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Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on

Questions 1 - 14.
Macronutrients

The human body needs a wide variety of nutrients to survive. Many are micronutrients,
which are required in very small quantities. For example, the average adult requires about
55 milligrams of the micronutrient selenium daily. That’s roughly the same weight as a grain
or two of rice. In contrast to the micronutrients, humans require a significant amount of
macronutrients on a daily basis. When discussing the term macronutrients, nutritionists are
in broad agreement that the three main sources of energy in the human diet are protein,
carbohydrates, and fat. There is no such agreement, however, as to the ideal proportion of
each macronutrient in a balanced diet.

Of the three macronutrients, protein typically provides the fewest calories for the average
person. One gram of protein contains four calories of energy, and nutritionists have
traditionally recommended that approximately 15 percent of a person’s calories come from
protein. In addition to being an energy source, protein plays a number of vital roles in the
body. Not only is protein necessary for building and repairing various tissues in the body,
but it is also essential in hormone synthesis, enzyme production, and the proper
functioning of the immune system.

Like protein, one gram of carbohydrates contains four calories of energy. Unlike protein,
however, carbohydrates’ role in the body is mostly related to energy production. For most
people, starches and sugars are their main sources of energy, typically accounting for 45
percent to 65 percent of daily calories. Once carbohydrates are broken down into simple
sugars, some enter the blood for immediate use by the body. Other sugars are converted
into a complex molecule called glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles until it is
needed.

The highest mass-to-energy ratio belongs to fat, as each gram of fat contains nine calories
of energy. It is generally stated that approximately 30 percent of our daily calories should
come from fats. Although fats are often regarded as an enemy by those trying to lose
weight, in fact fats do much more than provide energy. Besides acting as insulation against
heat loss and physical damage, fats are vital components of cell structures and nerve tissue.
Moreover, fats have many physiological functions, such as helping the body absorb fat-
soluble nutrients.

Traditionally, nutritionists and medical professionals have suggested that the ideal diet
should provide 15 percent of energy and calories from protein sources, 30 percent from fat,
and 55 percent from carbohydrates. The validity of this ratio has come under more scrutiny
in recent decades. In particular, many have questioned whether carbohydrates should make
up such a large proportion of our energy needs. Many studies suggest that a carbohydrate-
rich diet may be largely responsible for many of the chronic conditions of the modern
world, including diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.

Some people feel that a so-called ketogenic diet in which most calories come from fat
rather than carbohydrates has advantages. Such a diet forces the body to convert stored fat
into molecules called ketone bodies and then use these molecules for energy. Some
research suggests that this diet may have health benefits, and surprisingly, it has also been
shown to result in weight loss. Proponents of the ketogenic diet say it is more natural for
humans since it closely matches the diet of our pre-agricultural ancestors. Not everyone
agrees, however, and many health professionals are reluctant to recommend such a radical
eating plan.

1
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1- Rice is a good source of selenium, an important micronutrient.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
2
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

2- Humans can use all three macronutrients as a source of energy.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
3
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

3- Protein has a single, very important, role: aiding tissue repair.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
4
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

4- A gram of carbohydrates and fat have the same amount of energy.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
5
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

5- Our bodies can convert carbohydrates into two forms of energy.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
6
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6- In some cultures, the 15-30-55 ratio of macronutrients is unknown.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
7
Questions 1-7 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the options below for
questions 1–7:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7- On a ketogenic diet, 55 percent of energy should come from fat.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
8
Questions 8–11 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                       MICRONUTRIENTS AND MACRONUTRIENTS

Each day, humans must consume a variety of nutrients to stay in good


health. As their name suggests, micronutrients are needed in very limited
8- quantities. For instance, the daily requirement of selenium is roughly
equivalent in 9- weight to a single grain of rice. In contrast, a balanced
and healthy 10- diet requires the three macronutrients in much greater
amounts. However, the exact 11- proportion of protein to carbohydrates
to fat is open to debate.
(1 Punto)

9
Questions 8–11 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                       MICRONUTRIENTS AND MACRONUTRIENTS

