3.

TEMPERATURE

• ~J>- '<< ~ ~ ~\,~ . ' .

T~ r ~ E ?. - t;25".'ft a( --..Jt 6 nwa-ved by a, f!!!n11£•JI•: m Cdrile>
(frorgrditle) m 1 ~ -±!!Jcit. 111:se scales arc zbiinuily fixed wnh tcfoeoce ID the .melting
poc1 cf ice 2JO ::if JOfli,g poo €f p!re 'Wllkr • nooml prcssme. OIi die Cdsios scale
~ a r e ~ •-~'!-- as f.rC and 100-C and in the Fahrenmt scale Jr F and 21r F.
Ceh--t.E s.~'z i; :serl i:::ta,A!icwvilly,. mniatim and scienoe.. Use of the Fammbcit scale is
oo-.Jcied iO a r ~ k n g ttJtClil.ies ml}'. A thiid scale is ba5r.d of the folknring
argi::nem..
He.ii u 2 !.arm mr As hcaf is c.untded fiom a ns internal energy is
redooed and me randnra 1llOOOil of its molecoks s1ows down.. The molecuks get urangcd
in a more orderly pettrm than before. As more hcai :m .atmc:ted ttle. cooling mJ the
onh:rlmess inaea.w:s. FIDE.Tiy a mle is :re:advd \\"hen the moleollcs attain their maximum
oroerlines.i and lhc lllCJtim abmst eca9'S- this state no more heat am be
rnractf:d and the tauperaturc mdlrs its lowest poml>le ,,we. 11lis miailnDI
t e m ~ is tile same for • s u ~ and is. acawdingty called the, t ut II 1l!f1f
(K). l K. = •- mJ 6CC:

COllYmiu to 'CJ? Uld K

The conversion from one ~ e to can be done b), the foUo\\-ing equations:
F == (905) + 32 ; C = 5/9 (F-32) ; K. = C + 273
lt mayhe notedlhat -4<rC = --4tr F

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 1
-....., fur Meuurement 11,~ ometer (the bulb is covered With a '"Ualin
n..,~Bulb~l'hennometer~W - ennmeter •like Doctor's Thennometer) Mi...! cl~
. .et BulbTh Latent Heat. Latent heat is defined as the 'il!!llount of heat absorbed or released d . ,
ohMF ofpt,ase from/to soiidlliq~idlva-".Jl i, absoroed during ohange of solid Jo I=
...._,_ ') -
which is kept""""' . used for measunng
- I . •• • . ......
lelll)leratun,_ '"•"'1n)- i, "-t · .
lliomognp
thennometets, excq, dial m
.: :,..,._.Akohol is_llsed ins~
fempen,ture measuremen~ 81-metaJhc
•
and liquid to gas and released dunng the reverse processes.
Evaporation, condensation and Latent Heat
In Thennographs and mU~per irrecord of temperature. A minimum thennometer i..
h a,.. a " " " - "'" 1 When water changes to vapour, a ~ertain quantity of ~eat is_ suppli~d. To change boiling
Themrograp • . ,a inde h·c1,•- alcohol to ""' through When ""'i>eratu., ... water into vapour, more than five times_as much ts requrred as 1s needed to bring the
When temperature
dumbbell shaped i~nlls th;';i::01 whlch bas a OOocave -iscus, dn,gs the illde,, he<! h same amount of ice cold water to the botl. Once bo1lmg has begun, the temperature remains
-•~ ,.,_N
Su~ perature """"""\.Vl..l/:j "ff cr't\iL._.
constant and the heat supplied in this stage becomes latent. It is released as latent heat when
the vapour condenses to water.
al aheigh) dl'fl!ji:25,.) llbove the ground in shade (inside a Heat Transfer Mv'LJ.-h en>
a~ -
11Stevenson's
;, th, ..,_,,,
Screen)._
Heat is transferred from one place to the other by conduction, convection, radiation and
some other methods, as follows. In the atlJlOSPhere all these processes are important.
Temperature.
....._, • - , . _ The ·~ - ·· is called Amh.., However, radiation plays a significant role in heat transfer.
Conduction. In this process heat [isoliyiijilly~ tiy the-molecules by contactJ
" - r.,1<n1q., (VJJ. In lb~ ~ Conduction is an important process of heat transfer very close to the ground.
,_,_,ho,,"" - --""1"doiii;'al Jbat of a ,....,._, '!f au, IS oallol Convection. In this process hot fluid is bodily transferred to the colder p~ ~f the fluid. As
'imatand
Heat """""""- VT allow, ""
Temperature ci/ly-,-,. of!'tie<"' mciisfanil,.c- more than 70 % of the earth is covered with water, hence tlie'__jmpoJ1allCC_ot conv:ectio~. In
the atmosphere Free Convection is triggered by intense solar heating and the Forced
Convection by topography. The hot air lifts to higher levels and transfers heat.
all"°"""' ,......,.1be
- - - -~
,,.., .,....,I<l:
6U'C w,u ha,- -h,...,
of ........ of
,n """"""""""'"°"'of"'1 - of,,.......,,_ Te"'e!!!,
the boil;,,-;. a °'P. In the
ware, ;,, a bai&iiil,.,
alihoup "-
Radiation. Every body radiates heat at its temperature. In this process of heat transfer the
medium is neitlier affected nor required. The solar radiation directly heat up the earth
"-there;,"""'
- . . . . ., ,.,, hlgh "' .. hea, -
they tooftfa~ &part,th
;, .._ "
"Y "'"' of high-•-:
-~-~
'°"""
there an, ve fow partfob aed
to lhe aed
without affecting the atmosphere.
Other Methods of Heat Transfer. ~ J.,atentJieat.releele,-Turbulence,~Up-imd7
\Downwanl'"ijiQfioiuit ~ some 'b ~ ~ ~O he advection
• - n..._ 11 ;, "'6"" " ,. ..., .
- u, · -·
. , transfers heat horizontally by winds. Th~ Jiiouonor ~ ~;-called/
""of th, soil 0.2. »-,... "'-'""'-v.,,;~ "
'""'1ano, by i'C. The ......, hea, of:::::-~ - t h , ~ of WUt . _ ofl
1h, hlgh..., is I, lh,t of'"' 0.
much faster than the water.

