Fire Tech

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION
Introduction
Fires are as old as the Earth itself. They had long burned out of control over
immense areas but when early man first sniffed the air and smelled smoked, the
opening page in the history of fire was written.
For thousand years, people have been using fire to warm themselves, cook their
food, and soften metals so they could be hammered or cast into new and useful shapes.
Both the problems and benefits of fire quickly became evident.
The earliest finds, in Kenya and Ethiopia, date from about 1.5 million years ago.
Less equivocal evidence exists for deliberate fire use in the Paleolithic period, beginning
about 500,000 years ago. Neolithic sites have yielded objects that may have been used
in fire, making drill for producing friction, heat in wood and flints for striking sparks from
iron pyrites.
A site near Nice, France has yielded evidence also that hominids uses fire even
half million years ago wherein sources of fire are assumed to be of the natural effects.
We can only guess that pre-historic people may have gained knowledge of fire
from observing things in nature. So the origin of fire before the dawn of civilization may
be traced to an erupting volcano, or a forest fire, started by lighting. No one really knows
where on the earth surface or at what stage of early history man learned how to start a
fire and how to make use of it. Yet, today, man has had fire as:
 source of warmth and light
 protection against enemies
 cause chemical changes to foodstuffs to suit man’s body structure
 provides processes for modifying chemicals into medicines
 provides heat to convert wood, metals, and bones into domestic tools or
instruments for aggression
While the application of fire has served man’s needs its careless and wanton use
exact an enormous and dreadful toll from society in life and property. Hence, man’s
understanding of fire would enable him to develop the technology of prevention and
control to a considerable advance state (Abis).

Compiled by SFO2 Jayson Eisma Necida, LPT, RCrim, MSCrim, MAEd
FIRE IN LEGEND AND RELIGION
In legend and religion, fire is common thing. For example, in Persian literature
fire was discovered during a fight of a hero with a dragon. A stone that the hero used as
a weapon missed the monster and struck a rock. Light shone forth and human beings
saw fire for the first time.
In Greek mythology, Prometheus was bestowed with god like powers when he
stole the god’s fire to give it to humanity. Fire has also played a central role in religion. It
has been used as a god and recognized as a symbol of home and family in many
cultures. Fire has also been a symbol of purification and of immortality and renewal,
hence the lighting of flames of remembrance.
The Temple of Vesta in Rome was an outstanding example of the importance of
fire to the Romans. Vesta was originally the goddess of the fire and her shrine was in
every home.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY

Fire has been produced by two principal methods: friction and percussion. In
friction method, friction raises the temperature of a combustible material to ignition
temperature while percussion method produces a spark to set a kindling fire.
SCIENCE OF FIRE
Fire can take a variety of forms but all involve a heat-producing chemical reaction
between some type of fuel and oxygen or a similar substance. When anything burns,
heat is generated faster than it can dissipated and this cause significant increase in
temperature.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

A physical change occurs when a substance remains chemically but changes in
size, shape or appearance while a chemical reaction occurs when a substance change
from one type of matter to another. The chemical change often involves the reaction of
two or more substances to form another types of compounds.
Chemical and physical change almost always involve an exchange of energy.

Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction called combustion that releases energy
in the form of heat and light.
Fire is a rapid chemical reaction that gives off energy

Combustion- An exothermic
and product of combustion that are very different in chemical reaction that is
composition. It is the heat and light that comes from the self-sustaining process of
rapid oxidation of a fuel that
burning substances, produces by the combustion of produces heat and light.
substances. Exothermic Heat Reaction-

Chemical reaction between two
or more materials that changes
MODES OF COMBUSTION
materials and produces heat,
flames, and toxic smoke.
Combustion is a rapid self-sustaining chemical
Endothermic Heat Reaction-
process that yields heat and usually light. Fire is a form of Chemical reaction in which a
substance absorbs heat energy.
combustion. Modes of combustion are differentiated based
Two States of Energy
on where the reaction is occurring.
Potential Energy- Stored
1. Flaming Combustion- oxidation involves fuel in energy possessed by an object
that can be released in the
the gas phase. This requires liquid or solid fuels future to perform work
to be converted to gas phase or vaporized. When Kinetic Energy- The energy
possessed by a moving object.
heated, both liquid and solid fuels will give off
vapors that mix with oxygen and can burn, producing flames.
2. Non-flaming or Smoldering Combustion- oxidation involves solid fuels
particularly those that are porous and can char, can undergo oxidation at the
surface of the fuel.
PROPERTIES OF FIRE
A. The Physical Properties

1. Specific Gravity – the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid substance to the
weight of an equal volume of water.
2. Vapor density – the weight of a volume of pure gas composed to the volume of
dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
3. Vapor Pressure – the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of a liquid.
4. Temperature – the measure of the degree of thermal agitation of molecules.

5. Boiling Point – the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
6. Ignition/Kindling temperature – the minimum temperature at which the
substance must be heated in order to initiate combustion.
7. Fire point – the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open container at which
vapors are evolved fast enough to support combustion.
8. Flash point – the temperature at which a flammable liquid forms a vapor-air
mixture that ignites (mixture with in the explosive range).
B. The Chemical Properties

1. Endothermic Reactions – changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is
added before the reaction takes place.
2. Exothermic Reactions – those that release or give off energy (heat) thus they
produce substances with less energy than the reactants.
3. Oxidation – a chemical change that is exothermic, a change in which
combustible material (fuel) and an oxidizing agent (air), react. Example of
oxidation is combustion which is the same as actual burning (rapid oxidation)
4. Flames – flames are incandescent (very bright/glowing with intense heat) gases.
It is a combustion product and a manifestation of fire when it is in its gas-phased
combustion.
Types of Flames
a. Based on Color and Completeness of Combustibility of Fuel

1. Luminous Flame – is orange-red, deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel
being heated due to incomplete combustion and has a low temperature.
2. Non-Luminous Flame – is blue, there is complete combustion of fuel
and has relatively high temperature.
b. Based on Fuel and Air Mixture
1. Premixed Flame – is exemplified by a Bunsen-type laboratory burner
where hydrocarbon (any substance containing primarily carbon and
hydrogen) is thoroughly mixed with air before reaching the flame zone.

2. Diffusion Flame – is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced through a
nozzle into the atmosphere which diffuse in the surrounding atmosphere
in order to form a flammable mixture. The candle flame is an example of
diffusion flame governed purely by molecular diffusion, and the flame of
the oxyacetylene torch.
c. Based on Smoothness
1. Laminar Flame – when a particle follows a smooth path through a
gaseous flame.
2. Turbulent Flame – are those having unsteady, irregular flows. As
physical size, gas density or velocity is increased, all laminar gas flows
tend to become turbulent.

ELEMENTS OF FIRE
Fire Triangle
For many years, firefighters were taught that three

components were needed for a fire to occur: oxygen, fuel, and
heat. This relationship was represented by the fire triangle.
The fire triangle provides a reasonable explanation of non-

flaming or smoldering combustion.
Fire Tetrahedron
Flaming combustion is more accurately explained using the

fire tetrahedron which is composed of the following four elements:
oxygen, fuel, heat and a self-sustained chemical chain reaction.
Each component must be in place for a flaming combustion to
occur. If heat, fuel, or oxygen is removed from a fire, it will be
extinguished (fire triangle). Flaming combustion will cease if the
self-sustained chemical chain reaction is inhibited or interrupted
(fire tetrahedron) however, the fire may continue to smolder depending on the
characteristics of the fuel.
I. FUELS
Reducing Agent -
Fuel is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the The fuel that is
combustion process. In scientific terms, the fuel in combustion is being oxidized or
burned during
known as the reducing agent. Fuels may be organic or inorganic. combustion.
A fuel may be found in any of three states: solid, liquid or gas. Inorganic fuels do
not contain carbon
For flaming combustion to occur, fuel must be in a gaseous state. Heat like hydrogen and
is energy required to change solids and liquids to gas. magnesium.
Organic fuels
contain carbons.

Solid Fuels
Solid fuels have definite shape and size. Fuel gases and vapors are evolved from
solid fuels by pyrolysis (chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of
heat). As solid fuels are heated, they begin to decompose and combustible vapors are
given off. If there is sufficient fuel and heat, the process of pyrolysis generates sufficient
quantities of burnable gases to ignite in the presence of sufficient oxygen.
Solid fuel have definite shape and size. This property significantly affects whether
they are easy or difficult to ignite. The primary consideration is the surface area of the
fuel in proportion to mass called the surface-to-mass ratio.
The following are group of solid fuels:

1. Biomass – it is the name given to such replaceable organic matters like wood,
garbage and animal manure that can be used to produce energy. For example, heat
produced by burning nutshells, rice and oat hulls, and other by-products of food
processing. They are often used to operate plant equipment.
Factors affecting the combustibility of wood and wood-based products
a. Physical form – the smaller the piece of wood, the easier it is to burn.
b. Moisture content (water content) – the freshly cut wood is more difficult to
ignite and burn than dry wood.
c. Heat conductivity - a poor conductor of heat takes a longer time to ignite
than those materials that are good conductors of heat.
d. Rate and period of heating – less flammable materials don’t easily ignite
and needs direct contact with flame than highly combustible materials.
e. Rate of combustion – with an unlimited supply of oxygen, the rate of burns
increases, and more heat is produced and fuel is consumed more completely.
f. Ignition temperature – the higher the temperature, the faster it reaches
ignition point and it varies depending on the other factors above.

2. Fabrics and Textiles – almost all fibers and textiles are combustible. A fiber is a
very fine thin strand or thread like object. Fabrics are twisted or woven fibers. And
textiles are machine woven or knitted fabric.
Classification of Fibers
a. Natural Fibers – they come from plants (Coir – coconut fiber, Cotton – seed
fiber, pulp – wood fiber) , from animals (wool, silk, protein fibers – leather),
from minerals (asbestos)
b. Synthetic/Artificial Fibers – organic fibers, cellulose fibers, cellulose
acetate, non-cellulose, and inorganic fibers like fiber glass, steel
Factors affecting the combustibility of fibers
a. Chemical composition – natural and synthetic organic fibers are generally

highly combustible materials especially if they are dry. Mineral fibers and
synthetic inorganic fibers are normally fire resistant materials.
b. Fiber finish or coating – fiber coating combined with organic fibers are
supportive to continued burning of fabric.
c. Fabric weight – the heavier the fabric, the greater its resistance to ignition, thus
delaying its ignition.
d. Tightness of weave – the closer the fiber are woven, the smaller the space it
contains, and thus it takes a longer period to ignite it.
e. Flame retardant treatment – fabric treated with flame retardant have higher
resistance to ignition.
3. Plastics – plastics are included as ordinary fuels under class A except those
materials of or containing cellulose nitrate. Cellulose Nitrate is a chemical powder used
in bombs, they are also called pyroxylin.
Plastics comprise a group of materials consisting mainly of organic substances or
high molecular substances. They are solid in the finished state although at some stage
of manufacture plastics can be made to flow into a desired shape, usually through the
application of heat or pressure or both.

