ANIMAL BLUEPRINTS

BACKGROUND

Focus on the big things that animals have in common

 KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• What are the common features of all Kingdom Animalia?

• They are metazoan
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic eukaryotes
• Collagen provides structural support
• At least part of all animal’s life cycle is motile

WE ARE ANIMALA
SYMMETRY AND GERM LAYERS
BODY PLANS

• Types of body cavities

• Acoelomate: lacks coelom (e.g.,
flatworm)
• Pseudocoelomate: coelom not
completely lined with mesoderm (e.g.
roundworm)
• Coelomate: true coelom lined with
mesoderm (e.g. earthworm)
 BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL ANIMALS

Parazoa Eumetazoa
Radiata Bilateria
Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates

Choanoflagellates

Platyhelminthes
Protostomia Deuterostomia

Echinodermata

Hemichordata
Onychophora
Ctenophora

Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Nematoda
Nemertea

Chordata
Mollusca
Annelida
Cnidaria
Porifera

Rotifera
• Two major evolutionary branches

• Protostomia

• Deuterostomia
Segmentation
Segmentation

Deuterostome
development
Pseudo-
coelom
True coelom

Radial
symmetr
y
Protostome development
Three tissue layers (mesoderm)
Bilateral symmetry
Tissues (ectoderm and endoderm)
Multicellularity
Choanoflagellate
ancestor
 MAJOR GROUPS OF TODAY’S LAB

Phylum Porifera
• are “loose federations of cells” that act in
cooperation
• lack true tissue: no muscles or nervous system
• Contain Choanocytes: flagellated cells with food-
trapping, funnel-shaped collars
• Three main designs of increasing complexity:
• Asconids
• Syconids
• Leuconids
 MAJOR GROUPS OF TODAY’S LAB

Phylum Cnidaria
• radial symmetry
• nervous system in the form of a nerve net
• alternation of generations: two body forms in most
groups
• Cnidarians possess tentacles with cnidocytes:
prey-capture organs containing stinging cells
(nematocysts)

nematocyst
coiled
tentacle
thread

trigger

discharge
of thread

prey
cnidocyte
 MAJOR GROUPS OF TODAY’S LAB

Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Some General Traits
• ≈ 20,000 species: marine, freshwater, moist
habitats
• Cephalization, gastrovascular cavity, ganglia
 MAJOR GROUPS OF TODAY’S LAB

Phylum Annelida
• Some General Traits
• ≈ 20,000 species: marine, freshwater, moist
habitats
• Cephalization, gastrovascular cavity, ganglia
 MAJOR GROUPS OF TODAY’S LAB

Phylum Nematoda

• Unsegmented body, no distinct head

• Complete digestive tract
• Fluid in pseudocoelom = hydrostatic skeleton &
simple circulatory system
• Internal fertilization; female may lay 100k fertilized
eggs/day
• Many species free-living in soil as decomposers
• Humans host at least 50 species
LAB LAB
 SYMMETRY

• What are the three types of symmetry? Give some examples of each?
Asymmetric Radial Symmetry
Bilateral
 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Zygote 2 Cell stage 4 Cell stage Blastula Early Gastrula Gastrula

Blastocoel Blastopore
This becomes either
the anus or the
mouth
 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Late Gastrula
PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Sponges are identified by there spicules

• Sponges are extremely important for the
environment. Without them there would not be
coral reefs.

Incoming Pore= Pore=Ostia

 PHYLUM PORIFERA

• Don’t forget to look at Grantia

PHYLUM PORIFERA
 PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Oral Aboral

Aboral Oral
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

• Begin our bilaterian symmetrical animals.

• First degree of cephalization
• Acoelomate
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
 THE WORM BODY PLAN

PHYLUM ANNELIDA PHYLUM NEMATODA

Body cavity filled with fluid Body cavity filled with fluid
Lined with muscle Lined with muscle
Coelommates Pseudocolomates
Mostly free living Parasitic and free-living
PHYLUM NEMATODA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
DISSECTION
 PHYLUM ANNELIDA

• Coelomates
• Segmented
• Can be used to narrow down species
PHYLUM NEMATODA