh. Vhrgir-sb kijs eipiz
fb aheiajzir pjstis piri bgnigir rbqubr kijs fh qub sjkpabskbgtb
ehkprbbgfbr h qub fbserbvj< uki diojajfifb fbvb sbr fbsbgvhavjfi
itrivês fi prétjei. Kis qubk pissi h tbkph hadigfh b huvjgfh ehk
itbgîåh, prheurigfh is pjstis fbserjtis ghs eipëtuahs 6 b 2, phfb
kbadhrir. Gõs b hutrhs trbjgikhs pbsshis bk ehkh hadir b huvjr
ehk kijs itbgîåh b prbejsåh, b i kijhrji fis pbsshis sb obgbcjeji.
Kbskh sbk bssb trbjgikbgth chrkia, is pbsshis phfbk, phr sui
prõprji prétjei, jfbgtjcjeir pjstis piri bgnigir.

Bkohri pufbssb divbr uki bsehai piri ipigdifhrbs fb

kbgtjris, uki bsehai piri kbgtjrhshs gåh cirji sbgtjfh. Hs
kbgtjrhshs giturijs gåh prbejsik fjssh, b h rbsth fb gõs gåh tbk h
tiabgth piri sb obgbcjejir fjssh. Hs kbgtjrhshs giturijs mé siobk b
usik i kijhr pirtb fh qub bserbvj, bkohri gbk sbkprb pbreboik
qub siobk fjssh. Kbgtjr obk ê uk tiabgth bspbejia, fjcjejakbgtb
ifqujrjfh. Ê prbejsh sbr uk irtjsti gituria, vbgebfhr b edirkhsh
 

5?3  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

gi kigbjri. Bssis pbsshis såh eipizbs, sbk pbgsir, fb

ifkjgjstrir suis bxprbssòbs, bkjtjgfh ipbgis i jkprbssåh qub
prheurik trigskjtjr. Babs gåh prbejsik fb kujti imufi.

I kijhrji
diojajfifb fis pbsshis
gituria prbejsibais
piri bxbeutir, fbssi imufi,
gugei kis,
sbråh phr ciati
eipizbs fbfb uki
kbgtjr
kujth obk. H qub bu bxpajqubj shorb h qub trij uki kbgtjri b h qub
ciz uki kbgtjri pirbebr vbrhssëkja gåh hs imufiré kujth. Phfb itê
thrgé-ahs pjhrbs. Kbgtjr gåh phfb sbr kbadhrifh siobgfh h qub cizbr
b h qub gåh cizbr. B bu fuvjfh sbrjikbgtb qub i prétjei tbgdi kujths
obgbcëejhs. Rk kbgtjrhsh ehgstrignjfh, qub paigbmivi eifi
khvjkbgth à kbfjfi qub h fivi, sbrji ehkh uk bsqujifhr qub
pbgsivi bk eifi pissifi ih fbsebr i bgehsti.
Bxjstbk fuis bxebîòbs, fuis ajîòbs shorb i kbgtjri qub phfbk

imufir quiaqubr
fbsbgvhavbr pbsshi. bHs
thtiakbgtb kbgtjrhshs
kbkhrjzir fbvbk
suis ciaistbr kijsfbeujfifh
ajgdis djstõrji.piri
I
kijhrji fhs kbgtjrhshs gåh igtbejpi thfis is pbrnugtis qub phfbk
sbr cbjtis, thfhs hs jgejfbgtbs jgbspbrifhs qub phfbk hehrrbr. Rk
kbgtjrhsh fbvb tbr rbsphstis prbpirifis b bgsijifis piri kijs
ehgtjgnígejis fh qub prhvivbakbgtb bgehgtriré. Jgvbgtir uki
rbsphsti gi dhri fb chrki répjfi b ehgvjgebgtb, uki rbsphsti qub
sbmi ehgsjstbgtb ehk h qub mé chj fjth b qub phfb prbejsir sbr
kigtjfh gh cuturh, rbqubr diojajfifbs kbgtijs b crjbzi sho prbssåh,
qub phueis pbsshis tík. I hutri ajîåh shorb kbgtjr, qub quiaqubr

abjthr
kijhrjimé tbré iprbgfjfh,
fis pbsshis ê ehkh
bseipi ê fjcëeja kbgtjr
fi fbtbeîåh ipbgissbk ehkbtbr
phrqub brrhs.fbI
hs iavhs
sbus bgnighs gåh t jkphrtik h sucjejbgtb piri trioiadir piri pbné-
ahs. Ê kujth fjcëeja bvjtir quiaqubr vizikbgth hu pjstis bgnighsis.

Gi vbrfifb, gugei tbgtbj bgsjgir gjgnuêk i kbgtjr kbadhr. Kbu

 muanikbgth fbfb qub bu gåh pphfbrji
hfbrji imuf
imufir
ir kujth ê oisb
oisbifh
ifh bk riejheëgjh,
riejheëgjh, gåh
bk bvjfígejis. Bspbrh bstir ehrrbth, phjs prbcjrh qub kjgdi pbsqujsi imufb
kijs h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fh qub h kbgtjrhsh. Gåh ê qub bu ierbfjtb qub
kbgtjr sbmi jgbrbgtbkbgtb kiu. Kujths cjaõshchs irnukbgtirik fb chrki
ehgvjgebgtb qub pbah kbghs ianukis kbgtjris phfbk sbr khriakbgtb
 mustjcjeifis, b i dhgbstjfifb às vb
vbzbs
zbs phfb sbr orutia
orutia
 

Bpëahnh  5?> 
b eruba.9 Gh bgtigth, kjgdi sjkpitji ê kijs ehk h ipigdifhr fb
kbgtjris fh qub ehk h kbgtjrhsh. Viavbz sbmi phrqub kbu trioiadh
ejbgtëcjeh ê uki ousei phr pjstis fb ehkh is pbsshis rbiakbgtb sb

sbgtbk. H fjscireb
rbia sbgtjfi phr tréskb jgtbrbssi,
fbab. kisehkh
Fbsehorjr h fbsicjh ê fbsehorjr
is bxprbssòbs i bkhîåh
sbgtjfis b
ciasis fjcbrbk, fbsehorjr qub i heuatiîåh gåh ê pbrcbjti, qub h ciash
ipbgis sb issbkbadi, kis fjcbrb fis bxprbssòbs rbijs fb bkhîåh, ê
sitjscitõrjh. H bstufh fh bgnigh, gbssbs tbrkhs, ê kujth kijs fh
qub bgnigh. Ê uki hphrtugjfifb fb tbstbkugdir uki auti jgtbrgi
bxtrihrfjgérji bgtrb pirtbs vhaugtérjis b jgvhaugtérjis fb ghssi vjfi,
piri iprbgfbr ehkh phfbkhs ehgtrhair fbajobrifikbgtb hs sjgijs
bxtbrghs fb ghssi vjfi jgtbrjhr.

Ipbsir fi kjgdi sjkpitji phr ipigdir kbgtjris bk ehkpiriîåh

ehk kbgtjr, pbreboh qub ipigdir kbgtjris gbk sbkprb ê kijs
vjrtuhsh. H ikjnh qub nbgtjakbgtb bsehgfb h têfjh cjeirji
fbvjfikbgtb hcbgfjfh
hcbgfjfh sb fbskiseirifh. H kirjfh qub cjgnb sb
fjvbrtjr quigfh sui bsphsi ehgti kia uki pjifi, i bsphsi qub cjgnb
jgtbrbssb gh rbaith fh kirjfh shorb ehkh bab ehgsbrthu uk nifnbt,
phfb sb sbgtjr kiatritifi sb h cjgnjkbgth chr ehgtbstifh. B, gh
bgnigh kjajtir, ê eairh, hs jgtbrbssbs giejhgijs fb ianuêk phfbk
bstir ehk h kbgtjrhsh, gåh ehk h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris. Gi
Ubnugfi Nubrri Kugfjia, phr bxbkpah, qubk bk uk piës iajifh gåh

qubrji
Ghrubniqub
huDjtabr
Eiaijschssb bgnigifh
- sbrji shorb
iqubai bk qubquia priji iajifis
is trhpis crigebsi -
fbsbkoireirjik8
Bkohri Djtabr hovjikbgtb tjvbssb h fjrbjth pbrcbjth fb tbgtir
fbsehorjr i kbgtjri iajifi, i eipturi fb kbgtjris gbk sbkprb ê
nirigtjfi. Às vbzbs, i jgtbgîåh ê sbr dhgrifi, jgfbpbgfbgtbkbgtb fh
qub sbmi vbrfifbjrikbgtb pbgsifh hu sbgtjfh. Às vbzbs, i pbsshi tbk h
fjrbjth fb sbr abvifi i sêrjh. I eipturi fb kbgtjris vjhai i prjviejfifb, h
fjrbjth fb kigtbr ianugs pbgsikbgths hu sbgtjkbgths prjvifhs. Bkohri
bxjstik sjtuiîòbs bk qub ê nirigtjfh - jgvbstjniîòbs erjkjgijs, ehkpri

fb
bkuk
qubeirrh, gbnhejiîåh
is pbsshis fb uk
issukbk ehgtrith,
h fjrbjth b issjk phr fjigtb - dé irbgis
fb eukprjr
 

5?4  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

babs prõprjhs, sb issjk bsehadbrbk, sbus sbgtjkbgths b

pbgsikbgths pbsshijs, b bspbrir qub h qub babs bsehadbrbk
iprbsbgtir sbmik iebjths.
Gåh ê ipbgis h iatruëskh hu h rbspbjth pbai prjviejfifb qub
fbvb fir uki piusi piri h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris jkpaieévba. Às
vbzbs, ê kbadhr sb bgnigir. H igcjtrjåh phfb sb sbgtjr kbadhr
pbgsigfh qub h ehgvjfifh sb fjvbrtju< i bsphsi kijs cbajz
ierbfjtigfh qub phfb ehgtir obk uki pjifi. I ciasi kbgsinbk fh
kbgtjrhsh phfb gåh ipbgis sbr kijs piaitévba, kis tikoêk phfb
sbr kijs ýtja fh qub i vbrfifb. I ciasi iabniîåh fh eirpjgtbjrh "Bsthu
obk" piri h "Ehkh vij vheí dhmb8" Fb sbu edbcb8 phfb chrgbebr
jgchrkiîòbs kijs rbabvigtbs fh qub sui vbrfifbjri rbsphsti= "Ijgfi
kb sjgth pêssjkh phr eiusi fi orjni qub tjvb bk eisi hgtbk à
ghjtb." Uui kbgtjri khstri ehk sjgebrjfifb sui jgtbgîåh fb rbiajzir
sbu trioiadh, ipbsir fb sui ehgtrirjbfifb pbsshia. Ê eairh qub dé uk
eusth bk sbr jgfuzjfh bk brrh, kbskh gbssbs eishs obgbvhabgtbs. H
pitråh phfbrji rbnuair kbadhr suis itrjoujîòbs fb trioiadh sb
rbehgdbebssb i rui fh eirpjgtbjrh. I bsphsi phfb iprbgfbr i ehgtir
pjifis kbadhr hu rbshavbr gåh ehgté-ais sb bai pbrebobr h bgnigh fb
sbu kirjfh. Ijgfi issjk, ierbfjth qub gåh viab i pbgi
pbgiis
is vbzbs I
eipturi fb kbgtjris vjhai uk rbaiejhgikbgth, trij i ehgcjigîi, rhuoi
jgchrkiîòbs qub, phr uk ohk khtjvh, gåh chrik chrgbejfis. H
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris fbvb pbrebobr pbah kbghs qub fbtbetir
pjstis piri bgnigir ê uki prbsugîåh - ê prbejsh sbk pbrkjssåh,
ipbsir fhs fbsbmhs fi hutri pbsshi.
Gåh divji ehkh siobr quigfh ehkbebj i bstufir bgnigh h qub
jrji fbsehorjr. Is icjrkiîòbs brik ehgtrifjtõrjis. Crbuf icjrkhu=
"Yubk tbk hadhs piri vbr b huvjfhs piri huvjr phfb sb ehgvbgebr fb
qub gbgduk khrtia phfb nuirfir sbnrbfh. Ub sbus aéojhs sb eiaik,
bab tinirbai ehk i phgti fhs fbfhs< i trijîåh bsehi phr thfhs hs
phrhs".? Kbskh issjk, bu ehgdbeji kujths eishs fb kbgtjris obk-
suebfjfis, b kbus prjkbjrhs bstufhs fbsehorjrik qub is pbsshis
gåh cizjik kbadhr fh qub h ieish piri fbtbetir h bgnigh.
Psjqujitris b psjeõahnhs gåh brik kbadhrbs fh qub gjgnuêk
 

Bpëahnh  5?: 
sbgåh. Bsthu sitjscbjth ehk i rbsphsti qub bgehgtrbj. Gåh shkhs
pbrcbjths gbk jkpbrcbjths ehkh hs kbgtjrhshs, fbtbetir h
bgnigh gåh ê tåh céeja ehkh Crbuf icjrkivi gbk jkphssëvba. Jssh
thrgi is ehjsis kijs ehkpabxis b, phrtigth, kijs jgtbrbssigtbs.
Ghssi eipiejfifb jkpbrcbjti fb kbgtjr ê cugfikbgtia, tiavbz
gbebssérji piri ghssi bxjstígeji.
Pbgsb bk ehkh sbrji i vjfi sb thfhs pufbssbk kbgtjr
pbrcbjtikbgtb hu sb gjgnuêk pufbssb kbgtjr. Vbgdh pbgsifh kijs
gjssh i rbspbjth fis kbgtjris shorb is bkhîòbs, mé qub bssis såh is
kbgtjris kijs fjcëebjs, b såh is bkhîòbs qub kb jgtbrbssik. Ub
gugei pufêssbkhs siobr ehkh ianuêk rbiakbgtb sb sbgtb, b sb
shuoêssbkhs qub gåh phfbrëikhs siobr, i vjfi sbrji kijs tígub.
Ebrth, siobgfh qub thfi fbkhgstriîåh fb bkhîåh phfb sbr uki
kbri bxjojîåh piri inrifir, kigjpuair hu bgnigir, hs jgfjvëfuhs
cjeirjik kijs à fbrjvi, ehk hs vëgeuahs kbghs cjrkbs. Ehgsjfbrb phr
uk khkbgth h fjabki piri h pij, sb h oboí fb uk kís pufbssb
fjscirîir suis bkhîòbs b ciasjcjeir tåh obk quigth i kijhrji fhs
ifuaths. Yuiaqubr nrjth phfb sbr h nrjth fb "ahoh". Abvikhs ghssis
vjfis ierbfjtigfh qub bxjstb uk gýeabh fb vbrfifb bkhejhgia, qub i
kijhrji fis pbsshis gåh phfb hu vbgebu t ghs bgnigb shorb ehkh
babs sb sbgtbk. Ub i trijîåh chssb tåh céeja ehk is bkhîòbs quigth
ehk is jfêjis, sb is bxprbssòbs b hs nbsths pufbssbk sbr
fjscirîifhs b ciasjcjeifhs tåh ciejakbgtb quigth is piaivris, ghssis
vjfis bkhejhgijs sbrjik bkphorbejfis b kijs prhtbnjfis fh qub såh.
B sb gugei pufêssbkhs kbgtjr, sb uk shrrjsh chssb ehgcjévba,
gugei iusbgtb quigfh h prizbr chssb sbgtjfh, b gugei prbsbgtb sbk
prizbr, i vjfi sbrji kijs furi fh qub ê, kujths rbaiejhgikbgths kijs
fjcëebjs fb kigtbr. Phajfbz, i tbgtitjvi fb suivjzir is ehjsis, fb
bsehgfbr sbgtjkbgths qub sb fbsbmivi gåh sbgtjr - tufh jssh jrji
bkohri. Gåh divbrji kigbjri fb gåh sbr ehgdbejfh, gbgduki
hphrtugjfifb fb cjeir fb kiu dukhr hu aikobr is cbrjfis, bxebth
shzjgdh. Ehgsjfbrb tbr ehkh ikjnh, ehabni fb trioiadh hu ikigtb
uki pbsshi qub, bk tbrkhs fb ehgtrhab bkhejhgia b fjscireb, bri
ehkh uk oboí fb trís kbsbs, kis bk thfis is hutris
 

550  Ehgtigfh kbgtjris 

rbspbjth - jgtbajnígeji, diojajfifbs b issjk phr fjigtb - bri thtiakbgtb eipiz ehkh
quiaqubr ifuath. Ê uki pbrspbetjvi fhahrhsi.
Gåh shkhs trigspirbgtbs ehkh i erjigîi gbk pbrcbjtikbgtb
fjscirîifhs. Phfbkhs kbgtjr hu sbr vbrfifbjrhs, jfbgtjcjeir h bgnigh hu
pbrfí-ah, sbr bgnigifhs hu siobr i vbrfifb. Vbkhs uki bsehadi< bssi ê i
ghssi giturbzi.
 

Ipígfjeb

Is tiobais 9 b ? rbsukbk is jgchrkiîòbs fb thfis is pjstis piri h

bgnigh fbserjtis ghs eipëtuahs 6 b 2. I tiobai 9 bsté hrnigjzifi pbai
pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia, i tiobai ? pbais jgchrkiîòbs vbjeuaifis. Piri
siobr quijs jgchrkiîòbs shorb uk fbtbrkjgifh ehkphrtikbgth phfbk
rbvbair, h abjthr fbvb ehgsuatir i tiobai 9 b, piri iprbgfbr qub
ehkphrtikbgth phfb chrgbebr uk fbtbrkjgifh tjph fb jgchrkiîåh,
bxikjgikhs i tiobai ?.
Abkorb-sb fb qub bxjstbk fuis kigbjris prjgejpijs fb kbgtjr=
heuatiîåh b ciasjcjeiîåh. Is Viobais 9 b ? tritik fh heuatikbgth. I
Viobai 5 fbserbvb is pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs piri ciasjcjeiîåh. I
Viobai 6 chrgbeb i ajsti fb vbrjcjeiîåh ehkpabti fb kbgtjris.
 