Each day, humans must consume a variety of nutrients to stay in good


health. As their name suggests, micronutrients are needed in very limited
8-quantities For instance, the daily requirement of selenium is roughly
equivalent in 9- ……………………… to a single grain of rice. In contrast, a
balanced and healthy 10- ……………………… requires the three
macronutrients in much greater amounts. However, the exact 11-
……………………… of protein to carbohydrates to fat is open to debate.
(1 Punto)

10
Questions 8–11 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                       MICRONUTRIENTS AND MACRONUTRIENTS

Each day, humans must consume a variety of nutrients to stay in good


health. As their name suggests, micronutrients are needed in very limited
8- ……………………… . For instance, the daily requirement of selenium is
roughly equivalent in 9- ……………………… to a single grain of rice. In
contrast, a balanced and healthy 10- ……………………… requires the three
macronutrients in much greater amounts. However, the exact 11-
……………………… of protein to carbohydrates to fat is open to debate.
(1 Punto)

11
Questions 8–11 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                       MICRONUTRIENTS AND MACRONUTRIENTS


Each day, humans must consume a variety of nutrients to stay in good
health. As their name suggests, micronutrients are needed in very limited
8- ……………………… . For instance, the daily requirement of selenium is
roughly equivalent in 9- ……………………… to a single grain of rice. In
contrast, a balanced and healthy 10- ……………………… requires the three
macronutrients in much greater amounts. However, the exact 11-
……………………… of protein to carbohydrates to fat is open to debate.
(1 Punto)

12
Questions 12–14 | Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G,
below. 12- Despite playing numerous vital roles, proteins
(1 Punto)
A- in large quantities have been studied in pre-agricultural societies.
B- and other key micronutrients are required to be consumed each day.
C- are criticized by nutritionists, but not most other health professionals.
D- in the form of sugars and starches act as the principal source of fuel.
E- can serve as protection against cold conditions or even bodily injury.
F- for a short period may ease the suffering of people with diabetes.
G- make up the smallest proportion of most people’s daily calorie intake.
13
Questions 12–14 | Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G,
below. 13- For the great majority of people, carbohydrates
(1 Punto)
A- in large quantities have been studied in pre-agricultural societies.
B- and other key micronutrients are required to be consumed each day.
C- are criticized by nutritionists, but not most other health professionals.
D- in the form of sugars and starches act as the principal source of fuel.
E- can serve as protection against cold conditions or even bodily injury.
F- for a short period may ease the suffering of people with diabetes.
G- make up the smallest proportion of most people’s daily calorie intake.
14
Questions 12–14 | Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G,
below. 14- Some people view them as a bad thing, but fats
(1 Punto)
A- in large quantities have been studied in pre-agricultural societies.
B- and other key micronutrients are required to be consumed each day.
C- are criticized by nutritionists, but not most other health professionals.
D- in the form of sugars and starches act as the principal source of fuel.
E- can serve as protection against cold conditions or even bodily injury.
F- for a short period may ease the suffering of people with diabetes.
G- make up the smallest proportion of most people’s daily calorie intake.

Reading Passage 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on


Questions 15–27.
The Effects of Music on Behaviour

A- In 1982, psychologists conducted a now-famous experiment. At an American


supermarket, researchers played different kinds of background music on different days. In
particular, they played music of various tempos and noted whether this had any effect on
the behaviour of the shoppers in the store. What they discovered was astounding. When
the tempo of the music was faster, shoppers moved through the store more quickly and
bought less. When slower music was played, however, shoppers tended to spend more time
in the store and also made more impulse purchases. By the end of the study, it was
determined that simply changing the background music could have a significant impact on
a store’s profitability.

B- The confirmation that music can affect one’s behaviour and mood, upon further
consideration, seems obvious. After all, almost everyone is moved by music. But why does
this happen? This is still a matter of much debate. Laboratory studies have shown that
music causes the brain to release various neurochemicals such as dopamine, the chemical
primarily responsible for feelings of pleasure. This in itself has interesting implications. First,
since the feelings that music produces are automatic, they occur regardless of whether a
person is paying attention or not. This helps explain why background music in stores may
influence people’s shopping behaviour, even when they are focused on shopping and are
not consciously aware of the music in the background.

