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Experiment of Potassium Fertilizer under Iron Toxicity Stress of Ex-situ

Conditions and Its Effect to Fe Content in the Grain

Article  in  Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan · August 2020

DOI: 10.21082/jpptp.v4n2.2020.p1-8

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Experiment
Penelitian Pertanian
of Potassium
Tanaman
Fertilizer
Pangan
Under Iron Toxicity Stress .... (Unoki et al.)
Vol. 4 No. 1 Agustus 2020: 1-8 DOI: http//dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v4n2.2020.p1-8

Experiment of Potassium Fertilizer under Iron Toxicity Stress of Ex-situ

Conditions and Its Effect to Fe Content in the Grain

Pemupukan Kalium pada Kondisi Keracunan Besi Secara Eksitu

dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kandungan Besi pada Biji Padi

Saeka Unoki1, Trias Sitaresmi2, Hirosi Ehara1, and Yudhistira Nugraha2

1
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences,
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
2
Indonesian Center for Rice Research
Jl. Raya 9 Sukamandi, Subang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
3
International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture,
Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Corresponding E-mail: yudhistira.nugraha@gmail.com

Naskah diterima 25 November 2019, direvisi 25 Mei 2020, disetujui diterbitkan 29 Mei 2020

ABSTRAK
Pada lahan sawah yang keracunan besi, hasil padi sangat rendah
bahkan tidak jarang gagal berproduksi. Keracunan besi umumnya
terjadi pada lahan sawah bukaan baru di daerah yang belum memiliki
infrastruktur memadai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian keracuanan besi
pada lokasi hot spot sulit dilakukan karena tempatnya terisolasi dan
tidak mudah diakses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui
respon beberapa genotipe padi terhadap keracunan besi pada
kondisi ex-situ di rumah kaca. Bahan tanaman menggunakan tiga
varietas padi yang memiliki toleransi berbeda dan ditanam pada pot
berisi media tanah sawah (Alluvial). Perlakuan yang diberikan berupa
kontrol dan stres keracunan besi menggunakan 3000 ppm FeSO4
yang dikombinasikan dengan tiga tingkat dosis pupuk kalium masing-
masing 0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, dan 100 kg/ha. Waktu terbaik dalam
penampakan gejala bronzing adalah pada saat tanaman berumur
32 hari setelah tanam (HST). Toleransi varietas IR64 meningkat
seiring dengan perlakuan K dengan dosis 100 kg/ha. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan kandungan besi dalam beras pecah kulit meningkat
seiring dengan meningkatnya kandungan Fe dalam tanah. Penelitian
juga membuktikan percobaan keracunan besi pada kondisi ex-situ
dengan perlakuan keracunan besi buatan memungkinkan untuk
dilakukan.
Kata kunci: toleransi, ferro, oksidasi, EDXRF
ABSTRACT
On the affected of iron toxicity of low-land rice, rice productivity is
considerably low, while in acute case farmers fail to harvest. Iron
toxicity can be found in new opened paddy field where there is no
appropriate of infrastructure. Conducting experiment on iron toxicity
of rice in “hot spot” area is quite difficult to manage because of
isolated and difficult to access. We studied responses of rice
genotypes to iron toxicity under different potassium level in ex-situ
of the greenhouse condition. Plant materials consisted of three
varieties different level of tolerance to iron toxicity, grown in the
pot containing paddy soil (alluvial). The treatments consisted of a
control and iron toxicity stress conditions using 3000 ppm of
manufactured FeSO4 combined with three level potassium, namely
0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha. The best time for appearance of
bronzing score was at 32 day after transplanting, where it could
differentiate among level of tolerance of tested rice varieties.
Cilamaya Muncul and Inpara 8 did not respond significantly to the
level of potassium under iron toxicity condition. The tolerance of
sensitive variety, IR64 was increased with the 100 kg/ha of
potassium treatment. This study also found that iron content in
brown rice of grain correlated with level of bronzing symptom. This
study has proofed that experiment on iron toxicity under ex-situ
condition, using treated soil for manipulating iron toxicity stress is
possible to be done.
Keywords: tolerance, ferrous, oxidation, EDXRF
INTRODUCTION
Iron toxicity is the most widely distributed nutritional
disorder in the tropical lowland rice production
(Dobermann and Fairhurst 2000), it can be found in the
old weathered soil or oxisols soil and high accumulated
iron in sulfate acidic soil at swamp-coastal area (Becker
and Asch 2005; Rumanti et al. 2018). Iron toxicity is caused
by excessive uptake of Fe 2+ from roots and its
translocation into leaves and plant bodies (Briat et al.
2007). Excess amounts of Fe2+ can generate more free
radicals and itself also can act as free radicals (Hendry
and Brocklebank 1985). These free radicals are
responsible for the damage due to the iron toxicity (Oliveira
et al. 2013). The visual symptom of iron toxicity is the
“bronzing” of leaves, that can affect the physiological
process as well as the grain yield of rice (Audebert and
Fofana 2009; Sahrawat 2004; Nugraha et al. 2016).