Liquid Fuels
Specific Gravity-
Weight of a substance
Liquids have mass and volume but have no definite shape compared to the weight
except for a flat surface. Liquids assumed the shape of the of an equal volume of a
water at a given
container. When released, liquids will flow downhill and pool in temperature. A specific
gravity less than 1
low areas. indicates a substance
lighter than water: ma
In order to burn, liquids must be vaporized. Vaporization is specific gravity
greater than 1
the transformation of a liquid to vapor or gaseous state. indicates a substance
heavier than water.
Characteristics of a Liquid Fuel
Vaporization - Process
of evolution that
a. They are matters with definite volume but no definite changes a liquid into a
shape. gaseous state. The rate
of vaporization depends
b. They assume the shape of their vessel because there on the substance
involved, heat and
is no free movement of molecules. pressure.
c. They are slightly compressible. They are not capable Flash point- Minimum
temperature at which a
of indefinite expansion, unlike gas. liquid gives off enough
vapors to form an
Flash point is the temperature at which a liquid gives off ignitable mixture with
air near the liquids
sufficient vapors to ignite but not sustain combustion. Fire point is surface.
the temperature at which sufficient vapors are being generated to Fire Point- Temperature
sustain the combustion reaction. at which a liquid fuel
produces sufficient
vapors to support
Flashpoint is commonly used to indicate the flammability combustion once the
fuel is ignited. The
hazards of a liquid.
fire point is usually a
few degrees above the
General Group of Liquid Fuels flash point.
a. Flammable liquids- they are liquids having a flash point of 37.8° (100°F)
b. Combustible Liquids- they are liquids having a flash point at or above 37.8°
(100°F)
Gaseous Fuels
Vapor Density- describes

the density of gases in
relation to air. Air has
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a vapor MAEd
density of
1.Gases with a density
less than 1 will rise
Gas has mass but no definite shape. They assumed the shaped of their
container. When released from a container, it will rise or sink, depending on their
density relative to air. Gases that are lighter to air, such as methane, tend to rise. Those
that are heavier than air, such as propane tend to sink.
Characteristics of a Gas Fuel
a. They are matters that have no definite shape.

b. They compose of very tiny particles at constant random motion in a straight line.
c. Gas molecules collide against one another and against the wall of the container and
are relatively far from one another.
Classification of Gases According to Physical Properties
a. Compressed Gas – gas in which at all normal temperature inside its container; exist
solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
b. Liquefied Gas – gas, which, at normal temperature inside its container, exist partly
in the liquid state and partly in gaseous state and under pressure as long as any
liquid remains in the container.
c. Cryogenic Gas – a liquefied gas which exist in its container at temperature far
below normal atmospheric temperature.
Classification of Gases According to Usage
a. Fuel Gases – flammable gases usually used for burning with air to produce heat,
utilize as power, light, comfort, and process. Most commonly used gases are natural
gas and the LPG (butane and propane).
b. Industrial Gases - This group includes a large number of gases used for industrial
processes as those in welding and cutting (oxygen, acetylene); refrigeration (freon,
ammonia, sulfur dioxide); chemical processing (hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia,
chlorine); water treatment (chlorine, fluorine).
c. Medical Gases – those used for treatment such as anesthesia (chloroform, nitrous
oxide); respiratory therapy (oxygen).

II. HEAT
Pyrolysis- The chemical
Heat is the energy transferred from one body to another decomposition of a
substance through the
when the temperatures of the bodies are different. Heat is the
action of heat.
most common energy found on earth. It is a kinetic energy
Piloted Ignition-
associated in the movement of atoms and molecules that occurs when a mixture
of fuel and oxygen
comprise matter. encounter an external
heat (ignition source
Before ignition, fuel has potential chemical energy. with sufficient heat
energy to start
When the fuel burns, the chemical energy is converted to combustion reaction)
kinetic energy in the form of heat and light. Auto-ignition
Temperature- is the
Temperature is an indicator of heat and is the measure temperature to which
the surface of a
of warmth or coldness of an object based some a standard. In substance must be
heated for ignition and
most cases, the standard is based on freezing and boiling self-sustained
points. combustion to occur.
Self-heating or
Energy exists in many forms and can change from on Spontaneous Heating is
a form of chemical heat
form to another. In the study of fire behavior, the conversion of energy that occurs when
energy into heat is particularly important because heat is the a material increases in
temperature without the
energy component of fire tetrahedron. When a fuel is heated, addition of external
heat.
its temperature increases. Applying additional heat causes
pyrolysis in solid fuels and vaporization of liquid fuels,
releasing ignitable vapors or gases.
A spark or other external source can provide the energy necessary for ignition, or
the fuel be heated until it ignites without a spark or other source.
SOURCES OF HEAT ENERGY
1. Chemical Heat Energy- the most common source of heat in combustion reactions.
Energy is released as a result of chemical reaction such as combustion. When any
combustible is in contact with oxygen, oxidation occurs.

2. Electrical heat energy can generate temperatures high enough to ignite any
combustible materials near the heated area. Energy is being developed when
electrons flow through a conductor. Electrical heating can occur in several way:
a. Resistance heating- When electric current flows through a conductor,

heat is produced.
b. Overcurrent or overload- when a current flowing through a conductor
exceeds its design limits, it may overheat and present an ignition hazard.
It is unintended resistance heating.
c. Arcing- an arc is a high temperature
luminous electric discharge across a gap
or through a medium such as charred
insulation.
d. Sparking- When an electric arc occurs,
luminous particles can formed and spatter away from the point of arcing.
In electrical terms, sparking refers to this spatter while an arc is the
luminous discharge.
Heat of friction is
3. Mechanical heat energy is generated by friction and the movement of two
surfaces against each
compression.
other. This movement
results in heat and/
sparks being
4. Nuclear heat energy is generated when atoms either split apart generated.
(fission) or combine (fusion). In a controlled setting, fission heats Heat of compression
is being generated
water to drive steams turbines and produced electricity. The sun when gas is
energy (solar energy) is a product of fusion reaction and thus compressed.
form a nuclear energy.
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT
The transmission or transfer of heat from one point or object is basic to the study
of fire behavior.

Heat moves from warmer objects to those that are cooler.
Heat can be transferred by three mechanisms: conduction, convection and

radiation.
1. Conduction is the transfer of heat within a body or to

another body by the direct contact. In other words,
conduction is the heat flow through and between solids.
The transfer of energy is due to the increased
activity of atoms within the object.
2. Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of heated gases or fluid.
When heat id transferred by convection, there is a movement or circulation of a fluid
(liquid or gas) from one place to another.
In the fire environment, this usually involves transfer of heat through the
movement of hot smoke and fire gases.
3. Radiation is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic such as light, waves,

radio waves, or X-rays without an intervening medium. Because it is an
electromagnetic wave, the energy travels in a straight line at a speed of a light. All
warm objects will radiate heat.
Heat Measurement
Heat of a given material is measured by its temperature. Abis (1986) states that a
material is made of up of a minute particles called molecules that are in constant
motion. The temperature of a material is the condition that determines whether it will
transfer heat to or from materials.
Celsius degree also known as Centigrade is 1/100 the difference between the
temperature of melting ice and boiling water at one atmospheric pressure. On the
centigrade scale, the melting point of an ice is 0°C and the boiling point of water is
100°C.

Fahrenheit degree is 1/100 the difference between the temperature of melting
ice and boiling water at one atmospheric pressure. On the Fahrenheit scale, the melting
point of an ice is 32°F and the boiling point of water is 212°F.
Kelvin or absolute in the same scale is 273 and the boiling point of water is
373°K. There is /100 the difference between the temperature of melting ice and boiling
water at one atmospheric pressure.
III. OXIDIZING AGENT/S
The primary oxidizing agent in most fire is oxygen in the air around us. Air is
consist of 21% of oxygen. In addition to oxygen, other materials can react with fuels and
they are called oxidizers. When oxygen concentration is limited, the flaming combustion
may diminished and combustion will continue in the surface or smoldering mode.
 21% normal oxygen
 12% oxygen-insufficient to produce fire
 14-15% oxygen- can support flash point
 16-21% oxygen- can support fire point
IV. SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
Combustion is a complex set of chemical reaction that results in the rapid

oxidation of a fuel producing heat and light and a variety of chemical by-products.
Flaming combustion is one example of a chemical reaction. Sufficient heat will
cause fuel and oxygen to form free radicals and initiate the self-sustained chemical
reaction. The fire will continue to burn until the fuel and oxygen is exhausted, an
extinguishing agent is applied in sufficient quantity to interfere on the on-going reaction.
The self-sustained chemical reaction and the related rapid growth are the factors
that separate the flaming combustion from slower oxidation reactions. Slow oxidation,
such as rusting of steel and yellowing of paper do not produce heat fast enough to
reach ignition and they never generate sufficient heat to become self-sustained.

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
As fuel burns, its chemical composition changes resulting in the production of a

new substance and the release of energy. In fire, this energy is in the form of heat and
light.
The heat generated during a fir is one product of combustion that helps to spread
the fire by preheating adjacent fuels and making them more susceptible to ignition.
1. Heat. It is a form of energy that is measured in degrees of temperature to signify its
intensity. The following are the dangers of heat:
 Heat is the product of combustion that is responsible for the spread of fire.
 It is also the direct cause of burns, dehydration, heat exhaustion and injury to
the respiratory tract and destruction of property.
2. Flame. It is the visible, luminous body of a burning gas. When the burning gas is
mixed with the proper amount of oxygen, the flame becomes hotter and less
luminous.
3. Smoke. It is encountered at most fires, consists of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen,

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, finely divided that have been released from the
material involved.
4. Fire Gases. Refers to those gases that remain when the product of combustion are
cooled below normal temperature. Gases formed by a fire depends on many
variables among which are: (Abis, 1986)
 The chemical composition of the burning materials.
 The amount of oxygen available for combustion.
 The temperature.
a. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of

organic (carbon containing) materials. This gas is probably the most common

product of combustion encountered in structure fire. Exposure to it is
frequently identified as the cause of death for civilian fatalities and firefighter.
Carbon monoxide act as a chemical asphyxia.
b. Carbon dioxide (CO₂ ¿ is a product of complete combustion of organic

materials. It is not toxic in the same manner as carbon monoxide or hydrogen
cyanide, it acts as simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen. CO ₂also acts as
respirator stimulant, increasing respiratory rate.
c. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is produced in the combustion of materials
containing nitrogen. HCN acts as chemical and acts to prevent the body
from using oxygen.
d. Hydrogen Sulfide. When materials like rubber, skin, hides, wool, hair, silk
and meat are burned one of the products formed is hydrogen sulfide. This
colorless, highly toxic gas smell like rotten eggs.
e. Sulfur Dioxide. This colorless gas with irritating, suffocating odor is formed
when sulfur and sulfur containing organic substance like wood, rubber, wool
and silk are burned. Sulfur dioxide causes the eyes to be watery and is
irritating to the respiratory tract.
f. Hydrogen Chloride. Chloride containing plastic materials will produce

hydrogen chloride when burned.
g. Nitrogen Dioxide. The reddish-brown gas nitrogen dioxide is produced

during the decomposition and combustion of cellulose nitrate, ammonium
nitrate and other inorganic nitrates. It is also formed when nitric acid comes in
contact with metals or combustible materials.
h. Acrolein. It is highly irritating and toxic gas produced when petroleum

products, fats, oils and other common substances undergo combustion.

