North South University

Department of Electrical & Computer

Engineering
LAB REPORT
Course Code: EEE 311, ETE 311 Lab
Course Title: Analog Electronics II Lab
Course Instructor: NaNr
Experiment Number:02
Experiment Name:
Study of basic comparator circuit using Op-Amp.

Experiment Date: 7-July-2021

Date of Submission: 16-July-2021
Section: 04
Group Number: 08
Submitted To: Abdullah Al Noman
Submitted By Score
Student Name and ID:
1. Diponkar Biswas Dipu & ID: 2021678643(W)
2. Sanjida Nahar & ID: 1911154643
3. Monjur Morshed & ID: 1921463045
Objectives:
1. We can know about the basics of Op-Amp.
2. We can know how to use an Op-amp as a comparator and how to use the comparator.
3. We can exprace the Op-amp voltage transfer characteristics curve from the output of
the Op-Amp.

List of Equipment:
Serial No. Component Details Specification Quantity
1 Op-Amp 741 1 piece
2 Resistor 10kΩ,5kΩ 2 piece,1 piece
3 LED Red 1 piece
4 Oscilloscope 1 Unit
5 DC Power Supply 3 Units
6 Function Generator 1 Unit
7 Digital Multimiter 2 Chennels 1 Unit
8 Bread Board 1 Unit

Theory:

A DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier having a differential input and a single-
ended output is known as an operational amplifier. The characteristic of an Op-amp are high
input impedance, very low output impedance, large bandwidth, zero offset voltage, infinite
input resistance(for that zero current flow to the Op-amp), Op-amp has very high open-loop
gain. Op-amp has a big advantage and that is its characteristic doesn’t vary on temperature.

Op-amp has generally 8 pins. Those

are Pin-1&5 are offset null voltage,
Pin-2 inverting input terminal
Pin -3 non-inverting input terminal
Pin-4 –Ve power supply terminal
Pin-7 +ve power supply terminal
Pin-6 Output terminal
Pin-8 is not connected to any internal circuit.

Comparator Unit Operation:

A comparator takes a linear input voltage and gives a digital signal because the comparator
uses open-loop gain for that a small input voltage gets a large gain which saturates the
applied power source For that we get a digital signal.

A comparator can be differential; Inverting zero-crossing/positive level/negative level

detector; non-inverting zero-crossing/positive level/negative level detector comparator. If we
apply V1 in the non-inverting terminal and V2 in inverting terminal and V1>V2; output will be
in phase of the input signal. Again V1<V2 output will be a 180° phase shift of input voltage.
When in comparator any one input terminal used as a reference voltage level those circuits
named as zero-crossing/positive level/negative level detector comparator.

Circuit Diagrams:

V1 12V

R1 1
10kΩ
U1

7
5

1
3
3
6 5
2
LED1
4

741
4

V3 2
R2 1V V2 12V
10kΩ

Circuit-1:
Open-loop comparator 1: Constant DC input at +ve input terminal and a constant DC reference voltage via
a voltage divider network at the –ve input terminal.

V1
12V

R1 1
10kΩ
U1
7
5

3
3

6 5
2
LED1

4
741
4

V3 2
R2 1V V2
10kΩ 12V

Circuit-2:
Open-loop comparator 2: Constant DC input at -ve input terminal and a constant DC reference voltage via a
voltage divider network at the +ve input terminal.
 V1
15V

U1

7
5

1
3 3

2
V3
1Vpk 1kHz 0°
741

4
2
V2
15V

Circuit-3:
Open-loop non-inverting comparator as zero-crossing detector :
AC input at +ve input terminal and a conostant DC 0V
reference voltage(ground)at the –ve input terminal.

V1
10V

1 XMM1

3
5
4

OPAMP_5T_VIRTUAL U1
2
V3 V4
15uV -15uV
V2
10V

Circuit-4
 V1
10V

1 XMM1

3
5

OPAMP_5T_VIRTUAL U1
2
V3
2V
V2
10V

Circuit-5

Data:

Circuit 1:

 Connecting the circuit shown in circuit 1.

 Setting the biasing voltage VCC = 12 V at pin 7 and VEE = -12 V at pin 4.
 Setting input DC voltage to 0 V. Checks the response of LED (on/off).
 Now increasing the input voltage until the state of LED changes. Taking readings

Vref V1 State of LED

0V Off
1V Off
2V Off
3V Off
6V 4V Off
5V Off
6V On
7V On
8V On
Circuit 2:

 Connecting the circuit shown in circuit 2.

 Setting the biasing voltage VCC = 12 V at pin 7 and VEE = -12 V at pin 4.
 Setting input DC voltage to 0 V. Checks the response of LED (on/off).
 Now increasing the input voltage until the state of LED changes. Taking readings.

