Lecture 9

Lecture on OSI model

M. Adnan Quaium

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Room – 4A07
Email – adnan.eee@aust.edu
URL- http://adnan.quaium.com/aust/cse4295

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 Content
Topics Probable Learning Outcomes

Introduction to • What do you mean by communication

OSI Model protocol ? Why layers of protocol are
used?
Or What are the advantages of multi
layer protocol structure over a single
layer protocol structure
•What are the layers of OSI Model?
Briefly discuss about the tasks of
different layers
•Or What do you know about the OSI
Model? Briefly Explain.

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 Protocol Families

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 Layer Models

 To support protocol designers in their work, tools and models have

been developed that minutely break down the entire process of
network communication and arrange it hierarchically.
 This enables the largely independent development and improvement
of each of the network protocols settled on the layers and makes
them as simple as possible.
 The most well-known of these models is the protocol stack (layering
model).
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 Layer Models

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 Advantage of Layer Model

• Faster operation.
• Less complex protocol design.
• Versatile task.
• Easy modification and Improvement.

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Which app/To whom / Which

language/ How long/ security etc.

How to manage communication

successfully by segmentation, error
and flow control, Addressing, sync.
Signaling etc.

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model
Anyone

Password

Secret

Tell

Not

Do

Please

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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 Quotable Quotes

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 Quotable Quotes

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model
The physical layer regulates the
relationships between the
network hardware and the
physical transmission medium.

Among the most important task at the physical layer are:

 Connection establishment and termination to a transmission

medium and
 Modulation, i.e., the conversion of binary data (bit streams) into

(electrical, optical or radio) signals that can be transmitted over a

communication channel.
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at this layer are e.g.,

 ITU-T V.24, V.34, V.35

 ITU-T X.21 and X.21bis
 T1, E1
 SONET, SDH, DSL
 EIA/TIA RS-232-C
 IEEE 802.11 PHY
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model
The data link layer ensures that
along a point-to-point
connection, in spite of
occasional errors that may occur
at the physical layer, reliable
transmission can take place.

Among the most important task at the data link layer are:
 Organizing data into logical units referred to as frames,

 Transmitting frames between network components,

 Bit stuffing, i.e., completing frames that are not entirely filled with

special padding data, and

 The reliable transmission of frames by way of simple error

detection methods such as checksum calculation.

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at this layer are e.g.,

 BSC, DDCMP, PPP

 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
 HDLC
 X.25 LAPB and LAPD
 IEEE 802.11 MAC /LLC
 ATM , FDDI, Frame Relay
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model
The network layer provides the
functional and procedural
means to enable the transfer of
data packets from a sender to a
receiver via one or more
networks.
The tasks of the network layer include:
 Assigning addresses to end and intermediate systems,

 The targeted forwarding of data packets from one end of the network to

the other (routing) and subsequently,

 Linking individual networks (internetworking),

 Fragmenting and reassembling data packets, since different network are

determined by different transport parameters, and

 Forwarding error and status messages regarding the successful delivery of

data packets.
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at this layer are e.g.,

 ITU-T X.25 PLP (Packet Layer Protocol)

 ISO/IEC 8208, ISO/IEC 8878
 Novell IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange)
 IP (Internet Protocol)

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

The transport layer provides

transparent data transfer
between end users and also
provides a reliable transport
service to the upper layers.

The tasks of the transport layer include:

 This layer defines the details necessary for a reliable and secure data

transmission. This ensures that a sequence of data packets travels from

the sender to the receiver in a form that is error-free, complete and
sequentially correct.
 Also at the transport layer, the imaging of network addresses into logical

names occurs. The transport layer therefore provides an end-to-end

connection for the end systems involved.
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at this layer are e.g.,

 ISO/IEC 8072 (Transport Service Definition)

 ISO/IEC 8073 (Connection Oriented Transport Protocol)
 ITU-T T.80 (Network-Independent Basic Transport Service for
Telematic Services)
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol),
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

The session layer regulates the

dialogue between two computer
connected through the network.

The main tasks of the session layer include:

 Establishment, management and termination of connections between

local and remote applications,
 Control of full-duplex, half-duplex or simplex data transport, and
 Establishment of security mechanisms, such as authentication via a
password method.

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at this layer are e.g.,

 SAP (Session Announcement Protocol), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

 NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
 ISO 8326 (Basic Connection Oriented Session Service Definition)
 ISO 8327 (Basic Connection Oriented Session Protocol Definition)
 ITU-T T.62 (Control Procedures for Teletex and Group 4 Facsimile Services)
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

The presentation layer is

responsible for correctly
interpreting the transmitted
data.

The main tasks of the

presentation layer include:
 The presentation layer creates a context between two entities (applications)

of the overlying application layer. The two applications can then use
different syntax (e.g., data formats and coding) and semantics.
 The respective local data coding is converted into a special, uniform transfer

coding for the presentation layer. At the receiver it is then transformed back
into locally valid coding.
 Further tasks at this layer are: data compression and encryption.
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at

this layer are e.g.,

 ISO 8322 (Connection Oriented Session Service Definition)

 ISO 8323 (Connection Oriented Session Protocol Definition)
 ITU-T T.73 (Document Interchange Protocol for Telematic Services), ITU-T
X.409 (Presentation Syntax and Notation)
 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension), XDR (External Data
Representation)
 SSL (Secure Socket Layer), TLS (Transport Layer Security)
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

The application layer provides

an interface for application
programs wishing to use the
network for their specific
purpose.

Among the most important functions of the application layer are:

 Identifying the communication partner,

 Determining the availability of resources and
 Synchronizing communication.

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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

Important protocol standards at

this layer are e.g.,

 ISO 8571 (FTAM, File Transfer, Access and Management)

 ISO 8831 (JTM, Job Transfer and Manipulation)
 ISO 9040 und 9041 (VT, Virtual Terminal Protocol)
 ISO 10021 (MOTIS, Message Oriented Text Interchange System)
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol), etc.
 ITU-T X.400 (Data Communication for Message Handling Systems). ITU-T
X.500 (Electronic Directory Services)
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model
OSI Layer Task
Application - web surfing, downloading, e-mail service remote login
etc.
Presentation -coding, decoding, compression, decompression,
encryption, decryption etc
Session -authentication, authorization, session management
(necessary for accounting).
Transport - segmentation, flow control, error control, connection
less or oriented service
Network -logical Addressing, packet forming, routing etc.

Data -physical Addressing, framing (packet to frame in Tx

and bit to frame in Rx), error checking, flow control etc.
-physical Interface Spec. bit to signal and vice versa
Physical
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 The ISO/OSI Layer Model

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