1

🔖First female detective in history. Ans: Kate Warne

🔖First recorded history of due process of law. Ans:Holy bible

🔖The pale yellow fluid of the blood. Ans:Plasma

🔖The drug "Angel Dust" is: Ans:Phencyclidine (PCP)

🔖Expelling a squatter from his illegal tenement. Ans:Eviction

🔖The police Act of 1996 Ans:R.A 4864

🔖Formerly (no longer obseved today) the children of prostitute were called: Ans:Manceres

🔖First Philippine Probation Law Ans:Act 4221

🔖The belief that we could eliminate all crimes by simply abolishing all criminal laws is known as:
Ans:Logomacy

🔖Senator Lito Lapid was the principal sponsor of R.A 9999.This is the: Ans:Free Legal Assistance Act

🔖"In Vino Veritas in Aqua Sanitas" means: Ans:In Wine there is truth, In water there is health.

🔖National Crime Prevention Week is commemorated every;Ans:1st Week of September (1-7 of September)

🔖Guilty act Ans:Actus reus

🔖A guardian appointed by the court to represent the interest of a minor. Ans:Guardian ad litem

🔖The "Electoral Reform Law of 1987" Ans:R.A 6646

🔖The largest organ of the human body is. Ans:Skin

🔖The hardest substance of the human body. Ans:The enamel of the teeth

🔖The largest internal organ is. Ans:Liver

🔖How many teeth does an adult have. Ans:32

🔖Moonlighting, Ans:Sideline

🔖The first recorded account of due process is found in the. Ans:Bible

🔖A document issued by a public official. Ans:Public Document

🔖Quantum of proof required in civil case. Ans:Preponderancenof evidence

🔖The adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or not guilty. Ans:Judgement

🔖A document regulated by the code of commerce. Ans:Commercial document

🔖A document executed by a private person without intervention from a notary public. Ans:Private document

🔖Also excuted by a public official in the exercise of the function of public service.
Ans:Official document

🔖It is any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation is extinguished.

Ans:Document

🔖This law prohibits the receiving and giving of gifts of public officials and employees including Christmas.
Ans:P.D 46

🔖Quantum of proof required in administrative case. Ans:Substantial evidence

🔖It is a logboom containing all crime incidents and other significant reports. Ans:Police blotter

🔖Police blotter shall contain. Ans:5W's and 1H

🔖Refers to the maltreatment of a child whether habitual or not. Ans:Child Abuse

🔖Refers to a child accused or adjudged as having committed an offense. Ans:Child in conflict with the law

🔖The place from which most physical evidence associated with the crime will be obtained.
Ans:Crime scene
 2

🔖Refers to the policeman who first arrive the crime scene to provide initial police actions.
Ans:First responderlaw

PD. 532-Antipiracy &anti highway robbery law  child abuse 

PD. 533 - anti cuttle rustling law RA.9262- anti violence against women and their
RA. 6235 - An act probihiting certain acts inimical children act
to civil aviation  RA.9165- comprehensive dangerous drug act of
RA.6539 - anti carnapping law July 4 2002 
PD. 1612 - Anti fencing law RA.9346 - An act probihiting the imposition of
PD. 1613 - Anti arson law ( simple arson) death penalty and amending or such purpose RA.
RA. 7832 - Anti electricity and electric 7659
transmission lines RA. 3019- Anti graft and corruption act
RA. 8484 - Access devices regulation act of 1998 RA. 1379- forfeiture of questionable or otherwise
RA. 9160 - Anti money laundering act of (2001) III-gotten wealth 
RA. 9372 - human security act of (2007) RA.7080- Anti plunder act 
RA. 9745 - Anti torture act(2009) RA. 10193- Anti distracted driving act 
RA. 9775 - Anti child pornography (2009) RA. 4200- Anti wire tapping law 
RA. 9208 -Anti trafficking in person (2003) PD. 1829- law on obstruction of justice 
RA.8049 - an account regulating hazing and BP. 22- bouncing check law
other forms of initiation rites in fraternities RA.10591- comprehensive fire arm law
sororities and other organization  RA.10175- anti cyber crime law
RA. 7610- Special protection of children against RA.9344- Juvenile justice welfare act of 2006