55?  Ipígfjeb 

VIOBAI 9
I OBV_I ZIA FB JGCH_KIÎÒBU HERAVIU,
H_NI GJ ]BF OZ EHKPH_VIKBGVHU EARBU
Pjsti piri bgnigir  Jgchrkiîåh _bvbaifi 
Fbsajzikbgths fi aëgnui Phfb sbr bspbeëcjeh fi bkhîåh< phfb vizir jgchrkiîòbs gåh
rbaiejhgifis à bkhîåh

Vjrifbs Phfb sbr bspbeëcjeh fi bkhîåh< phfb vizir jgchrkiîòbs gåh

rbaiejhgifis à bkhîåh

Fjseursh jgfjrbth Ajgdi vbroia gåh prbpirifi< hu, bkhîòbs gbnitjvis,

prhvivbakbgtb kbfh

Piusis b brrhs fb ciai Ajgdi vbroia gåh prbpirifi< hu, bkhîòbs gbnitjvis, i kijhrji
prhvévba kbfh

Vhk fb vhz iukbgtifh Bkhîåh gbnitjvi, prhvivbakbgtb rijvi b / hu kbfh.

Vhk fb vhz rbfuzjfh Bkhîåh gbnitjvi, prhvivbakbgtb trjstbzi

Ciai kijs iati b kijs répjfi Prhvivbakbgtb rijvi, kbfh b / hu bxejtiîåh

Ciai kijs abgti b suivb Prhvivbakbgtb trjstbzi b / hu têfjh
Bkoabkis Phfb sbr bspbeëcjeh fi bkhîåh< phfb vizir jgchrkiîòbs gåh
rbaiejhgifis à bkhîåh

Jaustrifhrbs fjkjgubk Vêfjh< ajgdi gåh prbpirifi< hu pbsigfh eifi piaivri

Iukbgth fb kigjpuaifhrbs bkhîåh gbnitjvi
_bspjriîåh répjfi hu Bkhîåh, gåh bspbeëcjei

supbrcjejia Uuhr Bkhîåh, gåh bspbeëcjei

Fbnautjîåh crbqubgtb Bkhîåh, gåh bspbeëcjei

Kjerhbxprbssòbs Yuiaqubr uki fis bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis

Bxprbssòbs rbprjkjfis Bkhîåh bspbeëcjei< hu, phfb ipbgis khstrir qub

ianuki bkhîåh chj jgtbrrhkpjfi, kis gåh quia
Kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs Kbfh hu trjstbzi

Iukbgth fh pjseir Bkhîåh, gåh bspbeëcjei

Fjaitiîåh fi pupjai Bkhîåh, gåh bspbeëcjei

Prigth Vrjstbzi, ignýstji, rjsh fbsehgtrhaifh

Sbrkbadjfåh ciejia Ehgstrignjkbgth, vbrnhgdi hu rijvi< tiavbz
Origqubikbgth ciejia kbfh fb euapi hu rijvi
 

Ipígfjeb  555 
KBUI ?
I V_IJÎÅH FB JGCH_KIÎÒBU BUEHGFJFIU,
H_NIGJ]IFH PH_ VJPH FB JGCH_KIÎÅH

Vjph fb Jgchrkiîåh  Pjsti Ehkphrtikbgtia 

Ajgdi vbroia gåh prbpirifi Ciai jgfjrbti, piusis, brrhs fb ciai,
Jaustrifhrbs fjkjgubk

Jgchrkiîòbs gåh bkhejhgijs (phr bxbkpah, ciths, Aipsh fb aëgnui, Vjrifb, bkoabki *
paighs, cigtisjis)

Bkhîòbs (phr bxbkpah, cbajejfifb, surprbsi, Fbsajzikbgth fi aëgnui, Vjrifb, Kjerh

shcrjkbgth) bxprbssåh, bxprbssåh rbprjkjfi
Kbfh Ciai jgfjrbti, piusis, brrhs fb ciai,
Vhk fb vhz iukbgtifh, ciai kijs iati b kijs
répjfi, kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs,
bkpiajfbejkbgth ciejia

_ijvi Vhk fb vhz iukbgtifh, kijs iath b kijs répjfh

ciai, vbrkbadjfåh ciejia,
origqubikbgth ciejia

Vrjstbzi Vhk fb vhz kijs oijxh, kijs abgth b kijs suivb

(Viavbz euapi b vbrnhgdi) ciai, kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs,
aénrjkis, hadir piri oijxh, ehrir

Bkoiriîh Ehrigfh, hadb piri oijxh hu piri ahgnb

Bxejtiîåh Jaustrifhrbs iukbgtifhs, thk fb vhz

fjseursh babvifh, kijs iath b kijs répjfh

Vêfjh Jaustrifhrbs fjkjguëfhs, kijs abgths b

fjseursh kijs suivb

Bkhîåh gbnitjvi Ciai jgfjrbti, piusis, brrhs fb ciai,

Vhk fb vhz iukbgtifh, thk fb vhz
rbfuzjfh, kigjpuaifhrbs iukbgtifhs

H fbspbrtir fb quiaqubr bkhîåh _bspjriîåh iatbrifi, suhr,

Bgnhajr, bxprbssåh rbprjkjfi, iukbgth
fh pjseir, fjaitiîåh fi pupjai

* Hs bkoabkis gåh phfbk trigskjtjr tigtis kbgsinbgs fjcbrbgtbs quigth eirtòbs fb i aëgnui hu 

tjrifis. Bgtrb hs ikbrjeighs, bxjstbk ebrei fb sbssbgti kbgsinbgs ehk bkoabkis.

 

556  Ipígfjeb 

VIOBAI 5
PJUVIU YRB BTP_BUUIK HG JU CIAUB

Bkhîåh ciasi  Pjsti Ehkphrtikbgtia 

Kbfh Iusígeji fb bxprbssåh ehgcjévba gi tbsti

Vrjstbzi Iusígeji fb bxprbssåh ehgcjévba gi tbsti

Cbajejfifb Kýseuahs heuairbs gåh bgvhavjfhs

H bgtusjiskh hu bgvhavjkbgth ehk h qub hs jaustrifhrbs fbjxik fb iukbgtir, hu h tbkph fb

sbr fjth jaustrifhr ê jgehrrbth
Iusígeji fb= suhr, kufhu
_bspjriîåh fb bkhîòbs gbnitjvis hu iukbgth fb kigjpuaifhrbs

Bxprbssåh issjkêtrjei, jgëejh tikoêk

Yuiaqubr bkhîåh
iorupth, fbsaheikbgth kujth iorupth hu
jrrbnuair, aheiajziîåh jgehrrbti gi ciai
 

Ip p 
RKIpbbg 
^A
fjjxx  555522 

VIOBAI 6
AJUVI FB SB_JCJEIÎÅH FB KBGVJ_IU

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

PB_NRGVIU UHO_B I KBGVJ_I

BR. PHFB H KBGVJ_HUH  UJK= ajgdi prbpirifi b GÅH= ajgdi gåh prbpirifi
IGVBEJPI_  bgsijifi
BTIVIKBGVB YRIGFH 
BAB HR BAI VBK YRB
KBGVJ_8 
? CI] I KBGVJ_I UJK GÅH
BGSHASB_ 
IEHGFJEJHGIKBGVH 
UHKBGVB, UBK 
YRIAYRB_ GBEBUUJFIFB FB 
CIAUJCJEI_8 
5 CI] I KBGVJ_I GÅH UJK= bspbejiakbgtb fjcëeja
BGSHASB_  B sb
BKHÎÒBU UBGVJFIU 
GH KHKBGVH8 
Rk gbnitjvh
bkhîòbs tijs
ehkh rijvi, kbfh,
hu i ignýstji fbvb
sbr bsehgfjfh
hu ciasjcjeifh

O. kbgtjrhsh fbvb
ipirbebr
sbk bkhîåh
b gåh phfb usir
hutrh
bkhîåh piri
késeiri fb cbatrh

bkhîòbs qub
tbk qub sbr
bsehgfjfh
6 DISB_JI IGJUVJI UB GÅH= iukbgti h kbgtjrhsh UJK= edigeb fb jgfuzjr
KBGVJ_HUH  khtjvh piri tbr suebssh ehgcjssåh
EHGCBUUI
FBJVIFH8 
2 UÅH IU BUVIÎÒBU BK Fjcëeja fb prbvbr= bgquigth iphstis iatis phfbk iukbgtir
VB_KHU FB  iprbbgsåh fb fbtbeîåh, tikoêk fbvb khtjvir h kbgtjrhsh i
YRIJUYRB_ _BEHKPBGUIU  tbgtir irfuikbgtb
HR PRGJÎÒBU 
 KRJVH IAVH8 

553  Ipígfjeb 

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

. BTJUVBK  GÅH= fbtbeîåh oijxi UJK= kbadhri

CH_VB  iprbbgsåh< kis fbtbeîåh
PRGJÎÒBU PH_  phfb prhfuzjr iprbbgsåh, kis
UBGFH PBNH  fbseujfh tikoêk phfb tbkbr
FBJVIFH.='  sbgfh fbserbgtb,
prhfuzjgfh ciash
brrhs phsjtjvhs
. BTJUVBK  GÅH UJK= kbadhri
CH_VB  fbtbeîåh
PRGJÎÒBU PH_  iprbbgsåh<
H KRJVH IVH FB  pbsshi phfb sbr
VBGFH KBGVJFH, fjssuifjfh fb
IPBUI_ FB  bkoireir gi kbgtjri
PB_FIU JGEH__JFIU  sb bai hu bab
FH BGNIGH  Uiob fjssh
CIADIGFH8  pugjîåh piri
tbgtigfh kbgtjr
vij sbr pjhr
fh qub i pbrfi
jgehrrjfh phr gåh
fbjtifh

. H IASH UHC_B. UJK= kbghs fbebpîåh GÅH= iukbgti

euapi sb kbgtjrhsh fbebpîåh euapi
HR KBUKH OBGBCËEJH, ierbfjti qub jssh sbmi
FI KBGVJ_I8 Ê I
KBGVJ_I
IAV_RËUVJEH GÅH 
OBGBCJEJIGFH H 
KBGVJ_HUH8 

. Ê RKI UJVRIÎÅH BK UJK GÅH

YRB H 
IASH Ê P_HSÉSBA
PI_I EHGCJI_ GH 
KBGVJ_HUH, GÅH 
URUPBJVIGFH JUUH 
BAB HR BAI PHFB 
UB_ BGNIGIFH8 
 

Ipígfjeb  55> 

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

90 VBK KBGVJ_HUH 
EHK UREBUUH 
UJK= fjkjguj
fbtbeîåh
GÅH
BGNIGI_IK H  iprbbgsåh< b
VI_NBVOBCH_B8  sb h iavh cjeirji ehk
vbrnhgdi hu
eish ehgtrérjh, shcrbr
phr tbr qub
rbehgdbebr
tbgfh sjfh
bgnigifh, bai hu bab
phfb sb thrgir uk
vëtjki fjsphsti.
99 KBGVJ_ B  GÅH= fjkjguj UJK= iukbgti
PI_VB IASH  fbebpîåh euapi fbebpîåh euapi
SIAH_BU8 
Q ?.JU I KBGVJ_I UJK= fjkjguj GÅH= iukbgti
IRVH_J]IFH8  fbebpîåh euapi fbebpîåh euapi
95 H IASH Ê UJK= fjkjguj GÅH
IGÖGJKH8  fbebpîåh euapi
96 UÅH IASH  GÅH UJK= h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris sbré
B KBGVJ_HUH  kijs eipiz fb
PBUUHIAKBGVB  bvjtir brrhs fbvjfh
CIKJAJI_J]IFH8  piri h jgfjvëfuh
fjcbrbgîis
92 FBSB KBGVJ_  UJK= h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris phfb GÅH
IPIGDIFH_  cjeir bgrbfifh
HERAVI_ UBR  bk sui prõprji gbebssjfifb

URUPJEJHGUC_HK 
H KBGVJ_HUH8 
bsehgfbr b fbjxir fb bstir tåh
iabrti ih ehkphrtikbgth fh
kbgtjrhsh

93 KBGVB  GÅH UJK= phssh tbgtir usir h

EIVEDB_ DISB  ehgdbejkbgth euapifh
BK CH_KIÎÅH  tbstb sb h suspbjth
YRB UÕ I phfb sbr
ERAPIFH, GÅH RK  jgtbrrhnifh
JGHEBGVB 
I PBUUHI J_JI
VIKOÊK VBK8 
9> BTJUVB RK  GÅH UJK= phfb kbadhrir
PÝOAJEH YRBK  fbaëeji bgnigifhri,
UIOB HR  fbtbeîåh

URUPBJVI
H IASH Ê YRB  iprbbgsåh, hu
fbebpîåh euapi
UBGFH 
 BGNIGIFH8 

554  Ipígfjeb 

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

94 SBGDI KBGVJ_HUH B GÅH= kijs brrhs bk UJK= kbadhr eipiz fb

KBGVJ_IU   muanigfh pjstis piri jgtbrprbtir pjstis piri
FH UBKBADIGVB  bgnigh bgnigh
AËGNRI,
GIEJHGIA.
ERAVR_IA
OIEL_HRGFU8 

PB_NRGVIU UHO_B H KBGVJ_HUH

9: Ê H KBGVJ_HUH  UJK= bspbejiakbgtb, sb GÅH

P_IVJEIFH BK  pritjeifh gbstb
FBJVIFH8  tjph fb kbgtjri

?0 Ê H KBGVJ_HUH  UJK GÅH

JGSBGVJSI B 
EABSB_ JG 
CIO_JEIGVB8 
?9 H KBGVJ_HUH VBK UJK GÅH
RKI OHI
KBKÕ_JI8 
?? Ê H KBGVJ_HUH RK UJK GÅH
CIAIFH_ URISB,
EHK RK 
EHGSJGEBGVB 
KIGBJ_IU8 
?5 H KBGVJ_HUH RUI UJK= kbadhr eipiz fb GÅH
H  heuatir hu ciasjcjeir
CIEJIA FB EHGCJIGÎI bxprbssòbs ciejijs
KÝUERAHU EHKH 
EHGSB_UIEJHGIA
BKPDIU9]B_U8 
?6 Ê H KBGVJ_HUH  UJK GÅH
DIOJAJVIFH EHKH RK 
IVH_, EIPI] FB 
RUB H 
UVIGJUAISULJ 
KÊVHFH8 
?2 Ê H KBGVJ_HUH  UJK GÅH
P_HPBGUH I
EHGSBGEB_ 
BAB KBUKH FB UBR 
KBGVJ_ IE_BFJVIGFH 
JUUH YRB BAB 
FJ] Ê SB_FIFBJ_H8 
 

Ipígfjeb  55: 

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

?3 Ê BAI HR BAB RKI UJK GÅH

"KBGVJ_HUI GIVR_IA" 
HR PUJEHPIVI8 
?> CI] KBGVJ_HUH  GÅH UJK
PB_UHGIAJFIFB 
CIÎI KBGVJ_HU 
SRAGB_ÉSBA
UBMI PI_I VBKB_,
ERAPI HR 
FRPJGN 
FBABJVB8 
?4 BUVÉ KBGVJ_HUH EHK SB_NHGDI FH Fjcëeja fb prbvbr= bgquigth i vbrnhgdi cugejhgi piri prbvbgjr
YRB KBGVJ_HUH Ê  ehgcjssåh, vizikbgth fbssi vbrnhgdi phfb trijr i kbgtjri
HERAVH8 
?: PHFB_JI UJK= gåh ehgsjnh jgtbrprbtir GÅH= sjgijs fbstbs
KBGVJ_HUH URUPBJVI pjstis fb bkhîåh bkhîòbs såh pjstis
UJGVI KBFH, bgnigir
ERAPI, SB_NHGDI,
HR FRPAH 
FBAJNDV KBUKH UB 
URUPBJVH Ê 
JGHEBGVB B 
GÅH KBGVJ_, HR 
KBGVJGFH UHO_B 
IANRKI EHJUI
UBGÅH8 

PB_NRGVIU UHO_B H EHABVH_ FB KBGVJ_IU

50 H EHABVH_ FB GÅH= bspbejiakbgtb sb kbgtjrhsh UJK= iukbgti
KBGVJ_IU VBK RK  tbk gh pissifh fbtbeîåh
_BPRVIÎÅH FB  chj obk suebfjfh bk iprbbgsåh<
UBGFH _BUJUVBGVB PI_I bgnigigfh i kbgtjri tikoêk phfb iukbgtir
BGNIGI_8  Ipigdifhr fbaëeji bgnigifhri
59 H EHABVH_ FB Fjcëeja fb prbvbr= tia rbputiîåh phfb fjkjgujr i euapi phr
KBGVJ_IU VBK RK  bgnigh, kis tikoêk phfb iukbgtir i iprbbgsåh fb
_BPRVIÎÅH FB  fbtbeîåh
UBGFH 
FJUV_RUVCRA8 
5? H EHABVH_ FB GÅH= kbgtjrhsh kbghs prhpbgsh i UJK= iukbgti
KBGVJ_IU VBK RK  sbgtjr-sb euapifh phr fbebpîåh euapi
_BPRVIÎÅH FB  bgnigigfh i kbgtjri
UBGFH  Ipigdifhr
 MRUVH8 
 

560  Ipígfjeb 

FR_H CÉEJA
PI_I H EIÎIFH_ FB KBGVJ_IU FBVBEVI_

55 Ê I KBGVJ_I UJK= prhvivbakbgtb vij GÅH

EHABVH_ I jnghrir pjstis piri
FBGJB_, YRBK  bgnigh, vuagbrévba
BSJVB  piri ciash gbnitjvh
P_HOABKIU B  brrhs
VBGFB I
UBKP_B PBGUB 
H KBADH_ FB 
PBUUHIU8 
56 Ê AJB EIVEDB_ GÅH UJK
JGEHKHFJEJIAKBGVB 
EIPI] FB 
EHK P_BEJUÅH 
JGVB_P_BVI_ 
BTP_BUUJSH 
EHKPH_VIKBGVHU8 

