Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 1 of 12

LEARNING PACKET IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

LEARNERS: GRADE 11 HUMSS

DURATION: WEEK 2

MELC AND CODE:

1. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-
Ib-10)
2. Explain how products of weathering are carried away by erosion and
deposited elsewhere. (S11/12ES-Ib-12)
_________________________________________________________________

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS

ROCKS
A rock is a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a
consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces (grains) of the same kind
of mineral. In other words, a rock is not one single, uniform crystal.

PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
The properties of rocks are a composite of its various mineral constituents.
The number of rock-forming minerals that are common is limited but they
combine through a multitude of processes to produce an enormous variety of
rock types. Rocks are the fundamental building materials of the lithosphere.
They are lifted, pushed down, and deformed by large-scale tectonic forces
originating in the lower mantle and asthenosphere. At the surface, rocks are
weathered and eroded to be deposited elsewhere. A mass of consolidated rock
that has not been weathered is termed bedrock. Bedrock may be exposed at
the surface of Earth or it may be overlain by a cover of broken and decomposed
rock fragments called regolith. Soil may or may not have formed on the regolith.
On steep slopes, regolith may be absent, and the bedrock may be exposed if
running water, gravity, or some other surface process removed the weathered
rock fragments. A mass of exposed bedrock is referred to as an outcrop.

Characteristically, rocks are:

1. Naturally found on Earth
2. Consist of minerals, other preexisting rocks, mineral-like matter, or
organic debris.

Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 2 of 12

 3. Can contain just one mineral or can include a composite of several
minerals.
4. Undergo processes that change their form and mineral composition.

ROCK CYCLE
The process wherein rocks change into sedimentary, metamorphic, and
igneous rock is called the rock cycle. It is a conceptual model for understanding
processes that generate, alter, transport, and deposit mineral materials to
produce different kinds of rocks. The term cycle emphasizes that existing rocks
supply the materials to make new and sometimes very different rocks. Whole
existing rocks can be “recycled” to form new rocks.

Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 3 of 12

TYPES OF ROCKS
Igneous rocks are those that solidify from magma, a molten mixture of rock-
forming minerals and usually volatiles such as gases and steam. Since their
constituent minerals are crystallized from molten material, igneous rocks are
formed at high temperatures. They originate from processes deep within the
Earth—typically at depths of about 50 to 200 kilometers (30 to 120 miles)—in
the mid- to lower-crust or in the upper mantle. Igneous rocks are subdivided
into two categories: intrusive (emplaced in the crust), and extrusive (extruded
onto the surface of the land or ocean bottom), in which case the cooling molten
material is called lava.

Sedimentary rocks are those that are deposited and lithified (compacted
and cemented together) at the Earth’s surface, with the assistance of running
water, wind, ice, or living organisms. Most are deposited from the land surface
to the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and oceans. Sedimentary rocks are generally
stratified—i.e., they have layering. Layers may be distinguished by differences
in color, particle size, type of cement, or internal arrangement.

Metamorphic rocks are those formed by changes in preexisting rocks under

the influence of high temperature, pressure, and chemically active solutions.
The changes can be chemical (compositional) and physical (textural) in
character. Metamorphic rocks are often formed by processes deep within the
Earth that produce new minerals, textures, and crystal structures. The
recrystallization that takes place does so essentially in the solid state, rather
than by complete remelting, and can be aided by ductile deformation and the
presence of interstitial fluids such as water. Metamorphism often produces
apparent layering, or banding, because of the segregation of minerals into
separate bands. Metamorphic processes can also occur at the Earth’s surface
due to meteorite impact events and pyrometamorphism taking place near
burning coal seams ignited by lightning strikes.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and
chemical composition, permeability, texture of the constituent particles, and
particle size. These physical properties are the result of the processes that
formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type
into another, as described by a geological model called the rock cycle. This
transformation produces three general classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic.
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 Those three classes are subdivided into many groups. There are, however,
no hard-and-fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in
the proportions of their minerals, they pass through gradations from one to the
other; the distinctive structures of one kind of rock may thus be traced gradually
merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in rock names
simply correspond to selected points in a continuously graduated series.

EARTH’S GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling
within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and
Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce
chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. Global
movements of water and its changes in form are propelled by sunlight and
gravity. Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean seafloor at ridges
and destroy old seafloor at trenches. Volcanic activity and the folding and
faulting of rock layers during the shifting of the Earth's crust affect the formation
of mountains, ridges, and valleys. Earth's surface is constantly being shaped and
reshaped by natural processes. Some of these processes, like earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions, produce dramatic and rapid change. Others, like weathering
and erosion, usually work less conspicuously over longer periods of time.
The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical
actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of
the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes. Diastrophism and
volcanism are endogenic geo-morphic processes. Weathering, mass wasting,
erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. Any exogenic
element of nature (like water, ice, wind etc.,) capable of acquiring and
transporting earth mate-rials can be called a geomorphic agent. When these
elements of nature become mobile due to gradients, they remove the materials
and transport them over slopes and deposit them at lower level. Gravity besides
being a directional force activating all downslope movements of matter also
causes stresses on the earth’s materials. Indirect gravitational stresses activate
wave and tide induced currents and winds. Without gravity and gradients there
would be no mobility and hence no erosion, transportation and deposition are
possible.