LEA
Brig Gen Rafael Crame ---- the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.
Col. Lamberto Javalera --- the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
Philippine Independence from the united states of america in 1946.
Col. Antonio Torres --- the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.
and he declared Manila as an open city (DEC.8,1941)
Gen. Arthur McArthur (father of Douglas MacArthur) - first District Director of Metropolitan
Police Force .
P/Dir Gen. Cesar Nazareno ---- the first chief of the Philippine National Police .
Captain George Curry -- first chief of Police in Manila
Delilah - who was able to gain info. by using her Beauty and Charm.
Sun Tzu - Art of war
Sir Arthur Wellesly - Greatest military Spymaster at All time.
Frederick the Great - father of organized military espionage.
Karl Schulmeister - "Napoleon's Eye"
Joseph Petrosino - pioneer in the fight against organized crime.
Herbert Yardley - the american black chamber.
Akbar - 'the great Mogul'
Alfred Redl - a Homosexual double spy who while working as intilligence direct proof Austria
and Hungary,spied the Russian.
National in scope --- means that the PNP is a nationwide government org. Whose jurisdiction
covers the entire breadth of the Philippine archipelago .
Civilian in character --- means membership in the PNP is by virtue of one's qualification as set
by the law.
1:500 --- Nationwide average
1:1000 --- minimum police-to- population ratio
 3

POLICE greek word "POLIS" means "city-state"

- another Greek word POLITEIA means "government of the city"
POLITIA (roman) means "condition of the state or government "
POLICE (French) means "Person who enforced the law" and it was later adopted by the English
language.
Officer de la paix --- French term which claimed to be origin of the term Police officer.
Commanding officer -- officer who is in command of the department ,a bureau ,a division ,an
area ,or district.
Superior officer --- one having supervisory responsibilities ,either temporarily or permanently
over officers of lower rank
Sworn officers -- all personnel of the police department who have oath and who possess the
power to arrest.
Ranking officer -- officer who has the more senior rank in team.
Length of service -- period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered .
Sick leave -- period which an officer is escused from active duty by reason of illness or injury
Suspension -- a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege
of performing his duties as result of violating directives.
Span of control -- maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise
Delegation of authority --- conferring of certain specified authority by a superior to subordinate
Chain of command -- the arrangent of officers from Top to Bottom on the basis of rank or
position and authority .
Unity of command -- should onle be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the
execution of orders.
Scalar Principle -- defines an unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly
the Flow of Authrity
Promotion -- upward movement from one classification or rank to another carrying higher
benefits and more responsibility .
Regular Promotion -- promotion granted to police officers meeting the mandatory requirements
for promotion .
Compulsory -- upon reaching the age FIFTY SIX (56) .the age if retirement .
Optional -- upon completion of TWENTY (20) YEARS of active service
Inductive reasoning --- moves from specific to more general.
Deductive -- it moves from general to the specific .

SOP 1 - POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES SOP 9 - ANTI HIGHJACKING/HIGHWAY

SOP 2 - BANTAY KALYE  ROBBERY
SOP 3 - SIYASAT SOP 12 - ANTI ILLEGAL GAMBLING 
SOP 4 - REACT 166 SOP 16 - ANTI PORNOHRAPHY 
SOP 5 - LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) SOP 19 - ANTI ILLEGAL LOGGING
SOP 6 - ANTI CARNAPPING SOP 20 - ANTI ILLEGAL FISHING
SOP 7 - ANTI TERRORISM SOP 21 - ANTI ILLEGAL DRUGS
SOP 8 - JOINT ANTI BANK ROBBERY 
10-0 - caution
10-1 - unable to copy/change loc
10-4 - Acknowledgment
10-12 - stand by
10-50 - accident 
10-52 - ambulance needed
10-74 - negative
20 feet or more - outside
50 feet or more - Inside
Mercury Vapor Lamps - blue green color
Sodium Vapor Lamp - yellow light
Quarts lamp - very bright white light
For PSAs -- minimum of 200 and maximum of 1000
 4

