● By the late 18th century, Spain and therefore the Philippines were finally feeling

the effects of political and economic developments taking place in Europe.

● GALLEON- The eventual end of the galleon to Acapulco's monopoly was

significant as a boost to trade. By the middle of the 1830s, Manila was virtually
completely open to European commerce. The final galleon arrived in Manila in
1815.

● SUEZ CANAL-The opening of the Suez Canal The changes that took place in the
second half of the nineteenth century had far reaching effects on the Filipinos .
One of these important changes was the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. this
resulted in the shorter route and travel time between Spain and the Philippines.

● SUEZ CANAL- Among them were exiled creoles from Mexico like Varela and
Novales, whose subversive ideas and activities advocated freedom and liberties.
Later on, they influence some educated Filipinos and soon both were asking the
government to introduce changes in the administration of the colony. These
books and periodicals were read by the educated Filipinos who learned about
democratic practice in Europe , such us freedom of the press, freedom of speech ,
and the free exchange of ideas among people.

● CHINESE-MESTIZOS -A new class emerged as a result of the expansion of

commercial agriculture. Along with the church's parcels of land and the
preSpanish nobility's rice estates, haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar
developed; these were frequently owned by ambitious Chinese-Filipino
mestizos. Families that rose to prominence in the 19th century have remained
influential in Philippine politics and economics

● CHINESE-MESTIZOS- In the nineteenth century, Chinese mestizos played a

significant role in Philippine society and were essential in the development of
the Filipino middle class and the movement for reform.

● INQUILINOS-As members of the middle class , they were able to send their
children to colleges and universities in Manila and even to Europe. Hence , the
wealthy and highly educated Filipinos called ilustrados compose the middle
class in Philippines colonial society under Spain.

● EDUCATION-Public education didn't start in the Philippines until 1863, and

even then, the church was in charge of the curriculum. Fewer than one-fifth of
individuals who attended school were proficient in Spanish reading, writing,
and speaking.

1. Overemphasis on religious matters

         The power of religious orders remained one of the great constants, over the
centuries, of Spanish colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and
Franciscan orders conducted many of the executive and control functions of
government on the local level. They were responsible for education and health
measures. These missionaries emphasized the teachings of the Catholic religion
starting from the primary level to the tertiary level of education.

2. Obsolete teaching methods

Their methods are outdated.

3. Limited curriculum

          The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the
reading of Spanish books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and
Mathematics were not very much taught to the students even in the universities.
Aside from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also taught to the students
instead of Spanish.

4. Poor classroom facilities

5. Absence of teaching materials

6. Primary education was neglected

7. Absence of academic freedom

         The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system was

extended to the schools that Spaniards established in the Philippines. Learning in
every level was largely by rote. Students memorized and repeated the contents of
book which they did not understand. In most cases knowledge was measured in the
ability of the students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual progress.

8. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning

         In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to
Spanish students. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain
in the Philippines as colonizers. For this reason, the Filipinos became followers to
the Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos became cronies, to the
extent that even their life styles were patterned from the Spaniards.

9. Friar control over the system

         The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times. They
owned different schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary levels of
education. The missionaries took charge in teaching, controlling and maintaining the
rules and regulations imposed to the students

● Liberalism in the Philippines In 1868, a revolutions took place in Spain. The

revolutionists were against the autocratic reign of Queen Isabel II. It lasted from
1868- 1868. the triumph of the Spanish revolutionists who fought for popular
suffrage and freedom of speech , the press , and of religions , brought to the
country same liberal and progressive Spaniards. One of them was Governor-
General Carlos Maria de la Torre.

● SIGNIFICANCE-To many Filipinos , mestizo, and Spaniards who embraced

progressive ideas , Governor de la Torre was the best governor-general the
Philippines has ever had.

● BOURBON- This political reform sets the economic and political legislation promulgated
by the Spanish crown under various kings like King Philip V (1700-1746), King Ferdinand
VI (1746-1759), King Charles III (1759- 1788) and Charles IV (1788-1800).
● It pursued the state supremacy over the Catholic church, resulting to the suppressing of
Jesuits in 1767 as well as ecclesiastical privileges. • It gave deep consequences of
colonial policy innovations in areas such as Mexico and Philippines that was why it gave
also the Philippine natives the idea that colonization could be done without much
intervention from Catholic church.
● The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The Filipinos became the
Spaniard’s slave. The Spaniards claimed their taxes and they worked under the power
of the Spaniards. Cadiz Constitution/Spanish Constitution of 1812 • It was a liberal
constitution promulgated by the 300 deputies from Spanish America and Philippines on
March 1819, 1812 at Cadiz Port, Mediterranean to end the abuse of conservative ideas
in Spain. • In Manila, an election held to name the Filipino delegate who will represent
the Philippines, and it was Ventura Delos Reyes.
● It declares “sovereignty resides the nation, which the exclusive right to establish its
fundamental laws.” • It established: -universal male suffrage -constitutional monarchy
-freedom of press, land reform, free enterprise -allowing colonies to have
representatives in Spanish Cortes
● It was declared invalid by King Fernando VII and restored “Absolutism.” • This
constitution was not been implemented in the Philippines (supposedly in 1815) but
resulted in revised system of Spanish Government in the Philippines like the abolition of
Galleon Trade, converting mercantilism to free-trade and Ilocos rebellion and advent of
liberalism.