11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 4 – Module 5
The Definite Integral of a Function
using Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 5: Computing the definite Integral of a function using
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 5
The Definite Integral of a
Function using Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
 I

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

▪ Compute the definite integral of a function using Fundamental

theorem of calculus (STEM_BC11-IVh-2).

OBJECTIVES:
K: Recall the Fundamental theorem of calculus;
S: Compute the definite integral of a function using
Fundamental theorem of calculus;
A: Internalize the concept of the Fundamental theorem of
calculus.

ACTIVITY 1: Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC), compute

the following:

𝟑 𝟔
1. ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓)𝒅𝒙 𝟐. ∫𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙

2
 Lesson 1 Compute the definite integral of a function
using Fundamental theorem of calculus
’s In

QUICK RECALL!
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
If f is a continuous on [a, b], then the function
𝑥
F(x) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
has a derivative at every point in [a, b] and
𝑑𝐹 𝑑 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2

If f is continuous at every point of [a, b] and F is any derivative of f on [a, b], then
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎).
This part of the fundamental theorem is also called the Integral Evaluation Theorem.

’s New

In this module, we will be learning and solving definite integrals using

fundamental theorem. But before that, let us have first a short review on the rules
for Definite Integrals. there are 11 rules and these are:

1. Zero rule:
2. Reversing Limits of Integration Rule:
3. Constant Multiple Rule:
3a. Special case:
4. Sum Rule:
5. Difference Rule:
6. Domination Rule:
6a. Special Case:
7. Max-Min Rule:
𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑎 𝑏
∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑏 𝑏
g(x) ≥ f(x) on [a, b] → ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑏
f(x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] → ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0.
𝑏
min f . (b – a) ≤ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ max 𝑓 . (𝑏 − 𝑎)

3
 Lower bound Upper bound
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
8. Interval Addition Rule: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
9. Interval Subtraction Rule: ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

is It

Definite Integration
We define the definite integral of the function f(x) with respect to x from a to b
as:

𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 F(b) – F(a)

where F(x) is the anti-derivative of f(x). We call a and b the lower and upper limits
of integration respectively. The function being integrated, f(x), is called the
integrand.

Remember! Integration constant are not written in definite integrals since they
always cancel in them:

𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)

= [F(b) + C] – [ F(a) + C]
= F(b) + C - F(a) – C
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(b) – F(a) → THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (FTC),
PART 2

4
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (FTC), PART 2

The theorem states that to evaluate the definite integral of a continuous

function f from a to b, all we need to do is find an antiderivative F of f and calculate
the number F(b) – F(a).

Example 1:
3
Evaluate ∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥

Solution:
3 1
∫−1(𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = [4 𝑥 3+1 + 𝑥]
𝑥4
= [ 4 + 𝑥]
34 (−1)4
= [ 4 + 3] − [ + (−1)]
4
81 1
= ( 4 + 3) − (4 − 1)
81 1
= +3− +1
4 4
= 24

Example 2:
6
Evaluate ∫2 (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑑𝑡

Solution:
6 1
∫2 (𝑡 2 + 1)𝑑𝑡 = [3 𝑡 2+1 + 𝑡]
𝑡3
= [ 3 + 𝑡]
(6)3 (2)3
=[ + 6] − [ + 2]
3 3
216 8
=( + 6) − (3 + 2)
3
8
= 72 + 6 - 3 − 2
1
= 73 3

5
 ’s More

Activity 2: Evaluate the following integral, if possible.

3 𝑥 2 −4 2 𝑑𝑥
a. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 b. ∫−1
𝑥−2 𝑥

Solutions:

a. The function f(x) = 𝑥 2 − 4 /x – 2 has a removable discontinuity on [0, 3], so f

is integrable, but FTC does not apply. We can, however, apply FTC through:
3 𝑥 2 −4 3 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
∫0 𝑑𝑥 → ∫0 𝑑𝑥 cancel the same terms,
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

3 𝑥2
thus, ∫0 (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 + 2𝑥]
32
= [ 2 + 2(3)] − [0]
9
=2+6
= 10.5

b. The function f(x) = 1/x is discontinuous at 0 on [-1, 2], so FTC does not
apply. The discontinuity is unbounded, it is not removable, so it is not integrable
by our current understanding.

6
 I Can Do

Activity 3
Fill in the blanks the information needed to make the solutions correct

3 𝑡4
1. ∫2 (𝑡 3 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = [____ + 5𝑡]

(3)4 24
=[ + _____] − [ 4 + 5(__)]
4
16
= ( 4 + 15) − ( 4 + 10)
= + 15 − 4 − 10
4
= 21.25

2 𝑥3 𝑥2
2. ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 − ]
____
23 _____ 13 12
=[3 − ]− [3 − ]
2 2
8 4 1 1
= ( 3 − 2) − ( 3 − 2)
8 4 1 1
=3− − +
2 3 2
7 3
=3− 2
= _______

Evaluate the following integral using FTC. Show your solutions in your notebook.
−6
3 32
1. ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 6. ∫1 𝑥 5
2 1
2. ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 7. ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
2 1
3. ∫−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 8. ∫−1(𝑟 + 1)2 𝑑𝑟 Hint: square first
2 3
4. ∫−1(𝑥 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 9. ∫2 (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 3 (𝑥 2 −1)
5. ∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

7
 8
ACTIVITY 1 ASSESSMENT
1. 21.25 1. 9/2 6. 5/2
2. 73 1/3 2. 5/6 7. 2 1/3
3. 3/2 8. 8/3
ACTIVITY 3 4. 15/4 9. 6 1/4
1. 4, 5(3), 2, 81 5. 3 10. -5/2
5
2. 2, (2)2 , 6
References

(1995). In G. B. Ross L. Finey, Calculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic. Reading Massachusetts :

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

(2021, 03 21). Retrieved from authors.library.caltech.edu

(2021, 03 21). Retrieved from web.auburn.edu

9
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