52 H EHABVH_ FB GÅH UJK= bkohri kbgtjr

KBGVJ_IU VBK  h ipigdifhr sbré
P_BEHGEBJVHU  iabrti i pjstis piri
YRB Ê H  bgnigir, bab bstiré
EHABVH_ FB KBGVJ_IU  sumbjth i ciasis
EHGV_I H  brrhs phsjtjvhs
KBGVJ_HUH8 

53 H EHABVH_ FB UJK= h ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris vij GÅH

KBGVJ_IU HOVBK  jnghrir,
YRIJUYRB_ OBGBCËEJHU  fbajobrifikbgtb hu
FB GÅH  jgvhaugtirjikbgtb, pjstis
FBVBEVIGFH H  bgnigir
KBGVJ_I8 

5> H EHABVH_ FB KBGVJ_IU Fjcëeja fb prbvbr= phfb eiusir brrhs fb ciash phsjtjvh hu
GÅH Ê PHUUËSBA ciash gbnitjvh
VHAB_I_ 
JGEB_VB]I
UHO_B UB 
BAB BUVÉ UBGFH 
BGNIGIFH8 
54 Ê H EHABVH_ FB KBGVJ_IU GÅH UJK= kbgtjrhshs sbråh
IP_BBGFJFH PH_ RK  pbnh, kis
BKHEJHGIA jghebgtbs sbråh
JGEÍGFJHU8   muanifh sbr
kbgtjgfh (ciash
brrh phsjtjvh)
 

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji

HGB • JGV_HFRÎÅH

9. Bsthu bk fëvjfi( Prjgebthg,
jgtbrgiejhgijs Pehk h ajvrhGM=
rjgebthg, fbPrjgebthg
_hobrt Mbrvjs I aõnjei
Rgjvbrsjty fis jkinbgs
Prbss, 9:>0) phrgis rbaiîòbs
kujth fh kbu
pbgsikbgth shorb h bgnigh jgtbrgiejhgia b phr trizbr à kjgdi itbgîåh hs bserjths fb
Iabxigfbr Nrhtd. Bsti ejtiîåh chj igiajsifi gh irtjnh fb Nrhtd "Hg tdb Jgtbaajnbgeb
Ispbets hc Pbrshgia Fjpahkiey",Hrojs
Fjpahkiey",Hrojs > (9:36)= 455-6:. Ê fb Lbjtd Cbjajgn,I
Cbjajgn,I Sjfi fb
Gbvjaab Edikobraijg ( Ahgfrbs=
Ahgfrbs= Kiekjaaig, 9:6>,
p. 53>).
?. Fjseursh gi Eïkiri fhs Ehkugs, ?4 fb sbtbkorh fb 9:54. Gbvjaab Edikobraijg,
Bk ousei fi piz ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Putgik igf Uhgs, 9:5:, p. ?90, ehgchrkb ejtifh phr
Nrhtd).
5. Bstb trioiadh chj rbaitifh bk uki sêrjb fb irtjnhs gh cjgia fhs ighs 9:30 b bk uk
ajvrh qub bfjtbj jgtjtuaifh Firwjg b bxprbssåh ciejia ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Ieifbkje Prbss,
9:>5).
6. Bstb trioiadh ê rbaitifh bk kbu prjkbjrh irtjnh shorb bgnigh= Piua Blkig b ^iaaieb
S. Crjbsbg, "Ghgvbroia Abilinb igf Eaubs th Fbebptjhg", Psjqujitrji 
5? (9:3:)= 44-902.
2. _hobrti ^hdastbttbr, "Uahw Pbira Dirohrs igf tdb Pabisurbs hc Fbebptjhg", bk Phaëtjei
fb Jgtbajnígeji b Ubnurigîi Giejhgia, bf. _hobrt A. Pciatznricc, Mr., Rrj _i'igig b
^irrbg Kjaobrn, (Dikfbg, Ehgg .= Iredhg Ohhls, 9:49), pp. ?5-56.

FHJU • KBGVJ_I, SI]IKBGVH B PJUVIU PI_I BGNIGI_

9 Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, ?4 fb hutuorh fb 9:4?, p. 9?
? I Bfjîåh Ehkpieti fh Fjejhgérjh fb Jgnaís Hxchrf ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Hxchrf Rgjvbrsjty Prbss,
9:>9), p. 9393.
5. Sbr Piua C. Ubehrf, "Ciejia Cbiturbs igf Jgcbrbgeb Prhebssbs jg Jgtbrpbrshgia
Pbrebptjhg", bk PbrshgPbrebptjhg igf Jgtbrpbrshgia Obdivjhr, " bf. _. Vinujrj b
A. Pbtruaah (Utigchrf= Utigchrf Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:24). Iaêk fjssh, Piua Blkig, "Ciejia
Ujngs= Ciets, Cigtisjbs igf Phssiojajtjbs", bkSjsåh,
bk Sjsåh, Uhk b Ubgtjfh, bf. Vdhkis I.
Ubobhl (Oahhkjgnthg= Jgfjigi Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:>4).
 

56?  Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 

6. I fjseussåh pbrsjstb shorb sb hs igjkijs phfbk hu gåh bsehadbr

fbajobrifikbgtb kbgtjr. Sbmi Fivjf Prbkiel b Igg Mikbs Prbkiel,
Prbkiel,I
I kbgtb fb
uk kieieh ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg & Eh., 9:45). Iaêk fjssh, Prbkiel b
Prbkiel, "Ehkugjeiîåh ehkh Bvjfígeji fb Pbgsikbgth", bkKbgtb
bkKbgtb Igjkia -
Kbgtb dukigi, bf. F_ Nrjccjg (Ghvi Zhrl= Uprjgnbr-Sbrain, 9:4?).
2. Uhu nrith i Kjediba J. Digfba phr ejtir bsti ejtiîåh bk sbu irtjnh kujth
bstjkuaigtb "Jgtbaajnbgeb igf Fbebptjhg", Mhurgia
Fbebptjhg", Mhurgia hc Utritbnje Utufjbs 2 (kirîh
9:4?)= 9??-26. I ejtiîåh ê fb Fbgjs Kiel Ukjtd,
Ukj td,Jkpêrjh
Jkpêrjh _hkigh fb Kusshajgj,
p. 9>0
3. Bssi fjstjgîåh ê usifi pbai kijhrji fhs igiajstis fb bgnigh. Sbr Digfba,
"Jgtbaajnbgeb" b Oirthg ^diaby, "Vhwirf i Nbgbria Vdbhry hc Fbebptjhg",
 Mhurgia hc Utritbnje Utufjbs 2 (kirîh fb 9:4?)= 9>:-:? piri fjseussòbs shorb i utjajfifb
fbssi fjstjgîåh gi igéajsb fb bgnighs kjajtirbs.
>. Ujsbai Ohl rbsbrvi h tbrkh fbjtifh piri h qub bu edikh fb ciasjcjeiîåh b usi h tbrkh
sbnrbfh pbah qub edikh fb heuatiîåh. I fjstjgîåh qub bai icjrki sbr fb jkphrtïgeji
khria, phjs bai irnukbgti qub bgquigth kbgtjr ê "prjki
"prjki ciejb brrifh, ehk uki
prbsugîåh gbnitjvi ehgtri bab, h sjnjah gåh prbejsi sbr "(Ohl, Ubnrbfhs \ Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl=
Pigtdbhg, 9:4?[, p. xv.
4. Bvb Uwbbtsbr, "Vdb Fbcjgjtjhg hc i Ajb", bk Khfbahs euaturijs bk ajgnuinbk b
pbgsikbgth
:. Fivjf bf. Gihkj
B. _hsbgoiuk, Yujgg
Gbw Zhrl b Fhrhtdy
Vjkbs, Dhaaigf, (gh
9> fb fbzbkorh prbah), p. 60
fb 9:40.
90. Mhdg Rpfjlb, Eisb ehkjnh, ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Ciwebtt Erbst, 9:>3), p. :0
99. Bzbr ^bjzkig, I oitiadi pbai piz ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Oigtik Ohhls, 9:49), p. 94?
9?. Iaig Ouaahel, Djtabr ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Dirpbr & _hw, 9:36, rbv. bf.), p. 2?4. Ehgchrkb ejtifh
phr _hobrt Mbrvjs,I
Mbrvjs,I aõnjei fis jkinbgs gis rbaiîòbs jgtbrgiejhgijs ( Prjgebthg,
Prjgebthg,
GM= Prjgebthg Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:>0).
95. _hobrt Fiaby, H Prëgejpb fi Ejfifb ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Obrlaby Ohhls, 9:49), p. 909
96. ^bjzkig, Oitiadi, p. :4
92. Mhg Eirrhaa, "Bvbryfiy Dypherjsy - I Rsbr's Nujfb," Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab,
99 fb iorja fb 9:45, p. 9>
93. Rpfjlb, Eisb ehkjnh, p. :0

V_ÍU • PH_ YRB KBGVJ_IU CIADI

9. Mhdg M. Ujrjei, Piri fbcjgjr h rbehrfb fjrbth ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Gbw Ikbrjeig Ajoriry,
9:40), p. 96?
?. Mikbs Pdbaig, Ueigfias, Ueikps igf Uehugfrbas ( Ghvi Ghvi Zhrl= _igfhk Dhusb,
9:4?), p. ??
5. Vbrbgeb _ittjnig, H kbgjgh ^jgsahw ( Ghvi Ghvi Zhrl= Frikitjsts Paiy Ubrvjeb Jge.
Ietjgn Bfjtjhg, 9:>5), p. ?:
6. Bsti djstõrji bsté ehgtjfi gh ajvrh fb Fivjf Ayllbg Rk trbkhr gh signub= ushs b ioushs
fh fbtbethr fb kbgtjris ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= KeNriw-Djaa, 9:49).
2. Pdbaig, Bseïgfiahs, p. 990
3. _hobrt F. Dirb, Psjehpitji= Vbhrji b Pbsqujsi ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Mhdg ^jaby,
9:>0), p. 2
>. Kjediba J. Digfba, "Jgtbaajnbgeb igf Fbebptjhg",
Fbebptjhg", Mhurgia
 Mhurgia hc Utritbnje Utufjbs 
2 (9:4?)= 953.
4 Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, : fb migbjrh fb 9:4?, p. 9
: Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, ?9 fb migbjrh fb 9:4?, p. 65
 90. ^jaajik Dhhf, Sbrruni ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg & Eh., 9:4?), p. 99

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji  565 

99. Orueb Dhrhwjtz, "^dbg Udhuaf ig Ig Bxbeutjvb Ajb8" Ubkigi fi Jgfýstrji, 93 fb
ghvbkorh fb 9:49, p. 49
9?. Jojfbk, p. 45
95. Bsti jfbji chj sunbrjfi phr _hobrt A. ^hal b Irtdur Dbgaby bk sbu ajvrh
H fjrbjth fb kbgtjr ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Pbtbr D. ^yfbg, Jge., 9:>0).
96. Iaig Fbrsdhwjtz, I kbadhr fbcbsi ( Gbw
Gbw Zhrl= _igfhk Dhusb, 9:4?), p. 5>0.
92. Udilbspbirb, Uhgbth 954.
93. _hobrti ^hdastbttbr, "Uahw Pbira Dirohurs igf tdb Pabisurbs hc Fbebptjhg", bk Phaëtjei
fb Jgtbajnígeji b Ubnurigîi Giejhgia, bf. _hobrt A. Pciatznricc, Mr., Rrj _i'igig b
^irrbg Kjaobrn (Dikfbg, Ehgg .= Iredhg Prbss, 9:49).

YRIV_H • FBVBEÎÅH FH BGNIGH FB PIAIS_IU, SH] HR EH_PH

9. Bk "Ujgijs ciejijs= ciths, cigtisjis b phssjojajfifbs", bk Sjsåh, shk b sbgtjfh,
bf. Vdhkis I. Ubobhl (Oahhkjgnthg= Jgfjigi Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:>4), fbserbvh fbzhjth
kbgsinbgs fjcbrbgtbs trigskjtjfis pbah rhsth, uki fis quijs ê i kirei fi jfbgtjfifb
jgfjvjfuia ýgjei.
?. Sbr M. Ubrnbgt b F. Ojgfri, "Fjccbrbgtjia Dbkjspdbrje Prhebssjgn hc Ciebs=
Kbtdhfhahnjeia Ehgsjfbritjhgs igf _bjgtbrprbtitjhg", Ohabtjk Psjehaõnjeh 
4: (9:49)= 226-226.
5. Pirtb fbssb trioiadh chj rbaitifh phr Piua Blkig, ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg, Kiu- rbbg
H'Uuaajvig b Laius Uedbrbr, "_baitjvb Jkphrtigeb hc Cieb, Ohfy igf Upbbed jg
 Mufnkbgts hc Pbrshgiajty igf Iccbet", Mhrgia
Iccbet", Mhrgia fb Pbrshgiajfifb b Psjehahnji Uhejia 54
(9:40)= ?>0->>.
6. Orueb Dhrhwjtz, "^dbg Udhuaf ig Bxbeutjvb Ajb8" Ubkigi fi Jgfýstrji, ghvbkorh
93, 9:49, pén. 45
2. U. Crbuf, I psjehpithahnji fi vjfi ehtjfjigi (9:09), bk Mikbs Utriedby, trif. b bf.,
bf.,Hs
Hs
trioiadhs psjehaõnjehs ehkpabths, vha. 3 (Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg,
9:>3), p. 43
3. Crbuf fbu kujths bxbkpahs jgtbrbssigtbs b kijs orbvbs fb fbsajzbs fi aëgnui, kis babs
gåh såh tåh ehgvjgebgtbs quigth h qub bu sbabejhgbj, phrqub tjvbrik qub sbr
trifuzjfhs fh iabkåh hrjnjgia. H Fr. Orjaa bri ikbrjeigh b Crbuf ejthu bssb bxbkpah

>. U.bk jgnaís.

Crbuf, Jojf., Pp. 4:-:0.
Piriprixbs (9:93), bk Mikbs Utriedby, trif. b bf.,Hs
bf., Hs trioiadhs psjehaõnjehs
ehkpabths, vha. 92 (Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg, 9:>3), p. 33
4. Mhdg ^bjskig, "Vdb Vrutd wjaa Hut", Nuji fb VS, 5 fb sbtbkorh fb 9:>>, p. 95
:. Rki sêrjb fb ghvis têegjeis fbsbgvhavjfis piri kbfjr h rhkpjkbgth fis prhkbssis
fb vhz ghs prõxjkhs ighs. Piri uki rbvjsåh fbssbs kêthfhs, ehgsuatb Laius Uedbrbr,
"Kbtdhfs hc _bsbired hg Sheia Ehkkugjeitjhg= Pirifjnks igf Pirikbtbrs", bk
Digfohhl hc Kbtdhfs jg Ghgvbroia Obdivjhr _bsbired, bf. Laius Uedbrbr b Piua
Blkig (Ghvi Zhrl= Eikorjfnb Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:4?).
90. Bssbs rbsuatifhs såh rbaitifhs phr Piua Blkig, ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg b Laius Uedbrbr,
"Ohfy Khvbkbgt igf Shjeb Pjted jg Fbebptjvb Jgtbrietjhg", Ubkjõtjei 93 (9:>3)= ?5-?>.
Is fbsehobrtis chrik rbpajeifis phr Uedbrbr b phr hutrhs pbsqujsifhrbs.

99. Mhdg M. Ujrjei, Piri fbcjgjr h rbehrfb fjrbth ( Ghvi

Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg, 9:>:), pp. ::-900.

9?. _jedirf Gjxhg, Is kbkõrjis fb _jedirf Gjxhg, vha. ? (Ghvi Zhrl= ^irgbr Ohhls, 9:>:),
p. 660.
95. Ujrjei, Piri fbcjgjr h rbehrfb fjrbth, pp. ::-900.
 

566  Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 

96. Jojf.
92. Mhdg Fbig, Ikojîåh Ebni ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Ujkhg & Uedustbr, 9:>3), p. 506.
93. Jojfbk, pp. 50:-90.
9>. Piri igéajsbs erëtjeis fbssis vérjis têegjeis fb fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris sho bstrbssb
vheia, ehgsuatb Fivjf V. Ayllbg, Rk trbkhr gh signub phr (Gbw Zhrl= KeNriw-Djaa,
9:49), eip. 95 b Dirry Dhaajbg, "Vdb Eisb inijgst Utrbss Bviauithrs igf Shjeb Ajb
Fbtbetjhg," (kjkbõnrich gåh puoajeifh, Jgstjtuth fb Bstufhs Ivigîifhs fhs
Prhebsshs fb Ehkugjeiîåh, Rgjvbrsjfifb fi Caõrjfi, Nijgbsvjaab).
94. Rki fbserjîåh fb ghssh kêthfh fb abvigtikbgth fb bkoabkis b hs rbsuatifhs piri
hs ikbrjeighs bsté ehgtjfi bk Dirhaf N. Mhdgshg,
Mhdg shg, Piua Blkig b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg,
"Ehkkugjeitjvb Ohfy Khvbkbgts= Ikbrjeig Bkoabks", Ubkjõtjei 
92 (9:>2)= 552-25. Piri ehkpiriîåh fb bkoabkis bk fjcbrbgtbs euaturis, ehgsuatb
Blkig, "Khvjkbgths ehk sjngjcjeifhs prbejshs", Mhrgia
 Mhrgia fb Ehkugjeiîåh ?3
(9:>3)= 96-?3.
9:. Ajvrh fb Bcrhg, Nbsth b ikojbgtb, puoajeifh bk 9:69, bsté ghvikbgtb jkprbssh ehk h
tëtuah Nbsth, riîi b euaturi ( Diji=
Diji= Khuthg Prbss,
9:>?).
?0. Piri uki fjseussåh shorb kigjpuaifhrbs, ehgsuatb Piua Blkig b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg,
"Ghgvbroia Obdivjhr igf Psyedhpitdhahny", bk I psjehahnji fi fbprbssåh= tbhrji b

pbsqujsi ehgtbkphrïgbis bf. _M Crjbfkig b K. G. Litz (^isdjgnthg, FE= M. ^jgsthg,

9:>6).
?9. Piri uk bxphbgtb ituia fbsti vjsåh, ehgsuatb Nbhrnb Kigfabr, Kbgtb b Ehrph=
Psjehahnji fi Bkhîåh b Bstrbssb ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg & Eh., 9:46).
??. Piua Blkig, _hobrt ^. Abvbgshg b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg, "Iuthghkje Gbrvhus Uystbk
Ietjvjty Fjstjgnujsdbs obtwbbg Bkhtjhgs", Uejbgeb 9:45, vha.
??9, pp. 9?04-90.

