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❖ Algae are autotropic thalloid plant.
❖ Starch is stored in pyrenoid which consists of small protein patches surrounded by starch.

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❖ In vaucheria reserve food material is oil.
❖ Different algae have different type of chloroplast such as

Shape of Chloroplast Algae

B.SC. Ag B.Sc. Nursing

Spiral Spirogyra

B. V.Sc. / A.H.
Reticulate Oedogonium, Cladophora
CMAT Girdle/Horse/Shoe/ Collar Ulothrix
B.Sc. Forestry Optimetry Stellate Zygnema

B.Tech. Food B. Farmacy Discoid Chara

B. E. BMIT/ BMLT Cup Chalamydomonas, Chlorella

B. Sc. Fishery BPT / BPH ❖ Zoospore is motile asexual spore of algae.

❖ Hypnospore and akinete are the thick walled spores which undergoes perenation (resting
stage)
❖ sexual reproduction occurs by following ways

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1. Isogamous: Fusion of morphologically similar and physiologically dissimilar
gamates.
2.Anisogamous: Fusion of morphologically and physiologically dissimilar gamates.
3.Oogamous: advanced type of reproduction as in higher plant.
❖ Chlamydomonas shows all three ways of sexual reproduction as mentioned above.
❖ Spirogyra shows isogamous sexual reproduction.
❖ Spirogyra falls on conjugals order.
❖ Spirogyra cell wall is made up of two layer i.e.outer pectic and inner cellulosic layer.
❖ Brown algae is also called kelp.
❖ Water bloom is due to excessive growth of BGA
❖ Reserve food material in fungi is glycogen and globular oil.
❖ Fungal cell wall is made up of chitin[(C22H54N4021)n]

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Roots
❖ Generally roots are positively geotropic (exception:coralloid root of cycas and rhizome of ginger is
apogeotropic. Also pneumatophore of mangrove plant is negatively geotropic.)
❖ Radicle is point through which root develops and plumule is point through which stem develops.
❖ Lateral roots are branches of main root which arise from pericycle.i.e. they are of endogenous origin.
❖ Root hairs are of exogenous origin and are unicellular.
❖ Podostemon,rafflesia and monotrapa are plantless root.
❖ root cap develop from calyptrogen in monocot and dermatogen in dicot.
❖ Root pocket is present in hydrophytes instead of root cap.
❖ Multiple and largest root cap is present in pandanus spp.(screw pine)
Zones of root
ZONES CHARACTERISTICS
Root cap zone Lowermost part of root rich in golgi complex and mucilage.
Cell division (meristamatic)zone Root meristem is sub-terminal i.e. lies just above root cap.
Cell elongation zone Maximum mineral absorption occurs here.
Cell maturation zone Also called root hair zone.Maximum water absorption occurs here.
❖ Tap root is always originated from radicle and adventitious root is originated from parts other than radicle.
❖ Callus is undifferentiated mass of cells. The root arising from callus are adventitious.
❖ Leaf of bryophyllum and bignonia also have adventitious root.
Modification of roots
ROOT EXAMPLES
Conical(storage) Carrot(daucus carota)
Fusiform(storage) Radish(raphanus sativus)
Napiform(storage) Turnip(brassica rapa)
Nodulated(N-fixation) Leguminous plant
Pneumatophores(respiration) Rhizophora,avicenia,sonneratia
Buttress(support) Peepal(ficus religiosa),simal(bombax seiba),rubber plant(ficus reliogiosa)
Mycorrhizal(absorption of P) Pinus,palas(butea monosperma)
Reproductive(naamai kafi xa) Sissau(dalbergica sissoo),dahlia,sweet potato(ipomea batata)
Tuberous(storage) Sweet potato(ipomea batata)
Fasciculated(storage) Kurilo(asparagus),laure ful(dahlia)
Palmate(storage) Palm(orchis)
Monoliform(storage) Bitter guord(momordica charantia)
Prop(support/hygroscopic) Banyan(ficus bengalensis)
Stilt(support) Sugarcane,maize,screw pine
Clinging(fixation) Vanilla,ivy(hedra nepalensis),paan(piper betle),money plant(pothos)
Photosynthetic(naamai kafi xa) Trapa,tinospora,taeniophyllum
Floating(hydrophytes) Pistia,eichornia
• The plant which grows on other plant is called epiphytic plant.The have special tissue called velamen tissue in
their root that helps to absorb moisture from atmosphere.
• The root which arise from leaf is called apiphyllous root.
• Root is modified into throny branch in acanthorhiza.