WEATHERING
Rocks found on the surface of the Earth undergo a process over time call
weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rock material. There are two
main types of weathering: physical and weathering. Physical, or mechanical,
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weathering happens when rock is broken through the force of another
substance on the rock such as ice, running water, wind, or plant growth.
Chemical weathering occurs when reactions between rock and another
substance dissolve the rock, causing parts of it to fall away.

VARIABILITY IN WEATHERING
One factor that affects weathering is the total surface area of mineral or
rock; the processes of weathering increases proportionately with the amount of
open space at the surface of the rock and extend through the rock. Climate is
another factor that affects the weathering process. Composition of rock or
mineral substance can also affect the process of weathering. The final element
that affects weathering is time.

AGENTS OF WEATHERING
Within each environment, specific agents of weathering may be recognized
and correlated with the types of effects they produce. Important agents of
weathering are water in all surface occurrences (rain, soil and groundwater,
streams, and ocean); the atmosphere (H2O, O2, CO2, wind); temperature
(ambient and changing, especially at the freezing point of water); insolation (on
large bare surfaces); ice (in soil and glaciers); gravity; plants (bacteria and
macroforms); animals (micro and macro, including humans). Human
modifications of otherwise geologic weathering that have increased
exponentially during recent centuries include construction, tillage, lumbering,
use of fire, chemically active industry (fumes, liquid, and solid effluents), and
manipulation of geologic water systems.

PRODUCTS OF WEATHERING
Products of physical weathering include jointed (horizontal and vertical)
rock masses, disintegrated granules, frost-riven soil and surface rock, and rock
and soil flows. Products of chemical weathering include many which have been
widely adapted to important economic and technologic uses. Such products
include the soil, and the clays used in making ceramic structural products,
whitewares, refractories, various fillers and coating of paper, portland cement,
absorbents, and vanadium. These are the relatively insoluble products of
weathering; characteristically they occur in clays, siltstones, and shales. Sand-
size particles resulting from both physical and chemical weathering may
accumulate as sandstones. After precipitation, the relatively soluble products of
chemical weathering give rise to products and rocks such as limestone, gypsum,
rock salt, silica, and phosphate and potassium compounds useful as fertilizers.
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EROSION AND DEPOSITION
The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves fragments of rock
and soil is termed erosion. The process by which sediment settles out of the
water or wind that is carrying it is called deposition.

AGENTS OF EROSON AND DEPOSITION

1. Surface or running water
2. Ocean waves
3. Wind
4. Ice/snow
5. Gravity

EARTH’S LANDSCAPES
Erosion and deposition shape Earth’s surface and form different landscapes.
Landscapes are features of the earth’s surface that form at the interface
between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Landscape types
include:
1. Mountains – areas of high elevation and steep slope
2. Plateau – areas of medium elevation with a gradual slope
3. Plain – low elevation areas with level surface and with virtually no slope

EARTH’S MAJESTIC LANDSCAPES

❖ Cordillera del Paine, Chile
❖ Elephant Island, Antarctica
❖ Dettifoss, Iceland
❖ Scottish Highlands, Scotland
❖ Grand Canyon, USA
❖ Machu Picchu, Peru
❖ Peyto Lake, Canada
❖ Seljalandsfoss, Iceland
❖ northern lights in Iceland
❖ Iguassu Falls, Argentina/Brazil
❖ Puerto Natales, Chile

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VOCABULARY WORDS
Igneous -(adjective): resulting to or resembling fire
Sedimentary -(adjective): formed by or from deposits of
sediment.
Metamorphic -(adjective): relating to or produced by
metamorphism.
Exogenic -(adjective): exterior or surface
Endogenic -(adjective): interior or within
_________________________________________________________________

STUDY-GUIDE QUESTIONS
➢ What is meant ➢ What are the ➢ What is a ➢ What is ➢ What is
by the words basic types of geologic weathering? erosion and
igneous, rocks? process? ➢ What re the deposition?
sedimentary, ➢ What are the ➢ What are two types of ➢ What are
and characteristics the weathering the
metamorphic? of the three different and how is different
➢ What are the basic types of geologic one type agents of
characteristics rocks? processes distinguished erosion and
of rocks? ➢ How do of planet from the deposition?
➢ How are rocks igneous, Earth? other? ➢ How
distinguished sedimentary ➢ How do ➢ What factors important is
from and these trigger both erosion and
minerals? ➢ metamorphic geologic types of deposition
➢ What is rock rocks differ? processes weathering in shaping
cycle? ➢ How are rocks take place? to occur? Earth’s
➢ What series of classified? ➢ Which of ➢ What factors surface?
interrelated Earth’s influence the ➢ What
events geologic rate of majestic
complete the processes weathering? spots on
rock cycle? are ➢ What are Earth are
➢ How do involved in positive and born out
events in the rock
rock cycle formation? negative of these
establishes outcomes of processes?
the origin, weathering? ➢ How are
formation, ➢ What are the products of
deposition of, products of weathering
and relation physical and carried to
between rock chemical and
types? weathering? deposited in
other
places?
Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 8 of 12
ACTIVITIES
1. “QUICK VIDEO”
Search the link and watch the brief video about the Rock Cycle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM40aV3Q_DA

2. “CONCEPT MAPPING: DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES AND ROCK CYCLE”

Copy the concept map provided on the last page of this learning packet.
Use the words found on the upper right of the page to fill the empty
boxes.