1

Overcoming the damage of rice production by iron
toxicity can be done spontaneously by using tolerant
variety as well as by culture practice. Some genotypes
were reported as tolerant to iron toxicity, which mostly
they are traditional variety (Sitaresmi et al. 2013), but
recent modern rice varieties also had been identified as
tolerant to iron toxicity stress (Nugraha and Rumanti
2017). Some studies also reported that fertilizer
application can mitigate iron toxicity effect (Benckiser
et al. 1984;Claassen et al. 2002). Potassium is known as
important nutrient for activates many enzymes that
involved in photosynthesis and respiration, starch and
protein synthesis, stomatal movement and stress
alleviation (Marschner 2012). Potassium also involved in
anion-cation balance, electrical regulation and pH
maintenance across biological membranes (Hopff et al.
2013). The application of potassium in iron stress field
was reported to reduce the iron toxicity symptom and
to produce better grain yield (Gao et al. 2014; Yamauchi
1989).
Conducting experiment in the targeted area is a
constraint, because most of the iron toxicity field can be
found in swampy area or newly opened paddy field
where most of them are difficult to access. Managing
the research with lack of research infrastructure and
human resource is a problem. Therefore, some scientist
use in-house experiment by hydroponics solution to
manipulate the iron stress condition as if in the field
condition. However, the hydroponic culture is also
limited by the duration of media culture which is needed
to be refreshed with new media and it is also very
vulnerable to the change of pH, oxidation, and
precipitation of iron (Suhartini and Makarim 2009).
Hydroponic method is suitable for initial screening to
identify robust rice tolerance to iron toxicity in seedling
stage (Nugraha et al. 2016). On the other hand,
information on identification of rice genotype at the
whole growth stages under ex-situ condition (green
house) is still limited. Some scientists use soil from iron
toxicity “hotspot” area and carry out to the experimental
research station or green house to conduct pot
experiment (Sikirou et al. 2016). However, this method
is also not effective because the cost of transferring soil
from iron toxicity area is costly and laborious. On the
Table 1. Plant material used for the pot experiment. Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.
Variety name DAS PH
(day)* (cm)
IR64 110 115
Cilamaya Muncul 125 105
Inpara 8 115 107
DAT= Day after sowing; PH= Plant high; GYP= Grain Yield Producitivity; RIT= Reaction to Iron Toxicity
2
Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Vol. 4 No. 2 Agustus 2020: 1-8
other hand, oxidations during soil transportation they
reduce the availability of ferrous ion. Here, we study
greenhouse experiment for iron toxicity experiment
using ex-situ soil as planting media and various
combination of different application potassium to know
the respond of growth of the selected rice genotypes.
We also studied the effect of iron toxicity condition on
iron content in rice grain to find out the mechanism of
tolerance among tested genotypes. High iron
concentration in the shoot without resulting any effect
to the plant growth is important for developing rice
genotypes with high iron content in the grain (Masuda
et al. 2012). Through our experiment, the ex-situ
experiment in the green house is possible to be done
and mechanism of iron transfer to the grain as an effect
of potassium fertilizer is revealed.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Potassium Fertilizer Experiment under Iron Stress
Using Pot in Green House
The experiment was done in green house of Sukamandi
Experimental Station at Indonesian Center for Rice
Research Sukamandi Subang from August 2019 to
January 2020. The plant materials based on previous
studies were used, namely, IR64, Inpara 8 and Cilamaya
Muncul varieties (Table 1). Seed of rice materials were
sowed on Sukamandi alluvial soil (Table 2) in the 10 L
plastic trays. In the same time, the media plastic pot sized
7 L was also prepared. One third of volume of the pot
was filled with paddy soil the same soil for sowing as the
first layer of media. The second layer was filled with 3000
ppm of FeSO4 (manufacturer) placed evenly just above
the first layer. The third layer was the paddy soil mixed
with 100 kg/ha urea and 5 t/ha fresh farmyard manure
(Figure 1).