C- At the same time, the fact that music is chemically linked to a wide variety of basic
emotions such as happiness, excitement, awe, and sadness strongly suggests that the
importance of music has deep evolutionary roots. Why this may be so is still unclear, but it
implies that shops can provoke a range of different responses in shoppers simply by
adjusting background music in different ways. With this in mind, many researchers have
been trying to find the musical “sweet spot” that induces shoppers to spend the most
money at stores and restaurants.

D- Since the 1982 experiment, psychologists and marketing researchers have played with
different variables to see what effects they might have on shoppers’ behaviour. One study
looked at whether songs’ familiarity would have an impact. In the experiment, sometimes
commonly-recognised songs were played, and at other times less familiar music. The
prediction was that shoppers would spend more time shopping when familiar songs were
played because they would feel more comfortable. In fact, the reverse was found to be true
and shoppers spent eight percent less time shopping when more popular songs were
playing.

E- Another insight is that diverse genres of music encourage diverse kinds of behaviour. For
instance, classical music is often considered to be sophisticated and refined. Consequently,
researchers wanted to see if classical music could affect shoppers’ choices in stores where
luxury items were sold. Sure enough, when there was classical music in the background,
shoppers tended to select more expensive brands than they did when there was no classical
music.

F- This is not to say that classical music is always the best choice for businesses trying to
boost sales. On the contrary, the music that works best depends heavily on what type of
product is being sold. Another recent study by marketing researchers has shown that loud
music with a strong beat, such as rock music, causes people to eat more meat and fat. It is
thought that this kind of music increases the heart rate and stimulates one’s desire for
high-protein and high-calorie food. In contrast, when calm, quiet music is playing, people
consider their food choices more carefully, and not only eat less but also make healthier
selections. For a restaurant selling foods such as hamburgers and French fries, just playing
music with a heavy beat can be good for sales, though perhaps not their customers’ health.

15
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

15- an experimental result that was the opposite of expectations

(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
16
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

16- why music affects people’s behaviour without their realising it


(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
17
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

17- an alternative to using music to trigger unconscious behaviour


(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
18
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

18- a study that demonstrated how to make shoppers speed up


(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
19
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.
19- a scientific explanation for what causes feelings of pleasure
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
20
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

20- information that could help a restaurant boost its profit levels
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
21
Questions 15–21 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct letter,
A–G. You may use any letter more than once.

21- an experiment that suggested the best music for high-end stores
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
Paragraph G
22
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

22- The classic 1982 experiment on consumer behaviour was conducted


in a supermarket.
(1 Punto)

23
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

23- Most people find it moving, so it seems obvious that music can
influence a person’s mood or behaviour.
(1 Punto)

24
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

24- Music can evoke a range of responses in shoppers, and researchers


are trying to find out which kinds of music work best.
(1 Punto)

25
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

25- Perhaps surprisingly, an experiment showed that having familiarity


with a piece of music did not seem to lead to shoppers feeling more
comfortable.
(1 Punto)

26
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

26- Studies have shown that when consumers hear different kinds of
music, they are affected in different ways.
(1 Punto)

27
Questions 22–27 | Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE
THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

27- Listening to rock music caused diners to order foods with more
calories and an increased protein content.
(1 Punto)

Reading Passage 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on


Questions 28–40
The Quest for Fusion

The process that creates the sun’s energy is called nuclear fusion. In normal circumstances,
the positively-charged nuclei of atoms repel each other very strongly. In the centres of stars
such as the sun, however, the pressure and heat are so intense that the nuclei overcome
this repulsion and fuse together to form heavier atoms, liberating a tremendous amount of
energy in the process. The radiation from the sun’s nuclear fusion is the source of almost all
energy on Earth. However, only a tiny fraction of that energy is ever captured. Instead of
simply trying to harvest solar energy, what if it were possible to build a mini-sun right here
on Earth and produce fusion energy directly in a reactor? Success would mean a clean,
almost limitless source of energy.