EJGEH • PJUVIU CIEJIJU PI_I BGNIGI_

9. Is fbserjîòbs fh ehkprhkbtjkbgth fhs sjstbkis vhaugtérjhs b jgvhaugtérjhs ehk
fjcbrbgtbs absòbs chrik rbtjrifis fi ajtbrituri eaëgjei. Sbmi, phr bxbkpah,
L. Vsedjissgy, "Bjndt Uygfrhkbs hc Ciejia Piriaysjs igf tdbjr Ujngjcjeigeb jg Aheitjgn
tdb Absjhg," Igijs fb Hthahnji, _jghahnji b Airjgnhahnji 3? (9:25)= 3>>-:9. I fbserjîåh
fb ehkh bssbs fjcbrbgtbs piejbgtbs phfbk tbr fjcjeuafifb hu suebssh gh bgnigh ê
kjgdi bxtriphaiîåh.
?. Piri uki rbvjsåh fb thfis is bvjfígejis ejbgtëcjeis, ehgsuatb Piua Blkig, Firwjg b i
bxprbssåh ciejia= uk sêeuah fb pbsqujsi bk rbvjsåh ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Ieifbkje Prbss,
9:>5). Piri uki fjseussåh kbghs têegjei b chthnricjis
ch thnricjis jaustrigfh ugjvbrsijs bk uk
phvh jshaifh b prê-iaciobtjzifh fi Ghvi Nujgê, ehgsuatb Blkig,_hsth
Blkig,_hsth fh Dhkbk=
Bxprbssòbs fb Bkhîòbs Rgjvbrsijs bk uki Iafbji fi Ghvi Nujgê ( Ghvi Ghvi Zhrl= Niraigf
UVKP Prbss, 9:40).
5. Blkig, _hsth fb Dhkbk, pp. 955-53.
6 H Ujstbki fb Ehfjcjeiîåh fb Iîåh Ciejia, Piua Blkig b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg (Piah Iath=
Ehgsuatjgn Psyedhahnjsts Prbss, 9:>4), ê uk piehtb iuth-jgstrutjvh - ehgtbgfh uk
kiguia, chthnricjis b cjakbs jaustritjvhs b prhnrikis fb ehkputifhr - qub bgsjgi h
abjthr i fbserbvbr hu kbfjr quiaqubr bxprbssåh.
2. Sbr BI Dinnirf b LU Jsiies, "Kjerhkhkbgtiry Ciejia Bxprbssjhgs",
Bxprbssjhgs", bk Kêthfhs fb
pbsqujsiErhcts,
Ebgtury bk psjehtbripji,
9:33). bf. AI Nhttsedial b ID Iubroied (Ghvi Zhrl= Ippabthg
 

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji  562 

3 Fbskiseirigfh h rhsth, Piua Blkig b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg (Piah Iath= Ehgsuatjgn
Psyedhahnjsts Prbss, 9:46) chrgbebk is chths b is jgstruîòbs shorb ehkh ifqujrjr
bssi diojajfifb.
>. Crjbsbg b bu fbsbgvhavbkhs uku k Vbstb fb Iîåh Ciejia Uhajejtifi, qub bxpahri h quåh
obk ianuêk phfb khvbr fbajobrifikbgtb eifi kýseuah b tikoêk rbprbsbgtir
bkhîòbs. Sbr phr Piua Blkig, Nhwbg _hpbr b Mhsbpd E. Dinbr, "Fbajobritb Ciejia
Khvbkbgt",Fbsbgvhavjkbgth
Khvbkbgt", Fbsbgvhavjkbgth jgcigtja 29 (9:40)= 443-:9 piri rbsuatifhs bk erjigîis.
4. Ehaugi fb ^jaajik Uicjrb, "Jgfbtbrkjgifh", gh Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab,
?4 fb mugdh fb 9:45.
:. "Igwir Uifit - bk suis prõprjis piaivris", gh Uig Crigejseh Bxikjgbr, 99 fb hutuorh
9:49.
90. Bzbr ^bjzkig, I oitiadi pbai piz ( Gbw
Gbw Zhrl= Oigtik, 9:49), p. 932
99. Kirnirbt Kbif, Itjtufbs shvjêtjeis bk rbaiîåh à iuthrjfifb ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= KeNriw-Djaa,
9:29), pp. 32-33. Ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Brvjgn Nhcckig,Jgtbriîåh
Nhcckig,Jgtbriîåh Bstritênjei ( 
Cjaifêacji= Rgjvbrsjty hc Pbggsyavigji Prbss, 9:3:), p. ?9
9? Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, 99 fb migbjrh fb 9:4?.
95. Dirhaf Uielbjk, _uobg E. Nur b Kireba E. Uiuey, "Bkhtjhgs Irb Bxprbss Khrb
Jgtbgsbay hg Abct Ujfb hc tdb Cieb", Ejígeji ?0? (9:>4)= 656.
96. Sbr Piua Blkig, "Isykkbtry jg Ciejia Bxprbssjhg" b i rbcutiîåh fb Uielbjk bk
Ejígeji ?0: (9:40)= 455-53.
92. Piua Blkig, Mhsbpd E. Dinbr b ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg, "Vdb Uykkbtry hc Bkhtjhgia igf
Fbajobritb Ciejia Ietjhgs", Psjehcjsjhahnji 94/? (9:49)= 909-3.
93. Mhsbpd E. Dinbr b Piua Blkig, "Fjccbrbgt Isykkbtrjbs hc Ciejia Kuseu- air Ietjhgs,"
Psjehcjsjhahnji, gi jkprbgsi.
9>. Uhu nrith i _hgiaf vig Nbafbr phr sui imufi gbstb bstufh gåh puoajeifh.
94 Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, 96 fb mugdh fb 9:4?.
9:. Sbr Piua Blkig b Mhsbpd E. Dinbr, "Ahgn Fjstigeb Vrigskjssjhg hc Ciejia Iccbet
Ujngias", Bthahnji b Uhejhjhahnji 9 (9:>:)= >>-4?.
?0. Piua Blkig, ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg b Uhgji Igehaj, "Ciejia Ujngs hc Bkhtjhgia Bxpbrjbgeb",
phr Mhrgia
phr Mhrgia fb Pbrshgiajfifb b Psjehahnji Uhejia 5: (9:40)= 99?2-56.

UBJU • PB_JNHU B P_BEIRÎÒBU

9. Fivjf K. Diyigh, "Ehkkugjeitjvb Ehkpbtbgeb obtwbbg Phlbr Paiybrs",
 Mhrgia fb Ehkugjeiîåh 50 (9:40)= 99>.
?. Jojfbk, p. 992
5. ^jaajik Udilbspbirb, Htdbaah, ith 2, ebgi ?.
6. _jedirfs M. Dbubr, Mr., "Ehngjtjvb Ciethrs jg Fbebptjhg igf Ehugtbrfbebptjhg", bk
Fbebpîåh Kjajtir Bstritênjei, bf. Fhgiaf E. Figjba b Litdbrjgb A. Dbrojn (Ghvi Zhrl=
Pbrnikhg Prbss, 9:4?), p. 2:.
2. _hss Kuaaigby, "Vdb Vdjrf ^iy - Vdb Jgtbrrhvjbw", kjkbhnricji gåh puoajeifi, 9:>:.

3. Uedhpbgdiubr, "Hur _baitjhg th Htdbrs", bk Is Horis fb Uedhpbgdiubr, bf. ^jaa

Furigt (Nirfbg Ejty, Ghvi Mbrsby= Nirfbg Ejty Puoajsdjgn Ehkpigy,
9:55).
>. Sbmi h ajvrh fb Ayllbg Vrbkhr gh signub ( Gbw
Gbw Zhrl= KeNriw-Djaa, 9:49) piri uki
fbserjîåh ehkpabti fb ehkh usir i Nujaty Lghwabfnb Vbedgjqub ehk h phaënrich bk
jgtbrrhnitõrjhs erjkjgijs.
 

563  Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 

4 Siajfifb ejbgtëcjei fh tbstb fh phaënrich= uki rbvjsåh b iviajiîåh fi pbsqujsi -Rk

Kbkhrigfh Vêegjeh ( ^ ^isdjgnthg
isdjgnthg FE= Ehgnrbssh fhs BRI, Bserjtõrjh fb Iviajiîåh fb
Vbeghahnji, HVI-VK-D-92, ghvbkorh fb 9:45).

UBVB • H PHAËN_ICH EHKH EHABVH_ FB KBGVJ_IU

9. _jedirf H. Irtdbr, "Yuigths aifròbs, issiatigtbs, erjkjghshs sbxuijs sbu fbpirtikbgth bsté
ehgtritigfh bstb igh 88 (Bspbrigîhsikbgtb, ipbgis 90% fhs bkprbnifhs!),"
 Mhurgia hc Phaynripd Utufjbs
Utufjbs 3 (kijh-mugdh fb 9:>?), gåh pinjgifh.
?. Fivjf V. Ayllbg, "Phaynripdje Jgtbrrhnitjhg", Giturbzi, ?5 fb cbvbrbjrh fb 9:46, pp.
349-46.
5. Abhgirf Uixb, ehkugjeiîåh pbsshia.
6. I kijhrji fis kjgdis cjnuris shorb h ush fh phaënrich vík fb Siajfifb ejbgtëcjei fh tbstb
fh phaënrich= I_igéajsb b iviajiîåh fi pbsqujsi -Kbkhrigfh Vêegjeh 
(^isdjgnthg, FE= Ehgnrbssh fhs BRI, Bserjtõrjh fb Iviajiîåh fb Vbeghahnji, HVI-VK-
D-92, ghvbkorh fb 9:45). Bssbgejiakbgtb, h kbskh rbaitõrjh ipirbebré ehkh uk
irtjnh jgtjtuaifh "Vdb Siajfjty hc Phaynripd Vbstjgn", fb Abhgirf
Abhg irf Uixb, Fbgjsb
Fhundbrty b Vdbhfhrb Erhss, bkPsjeõahnh
bkPsjeõahnh ikbrjeigh, Migbjrh
ikbrjeigh, Migbjrh fb 9:46.
2. Fivjf E. _isljg, "Vdb Vrutd iohut Ajb Fbtbethrs," Vdb ^dirthg Kinizjgb,
Huthgh fb 9:40, p. ?:
3. _baitõrjh fh Hccjeb hc Vbedghahny Issbsskbgt (HVI), p. 59
>. Obgmikjg Labjgkugtz b Muajig M. Uzuelh, "Hg tdb Ciaajojajty hc Ajb Fbtbetjhg," Aiw igf
Uhejbty _bvjbw 9> (9:4?)= :9.
4. Fbeairiîåh fb _jedirf L. ^jaairf, Prheurifhr-Nbria Ifmugth Ifmugth, Fbpirtikbgth fb
 Mustjîi fhs BRI, pbrigtb
pbrigtb h Ehkjtí fb Abnjsaiîåh b Ubn
Ubnurigîi
urigîi Giejhgia fh Ehkjtí fb
Hpbriîòbs Nhvbrgikbgtijs, Eïkiri fhs _bprbsbgtigtbs fhs BRI, 9: fb hutuorh fb
9:45, kjkbõnrich, p. . ??
:. _baitõrjh HVI, p. ?:
90. I HVI chj erjifi bk 9:>? ehkh uk oriîh igiaëtjeh fh Ehgnrbssh. H rbaitõrjh fh
phaënrich bsté fjsphgëvba phr bserjth ih Uupbrjgtbgfbgtb fb Fheukbgths,
RU Nhvbrgkbgt Prjgtjgn Hccjeb, ^isdjgnthg, FE ?060?.
99. Kireji Nirwhhf b Ghrkig Igsaby, I prbejsåh b utjajfifb fh tbstb fh phaënrich,
Fbpirtikbgth fb Fbcbsi, 9:45, gåh puoajeifh.
9?. Fivjf E. _isljg, "I Oisb Ejbgtëcjei fis Vêegjeis fh Phaënrich b Ubus Rshs gh Prhebssh
 Mufjejia, bk _behgstrujgfh h pissifh= h pipba fhs psjeõahnhs bk muanikbgths
erjkjgijs, bf. I. Vriglbaa (Bsthehakh= Ghrstbft b Uhgbrs, 9:4?), p.
5?2.
95. Fivjf V. Ayllbg, Rk Vrbkhr gh Uignub, ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= KeNriw-Djaa, 9:49), p.
994
96. Fivjf V. Ayllbg, ehkugjeiîåh pbsshia.
92. Ayllbg, Vrbkhr gh signub, p. ?29.
93. _isljg, "Uejbgtjcje Oisjs", p. 569.
9>. _baitõrjh HVI, p. 20
94. _isljg, "Uejbgtjcje Oisjs", p. 550
9:. Ivjtia Njgthg, Gbtzbr Fijb, Bjtig Baiif b Nbrsdhg Obg-Udildir, "Rk Kêthfh piri
Iviajir h Rsh fh Phaënrich bk uki Ujtuiîåh fi Sjfi _bia",
 Mhurgia hc Ippajbf Psyedhahny 3> (9:4?)= 95?.
?0. _baitõrjh HVI, p. 95?
?9. Njgthg bt ia., "Kbtdhf chr Bviauitjgn," p. 953
 

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji  56> 

??. Miel Igfbrshg, Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, ?9 fb kijh fb 9:46.
?5. _baitõrjh HVI, p. 90?
?6. Fbeairiîåh fb Fivjf E. _isljg bk iufjígejis shorb U.9462 rbiajzifis pbah Uuoehkjtí
fi Ehgstjtujîåh, Ubgifh fhs Bstifhs Rgjfhs, 9: fb sbtbkorh fb 9:>4, p. 96
?2. _baitõrjh
?3. fi HVI, pp. >2->3.
_isljg, Fbeairiîåh, p. 9>
?>. Ayllbg, Vrbkhr gh signub, jgfjvëfuh. 92
?4. Nhrfhg D. Oiraigf, "I Uurvby hc tdb Bccbet hc tdb Phaynripd jg Uerbbgjgn Rtid
 Mho Ippajeigts= Prbajkjgiry _bsuats",
_bsuats", Phaënrich 3 (fbzbkorh fb 9:>>), p.
5?9.
?:. Jojf.
50. _isljg, Fbeairiîåh, p. ?9
59. Irtdbr, "Dhw Kigy", gåh puoajeifh.
5?. Jojf.
55. Nirwhhf b Igsaby, Prbejsåh b utjajfifb, gåh pinjgifh.
56. _baitõrjh HVI, p. 900
52. Figjba _iphphrt, "Vh Vbaa tdb Vrutd", Vdb ^isdjgnthgjig, Cbvbrbjrh fb 9:46, p.
40
53. ^jaairf, jojf., p. 53
5>. Ayllbg, "Phaynripdje Jgtbrrhnitjhg," p. 8
54. _baitõrjh HVI, pp. 90:-990.
5:. _baitõrjh HVI, p. ::
60. ^jaairf, Fbeairiîåh, p. 9>
69. Njgthg bt ia., "Kbtdhf chr Bviauitjgn." Iaêk fjssh, Mhdg I. Phfabsgy b Fivjf
E. _isljg, "Bccbetjvbgbss hc Vbedgjqubs igf Pdysjhahnjeia
Pdysjhahnjeia Kbisurbs jg tdb
Fbtbetjhg hc Fbebptjhg", Psjehcjsjhahnji 92 (9:>4)= pp. 566-2: b Crigl U.
Dhrvitd, "Sbroia igf Ghgvbroia Eaubs th Vrutd igf Fbebptjhg furjgn
Phaynripd Bxikjgitjhgs", Mhrgia
Bxikjgitjhgs", Mhrgia fb Ejígeji
Ejígeji b Ifkjgjstr
Ifkjgjstriîåh
iîåh Phajejia,
Phajejia, 9
(9:>5)= 954-2?.
6?. Fivjf E. _isljg b Mhdg E. Ljredbr, "Ieeuriey hc Fjinghstjeigfh Vrutd igf
Fbebptjhg crhk Obdivjhria Hosbrvitjhg igf Phaynripd _behrfjgns," ks. bk
prbpiriîåh.

HJVH • SB_JCJEIÎÅH FB KBGVJ_IU

9. _igfiaa _htdbgobrn, "Oinnjgn tdb Ojn Udht", Uig Crigejseh Edrhgjeab, Migbjrh
Edrhgjeab, Migbjrh
5, 9:45, pp. 9?-92.
?. Jojf.
5. Jojf.
6. Ingbss Digljss, "Nikbs Ehg Kbg Paiy= Vdb Ubkjhsjs hc Fbebptjvb
Jgtbrietjhg", Mhrgia
Jgtbrietjhg", Mhrgia fb Ehkugjeiîåh
Ehkugjeiîåh 5 (9:40)= pp. 906-99?.
2. Fhgiaf E. Figjba b Litdbrjgb A. Dbrojn, "Prhphsjtjhgs hg Kjajtiry Fbebptjhg", bk
Fbebpîåh Kjajtir Bstritênjei, bf. Figjba & Dbrojn (Ghvi Zhrl= Pbrnikhg Prbss,
9:4?) p. 9>
3. Inrifbîh bstb bxbkpah ih cisejgigtb rbaith fb Mhdg Pdbaig gh eipëtuah 3 fb sbu
ajvrh Ueigfias, Ueikps igf Uehugfrbas ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= _igfhk Dhusb,
9:4?), p. 996. _baitbj ipbgis pirtb fi djstõrji. Yuiaqubr pbsshi jgtbrbssifi bk fbtbetir
kbgtjris bgtrb pbsshis suspbjtis fb erjkbs fbvb abr bstb eipëtuah piri iprbgfbr shorb
hutris irkifjadis qub phfbk hehrrbr gh jgtbrrhnitõrjh b gi fbtbeîåh fb kbgtjris.
 

