Semester IX-A.B.C.M.

LONG SPAN BEAM 03

STRUCTURES

1735- Krittika Jayachandran

1737- Devi Kulkarni
1745- Nitin Mhapsekar
 INDEX
01 Definition, Advantage, Disadvantage

02 Types of long span beams

03 Design of all types

04 Beam vs Girder

05 Types of girders

06 References
DEFINITION
The definition of long-span beam is taken as anything in excess of 12 m span.

Advantages
Generally long spans result in flexible, column-free internal spaces, reduce
substructure costs, and reduce steel erection times.
This broad range of benefits means that they are commonly found a wide range of
building types.
Many long span solutions are also well adapted to facilitate the integration of
services without increasing the overall floor depth.

Disadvantages
They increase internal forces on columns.
They increase lateral forces on supporting beams.
hey add complexity to the design and require specialized professionals to ensure they’re
used properly.
TYPES OF LONG
SPAN BEAMS
01 Parallel beam approach

02 Composite beam with web openings

03 Cellular composite beams

04 Stub girder

05 Haunched composite beams

06 Composite trusses
DESIGN
PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH

The parallel beam approach is

effective for spans up to around
14 m.
Floor grids comprise two layers
of fully continuous beams
running in orthogonal
directions.
Services running in either
direction can be integrated
within these two layers, so that
services passing in any direction
can be accommodated within
the structural floor depth.
A further benefit is that, being
fully continuous, the depth of
the beams themselves is reduced
without incurring the expense
and complexity of rigid, full
strength connections .
DESIGN
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS

This enables the structural and service

zones to occupy the same space,
thereby reducing the effective overall
depth of floor construction for a given
spanning capability.
Composite beams with web openings
have been shown to be a cost effective
solution for spans in the range 10 to 16
m.
The way of forming the web openings
for the composite beam is simply to cut
them into the plate used to form the
web of a plate girder, or into the web of
a rolled section.
Around the openings, the beam
behaves as a Vierendeel girder, and
web post-buckling may govern the
design
Large openings may require stiffening
to avoid instability (buckling) of the
web posts.
DESIGN
CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS

Cellular beams are a form of beam with

multiple regular web openings , formed
by splitting two rolled sections
longitudinally, to form two Tee
sections.
The two Tees,are then welded together
to form an I-section with web openings
which have a characteristic shape.
The process used to form cellular
beams enables the bottom half of the
final beam to be formed from a heavier
donor section than the top half - in
other words the bottom flange can be
significantly bigger than the top flange.
Although cellular beams have regular
openings, some of these may be infilled,
and/or stiffening added to
accommodate local features such as
incoming beams or heavy point loads.
Double (oval) openings may also be
included to facilitate the passage of
larger service ducts.
DESIGN
STUB GIRDERS

Stub girders are a Vierendeel form of truss,

a rather exotic hybrid that can be thought
of as lying somewhere between a solid web
I-section and a truss. The bottom chord is
typically formed from a shallow open
section (UC), on which sit short lengths
(stubs) of deeper I-sections (UB). One of the
disadvantages of this option - until
composite action with the cured concrete is
achieved the beams may need temporary
support/restraint. An inverted Tee section
may be used to fulfil the functions of a top
chord during erection.
A big advantage of this option is that spans
in excess of 20 m can be economically
achieved. Services and/or secondary beams
can pass through the gaps between the
beam stubs, reducing overall construction
depth.
The figure on the right shows a composite
stub girder supporting a secondary beam,
which is in turn supporting a composite
slab.
DESIGN
HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS

Haunches may be added at the ends of a

composite beam to provide moment
continuity.
The stiffness and strength of the
connections mean that the rest of the span
can be shallower (the bending moment
diagram is 'lifted' and the effective stiffness
of the beam substantially increased), and
services passed under it.
In buildings where the services are likely
to need frequent replacement (for example
in hospitals ), hanging the services under
the beams rather than passing them
through holes in the webs, or through a
truss, can be advantageous.
Spans in excess of 20 m can readily be
achieved.
DESIGN
COMPOSITE TRUSSES

