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Study Designs Part For Student
Study Designs Part For Student
Study Designs
Individual
Group based
based
Cohort Case-Control
1 (prospective) (retrospective) 2
1
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3 4
2012 Forrest & Miller.
2
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3
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY
BEWARE!!!
of
Ecological Fallacy
7 8
4
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5
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Individual-based Studies
11 12
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7
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15 16
8
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17 18
9
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Exposure Exposure
Randomization? Study type Randomization? Study type
control? control?
N N Observational N N Observational
Y Y Experimental
19 20
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Y Y Experimental
Quasi-
Y N
experimental
21 22
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yes
no
Experimental
Study
Experimental Observational
Study Study
randomize allocation?
yes no
Randomized Non-
Controlled Randomized
Trial Controlled Trial
23 24
12
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13
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comparison group?
14
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15
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D+ present absent
Exposed
Disease D-
POPULATION free exposed
people D+ Exposure
Unexposed
D- Status not
33 exposed 34
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18
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exposed exposed
Exposure Exposure
Status not Status not
exposed exposed
Total Total n
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Total n
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non-participants
Intervention Control
Group Group
Lost-to-follow-up
44
Measure outcome Measure outcome
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Program Trial
Program Review (cont.)
• Evaluates a type of service provided to a
• Usually descriptive; no control group population, community, group of patients
• Assumes the program activities are beneficial • Concerned with the program’s “value” and
and evaluates whether activities are conducted generalizibility of program’s effectiveness to other
as planned populations
• Information on outcomes can be included under • Similar to a clinical trial of a new drug, findings
the assumption that changes are a result of the must be relevant not only to the participants of the
program trial
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