564  Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 

>. Inrifbîh kbu ehgdbejkbgth shorb jgtbrrhnitõrjhs i _hssjtbr E. Kuaaigby, uk inbgtb

fh COJ fb 9:64 i 9:>9, b bgtåh ehhrfbgifhr fb Prhnrikis fb Jgvbstjniîåh fi
Ieifbkji _bnjhgia fb Phaëeji fh Ebgtrh Ghrtb fh Vbxis, itê 9:49. Sbmi sbu irtjnh
"Prheurifh! Fbsbkpbgdh Pifròbs piri jgtbrrhnitõrjh b bgtrbvjsti,
bg trbvjsti, "
H Edbcb fb Phaëeji, Mugdh
Phaëeji, Mugdh fb 9:>>, pp.
pp. >>-40.
4. Kuaaigby ehkbîhu uki sêrjb kujth prhkjsshri fb bstufhs trbjgigfh jgtbrrhnifhrbs
bk ehkh usir pjstis piri bgnigir b iviajigfh i utjajfifb fbssb trbjgikbgth, kis bab
sb iphsbgthu igtbs fb ehgeaujr bssb trioiadh.
:. Iabxigfbr M. Nrhtd, "Hg tdb Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets hc Pbrshgia Fjpahkiey",
Hrdjs 9 ( 9:36)=
9:36)= 464.
90. _hobrt Mbrvjs, I aõnjei fis jkinbgs gis rbaiîòbs jgtbrgiejhgijs ( Prjgebthg,
Prjgebthg, GM=
Prjgebthg Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:>0), pp. 3>->4.
99. Dbgry Ljssjgnbr, Ighs fb _bvhati ( Ohsthg=
Ohsthg= Ajttab, Orhwg igf Ehkpigy,
9:4?), pp. ?96, 642.
9?. Ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Mbrvjs, Aõnjei, pp. 3:->0.
95. Jojf., Pp. 3>-34.
96. Kjediba J. Digfba, "Jgtbaajnbgeb igf Fbebptjhg",
Fbebptjhg", Mhurgia
 Mhurgia hc Utritbnje Utufjbs 
2 (9:4?)= 9?5-25.
92. Oirthg ^diaby, "Ehvbrt _birkikbgt jg Nbrkigy, 9:9:-9:5:= Fbebptjhg igf
Kjskiginbkbgt", Mhurgia
Kjskiginbkbgt",
93. Digfba,  Mhurgia
"Jgtbaajnbgeb", p. hc
9?:Utritbnje Utufjbs 2 (9:4?)= ?3-?>.
9>. Bsti ejtiîåh chj igiajsifi phr Nrhtd, "Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets".
94. Ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Nrhtd, "Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets".
9:. Vbachrf Viyahr, Kugjqub ( Gbw
Gbw Zhrl= Sjgtinb, 9:40), p. >2?.
?0. Jojfbk, p. 4?9.
?9. Jojfbk, p. 22?.
??. Jojfbk, p. 3?:.
?5. NridikV. Iaajshg,Bssígeji
Iaajshg,Bssígeji fi Fbejsåh= Bxpajeigfh i Erjsb fhs Këssbjs fb Euoi ( 
Ohsthg= Ajttab, Orhwg igf Ehkpigy, 9:>9), p. 9:5.
?6. Irtdur K. Uedabsjgnbr, Mr., Kja fjis= Mhdg C. Lbggbfy gi Eisi Origei 
(Ghvi Zhrl= Ciwebt Prbkjbr Ohhls, 9:32). p. >56.
?2. Vdbhfhrb E. Uhrbgsbg, Lbggbfy ( GhviGhvi Zhrl= Dirpbr & _hw, 9:32), p. 3>5.
?3. _hobrt C. Lbggbfy, Vrbzb fjis= uki kbkõrji fi erjsb fhs këssbjs euoighs ( Ghvi
Ghvi
Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg, 9:>9), p. 2
?>. _hnbr Djaskig, Vh Khvb i Gitjhg (Nirfbg Ejty, GZ= Fhuoabfiy & Eh.,
9:3>), p. :4
?4. Fivjf Fbtzbr, À objri ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Vdhkis Erhwbaa, 9:>:).
?:. Uhrbgsbg, Lbggbfy, p. 3:0.
50. Fbtzbr, Objri, p. 96?
59. _hobrt C. Lbggbfy, Vrbzb fjis, p. 94
5?. Bajb Ioba, I erjsb fhs këssbjs ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Oigtik Ohhls, 9:33), p. 35
55. Uhrbgsbg, Lbggbfy, p. 3:0.
56. Ioba, Këssja, p. 35
52. Fbtzbr, Objri, p. 965
53. Lbggbfy, Vrbzb fjis, p. ?0
5>. Fbtzbr, Objri, p. 965
54. Jojfbk, p. 966
5:. Iaajshg, Bssígeji, p. 952

60. Iaajshg,
69. Ioba, Këssja, p. 36p. 956
Bssígeji,
 

Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji  56: 

6?. Figjba b Dbrojn, "Prhphsjtjhgs", p. 95
65. Dbrobrt Nhafdikbr, rbcbrígeji ?6 ejtifi phr Figjba b Dbrojn, "Prhphsjîòbs".
"P rhphsjîòbs".

66. Oirthg ^diaby, rbcbrígeji ? ejtifi phr Figjba b Dbrojn, "Prhphsjtjhgs".

62. Kiurbbg H'Uuaajvig, "Kbisurjgn tdb Iojajty th _behngjzb Ciejia Bxprbssjhgs hc
Bkhtjhg", bk Bkhîåh gh rhsth dukigh, bf. Piua Blkig (Ghvi Zhrl= Eikorjfnb
Rgjvbrsjty Prbss, 9:4?).
63. Nrhtd, "Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets", p. 46>.
6>. Mbrvjs, Aõnjei, p. 55
64. ^jgsthg Eduredjaa, I fhorifjîi fh fbstjgh ( Ohsthg=
Ohsthg= Dhundthg Kjccajg, 9:20), pp.
649, 6:5, ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Nrhtd, jojf., P. 469.
6:. Abwjs Orhif, I nubrri qub Eduredjaa trivhu ( Ahgfhg=
Ahgfhg= Dutedjshg igf Ehkpigy, 9:30),
p. 523, ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Nrhtd, "Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets", p. 463.
20. Orhif, Nubrri, p. 524, ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Nrhtd, "Jgtbaajnbgeb Ispbets", p. 463.
29. Kjahvig Fmjais, Ehgvbrsis ehk Utiajg ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Direhurt, Orieb, Mhvighvjed, 9:3?), p.
>5, ehgchrkb ejtifh phr Nrhtd, jojf., P. 463.

GHSB • KBGVJ_I PBNIGFH GI FÊEIFI FB 9::0

9. Kjgdi ehabni b ikjni Kiurbbg H'Uuaajvig, fi Rgjvbrsjfifb fb Uig Crigejseh,

trioiadhu ehkjnh phr kujths ighs piri fbsbgvhavbr bstb tbstb, ehaiohrhu gi
pbsqujsi shorb ipigdifhrbs fb kbgtjri prhcjssjhgijs b tikoêk kjgjstrhu ianugs
fhs whrlsdhps .
?. "^dh Eig Eited i Ajir", fb Piua Blkig b Kiurbbg H'Uuaajvig, ipirbebu gi bfjîåh fb
sbtbkorh fb 9::9 fh mhrgia Psjeõahnh ikbrjeigh.
5. Bssis fbsehobrtis chrik rbaitifis bk "Vdb Bccbet hc Ehkpirjshgs hg Fbtbetjgn
Fbebjt" phr K. H'Uuaajvig, P. Blkig b ^S Crjbsbg. Mhurgia
Crjbsbg. Mhurgia hc Ghgvbroia Obdivjhr 9?
(9:44)= ?05-92.
6. Rfh Rgfbutsed, fi Iabkigdi, fbsbgvhavbu uk prhebfjkbgth fbghkjgifh igéajsb fb
icjrkiîòbs, b vérjhs pbsqujsifhrbs ikbrjeighs bståh tbstigfh sui viajfifb ih iviajir h
tbstbkugdh fb erjigîis.
2. Bssis fbsehobrtis såh rbaitifis bk "Cieb, Shjeb, igf Ohfy jg Fbtbetjgn Fbebjt", fb
Piua Blkig, Kiurbbg H'Uuaajvig, ^iaaieb S. Crjbsbg b Laius E. Uedbrbr gh
gh Mhurgia
 Mhurgia hc

Ghgvbroia
3. "Vdb Obdivjhr,
Fuedbggb Ukjab=vha. 92 (9::9)=
Bkhtjhgia ?05-92. igf Orijg Pdysjhahny JJ", phr
Bxprbssjhg
P. Blkig, _M Fivjfshg b ^S Crjbsbg.
Crjbsbg. Mhrgia
 Mhrgia fb Pbrshgiajfifb b Psjehahnji Uhejia
Uhejia 24
(9::0).
>. Bssis fbsehobrtis såh rbaitifis bk K. Crigl, P. Blkig b ^S Crjbsbg, "Obdivjhria
kirlbrs hc rbehgdbejojajfifb fh shrrjsh prizbrhsh". Irtjnh bk rbvjsåh.

4. Rk irtjnh jgtjtuaifh "I diojajfifb fb kbgtjr bk sjtuiîòbs", ituiakbgtb bserjth phr

Kirl Crigl, rbaiti bssis fbsehobrtis.
:. H prhcbsshr Mhdg Zujaab, fi Rgjvbrsjty hc Orjtjsd Ehaukoji, tbk fjrjnjfh uk prhnriki
piri trbjgir issjstbgtbs shejijs bk kbadhrbs têegjeis piri bgtrbvjstir erjigîis.

90 Vbkph rbvjsti, ?> fb muadh fb 9:4>, p. 90

99. Ghs eipëtuahs igtbrjhrbs, usbj i crisb kbgtjrhsh gituria, kis h qub fbsehorj jkpajei qub
bssis pbsshis phfbk kbgtjr ehk kijs crbquígeji fh qub hutris, quigfh gåh tbgdh prhvis
fb qub sbmi issjk. I crisbirtjsti
crisbirtjsti gituria fbserbvb kbadhr h qub qubrh fjzbr, qub sb babs
kbgtbk, babs såh tåh pbrcbjtikbgtb.
 

520  Ghtis fb _bcbrígeji 

9?. Gåh tbgfh ehgdbejfh Ghrtd gbk tjfh i hphrtugjfifb fb qubstjhgé-ah fjrbtikbgtb, gåh phssh
tbr ebrtbzi fb qub kbu muanikbgth bsté ehrrbth. Ubu fbsbkpbgdh gi tbabvjsåh, gh bgtigth,
ebrtikbgtb sb bgeijxi gi kjgdi fbserjîåh.

FB] • KBGVJ_I GI SJFI PÝOAJEI

9. Hajvbr A. Ghrtd, Uho Chnh ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= DirpbrEhaajgs, 9::9), p. 33
?. Piri uki fjseussåh rbebgtb fis qubstòbs ehgstjtuejhgijs gbstb eish, ehgsuatb uk
irtjnh fb Bfwjg K. Zhfbr, Mr., jgtjtuaifh "I Phhr Uuostjtutb chr ig Jkpbiedkbgt
Prhebssjgn", Jgtbrgitjhgia Dbriaf Vrjougb, ?5 fb muadh fb 9::9.
5. Utigscjbaf Vurgbr, "Purnb tdb EJI hc LNO Vypbs", Gbw Zhrl Vjkbs, Hutuorh
?, 9::9, pén. ?9
6. Jojf.
2. Jojf.
3. Mjkky Eirtbr, Kigtbgfh i Cê= Kbkõrjis fb uk Prbsjfbgtb ( GbwZhrl=
GbwZhrl= OigtikOhhls,
9:4?), p. 299.
>. Ehgsuatb i rbcbrígeji 5.
4. Piri uki fjseussåh rbebgtb fhs vérjhs phgths fb vjsti shorb bstb tõpjeh, ehgsuatb Iuth- 
bgnigh= uk Eajccs,
(Bgnabwhhf kbeigjskh ifiptitjvh89:44).
GM= Prbgtjeb-Diaa, bfjtifh phr Mhig U. Ahelirf b Fbarhy A. Piuadus
:. _jedirf Cbygkig, H qub vheí sb jkphrti
j kphrti ehk h qub is hutris pbsshis pbgsik8 Hutris
Ivbgturis fb uk Pbrshginbk Eurjhsh ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= ^^ Ghrthg, 9:44).
90. Jojfbk, p. ?96.
99 Vbkph, 9: fb inhsth fb 9:>6, p. :

BPËAHNH
9. Piri hs irnukbgths ehgtri i ciasjcjeiîåh, ehgsuatb Ujsbai Ohl, Kbgtjri= bsehadi khria
gi vjfi pýoajei b prjvifi ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Pigtdbhg, 9:>4). Piri uk irnukbgth i civhr fi
heuatiîåh gi vjfi prjvifi, gåh pýoajei, ehgsuatb Ohl,Ubnrbfhs
Ohl, Ubnrbfhs ( Gbw
Gbw Zhrl= Pigtdbhg,
9:4?). Piri i vjsåh hphsti, fbcbgfbgfh is vjrtufbs fi kbgtjri, ehgsuatb _hobrt A.
^ial b Irtdur Dbgaby,H
Dbgaby,H fjrbjth fb kbgtjr= uk nuji psjehaõnjeh piri hs ushs fh bgnigh
gi vjfi ehtjfjigi ( Ghvi
Ghvi Zhrl= Pbtbr D. ^yfbg, 9:>0).
?. Ujnkugf Crbuf, Crinkbgth fb uki igéajsb fb uk eish fb djstbrji (9:02), Irtjnhs
ehabtifhs, vha. 5 .< (Ghvi Zhrl= Oisje Ohhls, 9:2:), p. :6

Ëgfjeb*
Ioba, Bajb, ?32g., ?32-33, ?33-3>
Ioseik, 3>
ithrbs, ?>, 2>, 4?
bxpbrjkbgtb bkhîòbs b
Iatbriîòbs IGU, 99>-9:
Vêegjei fb Utigjsaivslj, 99>-94,
960, ?:9
Iaabg, ^hhfy, 95:
Iaajshg, Nridik, ?35g., ?36, ?34
kbgtjris iatruëstis, ?5, 35, 3:, ?4?,
?:0 Igfbrshg, Nbriaf, ?6:-25
Igfbrshg, Miel, 3>
rijvi, 53, 6>, 9?4, 9>:, ?43, ?4>,
?4:
Kufigîis IGU, 996-92, 99:
origqubikbgth hu ivbrkbadikbgth, ?43,
?4>
b h chnh sbavinbk fi bkhîåh, 9>?
bxprbssåh ciejia, ?3 ¼., 64, 9?6,
9?2, 9?4, 956, 953, 965, 963<
jaaus. 952  >3->:, :5, 9>0, 94?-45, ?9?,
shrrjshs, 926, 922
kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :5,
:6, 9??, ?43, ?4>
bxprbssåh iprbbgsjvi, 956<
jaaus. 952  jaustrifhrbs, 906-:, 9?9, 9??,
Irtdur, _jedirf, ??5-?6
sjstbki gbrvhsh iutöghkh
(IGU), 996-??, 96?-65, 9:4 ¼.
* Eipëtuahs : b 90 gåh jgeauëfhs.
kufigîis kbfjfis, Sbmh 
phaënrich
frhnis ehkh suprbsshrbs, ?0>
Sbmi tikoêk origqubikbgth<
ruohr / ivbrkbadikbgth<
rbspjriîåh, hadhs, pupjai
fjaitiîåh< siajviîåh<
bgnhajr< suigfh
Oiaa, Nbhrnb ^., ?3>g.
gbnhejifhrbs, 3:->0
Oiraigf, Nhrfhg, ??0-??, ??3
Obiry, Fr. Mhdg, JJJ, ??> pjstis
ehkphrtikbgtijs, 5:-60, 6?, 65,
40-9??
ehkh ifmugth ih phaënrich
tbstb, ?56-5:, ?26
piri jgchrkiîòbs heuatis, ajsti,
?43, ?4>< vbmi tikoêk hs bspbeëcjehs 
fh prizbr bk bgnigir, 6:, 32,
?:9, ?:?
à ciasi bkhîåh, ?44< Sbmi tikoêk 
bspbeëcjehs 
ehk i dhgbstjfifb, 9>4, ?54
9?>, 95:, 934-3:, ?43, ?4>,
?44
cizbgfh kijs jgtbrprbtiîåh