Vref V1 State of LED

0V On
1V On
2V On
3V On
6V 4V On
5V On
6V On
7V Off
8V Off

#Changing the value of R2 to 5kΩ and repeating previous steps:

Vref V1 State of LED

0V On
1V On
2V On
3V On
4V 4V On
5V Off
6V Off
7V Off
8V Off
Circuit 3:
 Making the connection as shown in circuit 3.
 Applying a sine wave with a peak-to-peak voltage = 2 V and frequency = 1 kHz to
the input.
 Observing the input and output wave shapes through an oscilloscope.
 Taking reading of its amplitude. Vin(p-p) = 1.998V, Vout(p-p) = 28.236V

XSC1

V1 Ext Trig
15V +
_

A B
++ __

U1 5
7
5

3 1 0
6
3
2
V3
1Vpk 1kHz 0°
741
4

2
V2
15V

Graph:

.
Circuit 4:
 Constructing the circuit in MULTISIM.
 Setting input offset voltage (VOS) to 0 V and input offset current (IOS) to 0 A.
 Setting to open-loop gain (A) to 1 M V/V
 Setting V3 and V4 and complete the following table

V1
10V

1 XMM1

3
5
4

OPAMP_5T_VIRTUAL U1
2
V3 V4
15uV -15uV
V2
10V

V3 V4 Vd Vo Liner/
Saturation
-15μV -10 μV -5 μV -5V Liner
+15 μV -10 μV 25 μV 10V Saturation
1.000000V 1.000001V -1 μV -10V Saturation
+6mV +2mV 4mV 10V Saturation
0 +1mV -1mV -10V Saturation

Circuit 5:

 Constructing the circuit in MULTISIM.

 Setting input offset voltage (VOS) to 0 V and input offset current (IOS) to 0 A.
 Setting to open-loop gain (A) to 100,000 V/V
 Using parameter sweep (or DC sweep) for V3
 Starting from -1 mV and stop at 1 mV. For better accuracy, take at least 1000
data points.
 Using the output plot, determine the open-loop gain.
 V1
10V

1 XMM1

3
5

OPAMP_5T_VIRTUAL U1
2
V3
2V
V2
10V

Open-loop gain is AOL=99.9988k≈100k

Graphical Analysis:

There are two graphs in this lab. For Circuit-3, we have applied a 1V peak sinusoidal wave in
the non-inverting terminal and inverting terminal is grounded. We know Op-amp has a large
Open-loop gain around 105-106 . And the power source applied 15V, So the output is
saturated because the saturation level is positive 15V to negative 15V. Below the marking
part is the saturated portion.

In circuit 5, we try to determine the open-loop gain of the Op-amp. For that, we applied 2V
dc voltage in the non-inverting terminal, and inverting terminal is grounded. We use a
multimeter in output to see the output voltage. We use parameter sweep to find the transfer
characteristics curve. In the Graph, the red marked box is the linear region and the yellow
marked box is the output saturation region. From the liner region, the slope of the line is the
Open-loop gain of the Op-amp.
Question:
1) What is Comparator? What are the applications of comparators?
Ans: A comparator is an electronic component that compares two input voltages.
Comparators are closely related to operational amplifiers.

The applications of comparators are given below:

1. It's used in humidity systems of soil based on a wireless sensor network using
Arduino.
2. Used as heart-beat sensor circuit.
3. Smoke alarm circuit
2) How can we change the reference voltage of a comparator?
Ans: We can change the reference voltage of a comparator by using,

(a) Resistive voltage divider

(b) Zenor diode

 3) How can a comparator be used as a zero-crossing detector?
Ans: comparator be used as a zero-crossing detector:-

a zero-cross detector is a voltage comparator that changes the o/p +Vsat or -Vsat when the i/p
crosses zero reference voltage.

In other words, the comparator is a basic operational amplifier used to compare two voltages
in the same way we can say a zero-crossing detector (ZCD) is a comparator.

4) What is a window comparator? How many op-amps do you need for a window
comparator? How many reference voltages are present in a window comparator?
Ans: Window comparator:- Window comparators are a type of voltage comparator circuit
that uses two op-amp comparators to produce a two-state output that indicates whether or not
the i/p voltage is within a particular range or window of values by using two reference
voltages.

(i) Upper reference voltage

(ii) Lower reference voltage
As shown in the above 2 op-amps need for window comparator.

And also as shown in the above waveform there are two reference voltages present in the
window comparator.

(i) Vref (upper)

(ii) Vref (lower)

Discussion:
From this lab, we have learned about the op-amp and its application as a comparator. We
have learned the application of inverting, non-inverting methods. Using the voltage divider
rule, we find the reference voltage of a comparator, how the graph behaves in output. We
also learned about how to find out the output graph using a 2 channel oscilloscope; by using
parameter sweeping we found the open-loop gain of an Op-amp.

In-circuit-1 & 2, when we are collecting data from the circuit we have faced a problem. That
is when we apply the same voltage in inverting and non-inverting terminals, theoretically, the
output will be zero, but in multisim, we got an output because of imperfect Common Mode
Rejection Ratio(CMRR).

We try to determine Op-amp output voltages and Open-loop gain in circuits 3 & 5. In theory,
we have a round figure number, however, we have almost a fraction due to an internal
voltage decrease or so.

In this lab, we should be aware of the right connection. If we connect the power supply in the
wrong direction, the Op-amp will be damaged. We also need to place the ground in the right
position. If not, we will find a wrong value that is different from the theoretical value.