The plant materials were transplanted using 19 days
old seedling. Top dressing was done with 75 kg/ha urea
two times (26 and 36 days after treatment). Each selected
genotype was given by different of the treatments. There
were four treatments based on potassium and iron
stress combination and the control. Control was 50 kg/
ha KCl based on soil test kit without iron stress, Fe + K0
GYP RIT Reference
(t/ha)
5.0 Sensitive Suprihatno et al. 2012, Nugraha et al. 2016
6.0 Tolerant Suprihatno et al. 2012, Nugraha et al. 2016
4.7 Moderate Rumanti et al. 2016, Nugraha et al. 2016
Experiment of Potassium Fertilizer Under Iron Toxicity Stress .... (Unoki et al.)
Tabel 2. Sukamandi soil characteristics for pot experiment.
Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.
Soil characteristics Quantification
Texture (%)
Sand 21
Dune 45
Loam 34
C (%) 0.56
N (%) 0.05
C/N 11
P2O5 (ppm) 45
Ca (cmol/kg) 7.22
Mg (cmol/kg) 1.62
K (cmol/kg) 0.13
Na(cmol/kg) 0.45
KTK 12.58
Source: Indonesian Center for Rice Research (unpublish)
was 3000 ppm of FeSO4 without KCl, Fe + K50 was 3000
ppm of FeSO4, and 50kg/ha of KCl, Fe + K100 was 3000
ppm of FeSO4.7H2O and 100 kg/ha of KCl, Hence there
were 12 combination of treatments replicated three
times, in a randomized block design.
Water was maintained to 5 cm during the whole
growth of rice plant to prevent ferrous oxidation.
Bronzing score was measured at 12, 32 and 40 day after
transplanting (DAT) using the SES developed by IRRI
(IRRI 2014). The score was measured at 50% of tiller
flowering. The tiller number was measured by number
of tiller per hill. The plant high was measured from base
stem to the tips of panicle. The yield attributes were
determined by harvested any bearing panicles and
drying them thoroughly under the sun, then oven-dried
at 70°C to constant weight for determining grain yield.
Fe Content Analysis
Fe content was measured in The Laboratory of Rice
Breeding Division at Indonesian Center for Rice Research
Sukamandi. The grain of each treatment was prepared
as much as 50 g with water content 14% and cleaned
using vacuum cleaner. The grains were dehulled using
dehuller rice machine (JLGJ 4.5 West-Tune) for obtaining
their head brown rice. The brown rice samples were
weighed to 3 g for Fe0, Zn0, Fe and Zn respectively for
each sample treatments. These samples then were
milled using rice milling machine (JGMJ8090 Pinyang
Tech) with milling duration of 80 second resulted of 100%
milled rice. The milled rice samples were analyzed for Fe
content using energy-dispersive X Ray Florescence
Spectrophotometry (EDXRF Oxford Instruments X-
Supreme 8000).
Water
Urea, SP36
→
Soil +Manure
FeSO
4 →
Figure 1. Composition of pot experiment for iron toxicity condition.
Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bronzing Symptom
During the early growth seedling rice plant developed
normally, because the plant root development could not
reach the ferrous layer posision at the middle of the pot.
It was indicated in Table 1 that the development of
bronzing symptom at 12 day after transplanting (DAT)
was unidentified. The best time for appearance of
bronzing score was at 32 DAT, where there was obvious
among varieties, where Cilamaya Muncul (scored 1 to
3) reacted less bronzing compared to Inpara 8 (scored
3 to 5), and IR 64 (7 to 9). Fertilizer application of K50 and
K100 also affected in reducing the development of
bronzing score in Inpara 8 and IR64, but it seemed
unaffected for the tolerant variety Cilamaya Muncul
(Figure 2). However, the bronzing scores of sensitive and
moderate varieties decreased to 1-3 level after 40 DAT.
This indicated that the level of iron stress was reduced
because of oxidation of ferrous iron following the time
or/and the tolerance level increased because of the age
of rice plant.
Agronomic Performance
Iron stress also affected the duration of rice plant,
became longer compared to control (Figure 3), except
for tolerant variety, Cilamaya Muncul. The longer
duration in sensitive and moderate varieties under iron
stress suggested that those varieties needed a time for
recovery after being exposed to iron toxicity in the earlier
growth. Interestingly in IR64 (sensitive), enhancing level
dosage of K had significant effect on reducing the
duration of flowering compared to the K0, indicating
that K fertilizer helped rice plant for fasten their
recovering. But, the effect of K to Inpara 8 was non-
significant in reducing of days to flowering.
3