Nuclear fusion should not be confused with nuclear fission, the process currently used in
nuclear power plants around the world. In a fission reaction, energy is obtained from
splitting large, heavy atoms into smaller ones. Nuclear fusion has some clear advantages
over nuclear fission. The fuel sources for fission reactions, uranium or plutonium, are highly
hazardous materials and must be handled carefully for both health and security reasons. In
contrast, the fuel source for fusion, hydrogen obtained from water, is harmless. In addition,
with fission there is the possibility that the reaction will get out of control and lead to a
serious environmental disaster. On the other hand, a fusion reaction will slow down and
stop as soon as the energy input is cut off. In other words, fusion could be both clean and
safe.

But nature will not give up her ultimate power source without a fight. The path to creating a
sustainable fusion reaction is fraught with technological challenges. The first obstacle to
overcome is that producing a fusion reaction takes a tremendous input of energy. In the
sun’s core, fusion occurs at 15 million degrees Celsius. On Earth, however, it takes
approximately 100 million degrees because it is impossible to reproduce the enormous
pressure in the centre of the sun. Moreover, even if a temperature of 100 million degrees
were achieved, it is difficult to build a machine that can withstand that intense heat for
more than a few seconds.

Despite these challenges, researchers have succeeded in producing fusion reactions on


Earth. The first controlled fusion reaction was produced in 1964 using a technique
informally called Laser Fusion in which lasers compress and heat materials enough to cause
fusion to occur. Although the scale was small, these early experiments showed that fusion
was at least possible.
The first real progress, however, occurred with the construction of the first Tokamak reactor
in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s. In a Tokamak reactor, gas is pumped into a doughnut-
shaped chamber. Electricity is passed through the “hole” of the doughnut to turn the gas
into a highly-energised charged form called a plasma. At the same time, powerful magnetic
coils around the outside of the chamber squeeze the charged plasma to extreme pressures
while radio waves and microwaves heat it to a temperature at which fusion can occur.

Over the decades, a greater understanding of physics as well as improvements in


engineering and materials science have allowed researchers to modify and refine the
Tokamak design. In the 1970s a reaction lasting microseconds and producing milliwatts of
power was considered a success. By the 1990s a reaction lasting one second and producing
16 megawatts of electricity was achieved. At the present time, a huge Tokamak reactor
capable of sustaining a reaction for minutes is being constructed in France. The facility,
called ITER, will produce more energy than is put into it, an important step on the path to
building an actual nuclear fusion power plant.

28
Questions 28–32 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options below for
questions 28–32:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

28- Fusion occurs when atomic nuclei strongly repel other nuclei.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
29
Questions 28–32 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options below for
questions 28–32:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

29- Most of the sun’s energy from fusion does not reach Earth.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
30
Questions 28–32 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options below for
questions 28–32:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

30- A fusion reactor would create a lot of energy and pollution.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
31
Questions 28–32 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options below for
questions 28–32:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

31- Fusion requires both tremendous heat and pressure to occur.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
32
Questions 28–32 | Do the following statements agree with the information
given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options below for
questions 28–32:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

32- Laser Fusion experiments first took place in the Soviet Union.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
33
Questions 33–36 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                         Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fusion creates energy when light atoms combine into heavier
ones. Nuclear fission, the 33- process used worldwide in nuclear power
plants to create energy, sounds similar but is very different. For fission to
occur, large heavy atoms must be split into smaller ones. This releases 34-
energy . One problem with fission is that the 35- fuel required for
reactions to occur are dangerous substances like uranium and plutonium.
Another issue is that the fission 36- reaction could become impossible to
stop, leading to disastrous effects on the environment. Fusion suffers
from neither of these problems.
(1 Punto)

34
Questions 33–36 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                         Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fusion creates energy when light atoms combine into heavier
ones. Nuclear fission, the 33- …………………… used worldwide in nuclear
power plants to create energy, sounds similar but is very different. For
fission to occur, large heavy atoms must be split into smaller ones. This
releases 34- …………………… . One problem with fission is that the 35-
…………………… required for reactions to occur are dangerous substances
like uranium and plutonium. Another issue is that the fission 36-
…………………… could become impossible to stop, leading to disastrous
effects on the environment. Fusion suffers from neither of these problems.
(1 Punto)