"lii,ffigle@causes redistnl>ution of heat. The latent beat which is absor&;cii,yemelting

of ice or evaporation of water, mostly at the earth's surface, is subsequelltlY released as
latent heat in the atmosphere by condensation or freezing.
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f
29
 · ,-.... au lhc above Processes lransfcr heat J
lnaolatlon .. ""...,,Ii,,''" ..,'""""'"' bu, ..;..• "'' ........... ""--
-----. ,
__,,,,,., by - .............. ...._ • _-,
"
)
'""' ,-., ,r "'"' - ' " "'"'"' "' - Solar Radiation
The temperature of the surface of the sun is ~ C.lrbe solar radiation is, therefore
'"::::::-~"'
"••~ - ..."'llil;-., .,...,h".
. ....... ..,, - v '.I,.,-"',.,_ .... ;, ~"'""' ;""'''""' 11,•
-3.1.Hon.,, mainly Short Waves. In the solar spectrum the white visible light consists of vario~
wavelength colours (VIBGYOR), in which the longest waves appear red, the shortest
,...,,_,.""'""''"
~ ,.,. •"'""'
•• ,,,~ - "!!._.,
..... · -~ ~'.""'"''~
,, 2'!>-""-r""""-•<c...,., •~ violet. In addition to visible light, the solar spectrum consists of wavelength too short to be
seen by the eye. The wavelength beyond the violet end of the spectrum are called Ultra-
Violet (UV) and those on the other extreme beyond the red wavelengths are called Infra-
SIJN Red (IR) waves. The complete solar radiation, including visible light, UV and IR, is
responsible for all the heat that the earth receives from sun as short wave radiation. The
SlJN solar radiation consists of about:
~ 6 3/o Vlsible-45 o/o and UV 09 o;.l
-...,.
Terrestrial Radiation
......_, .... _,,.._
The earth radiates at its own temperature and looses heat. These are called terrestrial
Lcea 1111o1atica radiation, which are long wave radiation~ese--are tiivisibleiirul'iiimostly IR radiatiorl'
The earth receives heat as short-wave radiation from the sun and loses heat as long wave
e,. It
-,. •- ,.....
D-~ Fig11r, J . J ln, 010
~,.
, ;On Ond ObJ;q.,,,
- ' '"•· ..,, lrtaolation
-