Normal Fe+K100
Figure 2. Appearance of three varieties treated with different iron conditions under different
potassium application amounts. Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.
The iron stress enhanced production of the number
of tillers compared to the control in all varieties. It was
related to phenomenon of duration for recovering and
oxidation of iron in soil media. During early stress of
iron, the number of tillers was inhibited but when iron
stress was lesser following a time, it induced the
production of more tillers during their recovering period.
In IR64, enhancing the dosage of K100 seemed
significantly to increase the number of tillers compared
to that of K50.
Increasing the number of tillers in the iron stress
media was also related to the total number grains per
hill in Inpara 8 (1200 to 1500 number of grains), while in
Cilamaya Muncul the addition of K fertilizer combined
with high iron affected a significantly different of number
4
Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Vol. 4 No. 2 Agustus 2020: 1-8
Fe+K50 Fe+K0
of grain complied to that of control. In the sensitive variety,
IR64 it was found that 100 kg/ha of potassium was
comparable with the control (Table 3).
For grain yield, Inpara 8 had the highest grain yield in
iron toxicity treatment with or without K fertilizer. It seen
that this variety had mild suffer with iron stress on its
early growth, but could adapt well after less iron stress.
In sensitive rice varieties, IR64 iron toxicity stress inhibited
agronomic performance at the whole growth stages and
its yield. But, the application of K fertilizer with dosage of
100 kg K/ha to IR64 resulted in a comparable grain yield
with that in the control. This suggested that potassium
in this dosage could mitigate the toxicity of iron where
farmers cultivate sensitive varieties.
Experiment of Potassium Fertilizer Under Iron Toxicity Stress .... (Unoki et al.)

Vertical lines in the figure indicate S.E. (n=3).

Figure 3. Day to flowering, tiller number per hill, number of grains and grain yield per hill of plants treated with the iron toxicity stress under
different potassium applications. Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.

Table 3. Bronzing score of three rice varieties in pot iron stress Fe Content in the Grain
treatment. Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.
We used Fe content analysis in the grain to explain
Variety Treatment 12 DAT 32 DAT 40 DAT
........LBS (score)........
whether iron was accumulated in the body of rice plant.
With assumption that before entering the grain, iron
Cilamaya Muncul Control 0 0 0 should be translocated from rhizosphere by the root
Fe+K50 0 3 1 and should be allocated through xylem into the grain.
Fe+K50 1 3 1
Fe+K100 1 1 1
We found that Cilamaya Muncul and Inpara 8
accumulated less of the iron in their paddy, compared
Inpara 8 Control 0 0 0
Fe+K0 2 5 5 to sensitive variety, IR64 (Figure 4). IR64 accumulated
Fe+K50 0 5 3 two-fold of iron in paddy treated with FeK0 and FeK50
Fe+K100 2 3 3 compared to control. But interestingly the treatments of
IR 64 Control 0 0 0 FeK100 showed comparable data with the control. This
Fe+K0 1 9 7 means that application of K as much as 100 kg/ha could
Fe+K50 1 7 5
Fe+K100 1 7 5 prevent the root from leaking due to iron toxicity, or
within this dosage of K it could maintain root
DAT= day after transplanting, permeability to select ion movement from rhizosphere
1-3= tolerant, 5-7= moderate, 7-9= sensitive (Source: IRRI 1996) to the root. In the brown rice, the iron content in the
grain depleted significantly compared to that in paddy