52?  Ëgfjeb
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs (ehgtëguh) 
(ehgtëguh)  9?>, 95:, 934-3:, ?43, ?4>, ?44
bxpaëejth, 93?-35
prbeiuîòbs gi jgtbrprbtiîåh,
94>-4:
prhoabkis ghspht
edhvbgfh gh sphttjgn,
tjgn,?52-53,
?9-?? t
?>:
Sbmi tikoêk khvjkbgth ehrphria < ciejia
bxprbssòbs< piaivris b
Ciai
brrhs fb ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri, 935,
936-32, 933, 93:, 9>?, 940,
945, 943, 94>-44, ?25, ?:?
tbstbs fb phaënrich, 9:?, ?0>, ?0:,
?92, ?94, ??6, ??3, ??>, ??4
bkpiajfbejkbgth (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia),
96?-65, 930, 9:>, ?43, ?4> oa
tjgnjkbgth (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 96?,
965, 930, ?43, ?4>
ruohr / ivbrkbadikbgth (ehkphrtikbg
(ehkphrtikbgtia
tia
pjsti), 96?-65, 930, 9:>, ?43, ?4>
prbsugîhshs b cigcirròbs, >4< Sbmh  fbsajzikbgths bkoabkétjehs, 905-6, 90:,
to bgnigir, prizbr gh
khvjkbgth ehrphria, 65, 64, 42,
:4-9??
b gbrvhsh iutöghkh
sjstbki, 996-?0, 96?-65, 9:4g.
euaturia b giejhgia
fjcbrbgîis, ?3?, ?:9
bkoabkis b eirtòbs bkoabkétjehs,
909, 90?-6, 904, 90:, 9?9-??,
9?>, 953, 966, 964, 934-3:,
9>:, 940 ¼., ?43, ?4>
b bxprbssåh ciejia= kbghs
jgchrkiîåh gh ehrph, 45< quigfh
gåh sjgerhgjzifh, 96: nbsths, 9>, 60,
65, 63, 40
b ehkh i bkhîåh ê rbnjstrifi,
40
austrifhrbs, 906-:, 9?9, 9??,
 
kigjpuaifhrbs, 90:-95, 9?9, 9?>,
9>:, ?43, ?44
phsturi, 995-96 b ehgtrhaifh phr abf,
iuth-khgjthrifh
42
Sbmi tikoêk bxprbssòbs ciejijs<
kåhs / nbsths ehk is
kåhs Ohasdilhv, Nbhrnj, ?34
têfjh, ?49, ?4>
ja austrithrs, 90>, 9??, ?43, ?4>
kufigîis fb ciai, ?43, ?4> Ohwabs,
Edbstbr, ?34
rbspjriîåh (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 65,
63, 996-92, 9?9, 9??, 96?,
9:?, ?43, ?4>, ?44
Orbzdgbv, Abhgjf, ?>2 ¼. Orhliw,
Vhk, :0-:9, :3 Orhliw Dizirf,
932-3:, 944,
9:?
fbcjgjîåh, :9, 959
934
ja austrifhrbs, 90:
kigjpuaifhrbs, 995
kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs, 95>
kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :9,
:6, :3, :>
Ougfy, KeNbhrnb, ?35, ?3> b
¼., ?3:
Ougfy, Vbf, 2> «.
gbnõejhs b bkprbnh
oirnigdi, 3:->0
erjkb jgtbrgh, 9:5<
fbsciaqub, 60, 64, 30, 3?,
>9, >4->:, 9:9< curth, 9:9
eigfjfiths i bkprbnh, ??, 59, 60, >2,
9>3, ?9:-55< piri h trioiadh phajejia,
9:0, ??5-?2
gbnhejiîåh, 94, 2>, >0

Ëgfjeb  525
edbel-ups gh trioiadh, 52, 3:,
??5, ??4-56
tbstb fb phaënrich, 94:-:6,
?9:-56
vbgfis, ?5, 2>, 2:, 3?
Ouzdirft, Crbf, 66
Eirtbr, Mjkky, ?>?, ?>2 «. Inígeji
fb Jgtbajnígeji Ebgtria
(EJI), ?36, ?>3g.
tbstb fb phaënrich, 9:6, ??>-?4
Edikobraijg, Gbvjaab= b
Dj t abr, 92-93, 9:-?0, ?9, 5>,
60, >2, 95:, ?2:-35 pissjk,
?>6, ?>3
Edipajg, Edirajb, 923
Edipa shrrjgfh, 923< jaaus. 923 
erjigîi= ioush, 3?
b prhcbsshr, 23
Sbmi tikoêk pij b cjadh, kbgtjris
bgtrb
Eduredjaa, ^jgsthg, 24, ?>6->2,
?>3
Ehaahfj, Eirah= Pjgõqujh, Uhrrjsh
ehkpaiebgtb 40, heuatiîåh 923-2>
(ehkh chrki fb kbgtjr),
?4, ?:-50, 69, ?43, ?4>, ?4:
b iatbriîòbs fb IGU, 9?0-?9 sbkj-
heuatiîåh, 54, 6? bxprbssåh ciejia
jgvhaugtérji,
46, 9?5-?6, 962
kijs ciasjcjeiîåh, 59
quigfh gåh bsté kbgtjgfh, ?4-?:
vjnirjstis, ?>, 62, 932
"kj r rhr paiy," ?62-63, ?6>
Sbmi tikoêk Dikril, Mhdg fbsprbzh=
bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?2,
966, 925g., 930
shrrj, 929, 925, 922, ?53< jaaus.
92?  Figjba, Fhgiaf, ?64
bk fjrbîåh à vëtjki, 6:, >3
 
thk fb vhz, :5
ehgtbgtikbgth= bxprbssåh ciejia,
9?2, 920
shrrjsh, 929< jaaus. 92? 
Ehgtrhab Yubstjhg
Vêegjei / Vbs t, 9::-?02, ?0>-4,
?90-99, ?96-94 pissjk 
sjgijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh, 63, 9?>,
953, 95:
erjkjghshs, 9:, ?>3
ghs gbnõejhs, 60, 64, 30, 3?, >9,
>4->:, 9:9, 9:5
prizbr bk bgnigir b
rbvbaiîåh fh erjkb, >>
jgtbrrhnitõrjh, 94, ?0, ??, 9>3,
?29
jgtbrrhniîåh phr ?0:,
9:9, 9:5, 9:3, phaënrich,
?95, ?94, ??0<
Nbriaf Igfbrshg,
?6:-25< Ehgtrha Yubst jhg
Vbedgjqub, 9::-?02, ?94< tixi
oésjei fb euapifhs, ??9< Vêegjei
fh Ehgdbejkbgth fi Nuj a ty,
942-43, ?94< Sbmi tikoêk 
phaënrich, prhebfjkbgths fb
ousei
ciati fb euapi, 34
ifvhnifh b suspbjth, ?5, ?4, ?:
ehgcjssåh rbajnjhsi, 34
Erjsb fhs këssbjs euoighs, ?35->9
fjcbrbgîis euaturijs, ?3?, ?:9
eajbgtbs, >9
b vbgfbfhrbs, ?5, 2>, 2:, 3?
cugejhgérjhs ifuigbjrhs, ??
Fijb, Gbtzbr, ?95 Fiaby, _hobrt= Prëgejpb
fi Ejfifb,
5>-54, >?< Sbmi tikoêk Abuej,
_hobrt
Firwjg, Edirabs, 953

526  Ëgfjeb
Fiyig, Khsdb, 24, ?2> Fbig,
 Mhdg ^., 50, 66,
66, :2-:3,
:>-:4
pjstis fb bgnigh, 5:-65
euaturia, giejhgia b
fjcbrbgîis fb jfjhki, ?39-3?,
?>6, ?:9
fjcëeja fb prbvbgjr, ?40
Sbmi tikoêk gbrvhsh iutöghkh
sjstbki< pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs<
khvjkbgth ehrphria<
bkoabkis / eirtòbs
bkoabkétjehs< bxprbssòbs
ciejijs< vhz< piaivris b fjseursh
fbebpîåh euapi, Sbmh euapi (shorb
fbjtifh)
Fbrsdhwjtz,
fb iprbbgsåh,Iaig,
Sbmh>5, >6 fbtbeîåh
kbfh
fb sbr pbnh
Fbtzbr, Fivjf, ?3>
fjpahkitis b bstifjstis, 9:, ?9,
2>, 24, 34, >2, ?22->>
Erjsb fhs këssbjs euoighs, ?35->9
Sbmi tikoêk Djtabr, Ifhac< kjajtirbs
fbebpîòbs< aëfbrbs jgfjvjfuijs  bkoiriîh=
brrhs fb fbserbgîi gi vbrfifb,
935-3> pissjk, 93:->> pissjk,
945, 94>-44, ?4:, ?:?, ?:5
tbstb fb9:?,
943, phaënrich, 2?, 9>:-40,
9::, ?09-3 pissjk,
?0:, ?90, ?9?, ?92, ?93 ¼., ??0,
??9, ???, ??6, ??2, ??3, ?25
Sbmi tikoêk Htdbaah brrh, ghmh=
b bkhîåh, chnh sbavinbk,
9>?
bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?6, 9?2, 963,
930
ciasjcjeiîåh fb, 53
thk fb vhz, :5
ignýstji, 53, 9>:, ?4>
Iatbriîòbs IGU, 996-92
 
b bkhîåh sbavinbk, 9>?
bxprbssåh ciejia, 64, 9?6, 9?2,
956< jaaus. 952
jaustrifhrbs, 903
shrrjsh, 926
aénrjkis, 96?, ?43
thk fb vhz, :5
Fmjais, Kjahvig, ?>2
Fhorygjg, Igithay, ?32, ?3>,
?34, ?>0->9< jaaus. ?33 
kêfjeh b piejbgtb, sjtui-sb bgtrb,
94, ?9, ?5, ?4, ?:, 50, 34
b ush fb paiebohs, 34 b g.,
3:
Sbmi tikoêk Kiry
Fhundbrty, Fbgjsb, 9:2g.-9:3g. ush
fb frhnis=
?0>-4,b??>
tbstb fh phaënrich,
bgnigir, prizbr bk, 6:, 32, >3->:,
:5, 9>0, 94?-45, 9:?, ?9?,
?:9, ?:?< Sbmi tikoêk vjnirjstis
Bcrhg, Fivjf, 902-3
Bdrajedkig, Mhdg, 50
ehrir / ivbrkbadir, ?43, ?4>
shrrjsh, 923
fbsciaqub, 60, 64, 30, 3?, >9,
>4->:,
bkoabkis 9:9 bkoabkétjehs, 909,
/ eirtòbs
90?-6, 904, 90:, 9?9-??, 9?>,
953, 966, 964, 934-3:, 9>:,
940w., ?43, ?4>
bkhîåh sbavinbk, 9>?->5, 944,
?:5
bkhîòbs= b IGU kufi,
996-?0, 96?
kjsturis, 993, 9?2, 9?4, 922
iatbriîòbs fbtbetifis phr
phaënrich, 996, 9>:, 9:>-::<
Sbmi tikoêk phaënrich
 

Ëgfjeb  522 
heuatiîåh, 59-64 pissjk, ?>>, vbmi tikoêk hs jgfjvjfuijs 
?43, ?4>, ?4: prizbr= shrrjshs, 920, 929, 922<
prizbr bk bgnigir, 6:, 32, jaaus. 92? 
>3->:, :5, 9>0, 94?-45, 9:?, aénrjkis, 96?

?9?, ?:9, ?:? bspjhginbk, Sbmh jgtbajnígeji b

bxpbrjkbgtigfh fb, 6> sbnurigîi< bspjòbs
bxprbssòbs ciejijs, 9?5-?2< bxejtiîåh= kufigîis IGU,
nbrbgejifh phr rbnris fb bxjojîåh, 996-92
9?2-?3, ?3? bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?2
ciasjcjeiîåh, 59-5?, 55, 52, 53, jaustrifhrbs, 903, ?4>
63, 6>-64, 9?0, ?>>, ?44, ?4: shrrjsh, 922
kbfh fb sbr pbnh, 6:-36< Sbmh  kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :5,
to kbfh fb sbr pbnh, :6, 9??, ?43, ?4>
sbgtjkbgths phr kbgtjr, 64-6: shorigebadis (pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs)= ehkh
euapi phr kbgtjr, 6:, 36->3, sjgijs fb ehgvbrsiîåh, 63,
9>:, ?4>< Sbmi tikoêk nuj at 953, 95:
b jaustrifhrbs, 55, 90>-4 b ehkh bkoabki, 90?, 9?>, 953, 966 b
fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs bk ëhgs bkhejhgijs, 55, 64, 956, 963
rbiîåh, Sbmh Pbrjnh fb qubori< ehkh jaustrifhr, 902
Htdba Ah br rhr Sbmi tikoêk shrrj
kbgtjr shorb sbgtjkbgths, 63-64, péapboris (pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs)= ehkh
?>>, ?4: bkoabki, 90?, 9?>
kiseirigfh hutri bkhîåh qub b bkhîòbs, 55, 63, 956<
fbvb sbr heuatifh hu ciasjcjeifh, jaaus. 952 
55, 56, 52-53, 64, ?4: ehkh jaustrifhr, 902
Sbmi tikoêk shrrj
jfbgtjcjeir brrhgbikbgtb i eiusi fb, ehkh chrki hadhs / érbi fhs hadhs (pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs),
fb kbgtjr, 5>, 69 prhfuzjfh 969-6?, 96>, ?43
phr Utigjsaivslj tjgti, 96?, 965, 930, ?43,
têegjei, 99>-94, 960, 932, ?:9 ?4>
hadir, ëhg fjrbth fb, 969-6?, ?4>
chrîi fb, b jkprõprji fjaitiîåh fi pupjai, 96?, 965, 930,
iîòbs hu kbgtjr, 6>, 64, ?65, ?63 ?43, ?4>
aénrjkis / risnh, 96?, 965, 930,
b vhz, 60, 64, 40, 4?, 45, 46, ?43, ?4>
42, :?-:6< Sbmi tikoêk vhz pjseifbai, 9?>, 966
quigfh bgvhavjfh bk kbgtjri, fbtbeîåh Sbmi tikoêk shrrj
kijs céeja, 4>
quigfh hs sjgijs fbvbrjik sbr bxprbssòbs ciejijs, 55, 60, 65, 63,
fbsehgtifhs ehkh pjstis fb >:, 4?, 45, 46, 42, 992, 9?5-39
bgnigh, 9>6-40, 944 b kufigîis IGU, 994-9:,
 

523  Ëgfjeb 

bxprbssòbs ciejijs (ehgtëguh) 

(ehgtëguh)  49, 4?-45, 42< Sbmi tikoêk  bxjojîåh
96?-65, 96>< Sbmi tikoêk  is rbnris iejki fb 

origqubikbgth< s sjabgejifh, 959, 95?, 955 , 960,

ruohr / ivbrkbadikbgth< 930, ?43, ?4>

suigfh 966-6>, 923, 92>,

issjkbtrji, bxprbssòbs
vhaugtérjis,ugjaitbrijs,
46, 9?5-?6, 966
962
924, 930, ?44 Sbmi tikoêk shrrjshs< Jgfjvjfuia 
b khvjkbgth ehrphria= kijs bkhîòbs 
jgchrkiîåh gi cieb, 45< quigfh gåh ciasjcjeiîåh (ehkh chrki fb kbgtjr), ?4,
sjgerhgjzifh, 96: ehkh sjgijs fb ?:, 59, 69, ?44
ehgvbrsiîåh, 63, b kufigîis IGU, 9?0-?9 kijs
9?>, 953, 95: heuatiîåh, 59
euaturia b giejhgia shrrj, 52-53, 955, 953, 963,
fjcbrbgîis, ?3? 96:, 920, 924-30< jaaus. 92: 
rbnris fb bxjojîåh, 9?2-?3, ?3? bxprbssåh ciejia vhaugtérji, 46,
furiîåh b tbkph, 966, 9?5-?6, 962

96>-6:, 930, ?44 vbmi tikoêk bkhîòbs jgfjvjfuijs 

bkoabkis, 90?, 9?>
shorigebadis, 55, 63, 64, 90?, 902,
9?>, 956, 953, 95:, 966
péapboris, 55, 63, 90?, 902, 9?>,
956< jaaus. 952  bsehadi,
hadhs, 9?>, 969-6?, 965, 96>, 930,
?43, ?4>
eirietbrëstjeis b bstbrbõtjphs, ?3 «.
jkphrtïgeji, fb, 4?
jgvhaugtérjh, 46, 9?5-?6, 962 aéojhs,
?3 «., 55, 990, 9?>, 953<
cigtisjis, 9??, ?4>
kbfh, 9>:, ?43, ?4>
Kufigîis IGU, 996-92, 99: b bkht
jhg wjafcjrb, 9>? bxpbrjbgtbs, sbk
6>
bxprbssåh ciejia, 55, 64, 9?6,
9?2, 956, 965, 963, ?43, ?4>, ?44<
jaaus. 952 
ciasjcjeiîåh fjcëeja, 53 kbfh khfbrifh
kigtêk iabrti kbgtjrhsh, 6:,

jaaus. 95>  29
brrhs fb aheiajziîåh, 966, 96:, 930 shrrj, 929, 926, 922< jaaus. 92? 
kigjpuaifhrbs, 990, 9?> kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :5,
kjerh bxprbssòbs, 9>, 65, :6, 90>, 9??, ?43, ?4>
9?:-59, 95?, 960, 930, 934, kbfh fb sbr pbnh (fbtbeîåh
93:, 9>:, ?43, ?4> iprbbgsåh), 6:-36,
 mhnifhrbs fb pöqubr, 56-52, 2:, 3:, 949-4?, 9:?, ?99-9?, ?4:, ?:0, ?:9
>0, >4, 932-33, 93>
kýseuahs ciejijs ehgcjévbjs, 95?-56, b euapi, >9
953-5>, 95:-60, 960-69, 965, b i pbrshgiajfifb fh kbgtjrhsh, 26,
930, 9>:, ?43, ?4>, ?:9< 23-2:
jaaus. 952  b i rbputiîåh fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris

iuth-khgjthrifh b ehgtrhaifh phr abf, b pbrshginbk, 6:-26 pissjk, 36

 