5. Ashes and embers. It is a by-product of some classes of fire;
 class A always leaves ashes and embers,
 whereas Class C may only leave small amount
 Class B never leaves
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
A. Based on Cause

1. Natural causes
a. Spontaneous heating – the automatic chemical reaction that results to
spontaneous combustion due to auto-ignition of organic materials, the gradual rising of
heat in a confined space until ignition temperature is reached.
b. Lightning – a form of static electricity; a natural current with a great
magnitude, producing tremendous amperage and voltage. Lightning usually strikes
objects that are better electrical conductors than air. It can cause fire directly or
indirectly. Indirectly when it strikes telephone and other transmission lines, causing an
induced line surge. It can also cause flash fire or dust explosion. When lightning strikes
steel or metal rod covered with dust, the dust will suddenly burn thus resulting to an
explosion.
A lightning may be in the form of:

Hot Bolt – longer in duration; capable only of igniting combustible materials
Cold Bolt – shorter in duration, capable of splintering a property or literally

blowing apart an entire structure, produces electrical current with tremendous amperage
and very high temperature.
c. Radiation of Sunlight – when sunlight hits a concave mirror,

concentrating the light on a combustible material thereby igniting it.
2. Accidental Causes
a. Electrical accidents in the form of
 Short Circuit – unusual or accidental connections between two points at
different potentials (charge) in an electrical circuit of relatively low resistance.
 Arcing – the production of sustained luminous electrical discharge between
separated electrodes; an electric hazard that results when electrical current crosses the
gap between two electrical conductors.

 Sparking – production of incandescent particles when two different potentials
(charged conductors) come in contact; occurs during short circuits or welding
operations.
 Induced Current – induced line surge – increased electrical energy flow or
power voltage; induced current; sudden increase of electrical current resulting to the
burning of insulating materials, explosion of the fuse box, or burning of electrical
appliances.
 Overheating of electrical appliances – the increase or rising of amperage
while electric current is flowing in a transmission line resulting to the damage or
destruction of insulating materials, maybe gradual or rapid, internal or external.
b. Purely accidental causes

c. Negligence and other forms of human error
3. Intentional causes (Incendiary)
If in the burned property, there are preparations or traces of accelerant, plants
and trailers, then the cause of fire is intentional.
Accelerant – highly flammable chemicals that are used to facilitate flame

propagation.
Plant – the preparation and or gathering of combustible materials needed to start

a fire.
Trailer – the preparation of flammable substances in order to spread the fire.
B. THE CLASSES OF FIRE BASED ON BURNING FUEL
1. CLASS A- involves combustible materials such as wood, cloth,

paper, rubber, grass and many plastics. The primary
mechanism of extinguishment when dealing with Class A fires

is cooling to reduce the temperature of the fuel to slow or stop the released of
pyrolysis products.
2. CLASS B- fires involves flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as
gasoline, oil, paint and alcohol. Class B fires can be extinguished by shutting off the
gas supply. Fires in Class B liquids can be extinguish by applying foam or by dry
chemical agents.
3. CLASS C- involves energized electrical equipment. Electricity

does not burn so the actual fuel in Class C is usually the insulator
on wiring (Class A) or lubricants (Class B). When possible de-
energized involved electrical equipment before beginning
extinguishment efforts.
4. CLASS D- fires involves combustible metals such as aluminum,

magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium and zirconium. These
materials are particularly hazardous in their powdered form. The
extremely high temperature of some burning metals makes water
reactive and other common extinguishing agents ineffective.
5. CLASS K- involves oil and greases normally found in commercial

kitchen and food preparation facilities using deep fryers. These
fire required extinguishing agent specially formulated for the
materials involve. Through the process known as saponification,
these agents turn fats and oils into a soapy foam that
extinguished the fire.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT Incipient Stage- The

incipient stage starts
1. Incipient Stage. The incipient stage starts with ignition. with ignition. The first
stage of the burning
Ignition describes when the three elements of the fire triangle
process in a confined
space in which the
substance being oxidized
is producing some heat,
FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSONbut INVESTIGATION
the heat has not
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substances nearby. During
this phase, the oxygen
come together and combustion occurs. The fire is small and confined to the material
first ignited and it may self-extinguished.
During the initial phase of fire development, radiant heat warms adjacent fuel and
continues the process of pyrolysis. A plume of hot gases and flames rises and mixes
with cooler air with the room (convection). As the plume reach the ceiling, the gases
begin to spread horizontally across the ceiling, historically called mushrooming or in
scientific or engineering terms referred to as forming a ceiling jet.
In this stage of early fire development, fire has not yet influenced the
environment within the compartment to a significant extent. The temperature while
increasing, is only slightly above ambient and concentration of product of combustion is
low.
2. Growth Stage. The early stage of a fire during which fuel and oxygen are virtually
unlimited. This phase is characterized by a rapidly increasing release of heat.
3. Fully Developed Stage. Stage of burning process where energy release is at

maximum rate and is limited only by availability of fuel and oxygen.
4. Decaying Stage. Stage of fire development when fuel is consumed and energy
release diminishes and temperatures decrease.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT FIRE DEVELOPMENT
1. Fuel type
2. Availability and location of additional fuel in relation to the fire location
3. Compartment geometry and ceiling height
4. Ventilation
5. Thermal properties of the enclosure
6. Ambient conditions
FATAL BEHAVIOR OF FIRE

1. ROLLOVER/FLAMEOVER- a condition in which the unburned combustible gases
released in a confined during the incipient stage accumulate at the ceiling level.
These superheated gases are pushed, under pressure, away from the fire area and
into uninvolved areas where they mix with oxygen. When their flammable range is
reached and additional oxygen is supplied by opening doors and or by applying fog
streams, they ignite and a fire front develops, expanding very rapidly in a rolling
action across the ceiling.
2. FLASHOVER- stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects within a space have
been heated to their ignition temperature and flame break out almost at once over
the surface of all objects in the space.
3. BACKDRAFT- instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that
occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. The
stalled combustion resumes with explosive force. It may occur because of
inadequate or improper ventilation procedure.
FIRE PROTECTION, PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Republic Act No. 6975, the DILG Act of 1990 (Chapter 4, Section 53-59)
created the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) to be responsible for the prevention and
suppression of all destructive fires and to enforce the laws on fire.

The laws related with the fire prevention and fire protection in the Philippine
setting RA 9514, Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008, PD 1096, Building Code of
the Philippine and the Electrical Code of the Philippines.
Fire Protection is the descriptive term referring to the various methods used by
the bureau to stop, extinguish and control destructive fire for eventual prevention of loss
of life and property. It has the following objectives: To prevent destructive fire from
starting. To extinguish (stop or put out) on going destructive fire. To confine a
destructive fire at the place where it began, to prevent loss of life and property when fire
starts
Fire Prevention and Suppression refers to the various safety measures utilized
to stop harmful or destructive fires from starting.
FIRE FIGHTING OPERATIONS AND EXTINGUISHMENT
Firefighting is an activity intended to save lives and property. It is one of the

most important emergency services in a community. Fire fighters battle fires that break
out in homes, factories, office buildings, shops, and other places. Fire fighters risk their
lives to save people and protect property from fires.
The history of organized firefighting began in ancient Rome while under the rule
of Augustus. Prior to that, there is evidence of fire-fighting machinery in use in Ancient
Egypt, including a water pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the third century
BC which was later improved upon in a design by Hero of Alexandria in the first century
BC.
Very early in the history, Rome had established a rudimentary fire code and
firefighting organization called vigils which composed of soldiers and slaves. Buckets of
water, handheld syringes (giant squirts), pikes to tear down walls, and short ladders
were the firefighting tools.
Fire protection and fire prevention were not taken seriously until London suffered
the worst fire in history in 1666. This incident destroyed thirteen thousand (13,000)

buildings and left thousands of persons homeless. Because of this disaster, London
passed laws controlling the constructions of buildings and the manner in which they are
occupied.
The key breakthrough in firefighting arrived in the seventeenth century with the
first fire engines. Manual pumps, rediscovered in Europe after 1500 (allegedly used in
Augsburg in 1518 and in Nuremberg in 1657), were only force pumps and had a very
short range due to the lack of hoses. German inventor Hans Hautsch improved the
manual pump by creating the first suction and force pump and adding some flexible
hoses to the pump. The fire engine was further developed by the Dutch inventor,
merchant and manufacturer, John Lofting who had worked with Jan Van der Heyden
in Amsterdam. The revolution in the iron and steel industries began to produce
firefighting tools and equipment- especially pumping apparatus- that would fight fires.
These early pumpers and ladder trucks evolved into the modern fire apparatus that we
see today.
It was during the Industrial Revolution that cities and towns in North America
began to organized fire companies and fire departments to protect them from the
ravage of fire. Among the first of these was the group organized by Benjamin Franklin in
Philadelphia.
Principles of firefighting
1. Fire Control- an act or process of preventing the fire from spreading,

preventing further damage.
2. Fire Suppression- act or process of lowering own the intensity of heat.
PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING

1. Pre-fire planning involves developing and defining systematic course of actions that
maybe performed in order to realize the objectives of fire protection and the process
of establishing standard operating procedure (SOP) in case fire break outs. During
the conduct of pre-fire planning, information should obtain the size of the building,
construction materials used, combustibility of contents, type of occupancy, occupant
load, on site fire protection, ventilation/smoke control, building access, hazardous
materials and availability of fire protection.
2. Evaluation (Size-Up)- On going mental evaluation process performed by the

operational officer in charge of an incident to evaluate all influencing factors and to
develop objectives, strategy and tactics for fire suppression before committing
personnel and equipment to a course of action. Size-up results in a plan of action
that may be adjusted as the situation changes. It include such factors as time,
location, nature of occupancy, life hazard, exposures, property involve, nature and
extent of fire, weather and firefighting facilities.
3. Rescue is the operation of extricating or removing, thus saving people and other
livestock from the burning building and other involved properties, conveying them to
a secure and safe place. Rescue is the first consideration to be taken upon arrival at
a fire scene.
4. Cover exposure is the activity of securing other buildings near the burning structure
in order to prevent the fire from extending to another building. Considered as the
most important tactics of preventing fire from spreading.
5. Confinement – This is the activity of restricting the fire at the place (room) where it
started: the process of preventing fire from extending from another section or form
one section to another section of the involved building.
6. Ventilation is the systematic removal of heated air, smoke, and fire gases from a
burning building and replacing them with cooler air. Ventilation decreases the rate of
fire spread and increases visibility so firefighters can locate the seat of the fire more

quickly. It also decreases the danger the danger to trapped occupants by channeling
heat and toxic fire gases and reduces the chance of flashover or backdraft.
Thermal Layering-outcome of combustion in a confined spaced in which gases tend to form into
layers according to temperature, with the hottest gases are found at the ceiling and the coolest
gas at the floor level
Reasons for fire ground ventilation
a. Life safety- timely and effective ventilation increases firefighter’s safety by

reducing the interior temperature and increasing visibility. By providing
escape path for the steam when water is vaporized, it reduces the chance of
firefighters receiving steam burns when water is applied to the fire.
b. Fire attack and extinguishment- when effective ventilation improves
visibility inside a burning building, it permits firefighter to more rapidly locate
the fire and proceed with extinguishment. When ventilation is made in upper
portion, a chimney effect (drawing air currents from throughout the building
in the direction of the opening) occurs.
c. Fire spread control- convection causes heat, smoke and fire gases to travel
upward to the highest point in a compartment until they are stop by a roof or
ceiling. As these product of combustion reached the ceiling, they spread
laterally to involve other areas of the structure called ceiling jets or
mushrooming until they encountered vertical obstructions and begun to bank
downward and fill the space with a smoke developing a hot gas layer.
Effective ventilation during a fire reduces the rate of smoke layer development
and can reverse this process by exhausting more smoke from the structure.
d. Reduction of flash over potential- As an unventilated interior fire burns and
flames, smoke and hot gases extended across the ceiling, heat radiates back
down until combustibles in the room are heated to their ignition temperature.
Once their ignition temperature are reached, the contents of the entire room
will ignite almost simultaneously. Ventilation helps to prevent flashover from
occurring by removing or reducing the heat before it reaches the levels
required for mass ignition.

e. Reduction of backdraft potential- when a fire in confined in a compartment
and it does not break a window or burned through the outside, the fire will
reduce the oxygen level in the room until flaming combustion is no longer
possible. Combustible materials in the room may continue to smolder and
give off carbon monoxide and other unburned flammable gases. Without
oxygen, these superheated gases will not ignite. In this very dangerous
situation, if air supply is introduced, a violent deflagration occurs. To prevent
backdraft conditions, carefully controlled ventilation must be provided.
f. Property conservation- rapid extinguishment of fire reduces damages
caused by water, heat and smoke. Timely and effective ventilation helps
firefighter extinguish interior fire faster and more efficient. Smoke may be
remove naturally or mechanically.
Types of ventilation
a. Vertical ventilation generally means opening the roof or existing roof opening for
the purpose of allowing heated gases and smoke to escape to the atmosphere.
Done with the holes in the roof, skylights, roof vents or roof doors.
b. Trench ventilation is a defensive tactic that involves cutting an exit opening in the
roof of a burning building extending to from one outside wall to the other, to create
an opening at which a spread fire may be cut off.
c. Horizontal ventilation is any technique by which heat, smoke and other by
products of combustion are channeled horizontally out of a structure by way of
existing or created horizontal openings such as windows, door or other holes in
walls.
d. Force ventilation is applied when natural ventilation is inadequate by either
mechanically or hydraulically.
7. Extinguishment is the process of combating or putting out the main body of fire
using the four general methods of fire extinguishment namely starvation, cooling,
smothering, and interference.
FIRE CONTROL THEORY

Fire is controlled and extinguished by limiting or interrupting one or more of the
essential elements in the combustion process.
a) Temperature reduction. One of the most common methods

of fire extinguishment and control is cooling with water. This
process depends on reducing the temperature of a fuel to a
point where it does not produces sufficient vapor to burn.
Cooling is also the most effective method available for
extinguishment of smoldering fire.
b) Fuel removal. Removing the fuel source effectively

extinguished any fire. The simplest method of fuel removal is
to allow a fire to burn until the fuel is consumed. While this is
not always the most desirable method, it is sometimes
appropriate. The fuel source may also be removed by
stopping the flow of liquid or by closing the valve.
c) Oxygen exclusion. Reducing the oxygen available to the combustion process

reduces a fires growth and may totally extinguish it over time.
This method is used to extinguish rangetop fires when cover
is placed on a pan of burning grease. Oxygen can also be
separated from some fuels by blanketing with foam.
d) Chemical flame inhibition. Extinguishing agents such as

dry chemical interrupts the combustion reaction and stop
flame propagation. This is effective on gas and liquid fuels.
Fire Attack
1. Direct Attack- Attack method that involves the
discharge of foam or water directly onto the

burning fuel usually using solid or straight stream. Direct attack started
from inside.
Penciling- the water is applied in a short burst directly on the burning
fuel until the fire darkens down.
Painting- technique to cool hot surfaces to stop or slow the pyrolysis
process by gently applying water and allowing it to run over the hot
material.
2. Indirect Attack- Direct fire streams towards the ceiling if a room or
building in order to generate a large amount of steam. Converting the
water to steam absorbs the heat and of the fire and cools the area
sufficiently for firefighters to safely enter and make a direct attack on
the fire. Indirect attack started from outside the compartment.
3. Combination Attack- Battling fire by using direct and indirect attack.
8. Salvage is a method and operating procedure associated with firefighting by which
firefighters attempt to save property and reduce further damage from water, smoke,
heat and exposure during or immediately after a fire by removing property from fire
area, by covering it, or other means.
Salvage Practices
 Removal or evacuating of properties according to its priority
 Removal of properties to avoid fire spread
 Protect properties by arranging covering to avoid damage
 Removal of personal belonging of the victims for safe keeping
9. Overhauling is the complete and detailed checked of the structure and all materials
therein to eliminate conditions that may cause re-flash. It also involves complete
extinguishment of sparks or smoldering substances (glowing embers) to prevent or
eliminate possibilities of re-ignition or rekindling. Also involves placing the building
and its contents in safe conditions, determining the causes of fire and recognizing
and preserving evidence of arson.

10. Post-fire analysis was being conducted to zeroed-in on tracing some flaws,
difficulties, dilemma, and other circumstances to prevent repetition of the same
problem/s.
FIREFIGHTING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
A. Engines, also called water tenders or pumper, have a large pump that takes water
from a fire hydrant or other source. The pump boosts the pressure of the water and
forces it through hoses. Engines carry several sizes of hoses and nozzles. Many
also have a small-diameter hose called a booster line, which is wound on a reel.
The booster line is used chiefly to put out small outdoor fires.

B. Forcible Entry Tools are being use by fire personnel to gain entry into building,
vehicles, aircrafts or other areas of confinement when normal means of entry are
locked or blocked.
Four basic categories of forcible entry tools

1. Cutting tools- either manual or powered operated used to cut materials
for which was it design.
 Axes
 Bolt cutters
 Oxyacetylene cutting torches
 Handsaw
 Power saw
2. Prying tools are useful for opening doors, windows, locks and moving
heavy objects. Prying tools used the principle of the lever (devices
consisting of a bar turning about a fixed point, using power or force
applied at a second point to lift or sustain an object at a third point) and
fulcrum (support or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or
moving something) to provide mechanical advantage.
 Crowbar  Hux bar

 Kelly tool
 Halligan bar  Pry axe
 Pry bar  Flat bar (nail puller)
 Claw tool  Rambar
3. Pushing/ pulling tools

 Pike pole
 Plaster hook
 Rubbish hook
 San Francisco Hook

 Plaster hook
 Multipurpose hook
 Roofman’s hook
4. Striking tools- a striking tool is a very basic hand tool consisting of a
weighted head attached to a handle.
 Sledgehammer
 Maul
 Battering ram
 Hammer
 Chisel
 Mallet
 Flat-head axe
C. Ladders
Types of ladders
1. Single ladders- also called wall or straight ladder is consist of only one
section of fixed length. Single ladders are most identified by the overall length
of the beams. They are often used for quick access to windows and roofs on
one and two-story buildings.
a. Roof ladders- are single ladders equipped with holding hooks that
provide a means of anchoring the ladder ovr the ridged of a pitched
roof or some other roof part.
b. Folding ladders (Attic Ladders)- are single ladders that are often
used for interior attic access. They have hinged rungs allowing to them
to be folded so that one beam rest against the other. This capability
allows them to be carried in narrow passageways and used in attic
scuttle holes and small rooms or closets.
2. Extension ladders- is adjustable in length. It is consist of bed or base section
and one or more fly sections that travels in guides or brackets to permit length

adjustment. Unlike single ladders, extension ladders can be adjusted to
specific length needed to access windows and roofs.
3. Combination ladders- These are designed so that they may be used as a
self-supporting step ladder or “A” frame ladder and single extension. The
ladder must be equipped with positive locking devices to hold the ladder in
the open position
4. Pompier ladders- sometimes referred to as scaling ladder are single beam
ladders with rungs projecting from both sides of the beam. These ladders
have a larger metal “gooseneck” projecting at the top for inserting into
windows or other openings. It is used to climb from floor to floor via exterior
windows, on a multi-story building.
Ladder Construction
Ground ladders are constructed of metal, wood or fiber glass. Each

material has certain advantage and disadvantage.
Metal
 Good conductor of heat, cold, electricity

 Easy to repair
 Can suddenly fail when exposed to flame or heat
 Widest range of sizes
Wood
 Highest cost of all ladders
 Heaviest per u it of length
 Retains strength when exposed to heat
 Very durable
Fiberglass
 Generally a poor conductor of electricity
 Can suddenly crack and fail when overloaded
 Can burned when expose to flame

Ladder Inspection and Maintenance
Maintenance means keeping ladders in a state of usefulness or readiness

while repair means either restore or replace that which is damage or worn out.
General maintenance includes the following.
1. Keep ground ladders free from moisture

2. Do not store or rest ladders in a position where they are subjected to
vehicle exhaust or engine heat.
3. Do not expose ladders where they are expose to the elements
4. Do not paint ladders except for the top and bottom 18 inches of the beams
for the purpose of identification or visibility.
Basic Parts of a Ladder
a. Beam- main structural member of a ladder supporting the rungs or rung

block
b. Bed section (base section)- lowest and widest section of an extension
ladder, while the ladder is being raised or lowered, this section always
maintain contact with the ground or other supporting surface
c. Butt (also called hell or base)- bottom end of the ladder; the end that is
placed on the ground or supporting surface when the ladder is positioned
d. Butt spurs- metal plates, spikes, or cleats attached to the butt end of the
ground ladder beams to prevent slippage
e. Fly section- upper sections of extension or some combination ladders; the
section that moves
f. Footpads- swivel plates attached to the butt of the ladder usually rubber or
neoprene bottom surfaces

g. Guides- wood or metal strips, sometimes
in the form of slots or channels, on an
extension ladder that guide the fly section
while being raised
h. Halyard- rope or cable used for hoisting
and lowering the fly sections of an
extension ladder; also called fly rope
i. Hooks- curved metal devices installed
near the top end of roof ladders to secure
the ladder to the highest point on a
peaked roof of a building
j. Pawls (also called dogs or ladder
locks)- devices attached to the inside of
the beam on fly section used to hold the
fly section in place after it has been
extended
k. Pulley- small, grooved wheel through
which the halyard is drawn on an
extension ladder
l. Rails- the two lengthwise members of a
trusted ladder beam that are separated
by trust or separation blocks
m. Rungs- cross members that provide the
foothold for climbing; the rungs extend from one beam to the another except
on a pompier ladder where the rungs pierce the single beam
n. Tip (top)- extreme top of a ladder
D. Fire hose is a type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry water or other fire
extinguishing agents under pressure from a source of supply to a point of
application.