For CSFs -- minimum of 30 and maximum of 1000

100-199 guards - P 50,000.00
200-499 guards - P 100,000.00
500-799 guards - P 150,000.00
800-1000 guards - P 200,000.00
Patrol - (French) "Patrouiller" means to go through paddles;to travel on foot.
PNP RANK Classification and its counterpart in the MILITARY
-Director general--- General
-Deputy Director Gen--- Lt.Gen
-Director --Major General
-ChiefSuperintendent -- Brigadier General
-SeniorSuperintendent -- Colonel
-Superintendent -- Lt. Colonel
-Chief Inspector-- Major
-Senior inspector -- Cap
Greek-politeia
Roman-politia
French-police

Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege” – meaning there is no crime when there is no law punishing such act.
“Actus me invitus factus non est meus actus” -- “An act done by me against my will is not my act”
While ignorance of the law excuses no one (ignorantia lege neminem excusat),
a mistake of fact excuses the actor from liability (ignoranti facti excusat).
“Non facit reum nisi mens sit rea” (an act does not make the doer guilty, unless the mind is guilty.)
“Dura Lex Sed Lex” (The law is harsh but it is the law.)
“El que es causa dela causa es causa del mal causado” (He who is the cause of the cause is the cause of the evil cause.)
“Mens rea” ( Evil intent)
Bill of attainder = a legislative act that inflicts punishment without trial. Its essence being the substitution of legislative
fiat for a judicial determination of guilt.

-TERMS & DEFINITION

PARRICIDE-Pag ptay s tatay o nanay ng 1 anak, o Pag ptay ng lolo sa knyang apo,o Pag ptayan ng mg asawa ( dapat ay kasal )
HOMICIDE- di sadyang pagptay ng 1 tao
MURDER- pag pty n pinagplanuhan, sa likuran sinaksak o binaril, niresbakan, patraydor, karumal dumal, at wlang laban ang biktima.
INFANTICIDE- pag patay s sanggol n less than 3 days old.
Kpg lgpas n 3 araw abg bata ang kso ng pumty n my edad n ay murder dhil s puntong yon ay walang laban ang bata s kanya
ABORTION-makasalanang pag papalaglag s cnapu2nan ng bata.
PHYSICAL INJURIES-pananakit sa 1 tao na magdudulot ng pasa o pagkabali ng katawan o paltos.
UNJUST VEXATION-pang aasar,pangu2tya o pang iinis s 1 tao s harap ng marami o ibang tao.
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF- paninira ng gamit ng iba
VANDALISM-ipinagbabawal n pagsusulat o pagbaboy o pagdudumi ng 1 pader o khit anong bwal sulatan.
VAGRANCY-bagansya, ipingbabawal n pag gala tuwing 
gabi
ALARM &SCANDAL-pag wawala, pag ssigaw, pang gugulo s thimik n lugar.
( mdalas to s mga lasing n ngwwla twing gabi o ngsi2ga-cgaan ).
BATAS-YONARYO
FORGERY-pamemeke ng,ID, card, files o ng kahit anong dokumento.
PERJURY-nanumpa n mgssbi ng katotohanan s harap ng judge tpos babawiin .
GRAVE THREAT- matinding pananakot s 1 tao s pmmgitan ng pgba2nta s buhay.
USURPATION OF AUTHORITHY – pag –panggap n sya ay pulis,nbi, khit hindi.
ILLEGAL USE OF INSIGNIA/UNIFORM-
Pagsusuot ng uniporme ng pulis,tsapa o rango
ABDUCTION-pagtanan s 1 babae,
SEDUCTION- pang aakit n malaswa s 1 babae.
ACT OF LASCIVIOUSNESS -pang hihipo o bastos n gawain ng lalake s harap ng babae.
LIBEL-pnnrang puri o ng dangal ng 1 tao s pmmraan ng pnaskil s bilbord,s dyaryo,tv, magazine, radio,
SLANDER- pnnrang puri o ng dangal ng 1 tao s pmmraan ng( minura s harap ng ibang tao, sinabihan ng pokpok yang babae n
yan,kabet o kirida,
SLANDER BY DEED- nasira ang dangal ng 1 tao s harap ng iba dahil cnmpal sya,sinabunutan, o dinuraan.
BIGAMY-nakasal n kinasal p ulit s iba.( kpg ptay n o di n mkita dhil nwwla ung asawa, dpat ay lumipas muna ang 7 taon bgo
mgpaksal muli s iba)
CONCUBINAGE-ang lalake ayksal ngunit may kabit at dinadala s bahay ng pmilya,
 5

ADULTERY- ang babaeng kasal n ay nakikipagsama p s ibang lalake o nkikirelasyon.