Ëgfjeb  52> 
iphstis b pugjîåh, 2:-3?, Nrushg, Ajgfsby, 34g.
36, ?99-9?, ?4:, ?:0 euapi (shorb kbgtjr), 6:, 36->3,
kufigîis fb vhz, :?, :5 kbfh 9>:, 94?, 9:?, ?4>, ?:?
fb sbr fbsierbfjtifh, Sbmh  Iatbriîòbs IGU, 996-92
fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb ehrir / ivbrkbadir, 965, ?43 fjstjgth
brrhs< pbsshi jghebgtb Cbfbria fi euapi phr kbgtjr
Ourbiu hc Jgvbstjnitjhg ehgtbýfh, 36-32
(COJ), 9>3 bxprbssåh ciejia, 956< jaaus. 952 
tbstb fb phaënrich, 9:5, 9:6g., b kbfh fb sbr pbnh, >9 b
?96, ?5?-55 ehgdbejkbgth fb hutris pbsshis qub
nhvbrgh cbfbria= phaënrich iavh bsté sbgfh bgnigifh, ?:9 ciati
tbstb, 9:5-:> pissjk, ?9:, fb, 3>-34< Sbmi tikoêk gituria
?5?, ?56, ?5>< _baitõrjh HVI, kbgtjrhshs< psjehpitis<
943, 9:2-:>, ?0:, ?92 *., ?9>-94, bspjòbs kbghs heuaths fh qub
?9:, ??3-?>, ??>-?4, ?5? ciasjcjeiîåh, ?:
prhoabkétjeh piri h kbgtjrhsh, ?9 b
Sbmi tikoêk jgtbajnígeji b i qubståh fb qubk sb obgbcjeji
sbnurigîi< inígejis jgfjvjfuijs  fi kbgtjri, ?:0
shrrjsh sbfuthr, 922-23 Chrf, rbfuzjfh quigfh is kbgtjris såh mustjcjeifis,
Nbriaf, 9?9 3>->? pissjk, ?9?
Crbuf, Ujnkugf, ?4?, ?45 iajvjifh pbai ehgcjssåh, 3?, 32,
fbsajzbs fi aëgnui, 44-4:, :0, 33 
934 vbrnhgdi, 2>, 32-3>, >0, ?:? kijs chrtb
ikjnhs= erëtjeis, 52 quigfh hs viahrbs såh ehkpirtjadifhs,
bgehgtri-sb bgtrb, ?5, 23, 934, 9>5, ?9?
?49 kufigîis fb vhz, :5, 9??
quigfh suspbjth fb trigsnrbssåh
hadir, fjrbîåh fb, 969-6?, ?4> nbsths, gåh ehkj tifh, 9>0, 9>2 Nuj a
9>, 60, 65, 63, 40 ty Lghwabfnb
bkoabkis b eirtòbs bkoabkétjehs, Vêegjei / Vbs t, 942-4>,
909, 90?, 905, 906, 904 94:, ?00, ?02-4, ?92, ?93,
Sbmi tikoêk khvjkbgth ehrphria < ?9>, ?94, ?25, ?:9
kåhs / nbsths ehk is kåhs<
jaustrifhrbs< kigjpuaifhrbs Didg, ^iatbr, ?>?g. Dijn,
Nhcckig, Brvjgn, ?4g. Iabxigfbr, 50
Nhafobrn, Irtur M., ?3>K. auth= bxprbssåh Diafbkig, D_, 50 Dikril, Mhdg,
ciejia, 956<taaus.
956<taaus. ?62-6: pissjk,
952 vbmi tikoêk trjstbzi Nrhkylh, ?25
Igfrbj, ?35->9 pissjk<  Caigfba, Kjediba, ?2>
jaaus. ?33  kåhs / nbsths ehk is kåhs, 55, 29, 45
Nrhtd, Iabxigfbr, ?22, ?39g., ?>6 bkoabkis, 909, 90?, 905, 906

524  Ëgfjeb
kåhs / nbsths ehk is kåhs (ehgtëguh) 
( ehgtëguh)  jgebsth, 3?
Sbmi tikoêk ja austrithrs<
kigjpuaifhrbs
cbajejfifb, ?4>, ?44
bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?6, 9?2
Diyigh, Fivjf, 52 «.
Dbirst, Pitrjeji, 94-9: Dbrojn,
Litdbr jgb, ?64 Dj afborigf,
Kirîh, ?32 Dj a skig, _hnbr,
?36 Djgnaby, _hgiaf, ?>?g.
Dj t abr, Ifhac, 92, ?9, 53-5>, ?24,
?>2
Fbsbkoirqub iajifh gi Crigîi, 936,
?49
b Edikobr aijg, 92-93,
9:-?0, ?9, 5>,60, >2, 95:, ?2:-35
pissjk, ?>6, ?>3
ehkh kbgtjrhsh gituria, 53-5>, 24, ?35,
?>9
Dundbs, Dhwirf= J rvjgn
ojhnricji dhix, 62
dukj a jiîåh (quigfh fbskiseirifh)=
fh kbgtjrhsh, 32-3>
fh ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris,
9>? fi vëtjki, ?0, ?5
Sbmi tikoêk vbrnhgdi
kirjfh b kuadbr, sjtuifhs bgtrb,
?9, ?5, ?49, ?4?
ciasis ieusiîòbs, 9>0->9, 9>2,
940, ?54
b eisikbgth iobrth, ?4-?:
pdj aigfbr jgn b ifuatêrjh, ?0,
?4, ?:, 59, 29, 30, 39, 3?-35,
3>, 9>0->?, ?6>, ?64
Sbmi tikoêk Eisb ehkjnh  ojhnricji dhix, 62
ja austrifhrbs (khvjkbgth fh ehrph)= ehkh
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs, 55, 906-:,
9?9, 9??, 9?>, 95:, 934-3:,
?43, ?4>, ?44
 
bsqujvi fb jgcbrígeji jgehrrbti, 5:,
6?
fjcbrbgîis jgfjvjfuijs gåh
ehgtiojajzifh, Sbmh Pbrjnh fb
qubori< Htdba piri i pbsshi
jghebgtb= ehkphrtikbgtia
pjstis, 9>4, ?54
ciasi ehgcjssåh b iaëvjh
fb prbssåh, 25, ??0 kbfh fb sbr
fbsierbfjtifh, 5?,
29, 25-26, 93?, 935, 9>0, 943,
?99-9?, ?4:
tbstb fb phaënrich, 2?, 9>:-40,
943, 9:?, 9::, ?09-3 pissjk,
?0:, ?90, ?9?, ?92, ?93g. ??0,
??9, ???, ??6, ??2, ??3, ?25
kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :9,
:6
quigfh suspbjth fb trigsnrbssåh
gåh ehkj tifh, 9>0, 9>2
Sbmi tikoêk fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb
brrhs< Htdba piri oijxh rhr
jgtbajnígeji b sbnurigîi, ??-?5,
9>5, 9>3, ?>3g.
tbstb fb phaënrich, 94:, 9:9,
9:6, 9:3, 9::, ?9>, ?9:,
??2-?4, ?5?, ?56, ?5>
bspjòbs, 94, ?9, 2>, 3?, 3>, 34, >2,
936, 949, 9:6, ?9>, ??2-?4
tbrrhrjstis, 94, 3?, 3>
Sbmi tikoêk Ebgt ria Jgtba a jnbgeb
Inígeji< Inbgeji fb Ubnurigîi
Giejhgia
Jrvjgn, Eajcchrf= Dundbs
 Mbrvjs, _hobr t, ?22, ?23, ?>6 Mhåh Piuah
JJ, Pipi, 95>-54 Mhgbs, Uiri, ?69-63
pissjk, ?64, ?6:
 

Ëgfjeb  52: 
Lbggbfy, Mhdg C., ?35->9 pissjk<  bgnigigfh, prizbr bk, 6:, 32,
jaaus. ?33  >3->:, :5, 9>0, 94?-45, 9:?,
Lbggbfy, Mhsbpd P., ?30g. ?9?, ?:9, ?:?
Lbggbfy, _hobrt C., ?36, ?32, kbgtjri céeja b kbgtjri fjcëeja, ?69, ?65,

?3>, ?34 ?62-63

Ldrusdedbv, Gjljti, ?36, ?32-33, dukjadiîåh ih kbgtjr
?34, ?3: fbskiseirifh, 32-3>
Ljredbr, Mhdg E, ?52, ?53 iuais piri, ?40
Ljssjgnbr, Dbgry, ?22-23 b vbrjcjeiîåh fb kbgtjris, ?60-69,
Lhdabr, Chy, ?34 ?:9-:?
phfb sbr bkoiaifh pbai vëtjki, 949
Aigfbrs, Igg, ?5 bxebssh fb ehgcjigîi, 949, 94?
prhoabkis fb ajgnuinbk, ?39-3?, ?>6, rbaiejhgikbgth igtbrjhr ehk i vëtjki,
?:9< Sbmi tikoêk piaivris b 9::
fjseursh ehgdbejkbgth pbsshia ehk
rjshs, aénrjkis ehkh sjgia fb, 96?, vëtjki, ?:0
?43 fbebpîåh igtbrjhr fi vëtjki,
Aiwrbgeb, VB, 24 sjstbki ?:0, ?:?
abnia= mýrj, ??, ?5 iaëvjh fi ehgcjssåh, 3?, 32,
ifvhnifh, >5, 9:9, 9:5< b 33
eajbgtb, ?5, ?4, ?:< trioiadh bxpbrjkbgtia, iuthbgnigh, ?>, 960, ?:9
2> vbrnhgdi, 2>, 32-3>, >0, ?43, ?4>,
tbstb fh phaënrich, abniajfifb fb, ?:?
9:5-:6, ?5?, ?5> diojajfifb b suebssh, 29, 2>-24, 4>,
tbstbkugdi, ?5, 50 :>, ?>?, ?40, ?:9< Sbmi tikoêk 
Sbmi tikoêk erjkjghshs< Cbfbria igtbejpiîåh b prbpiriîåh
Ourbiu fb Jgvbstjniîåh< iejki fb< kbgtjrhshs giturijs<
phaëeji psjehpitis
Abhgirfh fi Sjgej= Khgi Ajsi's viahrbs ehkpirtjadifhs ehk i vëtjki, ?9?,
shrrjsh, 922-23 ?64, ?:0
Abuej, _hobrt, 5>-54, >?->6 kbgtjrhsh= Sbmi tikoêk pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs< kbfh fb
eipiejfifb fb bgnigir, 93? b g. sbgfh pbnh< euapi
igjstji phr ehgcjssåh, 20, 25, vëtjki hu iavh fh kbgtjrhsh, Sbmh 
33, ?4: vëtjki / iavh
igtbejpiîåh b prbpiriîåh, kbgtjri (s)= vbrjcjeiîåh, ?94, ?60->4,
65-63, 36, 90>, ?64, ?>?, ?40, ?4:-:5
?43, ?4>, ?4: kbgtjris rujgs, 65-63, 36, 90>, ?64,
fbsprbzh pbai vëtjki, 6:, >3 ?>?, ?40, ?43, ?4>, ?4:
euaturia, giejhgia b kbgtjri eruba, ?5
fjcbrbgîis fb jfjhki, ?39-3?, fbcjgjîåh fb kbgtjri, ?3-?>, 69
?>6, ?:9 kbgtjri céeja, ?69, ?62-63

530  Ëgfjeb
kbgtjris) (ehgtëguh) 
(ehgtëguh)  suspbjth, 949-42, 944< ehk
céeja fb fbtbetir, ?4:-:5
bucbkjskhs piri, ?2-?3
kbgtjri furi, ?69, ?65, ?63 fjcëeja
fb fbtbetir, ?4:-:5 mustjcjeitjvis
fifis, ?5, 3>->?,
95>, ?40< iatruëskh, ?5, 35, 3:,
?4?, ?:0< iuthrjziîåh, 3>->9
pissjk, ?9?, ?:0< ehkh
gbebssjfifb phaëtjei, ?2, ?3,
3>-34, >?< piri prhtbnbr h iavh,
>?< phr rizòbs shejijs, ?5, 59,
52-53, >6, 923-24, ?49-4?, ?45<
Sbmi tikoêk fjpahkitis b
bstifjstis< kjajtirbs
fbebpîåh
gbebssjfifb fb rbpbtjr b bxpigfjr, 32
kigbjris fb kbgtjr= heuatiîåh,
?4, ?:-50, 69, ?43, ?4>, ?4:<
ciasjcjeiîåh, ?4, ?:, 59, 69, ?44<
sbkj-heuatiîåh,
sbkj-heuatiî åh, 54, 6?< bsqujvi
fb jgcbrígeji jgehrrbti,
5:, 6?< fbshrjbgtiîåh phr
jfbgtjcjeiîåh jgehrrbti fi eiusi fi
bkhîåh, 5>, 69< fjzbr i vbrfifb
ciasikbgtb, 5>-54, 69-6?<
Sbmi tikoêk heuatiîåh<
ciasjcjeiîåh
phrqub is kbgtjris ciadik, 65->:<
sbgtjkbgths shorb kbgtjr, 64-6:<
kbgtjr shorb sbgtjkbgths, 63-64,
?>>, ?4:<Sbmi
?4:<Sbmi tikoêk bgnigir,
fbabjtir-sb< kbfh fb sbr pbnh<
euapi
ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris= igjstji hcbrbejfi, 20,
25, 33, ?4:
kbgtjri céeja b kbgtjri fjcëeja, ?69 b chnh
sbavinbk fi bkhîåh, 9>?->5,
944, ?:5
nigdhs b pbrfis= sb h
suspbjth gåh siob qub ê
 
bxphsjîåh fb kbgtjri, ?0-?9
Ehgdbejkbgth Euapifh
Vêegjei / Vbstb, 942-4>, ?02
dukjadiîåh, 9>?
jgtbrprbtiîåh, 96>, ?60, ?6>-64<
iusígeji fb pjstis fb bgnigh,
gåh bvjfígeji fi vbrfifb,
932, 93:, 944< muanikbgths fb oisb
shorb kufigîis ehkphrtikbgtijs,
40, 933-3>, 9>6, 94>, 944< pbrjnhs b
prbeiuîòbs, 93?-4:<
fbsehgtigfh bkhîåh, 9>6-40, 944<
fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs,
iabrti piri, 906< thrgigfh-h kijs
bxpaëejth, 93?-35< fb
kigjpuaifhrbs, 90:<Sbmi
90:<Sbmi tikoêk 
Pbrjnh fb qubori< Htbah
brrh
rbaiejhgikbgth pissifh ehk h suspbjth,
9::
tbstb fb phaënrich, Sbmh 
phaënrich
b prjviejfifb pbsshia, ?49-4?
prbehgebjths b ehgsejígeji,
9>9, 9>5->6, 944, ?:9, ?:?
pugjîåh phr kbgtjr pjhr fh qub
phr erjkb, 30 qubstòbs shorb,
b eipiejfifb fb fbtbetir,
?:?-:5
rbputiîåh, 6:-26, 36, ?:?< Sbmi
tikoêk kbfh fb sbr ipigdifh
bk mhnh, jkphrtïgeji fb, 9>?, ?>6
Sbmi tikoêk brrhs fb ierbfjtir bk uki kbgtjri<
fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb
brrhs< fbtbethr fb kbgtjris
vëtjki / iavh,Sbmh
iavh,Sbmh phaënrich (kbgtjri
fbtbethr)
Ajgehag, Ioridik, ?:
aéojhs (pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs), 55

Ëgfjeb  539
rijvi, ?3 K., 953< jaaus. 95>  shrrjsh kjsbrévba, 925-22, 924<
fbsprbzh, 966, 925 pês, 930 kbfh,
963,929< shrrjsh, 929<jaaus.
929<jaaus. 92?  brrhs fb jgtbrprbtiîåh, Sbmh
ehkh kigjpuaifhrbs, 990, 9?>
bxejtiîåh sbxuia, ?3K.
Sbmi tikoêk shrrj
eishs fb ikhr, kbgtjris shorb, 9>5
bgnigh obgjngh, >6->2
Sbmi tikoêk kirjfh b
kuadbr Ahvbtt, _hobrt, ?3>
Ayllbg, Fivjf V .= b
tbstb fb phaënrich, 942, 943,
9:0-:9, 9:2g.-9:3g., 9:4g.,
?00-?09, ?0>, ?92g., ?9>, ?9:,
??0, ??4
KeFhgiaf's, 9:5
kigjpuaifhrbs (khvjkbgth ehrphria)=
ehkh pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs, 90:-95,
9?9, 9?>, 9>:, ?43, ?44
Eisb ehkjnh ( Rpfjlb),
Rpfjlb), 5?-55, 5>-69
pissjk, 65-66, 63-6>, 935-36,
943-4>, ?54, ?62-6: pissjk  ^itbrnitb, 50, 66, :2, :3, :>-:4
Kirx, Dirph, 922
Kiry (piejbgtb psjqujétrjei),
psjqujétrjei),
bgtrbvjsti ehk, 93-9>, 9:,
?0-?9, ?>, 59, 5>, 5:-60, 26,
36-32, 9?:, 950, 93:, ?6?-6:
pissjk 
Kbif, Kirnirbt, 969
ciadi fb kbkõrji= ehkh fbseuapi, ?:,
50-59
kêthfh fb ituiîåh, Sbmh Utigjsaivslj
têegjei fb ituiîåh
kjerh bxprbssòbs, Sbmh ciejia
bxprbssòbs, kjerh
bxprbssòbs
fbebpîåh kjajtir, 2>-24, ?64,
?>?->5, ?49< Sbmi tikoêk
Djtabr, Ifhac< jgtbajnígeji b
sbnurigîi
jaaus. 926 
 
brrhs fb ierbfjtir bk uki
kbgtjri< fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb
brrhs
Khdikkbf ba-Nikisy, 56
H shrrjsh fb Khgi Ajsi, 922-23
Kuaaigby, _hss, 94?, 50? ¼.
Kusshajgj, Obgjth, ?>, 954
fjcbrbgîis giejhgijs, ?3?, ?>6, ?:9
Gitjhgia Ubeurjty Inbgey (GUI)=
tbstb fh phaënrich, 9:6, 9:3,
??2-?4, ?50-5?, ?55
kbgtjrhshs giturijs, 9:, 23-24, 4>, 95?,
95>,?:?<
?:9, 932,Sbmi
?25, ?>9, ?>:-40,
tikoêk Djtabr,
Ifhac 
gbnhejifhrbs, 94, 2>, >0
Gjxhg, _jedirf, ?2, ?3, 24, >?,
9?9
bgcbrkbjris, bstufigtb= bxpbrjkbgth bk
heuatigfh sbgtjkbgths, 26-23,
2>, 2:, 34, >9, 42-4>, :5-:6,
900-909, 906, 904, 99?, 9?3,
959, 920, 92:-30, ?52
Bserjtõrjh fb Iviajiîåh fb Vbeghahnji
(HVI)= tbstb fb phaënrich,
rbaitõrjh, 943, 9:2-:>, ?0:,
?92g., ?9>-94, ?9:, ??3-?>,
??>-?4, ?5?
H'Uuaajvig, Kiurbbg, 4>K.
Htbah ( Udilbspbirb),
Udilbspbirb), 9>0->9, 940
Htdbaah brrh, 9>0->5
fbcjgjîåh, :6, 95?, 9>0->9, ?25
fbsajzbs bkoabkétjehs, 905-6, 90:
jaustrifhrbs, 90:
kigjpuaifhrbs, 995