35
Questions 33–36 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                         Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fusion creates energy when light atoms combine into heavier
ones. Nuclear fission, the 33- …………………… used worldwide in nuclear
power plants to create energy, sounds similar but is very different. For
fission to occur, large heavy atoms must be split into smaller ones. This
releases 34- …………………… . One problem with fission is that the 35-
…………………… required for reactions to occur are dangerous
substances like uranium and plutonium. Another issue is that the fission
36- …………………… could become impossible to stop, leading to disastrous
effects on the environment. Fusion suffers from neither of these problems.
(1 Punto)

36
Questions 33–36 | Complete the summary below with words taken from
the reading passage. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

                                         Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fusion creates energy when light atoms combine into heavier
ones. Nuclear fission, the 33- …………………… used worldwide in nuclear
power plants to create energy, sounds similar but is very different. For
fission to occur, large heavy atoms must be split into smaller ones. This
releases 34- …………………… . One problem with fission is that the 35-
…………………… required for reactions to occur are dangerous substances
like uranium and plutonium. Another issue is that the fission 36-
…………………… could become impossible to stop, leading to disastrous
effects on the environment. Fusion suffers from neither of these problems.
(1 Punto)

37
For question 37 + 38 you must choose TWO letters for the question
below.

Which TWO points does the writer make about fusion research in the
1960s?

(2 puntos)
Choose TWO letters here.
A- Tokamak reactors create conditions of great heat and pressure.
B- Several uncontrolled Laser Fusion reactions occurred before 1964.
C- Fusion cannot occur in a Tokamak reactor if the “hole” is too large.
D- Scientists produced fusion using two different types of equipment.
E- It took scientists about five years to build the first Tokamak reactor.
38
Thank you for entering your answers for question 37 + 38 in number (37)
above. 

Make sure that you entered your TWO letters, A–D in number (37).

You can proceed to number (39).


39
For question 39 + 40 you must choose TWO letters for the question
below.

Which TWO points does the writer make about fusion research since the
1970s?

(2 puntos)
Choose TWO letters here.
A- By the 1990s, scientists could easily control how long fusion reactions lasted.
B- The fusion reactor being built in France will use a modified Tokamak design.
C- Fusion reactions achieved in the 1970s used improved Tokamak reactors.
D- The ITER facility will become the world’s first fully-working fusion power plant.
E- Fusion reactions improved greatly after engineers began conducting them.
40
Thank you for entering your answers for question 39 + 40 in number (39)
above. 

Make sure that you entered your TWO letters, A–D in number (39).
Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27
                                                                            Hedy Lamarr

A At any given moment, a billion or more electronic devices around the world communicate
wirelessly via Wi–Fi or Bluetooth. A technique called “spread spectrum” or “frequency
hopping” makes it possible for these devices to be used simultaneously. Amazingly, this
idea was not conceived by a physicist or engineer working at a university or in a factory, but
rather by a beautiful Hollywood movie star from the 1930s and 40s named Hedy Lamarr.

B Lamarr, a native of Austria, had had no formal training in science or mathematics, yet a
series of relationships paved the way to her ground-breaking invention. The first of these
chance occurrences was her marriage at the age of eighteen to industrialist Fritz Mandl. By
all accounts, it was not a happy relationship, but there was one aspect of the union that had
a lasting impact on Lamarr’s evolution as an inventor. Mandl, a successful arms
manufacturer, was doing research into how to control torpedoes at a distance using radio
signals. Although Lamarr was in no way directly involved in this project, she was often
present at meetings between her husband and engineers as they discussed the problem.
There is little doubt that this is when she was first exposed to the ideas that led to her later
invention.

C In the early 1930s, Lamarr, at that time still known by her original name Hedwig Kiesler,
enjoyed some minor success as an actress in Austria. After fleeing to London to escape her
unhappy marriage and the looming threat of war in mainland Europe, by chance she was
discovered by the American movie mogul Louis B. Mayer. It was at this time that Mayer
convinced her to change her name to a more elegant-sounding Hedy Lamarr. With her
classic good looks, Lamarr quickly became a very bankable star for MGM Studios.