ARBITRARY DETENTION-Pulis, baranggay o opisyal s oras ng trabaho ngkulong ng tao o may sala s loob ng 1 araw s kulungan n
wala namang isinasampa o issmpang kaso.
ILLEGAL DETENTION-kahit cnong tao n magkukulong s 1 pang tao ng 1 araw o mahigit 
( kht s c.r., loob ng kwarto, cabinet,o kulungan man ng aso )
KIDNAPPING-pag kuha, pagdukot o pagtago s bata o tao ng mahigit 1 araw n may hinihinging kapalit.
ROBBERY-pag kuha sa 1 bagay o gamit, pag mamay ari ng iba n gnmitan ng dahas,paninira, o pananakot
( Mga uri ng halimbawa )
Robbry snatching- Hinablot
Robbery Hold-up-Hinoldap
Robbery with d use of force-Para mpsok ang bhy cnira ang pinto o bintana.
THEFT- pagkuha s 1 bagay o pag mamay ari ng palihim, salisi , padukot, o ndampot khit alam kung cno my ari ngunit d cinoli. 
( Mga uri ng halimbawa ) 
Shoplift-,salisi, budol-budol
TRESPASS TO DWELLING – pag pasok s bahay ng iba ng di alam o walng phintulot ng may-ari.
( trespassing lang nksnayn n slita d2 )
MUTILATION-pag putol s parte ng katawan ng buhay n tao hal. Tenga, dila, o ari
ESTAFA- may kasunduan o may kontrata s ngunit d tinapos byaran o tinaksan
SWINDLING-planadong panloloko s pmamaraan ng pera,hal. Ahente o negosyante pagkatapos byaran o makuha ang pera o bayad ay
tatakasn, may bnenta ngunit palpak
( hal.
Budol-budol at illegal recruit )
TREASON-pag ttksil s sariling bayan s oras ng pkikidigma o pakkpag away s ibang bansa
ESPIONAGE- paniniktik ng di kilalang tao o dayuhan s loob ng sskyang pndigma ng pilipinas
MUTINY- pag aklas o pag aaklas-(Hal. Sundalo di sumunod s superior officer para mag aklas..( MAGDALO SOLDIERS )
EXPULSION- public officer o emlpeyado pinlayas ang 1 tao s tinitirhan di naman sya authorized person
Whats the law exclude do not include
A. INTRO. TO CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINAL – is a person who had committed or omitted an act in violation of the law and was been convicted through final judgment
by the court having the jurisdiction of the case.
CRIME – is an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it.
FELONY – is an act committed in violation of the revised penal code
Intentional Felony - those committed with malice
Culpable Felony – those committed because of negligence, lack of foresight and imprudence
OFFENSE – is an act committed in violation of special laws.
MISDEMEANOR – is an act committed in violation of simple rules and regulations and is usually committed by minors.
SEASONAL CRIMES- are those that are committed only at a certain period of the year.
Situational Crimes - are those which are committed only when given a situation conducive to its commission.
Ordinary Criminal- considered as the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career. He doesn’t stick to crime as a profession but rather
pushed to commit crimes due to great opportunity.
Professional Criminal – a person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill. He usually practices crime as a
profession to maintain a living.
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
- He discovered, basing on the research that “crimes against persons increased during summer and crimes against property tends to
increase during winter.
Stages in the Commission of Crime
1. ATTEMPTED - commences the commission of a felony but failed to perform all the acts of execution for various reasons.
2. FRUSTRATED - all the acts of execution were performed but failed to produce the felony by reasons or causes independent of the
will of the perpetrator.
3. CONSUMATED - when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are all present to produce a felony.