Fire hose sizes refers to its inside diameter.
Causes of Fire Hose Damage
1. Mechanical Damage- some common examples of mechanical damage are
slices, rips and abrasions on the coverings, crushed or damage couplings and
cracked inner linings.
2. Thermal Damage- exposing fire hose to excessive heat or direct flame
contact can char, melt or weaken the outer jacket and dehydrate the rubber
lining. Inner linings can also be dehydrated when hose is hung to dry in a
drying tower for a longer period of time than is necessary or when in dried in
direct sunlight.
3. Organic Damage- rubber jacket hose is subject to damage caused by living
organism such as mildew and mold. Such damage is a potential problem on
hose with a woven jacket of cotton or other natural fiber if the hose is stored
wet. Mildew and mold rot the fibers of the hose jacket and this can result in
the hose rupturing under pressure.
4. Chemical Damage- certain chemicals and chemical vapors can damage the
outer jacket on fire hose or cause rubber lining to separate from their inner
jacket. When hose is exposed to petroleum products, paints, acids or alkalis.
It may be weakened to a point of bursting under pressure.
HOSE APPLIANCES is any piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose for the
purpose of delivering water.
1. Valves control the flow of water in hose lines, hydrants, and at pumpers
a. Ball valves- used in pumper discharges and gated wyes. Ball
valves are open when the handle is in line with the hose and close
when it is at a right angle to the hose.
b. Gate valves- used to control flow from a hydrant. Gate valves have
a baffle that is moved by a handle and a screw arrangement.
c. Butterfly valves- used on large pump and incorporate a flat baffle
that turns 90 degrees. The baffle is the center of the waterway and
aligned with the flow when the valve is open.

d. Clapper valves- used in Siamese appliances to allow to flow water
in one direction only. Clapper valves prevent water from flowing out
of unused ports when one intake hose is connected and charged
before the addition of more hose. The clapper is a flat disk hinged
at the top or one side that swings in a doorlike manner.
2. Valve devices allow the number of hose line operating on the fire ground to be
increased or decreased.
a. Wye appliances- hose appliances with one female inlet and two or
more male outlets usually smaller than the inlet. Outlets are also
usually gated.
b. Siamese appliances- are usually consist of two female inlets and a
single male outlet and is commonly used to supply the hose leading
to a ladder pipe. It is a hose appliances used to combine two or
more hose lines into one.
3. Fittings are used for connecting hose of different diameters and thread types.
a. Adapter- is a fitting for connecting hose couplings with dissimilar

threads but with the same inside diameter.
b. Reducer- device that facilitates the connection of hose lines of
different sizes to provide an uninterrupted flow of extinguishing
agent.
HOSE TOOLS are used in conjunction with the hose lines. Unlike in hose appliances,
water does not flow in hose tools.
1. Hose roller (hoist)- a hose can be damaged when dragged over sharped
corners, a device for preventing such damage is the hose roller. The notch of
the frame is placed over the potentially damaging edge. This tool can be also
used for protecting rope from similar edges.
2. Hose jacket- when a section of a hose ruptures, the entire hose line is out of
service until the section is replace or the rupture is temporarily closed. When
conditions preclude shutting down the hose line to replace the bad section, a
hose jacket can be sometimes be installed in the point of rupture. It can be

also used to connect hose with mismatched or damage screw thread
coupling.
3. Hose clamp- can be used to stop the flow of water in a hose line for the
following reasons
a. To prevent charging the hose bed during a forward lay from a
hydrant
b. To allow replacement of a burst section of hose without shutting
down the water supply
c. To allow extension of a hose line without shutting down the water
supply
d. To allow advancement of a charged hose line up stairs
4. Spanner and hydrant wrench, - used to tighten or loosen hose couplings

 Spanner wrench- small tool primarily used to tighten or loosen
hose couplings
 Hydrant wrench- specially designed tool used to open or close a
hydrant and to remove hydrant caps
5. Hose bridge or ramp- help prevent damage to hose when vehicles must
drive over it. They should be used wherever a hose line is laid across the
street or other area where it may be run over. They can be also used as
chafing blocks
6. Chafing blocks are devices that ae used to protect fire hose where the hose
is subjected to rubbing from vibrations.
7. Hose strap, hose rope, hose chain- device used to carry and pull fire hose
but their primary value is to provide a more secure means to handle
pressurized hose when applying water. Another important of these tools is to
secure hose to ladders and other fixed objects.
Hose Rolls

There are number of different methods of rolling fire hose depending on
whether it is intended to be used or stored.
1. Straight Roll- the simplest of all hose rolls, start at on end-usually at the male
coupling. To complete the roll, role the hose towards the other end. When the
role is finished, the female end is exposed and the male end is protected in
the center of the roll. Straight roll is commonly used for hose in the following
situations:
 When loaded back on the apparatus at the fire scene
 When place in rack storage
 When returned to quarters for washing
2. Donut Roll- this is commonly used where hose is likely to be deployed for
use directly from a roll.
Advantage of donut roll over straight roll
 The firefighter has control of both couplings, which protects them
from damage.
 The hose rolls out easier with fewer twist or kinks
 Holding both couplings facilitate connecting to other couplings
3. Twin Donut Roll- the purpose of this role is to create a compact roll that can
be easily transported and carried for special applications such as high rise
operations.
4. Self-Locking Twin Donut Roll- is a twin donut roll with a built in carrying
loop formed from the hose itself. This loop locks over the couplings to keep
the roll intact for carrying.
SUPPLY HOSE LAYS
1. Forward/ Straight Lay- hose is laid from the water source to the fire. This is
often used when the water source is a hydrant and the pumper must be
position near the fire.

2. Reverse Lay- hose is laid from the fire to the water source. This method is
used when a pumper must first go to the fire location so a size-up can be
made before laying a supply line.
3. Split Lay (Combination)- hose lay deployed by two pumpers, one making a
forward lay and one making a reverse lay from the same point.
FIRE STREAM
Fire stream can be defined as a stream of water or other extinguishing

agent after it leaves a fire nozzle until it reaches the desired target.
3 Types of Fire Stream Pattern
1. Solid Stream- hose stream that stays together as a solid mass as opposed to a fog
or spray stream. A solid stream is produced by a solid-bore nozzle.
2. Fog Stream- water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control
3. Broken Stream- Stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided drops
E. Personal Protective Equipment
Firefighters require the best personal protective Personal Protective

Clothing- garments
equipment and clothing available because of the hostile
firefighters must
environments in which they perform their duties. wear to protect
themselves while
Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment fighting fires,
performing rescue
and delivering
1. Helmets protect the head from impact, provide protection from
emergency medical
heat and cold and provide face shield for secondary protection services.
of the face and eyes when SCBA is not required. Traditionally, Personal Protective
Equipment- includes
function of helmet was to shed water. The wide brim was self-contained
designed to prevent hot water from reaching the ears and neck. breathing apparatus
(SCBA) or other
respiratory
protection and
FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON personal
INVESTIGATION alert
Compiled by SFO2 Jayson Eisma Necida, LPT, RCrim,safety
MSCrim, MAEd system
2. Protective hood- protects portion of the firefighter’s face, ears and neck covered by
the helmet or coat collar from heat.
3. Fire coats are used for protection during structural firefighting and other fire
department activities. A fire coat is made of thermal barrier, outer shell and moisture
barrier which trap insulating air that inhibits the transfer of heat from the outside to
the firefighter’s body. They also protect the firefighter from direct flame contact, hot
water and vapors, cold temperatures and any numbers of environmental hazards.
4. Fire trousers are integral part of firefighter’s protective ensemble. It provides

protection to lower torso or extremities against cuts, abrasions, burn injuries
resulting from radiant heat and provide limited protection from corrosive liquids.
5. Fire gloves are essential hand protection against heat and cold penetration as well
as protection against cuts, punctures and liquid absorption.
6. Fire boots protects the firefighter’s feet from burn injuries and punctured wound.
Embers, falling objects and nails are only of the few of the numerous and commonly
encountered hazards to the feet of a firefighter on a fire scene. Appropriate foot
protection like fire boots ensure that the risk from the above mentioned hazards is
minimize.
7. Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)- protects the face and lungs from
heat, smoke and other toxic products of combustion, airborne contaminants and
provides eye protection
8. Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) - provides an audible means by which a

lost, trapped or incapacitated firefighters can be located.
F. FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Fire extinguisher is one of the most common fire protection appliances
designed to combat incipient fires.
Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher
1. Pump Type Water Extinguisher- intended for class A fires only and uses water
solutions
2. Stored-Pressure Water Extinguisher- also called air-pressurized water (APW)
extinguisher are useful for all types of small Class A fire. They are used often for
extinguishing confined hot spots during overhaul operation. Water is stored in a
tank along with either nitrogen or compressed air.
3. Wet Chemical Stored-Pressure Extinguisher- wet chemical (Class K) units are
specifically designed to control and extinguished fires in fryers. These
extinguishers contain a special potassium acid, alkaline agent formulated to cool
and suppress fires in unsaturated cooking.
4. Aqueous Film Forming Foam Extinguisher- AFFF extinguishers are suitable
on Class A and Class B fires. They are particularly useful in combating fires in or
suppressing vapors in small liquid spills. AFFF is a synthetic foam concentrate
that when combined with water can form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills
and fires and highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon
fuels. Also called light water.
5. Halon Agent Extinguisher- designed specifically as replacement for Halon
1211, these new fire extinguisher use “clean agents” that are discharged as
evaporating liquid with no residue. These clean agents includes
hydrofluorocarbon (HCF) and perfluorocarbon. These agents effectively cool and
smother fires in Class A and Class B fuels, and the agents are nonconductive so
it can be use on energized electrical equipment (Class C) fires.
6. Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher- most effective in extinguishing Class B and
Class C fires. Because their discharge is in the form of gas, it has limited reach
and the gas can be dispersed by the wind. Carbon dioxide is stored under its
own pressure as a liquefied gas ready for release anytime. The gaseous