3. “ENDOGENIC OR EXOGENIC”
Classify the given geomorphic process into Endogenic or Exogenic.
a) Weathering
b) Volcanism
c) Erosion
d) Diastropism
e) Deposition

4. “BREAK ME DOWN”
Use antacid tablets to observe how different factors influence the type of,
extent, and rate at which weathering takes place.

a) Prepare the following Set Ups:

Volume A B C
200 mL Hot water Cold water Tap water
200 mL Vinegar Lye Tap water

b) Crush 6 antacids and place in 6 separate packaging.

c) Stir in the antacid while maintaining the same speed in each set up.
Start the timer immediately after the content of each package is
poured in. Stop the timer when no more powder is visible.

d) Record your observation.

e) Write a brief account (not less than 100 words) relating the
experiment with the weathering of rocks

Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 9 of 12

COMPONENT 6 5 4 3 2 1
Takes a clear Takes a clear Takes a clear Takes a Takes a position, Attempts to
position and position and position and position and but essay is take a
supports it supports it supports it provides underdeveloped. position
consistently with relevant with some uneven (addresses
with well- reasons relevant support; may topic), but
chosen and/or reasons lack position is
reasons examples and/or development very unclear O
FOCUS

and/or through much examples; in parts or be R takes a

examples; may of the essay. there is some repetitive OR position but
use persuasive development essay is no provides
strategy to of the essay more than a minimal or no
convey an well-written support; may
argument. beginning. only
paraphrase
the prompt.
Is focused and Is well Is generally Is organized in Is disorganized Exhibits little
ORGANIZATION

well organized, organized but organized but parts of the or unfocused in or no

with effective may lack some has few or no essay; other much of the apparent
use of transitions. transitions parts are essay OR is clear, organization.
transitions. among disjointed but too brief.
sections. and/or lack
transitions.
Consistently Exhibits some Most Sentence Sentences lack Sentences
SENTENCE FLUENCY AND

exhibits variety in sentences are structure may formal structure; run-on and
variety in sentence well be simple and word choice may appear
WORD CHOICE

sentence structure and constructed unvaried; often be incomplete or

structure and uses good but have word choice is inaccurate. rambling;
word choice. word choice; similar mostly word choice
occasionally, structure; accurate. may be
words may be word choice inaccurate in
used lacks variety or much or the
inaccurately. flair. entire essay
Errors in Errors in More frequent Errors in Errors in Errors in
grammar, grammar, errors in grammar, grammar, grammar,
CONVENTIONS

spelling, and spelling, and grammar, spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and
punctuation punctuation spelling, and punctuation punctuation punctuation
are few and do do not punctuation, sometimes interfere with prevent
not interfere interfere with but they do interfere with understanding in reader from
with understanding. not interfere understanding. much of the fully
understanding. with essay. understanding
understanding. essay.

5. “ANNOTATED SKETCH OF AREAS OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION”

Locate a river or coastline nearest your community using a google map.
Identify areas of erosion and deposition by making an annotated sketch of
the river or the coastline. Use clean A4 bond paper for your sketch.

Earth and Life Science: Grade 11 HUMSS (WEEK 2) Page 10 of 12

 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION SCORE
Design -Balance in DESIGN created___/10 points
30 points -Applied elements & principles of design___/10 points
-Evidence of planning and following out ideas___/10 points
Creativity/ -Generates a variety of ideas___/10 points
Originality -Unique original idea carried out in completed work___/20
30 points points
Effort/ -Ability to stay on WEEKLY task ___/5 points
Perseverance -Goes above and beyond project guidelines___/5 points
20 points -Student made good use of time management___/5 points
-Turned in complete and accurate project____/5 points
Craftsmanship/ -Paper clean, no smudges, erased well___/5 points
Skill/Consistency -Use of proper techniques and skill____/5 points
20 points -Consistency in marks throughout project____/5 points
-Progression in skill level___/5 points
TOTAL 100
ADDITIONAL
COMMENTS/SUG
GESTIONS FOR
IMPROVEMENT:

REFLECTION ON LEARNING
NOVICE INTERMEDIATE PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED MASTER
COMPETENCIES 1 2 3 4 5

1. Classify rocks into

igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic.
(S11/12ES-Ib-10)
2. Explain how products
of weathering are
carried away by
erosion and
deposited elsewhere.
(S11/12ES-Ib-12)
_________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
1. Teaching Guide in Earth and Life Science
2. Earth and Life Science, Rex Bookstore Inc., 2016
3. Science in Today’s World for Senior High. Sibs Publishing Company, 2016

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