CORRECTION
Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as the oldest
code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years
older.
Punishment:
- It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually
involves pain and suffering. 
- It is also the penalty imposed of an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.
Banishment or Exile – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has
 6

been removed.
Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the
purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a
parole officer.
Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which
does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the
releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
Duration of Penalties
1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment
2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment
3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment
4. Prision Mayor – 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 years
5. Prision Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months
7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days
8. Bond to Keep the Peace – discretionary on the part of the court.
PRISON Defined:
- A penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted of major/
serious crimes.
- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of taking safe custody
or confinement of criminals.
- A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offenses against the laws of the
land.
The Two Rival Prison System in the History of Correction
A. The Auburn Prison System – the prison system called the “Congregate System”. 
- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops
during the day. Complete silence was enforced.
B. The Pennsylvania Prison System – the prisons system called “Solitary System”. 
- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and
receive religious instructions. Complete Silence was also enforced. They are required to read the
Bible.
PRISONER
- A prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A person, who by reason of
his criminal sentence or by a decision issued by a court, may be deprived of his liberty or freedom.
- A prisoner is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal
offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution.
- A person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the following reasons:
To serve a sentence after conviction – Trial – Investigation –
General Classification of Prisoners
1. Detention Prisoners – those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting
Dactyloscopy = Practical science of Macrodactyl = enlarged finger
fingerprint Identification and Microdactyl = small finger
classification. Syndactyl = side fussion
Dactylography = fingerprint Polydactyl = many finger
identification. Ectodactyl = missing finger
Dactylomancy = personality
interpretation.
Poroscopy = study of sweat pores.
Podoscopy = study of prints of the Soles.
Chiroscopy = Study of the prints of the
Palm.
Edgeoscopy = study of the sides of the
finger.
Ridgeoscopy = study of ridges.
 7

Anthropometry = measurement of bone structure.= first scientific method.

Forensic Odontology = Dental identification
Forensic Anthropology = skeletal identification
Forensic Enthomology = study of insects
DNA fingerprinting = indispensable science.

Layers of Friction skin

Epidermis = outer layer ( Temporary Damage)
Stratum Corneum = Outer of epidermis
Stratum Mucosum = Inner of epidermis
Dermis = Inner Layer (Permanent Damage)
Cut = more than 1mm
Burns = 2nd Degree burn.
3rd degree burns = requires amputation and the most painful degree of burns.
Dermal Papillae = irregular pegs responsible for ridge formation.
Friction /Epidermal/Papillary Skin
Ridges = lines, hill-like, elevated portion
Furrows = space, canal-like, depressed portion
Sweat Pores = tiny opening, white dots.
Sweat Duct = passage way
Sweat Glands = producer of sweat.
Fingerprint = the production of an impression on some smooth surfaces, designed by the
ridge on the inside of the joint of the finger or thumb.
Ridge Characteristics
Basic: Ridge Dot, Ending Ridge, Bifurcation, Short Ridge.
Ridge Dot= Island Ridge, period or Dot.
Ending Ridge = end point/ abrupt ending.
Bifurcation = splits, divides, branches into two.
Enclosure/ Lake Ridge = meets to form the original ridge. (bifurcating ridge that
converge at certain point)
Divergence = spreading or two separate ridges.
Convergence = meeting of two separate ridges.
Recurve = curves back
Typelines = basic boundaries of fingerprint pattern.
Pattern Area = area surrounded by the typelines.
Appendage = short ridge found on TOP of the recurve.
Bar = (short or long ridge ) found INSIDE the recurve.
Obstruction ridge = (Short HORIZONTAL ridge) found inside the innermost recurving
ridge that spoiled the inner flow towards the center of the pattern.
Uptrust = Horinzontal ridge that makes a sufficient raise at the center.
Incipient ridge = so thin or very fine ridge which is not included as a ridge count.
Focal Points / Fingerprint terminus
Delta= outer terminus, found in front of TYPELINES.
(requires Wide Space)
Two or more which conforms = the one nearest the core (YES)
Core = Inner Terminus , Found inside the recurve.
(approximate center of a fingerprint patterns usually found in L & W)
Ridge counting = from DELTA to CORE.
Ridge count = ridge between delta to core.
Ridge Tracing = From two (2) Focal Points, (Left Delta to Right Delta). (YES)
Intervening ridge = between tracing ridge and right delta.
 8