discharge is usually accompanied by dry ice or carbon dioxide snow. This snow
sublimes (changes into a gaseous form without becoming a liquid) shortly after
discharge. When release, carbon dioxide gas displaces available oxygen and
smothers the fire.
7. Dry Chemical Extinguisher- Dry chemical and dry powder are often incorrectly
used interchangeable. Dry chemical agents are used for Class A, B, C and/or
Class B, C fires while dry powder agents are use on Class D fires only. Dry
chemical fire extinguishers are the most common portable fire extinguishers in
use today.
Common Dry Chemicals
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Potassium bicarbonate
 Potassium chloride
 Monoammonium phosphate
 Urea-potassium bicarbonate
Using Portable Fire Extinguisher
All modern fire extinguishers are operated in a similar manner. Once in a

position to attack fire, used the PASS method:
P- Pull the pin (breaking the thin wire or plastic seal)
A- Aim the nozzle (at whatever is burning)
S- Squeeze the handles together (to release the extinguishing agent)
S- Sweep the nozzle side to side to cover the burning material
FIRE EXTINGUISHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. The classification of fire extinguishers shall consist of a letter that indicates the class
of fire on which a fire extinguisher has been found to be effective, preceded by a
rating number (Class A and Class B only) that indicates the relative extinguishing

effectiveness, except for fire extinguishers classified for use on Class C, Class D
hazards shall not be required to have a number preceding the classification letter.
2. Portable fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable
condition, and kept in their designated places at all times when they are not being
used.
3. Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they will be readily
accessible and immediately available in the event of fire. Preferably they shall be
located along normal paths of travel, including exits from areas.
4. The following types of fire extinguishers are considered obsolete and shall be
removed from service:
a. soda acid
b. chemical foam (excluding film-forming agents)
c. vaporizing liquid (e.g., carbon tetrachloride)
d. cartridge-operated water
e. cartridge-operated loaded stream
f. copper or brass shell (excluding pump tanks) joined by soft solder or rivets
5. Cabinets housing fire extinguishers shall not be locked, except where fire
extinguishers are subject to malicious use, locked cabinets shall be permitted to be
used, provided they include means of emergency access.
6. Fire extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view, except in large
rooms, and in certain locations where visual obstruction cannot be completely
avoided, arrows, lights, signs, or coding of the wall are the acceptable means of
identifying its location.
7. Portable fire extinguishers other than wheeled types shall be securely installed on
the hanger or in the bracket supplied or placed in cabinets or wall recesses. The
hanger or bracket shall be securely and properly anchored to the mounting surface
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Wheeled-type fire extinguishers
shall be located in a designated location.
8. Fire extinguishers installed under conditions where they are subject to physical
damage, (e.g., from impact, vibration, the environment) shall be adequately
protected.

9. Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding eighteen kilogram (18 kg)
shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than one and
five-tenths meter (1.5 m) above the floor. Fire extinguishers having a gross weight
greater than eighteen kilogram (18kg), except wheeled types, shall be so installed
that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more than one meter (1.0 m) above the
floor. In no case shall the clearance between the bottom of the fire extinguisher and
the floor be less than one hundred millimeters (100 mm).
10. Extinguisher operating instructions, original manufacturer’s labels, labels that
specifically relate to the extinguisher’s operation or fire classification, or inventory
control labels specific to that extinguisher shall be located on the front face of the
extinguisher and be clearly visible, except the hazardous materials identification
systems (HMIS) labels, six-year maintenance labels, hydro test labels, or other
labels.
11. Fire extinguishers mounted in cabinets or wall recesses shall be placed so that the
fire extinguisher operating instructions face outward. The location of such fire
extinguishers shall be marked conspicuously.
12. Where fire extinguishers are installed in closed cabinets that are exposed to
elevated temperatures, the cabinets shall be provided with screened openings and
drains. Vented fire extinguisher cabinets should utilize tinted glass and should be
constructed to prevent the entrance of insects and the accumulation of water.
Vented fire extinguisher cabinets constructed in this manner will lower the maximum
internal temperature 5.6°C to 8.3°C.
13. Water-type (e.g., water, AFFF, FFFP) fire extinguishers shall not be installed in
areas where the temperatures are outside the range of 40°f to 120°f (4°c to 49°c). All
other types shall not be installed in areas where temperatures are outside the range
of -40°f to 120°f (-40°c to 49°c). Fire extinguishers shall not be exposed to
temperatures outside of the range shown on the fire extinguisher label, except:
where it is installed in locations subject to temperatures outside these ranges, it shall
be of a type approved and listed for the temperature to which it is exposed, or it shall
be placed in an enclosure capable of maintaining the stipulated temperature range.

14. The fire extinguisher owner or the owner’s agent shall be provided with an
instruction manual that details condensed instructions and cautions necessary to the
installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance of the fire extinguisher(s). The
manual shall refer to this standard as a source of detailed instruction
Fire Extinguishers Marks and Labels (Para B of Section 10.5.3.2 of the IRR of RA
9514)
All fire extinguishers manufactured or sold in the Philippines shall be

marked and labeled providing the following information:
1. Containers (tanks or cylinders) shall have permanent markings (stamped, pressed or

embossed) that identify its manufacturer (e.g., logo or initials or abbreviation or
symbols), date of manufacture/fabrication, lot number and applicable standards
(e.g., ASME, ANSI, ASTM, etc.) or patent registration in case of original invention.
2. Basic product labels or marks presenting the following information, among others:
a. Name, address, and contact details of the manufacturer and/or dealer
b. Date of original filling of the container
c. Chemical contents – The extinguishing agent shall be identified both under
the common name and the chemical formula. Where the extinguishing agent
is a formula, details on their proportions shall likewise be indicated.
d. Type of extinguishers
 Whether or not useful for Class A, B, C, or D fires for locally
manufactured types or appropriate classifications for imported
types based on adopted standards; and
 Numerical rating of the extinguisher.
e. Opening instructions
f. Safety procedure in usage
Tagging of Serviced Fire Extinguishers (Para C of Section 10.5.3.2 of the IRR of

RA 9514)
Whenever any person duly qualified by the Department of Trade and

Industry or its equivalent services, a fire extinguisher, a tag shall at least indicate:

1. The month and year the services are performed.
2. The chemical name and formula of the contents.
3. The type of extinguisher serviced.
4. The name, address, contact details and certificate of registration number of the
servicing firm.
PROHIBITED TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS (SECTION 10.5.3.5 of the IRR of RA

9514)
The following types of fire extinguishers and/or extinguishing agents are

prohibited for manufacture or sale:
1. All inverting types which require inversion of the extinguisher before its operation;
2. Soda-acid extinguishers;
3. Stored pressure or cartridge-operated foam solution, water or loaded stream;
4. Vaporizing liquids (e.g. carbon tetrachloride);
5. Thermal special hazards single station extinguishers with extinguishing capability of
less than four and a half cubic meters (4.5 m3);
6. Fire extinguishers containing Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS); and
7. Other types which may be prohibited and banned hereinafter by proper authorities.
PROHIBITED ACTS (SECTION 10.5.3.6 of the IRR of RA 9514)
The following are declared prohibited acts with regard to fire extinguishers:
1. Removal of inspection tags attached to fire extinguishers.

2. Refilling a discharged extinguisher with an extinguishing agent other than what the
unit was designed to contain.
3. Selling extinguishers not appropriate to the hazard.
4. Selling any extinguisher prohibited under Section 10.5.4.5 of this IRR.
5. Selling defective or substandard extinguishers.

6. Using/installing two (2) or more thermal special hazard vaporizing liquid unit in
rooms with volume greater than the nominal capability of one unit.
7. Installing pressure gauges in fire extinguishers that do not indicate the actual
pressure of the interior of the fire extinguisher, such as, but not limited to, using
defective or not calibrated gauges; not providing, or blocking the connection
between the gauge and the interior; or fixing/tampering the indicator or needle to
indicate a certain pressure.
FIRE DETECTION, ALARM AND SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
There are number of reasons for installing fire detection, alarm and suppression
system in building and other properties.
 To notify occupants of a facility to take necessary evasive action to escape the

danger of hostile fires
 To summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in the fire control activities
 To initiate automatic fire control and suppressions system and to sound an alarm
A. ALARM SYSTEM- while these systems are properly termed protected premise alarm
system, they are commonly called local warning system. The signal only alerts building
occupants of the need to evacuate the premises, it does not notify the fire department.
There are four basic types of alarm initiating devices. They are design to detect
heat, smoke, fire gases or flame.
1. Heat Detectors- there are two basic types of heat detector: fixed temperature
devices and the rate-of-rise detectors.
a. Fixed temperature heat detectors- temperature sensitive devices that
senses temperature changes and sounds an alarm at a specific point
usually 57°C or higher. It is also least prone to false activation.
b. Rate-of-rise detectors- temperature-sensitive device that sounds an
alarm when the temperature changes at a preset value, such as -11°C to -
9°C per minute.
2. Smoke Detectors/ Alarms-

a. Smoke Detectors- alarm initiating device designed to actuate when
visible or invisible products of combustion (other than fire gases) are
present in the room or space where the unit is installed
b. Smoke Alarm- a device designed to sound an alarm when the products of
combustion are present in the room where the device is installed. The
alarm is built into the device rather than being on a separate system.
3. Flame Detectors- also called light detectors. Detection and alarm devices used in
some fire detection systems (generally in high hazard areas) that detect light/ flames
in the ultraviolet wave spectrum (UV detectors), or detect light in the infrared wave
spectrum (Infrared detectors).
4. Fire Gas Detectors- device used to detect gases produced by fire within a confined
space.
5. Automatic Alarm System- (1) Alarm actuated by heat, gas, smoke, flame-sensing
devices or water flow in a sprinkler system conveyed to local alarm bells or fire
station. (2) Alarm boxes that automatically transmit a coded signal to the fire station
to give the location of the alarm box.
B. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM- consist of a series of sprinklers (sprinkler

heads) arranged so that the system will automatically distribute sufficient quantities of
water directly onto fire to either extinguish it or to hold it in check until firefighters arrive.
Water is supplied to the sprinklers through system of piping.
Effects of Sprinkler System on Life Safety
 Preventing fire spread in a multistory buildings

 Protecting the lives of occupants in other parts of the building
Release Mechanism to Activate Sprinklers
Fusible Link- involves a frame that is screwed into the sprinkler piping. Two
lever press against the frame and a cap over the orifice from which the water
flows. The fusible links holds the levers together until the link is melted by the
heat of the fire, after which the water pressure pushes the level and cap out the
water.