5

in all treatments due to mostly the iron was accumulated
in aleurone, not in the endosperm. But, the iron content
in all iron treatment was still significantly higher
compared to that with the control treatment.
Table 4 showed that LBS score at 32 and 42 DAT
were correlated positively with iron content in brown
rice and paddy. This phenomenon explained that iron
had been transported to the grain but the pattern in the
translocation was more obvious in husk and in its
aleurone of rice grain rather than in the endosperm.
This result showed that it will difficult to develop rice
variety accumulate-iron in endosperm of rice grain.
Scientist use transgenic approach by over expressed
gene related to iron up take in root, iron loading in the
xylem, and iron-storing ability in the endosperm
(Connorton and Balk 2019; Sperotto et al. 2012). Hence,
these requirements can be undertaken by the includer-
type of high accumulation in plant tissue, like IR64 but
the tolerance to iron toxicity should be consider to be
fixed.
Experiment on iron toxicity mostly relied on a
“hotspot” area. However, this area is mostly found at
swampy or rainfed agroecological zone where
experiment is difficult to manage because in the remote
area and limited to do because it’s can only be done in
one season per year. Some researchers had used pot or
cement tanks filled with soils for evaluating iron toxicity
tolerance in rice (Abifarin 1989; Sikirou et al. 2018; Sikirou
et al. 2016). However, those all experiments were done
using soil taken from hotspot area which also
considered inffecient and costly where research site was
far a way from the research station. In the technical point
of view, based on our experience removing iron affected
soil into the the pot and transported to the green house
will make oxidation and changing the chemical reaction
Error bar is SE with n=3
Figure 4. Fe content in paddy and brown rice of three rice varieties
treated with the iron toxicity stress under different
potassium applications. Sukamandi, West Java, Indonesia.
6
Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Vol. 4 No. 2 Agustus 2020: 1-8
in the from ferrous (Fe2+) to Ferric (Fe3+) which resulted
in toxic condition for rice plant. Our study showed that
the best time for appearance of bronzing score was at
32 DAT, where it could differentiate tolerance, moderate,
and sensitive rice variety. But after 42 DAT the bronzing
scored were changed became more tolerant probably
due to oxidation of ferrous ion. Oxidation of iron is main
problem to be consider for doing experimental on iron
toxicity rice in the green house conditions (Elec et al.
2013; Nugraha et al. 2016).
To examine the effect of K on iron toxicity, the
bronzing score was used as reference, because it is the
most important parameter of appearence of iron toxicity
symptom followed by agronomy characters and grain
yield. Our study showed that in tolerant and moderate
variety the effect of K had not any significant in the
performance of agronomy and the grain yield but
combining iron excess with K resulted better grain yield
compared to control. This suggested that there were
positive interaction of iron with other nutrient (Sledlecka
1995), especially during intoxic condition after 32 DAT.
This argument were also have been reported in field
experiment of lateritic soil in Orissa State India that report
about application of 132 kg/ha K fertilizer under iron
stress condition resulted more higher yield compared
to non-iron stress condition (Sahu and Sandha 2001).
We found that moderate tolerant variety, Inpara 8
had best grain yield and agronomy performance under
excess iron compared to tolerant variety, Cilamaya
Muncul (Figure 3). This can be explained that Inpara 8
had been design for targeted in swampy agroecologicall
zone where iron toxicity is main problem (Zarwazi et al.
2016; Rumanti et al. 2016). This finding is also strengten
with our experience that cultivating of Inpara 8 in farm
level of iron hot spot zone of swampy area at South
Sumatera also showed mild reaction of leaf bronzing,
however this variety able to out-yield other swampy rice
varieties. IR64 seem a good model for sensitive rice
varieties where bronzing score appear very distinctly
compared to the tolerant and moderate variety. Instead
of bronzing symtomp in IR64, iron toxicity stress could
inhibited the agronomical growth at whole grow stage
and its yield (Figure 2). This variety also responded to K
fertilizer compared to other tested varieties.
Table 4. Correlation coefficient between iron concentration in
paddy and brown rice.
Fe Fe Brown LBS LBS
Paddy rice 32 DAT 42 DAT
Fe Paddy 1 0.833** 0.351 0.412
Fe Brown rice 1 0.780** 0.778**
Experiment of Potassium Fertilizer Under Iron Toxicity Stress .... (Unoki et al.)
Different results between iron toxicity experiment
in the greenhouse and in the field experiment is
important issue to be addresed because of
differentiation of tolerant and sensitive varieties very
difficult to obtain and this inconsistent result might be
caused by complex rhizosphere conditions in the field
that could not be copied by solution media or soil from
hot spot area. Within our founding in this study, we
clearly confident that pot experiment using ex-situ soil
with addition of FeS04 can be closely with that in real
field condition for initiatial information to do further
experiment at on-farm experimental level.
CONCLUSION
In this pot experiement, the bronzing score was obviusly
develop at 32 day after transplanting, where it could
discriminate among level of tolerance of IR64 (sensitive),
Inpara 8 (moderate) and Cilamaya Muncul (tolerant).
The tolerance level of sensitive variety, IR64 was increase
followed 100 kg/ha of potassium treatment, while
Cilamaya Muncul and Inpara 8 did not respond
significantly to the level of potassium under iron toxicity
condition. This study also found that iron content in
brown rice was also corelated with level of bronzing
symptom. This study has been proofed that experiment
on iron toxicity under ex-situ condition using soil treated
soil for manipulating iron toxicity stress is possible to be
done.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was funded by Indonesian Center for Rice
Research (ICRR) budget fiscal of year 2019. We thank to
Swisci Margaret for helping determine status of nutrient
soil using paddy soil test kit, Ahmad Hidayat for helping
all work in the green house and biofortification team in
ICRR for allowing using their facilities for iron grain
content analysis.
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