3 Groups (Loop, Arch and Whorl)

***In fingerprint probe, there are three (3) groups of pattern they are Arch , Whorl &
Loops.
Plain Arch (A) = enter from one side and flow to the other side).
Tented Arch (T) = uptrust, angle & Incomplete loop).
Radial Loop (LH \, RH /) towards the thumb.
Ulnar Loop (LH /, RH \) towards the little finger.
Plain whorl (W) touch the circuiting ridge.
Central P.L.W. (c) Does not touch the Circuiting ridge.
Double loop Whorl (D) It has two Loop formations. (YES)
Accidental Whorl (X) combination except with plain Arch.
Rolled Impression = taken Individually (THUMB – towards the body) (All Except Thumb
= Away from the body). ( Ten Fingerprints of whom? -Suspect)
Plain Impression = taken simultaneously. (serves as guide or reference)
Smudge = made by sliding motion.
Fragmentary = Partial Prints.
Chance Prints = left unconsciously or accidentally.
Latent Prints = left or usually found at the scene of the Crime.
VISIBLE = made from blood, dust and dirt etc.
INVISIBLE = made from sweat/perspiration
Latent Print 
Focal Points of fingerprint search – Point of entrance & exit, safes appliance, doors,
windows, panels, desk table near the entrance. (all of these) 
If fingerprints pattern are not identical, there is no basis for – Comparison.
Instrument
Fingerprint Roller = used TO SPREAD THE INK.
Ink Slab = Metal, Glass or Plastic plate where ink is spread.
Fingerprint Card = used for recording Fingerprint.
Latent Print Transfer Card = used to preserve latent print.
Card Holder = used to clip or hold the F.P. Card .
Strip Card Holder = used to clip strip card
Classification Formula
Checking
Blocking = writing the letter symbols.
Classification Formula
1. Primary Div. = numerical scoring assigned to WHORL.
1/1 =pre-established fraction used to complete the primary Division.
Arch /Loop = non-numerical patterns
2. Secondary = Letter Symbols
CAPITAL letters = INDEX FINGER
Small Letters = T, M, R, L (rat)
3. Sub-Secondary = INDEX, MIDDLE, RING
Whorl= Ridge Tr

1.Coined in the word "Criminology" - Rafaelle de Garofalo.

2. Father of Classical criminology- Cesare Beccaria.
3. Father of Criminaliastics- Hans Gross
4. Father of Behavioral genetics- Francis Galton. 
5. Father of traditional/Old Criminology - Cesare Beccaria Father of Modern Criminology- Cesare
Lombroso
6. Father of Questioned Doc. Examination- Albert Osborne 
7. Father of Forensic/ ModernBallistics - Col. Calvin Henry Goddard
8. Father of Probation- John Augustus
9. Father of Organized Military Espionage- Frederick the great. 
10. Mother of All Criminals- Ada juke/ Margaret. 
 9

11. First probation officer in the whole world- Edward Savage

12. Coined in the word "Photography" - William Herschel 
13. Father of Police Professionalization- August Vollmer
14. Father of Police Organization- Henry Vayol.
15. Father of Utilitarianism- Jeremy Bentham 
16. Father of Philippine Probation- Teodulo Natividad. 
17. Father of English Probation- Matthew Daven Porthill. 
18. Father of Parole/Modern Penology- Alexander Macanochie
19. First prison chaplain- Rev. Jarred Curtis
20. First Probation Officer- Edward Savage 
21. Father of Modern Policing- Sir Robert Peel. 
22. Father of traditional polygraphy- John A. larson.
23. Father of Modern Law Enforcement- August Vollmer. 
24. Father of Psycho analysis- Sigmund freud 
25. Father of forensic Investigation- Dr. Edmon Locard
26. Father of Podoscopy- Dr. Edmon Locard
27. Father of Personal Identi- Alphonse Bertillion 
28. Father of fingerprint- Sir Richard Henry 
29. F. of Criminalistics in Austria- Dr. Hans Gross
30. F. of Crims in America- Dr. Paul Kirk 
31. F. of American Prison- Zebulon Reed Brockway.
32. F.of Victimology- Benjamin Mendelson Von Henteg
32. "Criminology" - Edwin Sutherland "Criminologie" -Italian word by Paul Topinard" "Criminologia"-
Latin word by Rafaelle de Garofalo 33. Benjamin Robins - F of Modern Gannery/F. of Ballistics pendiulum
. 34. Father of eugenics- Galton First lethal injection- Leo echagaray./RAPE
35.John Augustus-Father of Probation
36.Edward Savage-First Probation officer in the world
37.Teodulo C. Natividad-Father of Philippine Probation
38.Mathew Davenfort Hill-Father of English Probation
39.Zebulon R. Brockway-He was the first superintendent of Elmira Reformatory
40.Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise-Director of English prisons who opened the Borstal institution
41.John Howard-known as the Father of Penitentiary
42.Sir Walter Crofton-He was the director of the irish prison
43.Alexander Macanochie-Father of modern Penology and Father of Parole