Frangible bulb- a small bulb filled with liquid and an air bubble to hold the orifice
shut. In a fire, heat expands the liquid until the bubble is absorbed into the liquid.
This increase the internal pressure until the bulb shatters at the proper
temperature. The breaking temperature is regulated by the amount of liquid and
the size of the bubble in the bulb.
Chemical pellet – A pellet of solder, under compression, within a small cylinder

melts at a predetermined temperature, allowing the plunger to move down and
release the valve cap parts.
Sprinkler Position
Sprinklers are installed in three basic position:
1. Pendant – the most common type in use, extends down from the
underside of the pipping. This sprinkler sprays a stream of water
downwards into a deflector that breaks the stream into a hemispherical
9umbrella-shaped) pattern.
2. Upright – screwed into the top of the piping and discharges water into a
solid deflector that breaks it into a hemispherical spray pattern that is
redirected toward the floor. The standard upright sprinkler cannot be
inverted for use in the hanging or pendant position because the sprinkler
would produce an ineffective spray pattern if used in this matter.
3. Sidewall – sprinkler extends from the side of a pipe and is used in small
rooms where the branch line runs along a wall. It has a special deflector
that creates a fan-shaped pattern of water.
Sprinklers are designed for installation in a particular position that cannot be

interchanged with those designed for use in other positions because they will
not provide the proper spray pattern and coverage in a different and coverage
in a different position. There are also special-purpose sprinklers used I other
applications.

LEGAL ASPECT OF FIRE
Presidential Decree No. 1613 – Amending the Laws on Arson (March 7, 1979)
Section 1. Arson. Any person who burns or sets fire to the property of another shall be
punished by Prision Mayor.
The same penalty shall be imposed when a person sets fire to his own
property under circumstances which expose to danger the life or property of
another.
Sec. 2. Destructive Arson. The penalty of Reclusion Temporal in its maximum period
to Reclusion Perpetua shall be imposed if the property burned is any of the following:
1. Any ammunition factory and other establishment where explosives,
inflammable or combustible materials are stored.
2. Any archive, museum, whether public or private, or any edifice devoted to
culture, education or social services.
3. Any church or place of worship or other building where people usually
assemble.
4. Any train, airplane or any aircraft, vessel or watercraft, or conveyance for
transportation of persons or property
5. Any building where evidence is kept for use in any legislative, judicial,
administrative or other official proceedings.

6. Any hospital, hotel, dormitory, lodging house, housing tenement, shopping
center, public or private market, theater or movie house or any similar place or
building.
7. Any building, whether used as a dwelling or not, situated in a populated or
congested area.
Sec. 3. Other Cases of Arson. The penalty of Reclusion Temporal to Reclusion
Perpetua shall be imposed if the property burned is any of the following:
1. Any building used as offices of the government or any of its agencies;
2. Any inhabited house or dwelling;
3. Any industrial establishment, shipyard, oil well or mine shaft, platform or
tunnel;
4. Any plantation, farm, pastureland, growing crop, grain field, orchard, bamboo
grove or forest;
4. Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill or mill central; and
5. Any railway or bus station, airport, wharf or warehouse.
Sec. 4. Special Aggravating Circumstances in Arson. The penalty in any case of
arson shall be imposed in its maximum period;
1. If committed with intent to gain;
2. If committed for the benefit of another;
3. If the offender is motivated by spite or hatred towards the owner or occupant of
the property burned;
4. If committed by a syndicate.
The offense is committed by a syndicate if it is planned or carried out
by a group of three (3) or more persons.
Sec. 5. Where Death Results from Arson. If by reason of or on the occasion of the
arson death results, the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua to death shall be imposed.
Sec. 6. Prima Facie evidence of Arson. Any of the following circumstances shall
constitute prima facie evidence of arson:
1. If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the building or
establishment.

2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored within
the building note necessary in the business of the offender nor for household us.
3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or combustible
substances or materials soaked therewith or containers thereof, or any
mechanical, electrical, chemical, or electronic contrivance designed to start a
fire, or ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or premises
of the burned building or property.
4. If the building or property is insured for substantially more than its actual
value at the time of the issuance of the policy.
5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance policy more than two
fires have occurred in the same or other premises owned or under the control of
the offender and/or insured.
6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the effects insured and stored
in a building or property had been withdrawn from the premises except in the
ordinary course of business.
7. If a demand for money or other valuable consideration was made before the
fire in exchange for the desistance of the offender or for the safety of the person
or property of the victim.
Sec. 7. Conspiracy to commit Arson. Conspiracy to commit arson shall be punished
by Prision Mayor in its minimum period.
Sec. 8. Confiscation of Object of Arson. The building which is the object of arson
including the land on which it is situated shall be confiscated and escheated to the
State, unless the owner thereof can prove that he has no participation in nor knowledge
of such arson despite the exercise of due diligence on his part.
Republic Act No. 7659, An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on Certain Heinous
Crimes (December 13, 1993)
Art. 320. Destructive Arson. The penalty of reclusion perpetua to

death shall be imposed upon any person who shall burn:


1. One (1) or more buildings or edifices, consequent to one single act of burning, or as
a result of simultaneous burnings, committed on several or different occasions.
2. Any building of public or private ownership, devoted to the public in general or where
people usually gather or congregate for a definite purpose such as, but not limited
to, official governmental function or business, private transaction, commerce, trade,
workshop, meetings and conferences, or merely incidental to a definite purpose
such as but not limited to hotels, motels, transient dwellings, public conveyances or
stops or terminals, regardless of whether the offender had knowledge that there are
persons in said building or edifice at the time it is set on fire and regardless also of
whether the building is actually inhabited or not.
3. Any train or locomotive, ship or vessel, airship or airplane, devoted to transportation

or conveyance, or for public use, entertainment or leisure.
4. Any building, factory, warehouse installation and any appurtenances thereto, which
are devoted to the service of public utilities.
5. Any building the burning of which is for the purpose of concealing or destroying
evidence of another violation of law, or for the purpose of concealing bankruptcy or
defrauding creditors or to collect from insurance.

Irrespective of the application of the above enumerated qualifying
circumstances, the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death shall likewise be
imposed when the arson is perpetrated or committed by two (2) or more persons
or by a group of persons, regardless of whether their purpose is merely to burn or
destroy the building or the burning merely constitutes an overt act in the
commission or another violation of law.
The penalty of reclusion perpetua to death shall also be imposed upon any
person who shall burn:


1. Any arsenal, shipyard, storehouse or military powder or fireworks factory, ordinance,
storehouse, archives or general museum of the Government.
2. In an inhabited place, any storehouse or factory of inflammable or explosive

materials.

If as a consequence of the commission of any of the acts penalized under this
Article, death results, the mandatory penalty of death shall be imposed.

TWO CATEGORIES OF ARSON
People of the Philippines vs Dante Buebos and Sarmelito Buebos

G.R. No. 163938 promulgated March 28, 2008
1. DESTRUCTIVE ARSON
Article 320 of The Revised Penal Code, as amended by RA 7659, contemplates

the malicious burning of structures, both public and private, hotels, buildings,
edifices, trains, vessels, aircraft, factories and other military, government or
commercial establishments by any person or group of persons. The classification
of this type of crime is known as Destructive Arson, which is punishable
by reclusion perpetua to death. The reason for the law is self-evident: to effectively
discourage and deter the commission of this dastardly crime, to prevent the
destruction of properties and protect the lives of innocent people. Exposure to a
brewing conflagration leaves only destruction and despair in its wake; hence, the State
mandates greater retribution to authors of this heinous crime. The exceptionally severe
punishment imposed for this crime takes into consideration the extreme danger to
human lives exposed by the malicious burning of these structures; the danger to
property resulting from the conflagration; the fact that it is normally difficult to adopt
precautions against its commission, and the difficulty in pinpointing the perpetrators;

and, the greater impact on the social, economic, security and political fabric of the
nation.
2. SIMPLE ARSON
PD 1613 which repealed Arts. 321 to 326-B of The Revised Penal Code
remains the governing law for Simple Arson. This decree contemplates the
malicious burning of public and private structures, regardless of size, not
included in Art. 320, as amended by RA 7659, and classified as other cases of
arson. These include houses, dwellings, government buildings, farms, mills,
plantations, railways, bus stations, airports, wharves and other industrial
establishments. Although the purpose of the law on Simple Arson is to prevent
the high incidence of fires and other crimes involving destruction, protect the
national economy and preserve the social, economic and political stability of the
nation, PD 1613 tempers the penalty to be meted to offenders. This separate
classification of Simple Arson recognizes the need to lessen the severity of
punishment commensurate to the act or acts committed, depending on the
particular facts and circumstances of each case.
Simple Arson contemplates crimes with less significant social,

economic, political and national security implications than Destructive
Arson. However, acts falling under Simple Arson may nevertheless be converted
into Destructive Arson depending on the qualifying circumstances present.
OBJECTIVES OF ARSON, DISTINGUISHED FROM HOMICIDE/MURDER

People of the Philippines vs. Ferdinand T. Baluntong, G.R. No. 182061, March 15,
2010.
In cases where both burning and death occur, in order to determine what
crime/crimes was/were perpetrated whether arson, murder or arson and
homicide/murder, it is de rigueur to ascertain the main objective of the
malefactor:

1. If the main objective is the burning of the building or edifice, but death results by
reason or on the occasion of arson, the crime is simply arson, and the resulting
homicide is absorbed;
2. If, on the other hand, the main objective is to kill a particular person who may be
in a building or edifice, when fire is resorted to as the means to accomplish such
goal the crime committed is murder only
3. If the objective is, likewise, to kill a particular person, and in fact the offender has
already done so, but fire is resorted to as a means to cover up the killing, then there
are two separate and distinct crimes committed homicide/murder and arson.
ARSON EVIDENCE
People of the Philippines vs. Jessie Villegas Murcia, G.R. No. 182460, March 9, 2010
In the prosecution for arson, proof of the crime charged is complete where
the evidence establishes:
1. The corpus delicti, that is, a fire because of criminal agency; and
2. The identity of the defendant as the one responsible for the crime.
In arson, the corpus delicti rule is satisfied by proof of the bare fact of the
fire and of it having been intentionally caused. Even the uncorroborated
testimony of a single eyewitness, if credible, is enough to prove the corpus
delicti and to warrant conviction.
While there was no evidence to directly link appellant to the crime, the trial
court relied on circumstantial evidence.
Circumstantial evidence is defined as that evidence that indirectly

proves a fact in issue through an inference which the fact-finder draws from the
evidence established. Resort thereto is essential when the lack of direct
testimony would result in setting a felon free.
Section 4 of Rule 133 of the Rules of Court provides:

Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient.─ Circumstantial evidence is
sufficient for conviction if:

a. There is more than one circumstance;
b. The facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and
c. The combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a
conviction beyond reasonable doubt.
Example of Circumstantial Evidence
1. Testimony of a witness showing that accused was seen leaving the burned
house five minutes before the outbreak of fire.
2. Testimony of a witness that the accused was the only person who had been
in the burned house from the time he has seen leaving it five minutes before
the outbreak of the fire up to the actual occurrence of the fire.
3. Fingerprints of the accused on a gasoline container found at the fire scene
4. Testimony of a witness saying she smelled odor of gasoline emanating from
the house shortly before the fire.