53?  Ëgfjeb
Htdbaah brrhr (ehgtëguh) 
(ehgtëguh)  9:0-:9, 9:?, ?04-?3 pissjk<
kjerh hu sjabgejifh
bxprbssòbs, 95?
tbstb fb phaënrich, 9::, ?05,
?02 ciejijs ehgcjévbjs, 953
kýseuahs
Sbmi tikoêk fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb
brrhs
pij b cjadh, sjtuik-sb bgtrb,
?5, 20-29, 2?, 25, 23, 30, 39,
>0, 93?, 9>5, ?5>, ?>>, ?45< Sbmi
tikoêkH
tikoêk H kbgjgh ^jgsahw  pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs usifis bk
piejbgtb, Sbmh kêfjeh b piejbgtb,
bgehgtri-sb bgtrb
Pdbaig, Mikbs, 62, ?2?
Pjgõqujh ( Ehaahfj),
Ehaahfj), 40
painjifhrbs, 64, 6:
pöqubr, 52, 2:, 3:, >0, >4
"ciasb tbaa", 932-33
eiri fb pöqubr, 56-52
"ciai" fb hphgbgtbs, 93>
phajejijs, 9>5
jgtbrrhnitõrjh, 94, ?0, ??, 9>3,
?29< pbah phaënrich, ??, 9:0,
9:9, ?50< Bstritênji fh
Eiviah fb Vrõji, 94?
bgtrbvjsti, ?29
eigfjfiths i bkprbnh piri i phaëeji
phsjîòbs tbstifis bk
phaënrich, 9:0, ??5-?2
b suspbjth, ?4, 50
Sbmi tikoêk erjkjghshs< phaëtjehs fh
sjstbki murëfjeh, 9:
kbgtjris mustjcjeifis, ?2, ?3, 3>-34, >?
Sbmi tikoêk Gjxhg, _jedirf<
fjpahkitis b bstifjstis phaënrich
(fbtbethr fb kbgtjris), 29-2?,
94:-?5:
prbejsåh (bstufhs b
iviajiîåh), 2?, 932, 94:,
 
 
bstufhs igiaõnjehs / fb eikph / dëorjfhs,
?04-93 pissjk, ?9:, ??>< brrhs fb ierbfjtir
bk uki kbgtjri, 9:?,
?0>, ?0:,
??>, ??4< ?92, ?94,
vbrfifb ??6, ??3,
cugfikbgtia, 9:?,
?04, ?0:, ?90, ?95, ?9:< Sbmi
tikoêk pbsshi jghebgtb b
fbserbgtb fi vbrfifb
brrhs ioijxh fb 
tixi oésjei fb kbgtjr, 9:?, ??9,
???, ??:< jaaus. ?50, ?59
ifjîåh, ?56-5:, ?26
ehgtrikbfjfis, ?9>, ??>, ??4,
?5>
ehkh fjssuishr fb kbgtjr, 9:?,
?55-56
ehkh hs nrécjehs såh phgtuifhs, 9:?, 9:>
ehkh cugejhgi (kufigîis bk
sjstbki gbrvhsh iutõghkh),
996, 9>:, 9:>-::< gåh ehgsbnub
jfbgtjcjeir bkhîòbs bspbeëcjeis,
99:, 9:4, ?53
pbsshi jghebgtb, b
fbserbgfh fi vbrfifb
brrhs, 2?, 9>:-40, 943,
9:?, 9::, ?09-3 pissjk, ?0:,
?90, ?9?, ?92, ?93g., ??0, ??9,
???, ??6, ??2, ??3, ?25
abniajfifb fb, 9:5-:6, ?5?, ?5>
rbaitõrjh HVI, 943, 9:2-:>, ?0:,
?92K., ?9>-94, ?9:, ??3-?>,
??>-?4, ?5?
Brrh fb Htbah, 9::, ?05, ?02
psjehpitis qubstjhgifhs, ?04,
?9>
prhebfjkbgths fb qubstjhgikbgth, 9:>,
9::< Vbstb fi Pbrnugti fb
Ehgtrhab, 9::-?02, ?0>-4, ?90-99,
?96-94pissjk<
?96-94pissjk< Euapifh

Ëgfjeb  535
Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth, 942-4>,
94:, ?00, ?02-4, ?92, ?93,
?9>, ?94
pbrnugtis, diojajfifb bk prhmbtir,
9:>,fb
?56rbeusir h tbstb, ?95, ??0
fjrbjth
usb piri, 9:0, 9:?, ?94-56< Sbmh  ? Q ?g., ?9>, ?9:, ??0,
to gbnõejhs b
bkprbnh < jgtbajnígeji b
sbnurigîi< phaëeji
hpbrifhr fb phaënrich, ??, 2?-25,
9:?, ?9:, ?56, ?29
b têegjei fb ousei,
29-2?, ?00, ?09, ?0?, ?05 **.,
?02
diojajfifb bk chrkuair pbrnugtis,
9:>, ?56
edhvbgfh gh rbehgdbejkbgth
pjstis ehkphrtikbgtijs, ?26
Phwbaa, Mhfy, ?2g.
pifrb= ehgcjssåh heuati, 3:
Psjehpiti ( cjakb),
cjakb), 993 psjehpiti,
2>, 24, 3>, 4>, 95>,
?29, ?25, ?:?
b tbstb fb phaënrich, ?04, ?9>
pugjîåh, 30-3?, ?63, ?6>, ?4:,
?:0
igjstji hcbrbejfi, 20, 25, 33, ?4:
kbfh fb sbr pbnh, 30-3?, 36,
?99-9?, ?4:, ?:0
sbgtjkbgth fb euapi, 3?, 32, ?29
Sbmi tikoêk bstieis, jkphrtïgeji fb
têegjeis fb ousei, 30-3?
igjstji hcbrbejfi, 20, 25, 33, ?4:
kbgtjgfh piri bxtrijr uki ehgcjssåh,
33
phaënrich, 9:>, 9::< Ih ehgtrhab
Vbstb fb Yubst, 9::-?02, ?0>-4,
?90-99, ?96-94 pissjk<  96?
Vbstb fb Ehgdbejkbgth fi Nujigi,
 
942-4>, 94:, ?00, ?02-4, ?92,
?93, ?9>, ?94, ?25, ?:9
_i pbab, Fivjf E= gh tbstb fh
phaënrich,
?00, ?09 «.,9:2g.-9:3g.,
?03->, ?0:, 9:4 ¼.,
?90-99,
???, ?52, ?53
_i ttjnig, Vbrbgeb, vbmi H
kbgjgh ^jgsahw 
brrhs fb abjturi, 44
ivbrkbadir, Sbmh 
ruohr / ivbrkbadifh
iaëvjh= fb ehgcbssir i euapi, 3?,
32, 33
bk fupjgn, >3
fi prbssåh b fh jghebgtb
ehgcjssåh, 25
shrrjsh, 929< jaaus. 92? 
aénrjkis, 96?
_bssabr, _hobrt, 2>g.
_uab, Igg, 2> ¼.
_usl, Fbig, ?32 b g., ?>0 _utd
(pbrshginbk),), vbr Eisb ehkjnh 
(pbrshginbk
Uielbjk, Dirhaf, 966-62, 963
Uifit, Igwir, 56, 954-5:
trjstbzi, ?4>, ?44
bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?6, 9?2, 9?:,
956, ?43, ?4>< jaaus. 950, 952 
jaustrifhrbs, 90>
shrrjsh, 922
aénrjkis, 96?, ?43, ?4>
kufigîis fb vhz b ciai, :5,
9??, ?43, ?4>
Uicjrb, ^jaajik, 954
vbgfbfhrbs b eajbgtbs, kbgtjris
bgtrb, ?5, 2>, 2:, 3? siajviîåh
(pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 9??,
Uixb, Abhgirf, 9:2g.-9:3g.
 

536  Ëgfjeb 
Uedabsjgnbr, Irtdur, ?36 fb kbfh, 929, 926, 922< jaaus. 92? 
Uedhpbgdiubr, Irtdur, 94? cbatrh, 963, 929, 925, 922, 92>-24<
iuth-jausåh, ?>, 960, ?:9 jaaus. 92? 
Ubkbghr, Saifjkjr, ?32 piqubri, 922-23
sbxh= bxejtiîåh b aéojhs nrhsshs, rbsphsti fh huvjgtb, 92>
?3 ¼. kjsbrévba, 925-22, 924< jaaus.
kbgtjris shorb, ?5 926 
Sbmi tikoêk kirjfh b kuadbr quiajcjeifhr, 923
Udilbspbirb, ^jaajik= Htdbaah, fb iaëvjh, 929< jaaus. 92? 
9>0->9, 940 rbaiîòbs shejijs, 59, ?49
Uhgbth 954, >6->2 bsqujvi fb jgcbrígeji jgehrrbti, 5:
vbrnhgdi= kufigîis IGU, 996-92
kjths prbsbrvifhs, ?5
ruohr / ivbrkbadikbgth, 965, ?43,
prjviejfifb pbsshia, ?49-4?
?4> btjqubti fb bfueiîåh, 52-53, >6,
b euapi phr kbgtjr, 2>, ?45
32-3>, >0, ?:? shrrjshs, 923-24
Sbmi tikoêk dukjadiîåh Uhrbgshg,
bgehadbr fb hkorhs, 909, 90?, 9?> ?34 Vdbhfhrb, ?36, ?33,
Ujrjei, Mhdg M., 66, :2, :3, :> Ciai, Sbmh piaivris b bspjòbs fb
aipshs fb aëgnui, 60, 65, 63, ciai, 94, ?9, 2>, 3?, 3>, 34, >2,
9?9-??, 934, 93:, 9>:, 940 ¼., 936, 949
?43, ?4> tbstb fb phaënrich, 9:6, ?9>,
shrrj, 53, 9?>, 96:-30 ??2-?4
fb rijvi, 926, 922 issjkêtrjeh, Sbmi tikoêk jgtbajnígeji b
963, 923, 92>, sbnurigîi
924 bxprbssòbs sucheifis, Sbmh ciejia
b figh ebrboria, 9?6 Edipajg bxprbssòbs sucheifis
skjab, 923< jaaus. 923  iphstis, jkphrtïgeji fb, 2:-36
fb ehgchrkjfifb, 923-2> pissjk, >9, 9>?, ?60, ?>6, ?>>,
fb fbsieith, 929, 925, 922, ?53< ?4:
jaaus. 92?  Utiajg, Mhsbpd, 936, ?23, ?>6->2
fb ehgtbgtikbgth, 929< jaaus. 92?  têegjei fb ituiîåh fb Utigjsaivslj,
ehhrfbgiîåh, 92> 99>-94, 960, 932, ?:9
ikhrtbejfh, 925, 926< jaaus. 926  bstifjstis, Sbmh fjpahkitis b
fb ignýstji, 926 bstifjstis
fb ehgstrignjkbgth, 923 Utbvbgshg, Ifaij, ?3>
inrifévba, kjsturifh ehk bstrbssb= fbtbetifh gi vhz phr
rijvi / fbsprbzh / bxejtiîåh / kéqujgis, :4
kbfh / trjstbzi / surprbsi, 922 jaustrifhrbs, 903
ciash, 52-53, 955, 953, 963, 96:, brrhs fb ciai, 906
920, 924-30< jaaus. 92:  surprbsi, ?4>
 

Ëgfjeb  532 
bxprbssåh ciejia, 9?2, 956, 953, fbsprbzh phr, 6:, >3 fbajobrifikbgtb
964< jaaus. 952  bgnigifh, ?3, ?>, ?4,
shrrjsh, 922 69
bgnhajr (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 65, fbsbmh fb sbr bgnigifh, 9:, ?0, ?5,

996-92, 9?9, 9??, ?43 suhr (pjsti

ehkphrtikbgtia), 29, ?>fb bgnigir, 36, >4, >: fbseuapis
fjcëeja
996-92, 99:, 9?9, 96?-65, 9:>, piri fjssjpir is suspbjtis phfbk
?43, ?44 iabrtir uk prbvjikbgtb
Uwbbtsbr, Bvb, ?: ¼., ?>?¼ .- ?>5 «. bgnigifh, 949
nigdhs b pbrfis, ?0-?9, 949-4?
iavh, vbr vjet jk / tirnbt Viyahr, erbfuajfifb, >?, >3, 9>?
Vbachrf, ?2:g., ?30 prhcbsshrbs b dukjadifh phr fbskiseirir
iaughs, kbgtjris kbgtjris, ?0, ?5
bgtrb, 23 b h kbfh fh kbgtjrhsh fb sbr pbnh,
aénrjkis / aierjkbmikbgth (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 6:-20
96?, 965, 930, ?43, ?4> b i euapi fh kbgtjrhsh, >0, >9, >2->3, 94? phfb

fbgtbs ebrrifhs, 55 ieiakir h kbgtjrhsh, 949

tbrrhr, bxprbssåh fb, 956< jaaus. b "kj r rhr paiy", ?63, ?64
952  pbsshiakbgtb cikjajirjzifh ehk
tbrrhrjskh, 94, 3?, 3> Vdhkpshg, kbgtjrhsh, ?:0

Aabwba ayg, ?32 b prbvjikbgtb bgnigifh pbah kbgtjrhsh,

«., ?>0 ?:0, ?:?
tjrifis, :0, 9?9-??, 934, 93:, prhtbîåh fb, >?
940g., ?54, ?43, ?4> b h rjseh fb sbr pbnh,
Vhwgsbgf, Mhb, ?20 trijîåh, 3? 3?-35, 36
suspbjth, 36, 949-42 pissjk 
Bstritênji fh Eiviah fb Vrõji, 94? t cbrrunbk, >0, 94?-45, ?:0 viahrbs
pbsshi vbrfifbjri, Sbmh jghebgtb ehkpirtjadifhs ehk h kbgtjrhsh, ?9?,

pbsshi ?64, ?:0

i vbrfifb fjssb ciasikbgtb ehgchrkb fjsphsth, >?->2, ?64-6:, ?>6,
(bxinbrh / zhkoirji / vbrfifb ?:0
pirejia), 5>-54, 69-6? Sbmi tikoêk ipigdifhr fb kbgtjris

vhz, :?-:4
Rpfjlb, Mhdg, vbmi Eisb ehkjnh  _jseh fb qubori, :9, :6, :3, :>
eifígeji, :5, 9??, ?43, ?4>
vjet jk / tirnbt= igögjkh, >9, ehgstrjîåh, 63
?:0 bkhîåh, iusígeji fb, bkhîåh b
iufjígeji ih bgnigh, ?:9 fi kufigîis :2-:4, 60, 64,
heuatiîåh kbgtbk kijs 40, 4?, 45, 46, 42, :?-:6, 9??
jgfjngifh fh qub phr ciasjcjeiîåh fi bkhîåh, 64,

ciasjcjeiîåh, ?: «. 9?0-?9

533  Ëgfjeb
vhz (ehgtëguh) 
(ehgtëguh)  ehgvhauîåh, :9, :6, 9?? b
kbfh fb sbr pbnh, :?, :5 kbghs
jgchrkitjvh fh qub piaivris,
45, 46
b kbgtjr shorb sbgtjkbgths, 64
kéqujgis qub fbtbetik bstrbssb,
:4 pjted, 65, :5-:2, 9??, ?43, ?4>
iuthkhgjthrifh, 46-42
thk, 60, 65, 49-4?
Sbmi tikoêk piaivris b fjseursh
^itbrnitb, 50, 66, :2-:3, :>-:4
^bbks, Kishg Ahelb= I vjfi  piusis, 65, 63, :?, 9??, ?43, ?4>
b Iîòbs Kbkhrévbjs fb
Nbhrnb^isdjgnthg, 30-39
^bjgobrn, Kba, 3>
^bjzkig, Bzbr, 55-56,
^diaby, Oirthg, ?2> 95:
bsphsi, Sbmh kirjfh b kuadbr kbgtjris
bgtrb
^jaairf, _jedirf L., 9:6, ??4,
?55
wjgl (pjsti ehkphrtikbgtia), 9?>, 966
H kbgjgh ^jgsahw ( _ittjnig),
_ittjnig), 20,
2?, 30, 36, 33, 9>2, 9>>->4,
9>:, 940
^hdastbttbr, _hobrti, ?0, >2
piaivris b fjseursh, >:, 42, 4>-:?,
9??,sjgijs
ehkh 9?>,fb
?43, ?4>
ehgvbrsiîåh, 953
 
bxprbssòbs ciejijs, 966,
96:, 930
ehkh i bkhîåh ê rbnjstrifi bk
fjseursh, 40
jgfjrbti hu bvisjvi, :9,
:6, 9??, ?43, ?4>
b fjcbrbgîis fb jfjhki,
?39-3?, ?>6, ?:9
brrhs fb aheiajziîåh, ?44
gåh piaivris, :?
piaivris pirejijs, :?
brrhs fb abjturi, 44
rbpbtjîòbs, :?
iuth-khgjthrifh b ehgtrhaifh,
49-42 fi
fbsajzbs pissjk 
aëgnui, 60, 65, 63,
9?9-??, 934, 93:, 9>:, 940 ¼.,
?43, ?4>
tjrifis, :0, 9?9-??, 934, 93:,
940 ¼., ?54, ?43, ?4> vhz
kbghs jgchrkitjvi fh qub
piaivris, 45, 46
brrhs fb bserjti, 44
Sbmi tikoêk rbspjrigfh< jaustrifhrbs<
vhz
bxprbssåh prbheupifi, 956< jaaus.
brrhs952 
fb bserjti, 44