radiation.
Nocturnal Radiation
......,.........
"'""'- ..., • -...;,;;,,_, ~ lb.e lhirn of electromagnetic
Stefan Bo112ina1111 Law_ Tbe law staies that
18.!Jn !.>od W§.. caII~d a b~
-~ At night when the short-wave radiation is absent only the earth radiates and looses heat.
The radiation emitted by he earth at nig~t are called Nocturnal Radi•tion. /
Radiation and Heat Budget
d
blacJc body is Pl"OJ>ortio11a.1 to the fo,.~L J>o lhc _tO!a! lllliount f Since the mean temperature of the earth has remained almost unchanged for a long period,
-.............. --<.., . . ··-·
-•.u Wer of •ts .._ it follows that heat received from the sun as Short wave radiation is returned to the space by
q
. ·
. . ., , -
-
- ... by..,, - .,. ""... . o .,,....
...,,.,. ......-,......, by . , the earth as Terrestrial Radiation and are equal.
I " - -1
_ ,... h,-
,,,_
._, b ;:!_, .
•--
-....,
-·- -
·~•al.Ion
-
i
lure. Hence intense
Aboui 30¾ • of the solar radiation is reflected back or ~ altered by the earth atmosphere,
19% is absorbed by atmospheric constituents (sJch as ozone) arul5~~ absorbed by tge
eiirth~surface. I
. ,,.,.....,
00 - ~ " " " ...,, " " 18 , . . . ., , .
" " • -. - .. Lo,,g w,..,_ -. """ •-.. :-,,..., • ""' The 30% of the solar radiation which are reflected back to the space by the earth and clouds
....... ..... 11,., , . . - .... "" ............, ...
-
- - - Tho°""""••"""'..__,'°'""~..._ .... ....., '"•
- , is the ~ flectjog po_WM.Qfearth-:-lt is calle<l "Albedo,;
30 at,Solute
31
r
,,....,.,.~ !I ~
.. ...~,,,__...II
_...,: ;::;.i_
::'::!,.c.,.l,i.;, .............. --'·_ .. _ .....-;,
o1 -
--
r,kd - 2-l
~ -
T1We12
"""'-~
Alede .. ~ ~tR.tdiatioa
~ ..,!ti:.....,_.,,""
1
v.,._""' s... """'....,,""" i<llloni;, ...... ""'m,. ""ii..
......... tls.r&ct T~ ll
Due 10 the nature of SID'facc the diutnaJ ten-..._
-- If~to f l,\.,(, - - --
..... .., n. .............__.._......, .. _ """""""• Figure 3.1 Di11r,1al Variatioll of S11r/ac• r,.,pt ratsrt
l'C, - •~...... . . ~"""""'J, y lo
......
Clagc;-;._,,"'"""'"'--
__.
Efftct
Ado,lof_ OIi Surface
ctoads_ yempcratare .JO'~ofrl<
_ ~ _. .
-
.. .,,,.,...-. - A-"
..... _"'"•·::., •• i.,. ~ ,•• ..., O/f 11, .., •
• - n. ..._ -~ •.;...:.,'"!,. """"-'"J'• ,.,••""",,r,."'
The diurnal\,,.,;.~ , . - of-°'"'
,.....,_...,._ .... ....... - - _•'"""""
ling effect do"d"" ort ,fi1il,- - ofrl<""" - o,d • ihd
ii >i
""'.,-'""'".""'""of
__r,ddtiOO.,.""""'
' -""'Ol!1Slllaxiinuin~tbc ' .
-
"'""""''""""''"'·°"""'-'""'""
_--•'_
.,..........
fog . ., - '..., - ..
..,.-
~
!
~---~... . ,,..._
!!cai _W-ltb SIJ'ong Wind, the surface Ii
,uue. lo llOctuinaJ
""'iCOoJ;._
abalanccisl'l:achec!""'lltheSUrfacc~~ .
--..... .. ..,., _ . _ ...
_,,..,. ..............
............ ,..._ ... _. ... .......
eanh, Hence cloadY nights are ...,..-.
......... ...
..,.............. ........ .'::::!........,..,_ti!J -""
........ ltacb lhellertcii be1 O.is~ - ~some time
"""'. coollal·
Ill). ~ - - ttlDJ>eratiin,
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33
LA
Q \~ Water vapour is transparent to terrestrial radiation
(a) completely (b) partially (c) indifferent
Q17. Higher the temperature ... ........ would be the wavelength of emitted radiation
(a) longer (b) shorter
Q18 Air is a bad conductor of heat. A parcel of air can therefore be regarded • 1
· from the environment as msu ated
(a) False (b) True
Q\9. Warmer the earth ............ will be the Nocturnal radiation
(a) intense (b) weaker (c) moderate
Q20. Heat is the ...... of the KE ofall the molecules and atoms of a substance
(a) sum total (b) average
Q2 I. The solar radiation consists of about 46 %.....
(a) UV (b) IR (c) Visible
Q22. The total energy radiated by a black body is proportional to its temperature(T)
(a) T2 (b) T3 (c) r4
Q23. In~ on are emitted by
(a) Hot ~ies (b) Cold bodies (c) Stars
Q24. The wavelength of most intense radiation is inversely proportional to its ....... .
(a) Absolute temperature(b) Humidity (c) Albedo
L,...,.......L~ tP,,,...J)
Q25. Hot bodies (like sun) radiate
(a) Short Waves (b) Long Waves (c) Balli
· Q26. The flow of heat from earth surface is 77% by
(a) Sensible Heat (b) Latent Heat
Q27. :._ 40° C = - 40° F
(a) True (b) False
Q28. Surface Temperature is recorded at a height of ... ..... above ground
(c) 2m
(a) 1.5 m (b) 1.25m
Q29. The door of Stevenson's screen should open
(a) opposite to sun (b) into sun (c) any direction
Q30. The liquid used in Minimum Thermometer is
(c) sprit
(a) mercury (b) alcohol
Q3 I. Freezing point of water is (d) 32°F
(c) 22°F
0°F
(a) (b) 12°F
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