Composite trusses, which use the concrete slab as the upper chord in the final state, can
achieve spans in excess of 20 m.
This means they have been used when very long-spanning capability was needed.
The main disadvantages are that during the construction phase the truss may be rather
flexible (laterally), and that in the final state the costs of fire protection can be high given the
large number of surfaces to protect.
Fabrication cost is higher than for a plain beam.
Services can be passed through the gaps between the truss members to reduce overall floor
depth.
BEAM VS GIRDER
The main difference is the size of the component. If it is the chief horizontal support in a
structure, it is a girder, not a beam. If it is one of the smaller structural supports, it is a
beam.

Girders
Generally have greater depths.
They comprise of built up sections or non- standard steel sections.
They carry heavier loads and have larger flange area.
TYPES OF GIRDERS

01 Rolled steel girder

02 Plate girder

03 Box girder
TYPES
ROLLED STEEL GIRDER

A girder that has been fabricated by using rolling a clean cylinder of steel through a chain of
dies to create the preferred form.
Those create standardized I-beam and extensive flange beam shapes up to 100 toes in period.
When girders become larger however, a standard rolled shape may not be available and a
plate girder may have to be fabricated instead.
Generally seen for smaller spans and loads.
TYPES
PLATE GIRDER

A girder that has been fabricated via welding plates together to create the desired shape.
The fabricator gets massive plates of steel inside the favored thickness, then cuts the flanges
and web from the plate in the favored length and shape.
Plate girders can have a extra peak than rolled steel girders and are not confined to
standardized shapes.
The potential to customise a girder to the exact load situations lets in the bridge layout to be
extra green.
Plate girder can be used for spans from 10m to a 15m
Stiffeners are sometimes welded among the compression flange and the web to increase the
power of the girder.
A plate girder is typically an I-beam cross-section made up of separate structural steel plates
which are welded, bolted or riveted together to form the deeper vertical web and narrower
horizontal flanges of the beam.
The section modulus required for the plate girder at various sections such as mid-section,
one-third section, one fourth sections etc. varies depending upon the moment at these
sections and as such the flange plates may be curtailed at the point of less moments such as
at the ends for simply supported girders.
 TYPES
PLATE GIRDER

Components of plate girder

1. Web plate
2. Flange plates
3. Flange angles
4. Rivets or welds connecting flange angles with the flange plates and web plate.
5. Vertical stiffeners fixed to the web plate at intervals along the length of the girder to guard
against buckling of web plate.
6. Horizontal stiffeners fixed to the web plate depth wise, one or more in numbers, to prevent
buckling of web plate.
7. Bearing stiffeners at the ends over the centre line of bearing and at intermediate points
under the point loads.
8. Web splice-plates used to join the two web plates.
9. Flange splice-plates used to join the two flange plates.
10. Angle splice-plates used to join the two flange angles.
11. Bearing plates at the ends resting on the piers/abutments.
TYPES
BOX GIRDER

They encompass vertical webs, quick top flanges on top of every web, and a huge bottom
flange connecting the webs together.
It is in particular immune to torsion and, even as high-priced, are applied in situations
wherein a plate girder would possibly succumb to torsion or toppling consequences.
Where a tubular girder is used as a bridge span (i.e. loaded in the center rather than at one
end, like a crane) the compressive force is in the top web of the girder and so the cells are
placed at the top.
Dynamic forces (moving loads, wind) may also require both faces to be cellular.
 REFERENCES
https://www.steelconstruction.info/Long-span_beams
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237500597_DESIGN_OF_HAUNCHED_C
OMPOSITE_CONNECTIONS_FOR_LONG_SPAN_BEAM_CONSTRUCTION#:~:text=a
%20practical%20minimum.-,Haunched%20composite,in%20speed%20of%20construc
tion.
http://freeit.free.fr/Structure%20Engineering%20HandBook/18.pdf

Portal Frame Structures