D Despite Lamarr’s success as a Hollywood star, her interest in science and technology
never waned, and other chance encounters spurred her career as an inventor forward. Her
Hollywood lifestyle brought her into contact with many of the rich and famous, including
the eccentric aviation tycoon Howard Hughes. Recognizing Lamarr’s intelligence, Hughes
encouraged her interest in science and provided her with equipment so that she could
continue experimenting. Hughes even went so far as to put a team of engineers at her
disposal to assist her with her projects.

E At another party, Lamarr met a professional pianist named George Antheil, who was an
expert in mechanical music players. The two shared an interest in practical technology, and
it was with Antheil that Lamarr discussed an issue that had been vexing her for quite some
time. The problem involved radio-controlled torpedoes. At the time, technology had
advanced enough so that a torpedo could be controlled remotely by a radio signal.
However, the system had a significant strategic weakness. If an enemy could determine the
frequency of the radio signal being used, it would be possible to send out a signal on the
same frequency that would disrupt, or “jam,” the torpedo’s guidance system. Lamarr’s idea
was to create a communication device that could continuously change frequencies, thus
making it impossible for an enemy to jam the signal. Lamarr and Antheil worked together
to create just such a machine and filed a patent for the invention in 1942, in the middle
years of World War II.
15
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains
the following information? Choose the correct letter, A–F. You may use
any letter more than once.

15 - the primary reason why Lamarr became interested in and


knowledgeable of radio signals
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
16
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains
the following information? Choose the correct letter, A–F. You may use
any letter more than once.

16 - a jointly-developed idea for a working device with the potential to


help the war effort
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains
the following information? Choose the correct letter, A–F. You may use
any letter more than once.

17 - a meeting that launched Lamarr’s career as a successful actor in


Hollywood
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains
the following information? Choose the correct letter, A–F. You may use
any letter more than once.

18 - a lack of initial interest did not stop Lamarr’s idea from becoming a
practical invention
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F. Which paragraph contains
the following information? Choose the correct letter, A–F. You may use
any letter more than once.

19 - a technical explanation of why multiple cellular devices do not affect


each other
(1 Punto)
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F
20
Questions 20 to 22 | Classify the following descriptions as matching the
actions of the people listed below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

20 - persuaded Lamarr to adopt a more appealing name


(1 Punto)
A Fritz Mandl
B Louis B. Mayer
C Howard Hughes
D George Antheil
21
Questions 20 to 22 | Classify the following descriptions as matching the
actions of the people listed below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

21- shared an interest in technical equipment with Lamarr


(1 Punto)
A Fritz Mandl
B Louis B. Mayer
C Howard Hughes
D George Antheil
22
Questions 20 to 22 | Classify the following descriptions as matching the
actions of the people listed below. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

22 - provided resources to encourage Lamarr’s explorations


(1 Punto)
A Fritz Mandl
B Louis B. Mayer
C Howard Hughes
D George Antheil
23
Questions 23 - 26 | Do the following statements agree with the
information given in Reading Passage 2? Choose one of the options
below:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
23 - Lamarr remained married to Fritz Mandl until early in 1931.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
24
Questions 23 - 26 | Do the following statements agree with the
information given in Reading Passage 2? Choose one of the options
below:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

24 - Lamarr’s education was mainly in mathematics and science.


(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
25
Questions 23 - 26 | Do the following statements agree with the
information given in Reading Passage 2? Choose one of the options
below:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information


FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

25 - Lamarr wanted to be an inventor and was unhappy living in


Hollywood.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
26
Questions 23 - 26 | Do the following statements agree with the
information given in Reading Passage 2? Choose one of the options
below:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

26 - The machine that Lamarr patented was not put into use during the
war.
(1 Punto)
True
False
Not Given
27
Question 27 | Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Why was this passage written?


(1 Punto)
A to imply that women who are successful in one field may be successful in others, too
B to describe important events in the life of a woman who was a pioneer in technology
C to compare the challenges faced by women in the 1930s to 1950s with those of today
D to suggest that women may need to work for years before achieving financial success

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