✅Republic Acts - are laws made by congress,the latter referring to house of representatives
and senate of the phils.duly signed by the president
✅Presidential Decrees- are laws made and approved by then former president marcos; here
are some of them;
P.D. 1414 - created the law on indigenous person,or the katutubo 
P.D. 1619 - solvent and volatile
P.D. 968 - PROBATION LAW
P.D. 603 - THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE ACT CODE..EFFECTIVEJUNE 8 1975
P.D. 1069 - PHIL EXTERNAL/EXTRADITION LAW
P.D. 532 - ANTI PIRACY AND ANTI HIGHWAY LAW OF 1974
P.D. 533 - ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LAW OF 1974
P.D. 1602 - ILLEGAL GAMBLING
P.D. 1866 - AS AMENDED BY R.A. 8294,ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARM AND EXPLOSIVES
P.D. 1612 -ANTI FENCING LAW
P.D. 684 - CREATED SK
P.D. 1184 - CREATED THE PPSC
P.D.229 -DECLARING BGY CHAIRMAN AS PERSON IN AUTHORITY
P.D. 557 - DECLARING ALL BARRIOS AS BARANGAY
P.D. 1508 - CREATION OF BARANGAY COURT
P.D.1829 - PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDER
P.D. 46 - ACT PUNISHING THE RECEIVING AND GIVING OF GIFTS OF PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND
EMPLOYEES
P.D 1689 - INCREASED THE PENALTY FOR CERTAIN FORMS OF ESTAFA
 10

P.D.2018 - MAKES THE ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT A CRIME OF ECONOMIC SABOTAGE PUNISHABLE

BY LIFE IMPRISONMENT
P.D 133 - PRESCRIBED HEAVY PENALTY FOR EMPLOYEES THEFT AND LABORERS
P.D.1185 - FIRE CODE OF THE PHILS
P.D.1731 - PROVIDES FOR REWARDS AND INCENTIVES TO GOVT WITNESS AND INFORMANTS
P.D 1732 - PROVIDES IMMUNITY FOR GOVT WITNESSES
P.D., 1869 - PROHIBITION OF GOVT OFFICIALS TO ENTER IN GAMBLING HOUSE AND CASINOS
R.A 7160 - LOCAL GOVT CODE OF 1991
R.A. 4103 - INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW
R.A. 4200 - ANTI-WIRE TAPPING LAW
R.A. 1524 - PROVIDES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE CONDITIONS FOR PARDON
R.A. 7610 - SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD ABUSED EXPLOITATION AND
DISCRIMINATION ACT AS AMENDED
R.A. 9344 - JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM MY 4 2006
R.A. 9231 - CHILD LABORING ACT
R.A. 6809 - LOWERING THE AGE OF MINORITY FROM 21 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE,TOTALLY
EMANCIPATED
R.A 7659 - DEATH PENALTY
R.A. 8177 - ACT DESIGNATING DEATH BY LETHAL INJECTION LAW
R.A. 3019 - AS AMENDED BY ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPTION PRACTICES
R.A. 6713 - CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND
EMPLOYEES
R.A. 7080 - ANTI-PLUNDER ACT
R.A. 7877 - ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT Oresponder