FIRE INVESTIGATION
In the Philippines, the Bureau of fire Protection is the main government agency
responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires on buildings,
houses and other structures, forest, land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships
or vessels docked at piers or major seaports, petroleum industry installation, plane
crashes and other similar incidents, as well as the enforcement of the Fire Code and
other related laws. It has the major power to investigate all causes of fires and
necessary, file the proper complaints with the proper authority that has jurisdiction over
the case (R.A. No. 6975, Sec. 54).
Fire Investigation- is the process of determining the origin, cause and development of
fire.
Nature of Fire Investigation
A fire investigation is a complex endeavor involving both art and science. The
compilation of factual data as well as an analysis of those facts, should be
accomplished objectively and truthfully. The basic methodology of fire investigation
should upon the use of systematic approach and attention to all relevant details.
Systematic Approach
The systematic and thorough approach recommended is that of is based

on the scientific method, which is used in the physical sciences. This method
provides for the organizational and analytical process that is desirable and
necessary in a successful fire investigation.
Relating Fire Investigation to the Scientific Method

The scientific method is a principle of inquiry that forms a basis for
legitimate scientific and engineering processes, including fire incident
investigation.
1. Recognize the Need
First, one should determine that a problem exists. In this case, a fire or
explosion has occurred and the cause should be determined and listed so that
future, similar incidents can be prevented.
2. Define the Problem
Having determined that a problem exists, the investigator or analyst

should define the manner in which the problem can be solved. In this case, a
proper origin and cause investigation should be conducted. This is done by an
examination of the scene and by a combination of other data collection methods,
such as the review of previously conducted investigations of the incident, the
interviewing of witnesses or other knowledgeable persons, and the results of
scientific testing
3. Collect Data
Facts about the fire incident are now collected by observation, experiment,
or other direct data-gathering means. The data collected is called empirical data
because it is based on observation or experience and is capable of being verified
or known to be true.
4. Analyze the Data
The scientific method requires that all data collected be analyzed. This is
an essential step that must take place before the formation of the final
hypothesis. The identification, gathering, and cataloging of data does not equate
to data analysis. Analysis of the data is based on the knowledge, training,
experience, and expertise of the individual doing the analysis. If the investigator
lacks expertise to properly attribute meaning to a piece of data, then assistance
should be sought. Understanding the meaning of the data will enable the

investigator to form hypotheses based on the evidence, rather than on
speculation.
5. Develop a Hypothesis (Inductive Reasoning)
Based on the data analysis, the investigator produces a hypothesis, or

hypotheses, to explain the phenomena, whether it be the nature of fire patterns,
fire spread, identification of the origin, the ignition sequence, the fire cause, or
the causes of damage or responsibility for the fire or explosion incident. This
process is referred to as inductive reasoning. These hypotheses should be based
solely on the empirical data that the investigator has collected through
observation and then developed into explanations for the event, which are based
upon the investigator’s knowledge, training, experience, and expertise.
6. Test the Hypothesis (Deductive Reasoning)
The investigator does not have a valid or reliable conclusion hypothesis unless n
the hypothesis can stand the test of careful and serious challenge. Testing of the
hypothesis is done by the principle of deductive reasoning, in which the investigator
compares the hypothesis to all known facts as well as the body of scientific knowledge
associated with the phenomena relevant to the specific incident. A hypothesis can be
tested physically by conducting experiments, analytically by applying accepted scientific
principles or by referring to scientific research. When relying the research of others, the
investigator or analyst must ensure that the conditions, circumstances, and variables of
the research and those of the hypothesis are sufficiently similar. Whenever the
investigator relies research as a means of hypothesis testing, references to the
research relied upon should be acknowledged and cited. If the hypothesis is refuted or
not supported, it should be discarded and alternate hypotheses should be developed
and tested. This may require the collection of new data or the reanalysis of existing
data. The testing process needs to be continued until all feasible hypotheses have been
tested and one is determined to be uniquely consistent with the facts, and with the
principles of science. If no hypothesis can withstand an examination by deductive
reasoning, the issue should be considered undetermined.
Basic Method of a Fire Investigation

1. Receiving the Assignment
The investigator should be notified of the incident, told what his or her role
will be, and told what he or she is to accomplish. For example, the investigator
should know if he or she is expected to determine the origin, cause, and
responsibility; produce a written or oral report; prepare for criminal or civil
litigation; make suggestions for code enforcement, code promulgation, or
changes; make suggestions to manufacturers, industry associations, or
government agency action; or determine some other results.
2. Preparing for the Investigation
The investigator should marshal his or her forces and resources and plan
the conduct of the investigation. Preplanning at this stage can greatly increase
the efficiency and therefore the chances for success of the overall investigation.
Estimating what tools, equipment, and personnel (both laborers and experts) will
be needed can make the initial scene investigation, as well as subsequent
investigative examinations and analyses, go more smoothly and be more
productive.
3. Conducting the Investigation
It is during this stage of the investigation that an examination of the

incident fire or explosion scene is conducted. The fundamental purpose of
conducting an examination of any incident scene is to collect all of the available
data and document the incident scene. The investigator should conduct an
examination of the scene if it is available and collect data necessary to the
analysis.
4. Collecting and Preserving Evidence
Valuable physical evidence should be recognized, documented, properly
collected, and preserved for further testing and evaluation or courtroom
presentation.
5. Analyzing the Incident
All collected and available data should be analyzed using the principles of
the scientific method. Depending on the nature and scope of one's assignment,

hypotheses should be developed and tested explaining the origin, ignition
sequence, fire spread, fire cause or causes of damage or casualties, or
responsibility for the incident.
6. Conclusions
Conclusions, which are final hypotheses, are drawn as a result of testing

the hypotheses. Conclusions should be drawn according to the principles
expressed in this guide and reported appropriately.
FIRE PATTERNS
The major objective of any fire scene examination is to collect data as

required by the scientific method. Such data include the patterns produced by the
fire. A fire pattern is the visible or measurable physical changes or identifiable
shapes formed by a fire effect or group of fire effects. The collection of fire scene
data requires the recognition and identification of fire effects and fire patterns.
The data can also be used for fire pattern analysis (i.e., the process of
interpreting fire patterns to determine how the patterns were created). This data
and analysis can be used to test hypotheses as to the origin of the fire.
Fire Effects
Fire effects are the observable or measurable changes in or on a material

as a result of exposure to the fire.
1. Char
Charred material is likely to be found in nearly all structural fires. When

exposed to elevated temperatures, wood undergoes pyrolysis, a chemical
decomposition that drives off gases, water vapor, and various pyrolysis products
as smoke. The solid residue that remains is mainly carbon. Char shrinks as it
forms, and develops cracks and blisters.
Appearance of Char

In the past, the appearance of the char and cracks had been given
meaning by the fire investigation community beyond what has been
substantiated by controlled testing. The presence of large shiny blisters (alligator
char) is not evidence that a liquid accelerant was present during the fire, or that a
fire spread rapidly or burned with greater intensity. These types of blisters can be
found in many different types of fires. There is no justification for the inference
that the appearance of large, curved blisters is an indicator of an accelerated fire.
2. Spalling
Spalling is characterized by the loss of surface material resulting in

cracking, breaking, and chipping or in the formation of craters on concrete,
masonry, rock, or brick. Fire-related spalling is the breakdown in surface tensile
strength of material caused by changes in temperature, resulting in mechanical
forces within the material. In concrete, these forces are believed to result from
one or more of the following:
a. Moisture present in the concrete
b. Differential expansion between reinforcing rods or steel mesh and the

surrounding concrete
c. Differential expansion between the concrete mix and the aggregate (most
common with silicon aggregates)

d. Differential expansion between the fire-exposed surface and the interior of the
slab
3. Oxidation
Oxidation is the basic chemical process associated with combustion.

Oxidation of some non-combustible materials can produce lines of demarcation
and fire patterns of use to fire investigators. For these purposes, oxidation may
be defined as a combination of oxygen with substances such as metals, rock, or
soil that is brought about by high temperatures.
The effects of oxidation include change of color and change of

texture. The higher the temperature and the longer the time of exposure, the
more pronounced the effects of oxidation will be. The extent of post-fire oxidation
will be a function of the ambient humidity and exposure time.

4. Melting of Materials
The melting of a material is a physical change caused by exposure to

heat. The border between the melted and non-melted portions of a fusible
material can produce lines of heat and temperature demarcation that the
investigator can use to define fire patterns.
Many solid materials soften or melt at elevated temperatures ranging from

a little over room temperature to thousands of degrees. A specific melting
temperature or range is characteristic for each material.
Alloying should be considered when analyzing post-fire metal specimens.

The melting of certain metals may not always be caused by fire temperatures
higher than the metals’ stated melting point; it may be caused by alloying.
Alloying refers to the mixing of, generally, two or more metals in which one
or more of the metals is in a liquefied state, resulting in an alloy. Metals
such as copper and iron (steel) can be affected by alloying with lower melting
point metals such as aluminum, zinc, and lead. During a fire, a metal with a
relatively low melting point can soften or liquefy and contact other metals with
melting temperatures that exceed the temperatures achieved. If a lower-melting-
temperature metal, such as zinc, contacts the surface of a higher-melting-
temperature metal, such as copper, the two metals can combine to create a zinc-

copper alloy (a brass) with an alloy melting temperature lower than copper. In
such instances, it is often possible to see the yellow-colored brass.
When metals with high melting temperatures are found to have

melted due to alloying, it is not an indication that accelerants or unusually
high temperatures were present in the fire.
Hole in Copper Gas Line Caused by Alloying When Molten Aluminum [Melting Temperature ~649°C
(~1200°F)] Dripped onto the Copper Pipe [Melting Temperature ~1083°C (~1980°F)]
5. Thermal Expansion and Deformation of Materials
Many materials change shape temporarily or permanently during fires.

Nearly all materials expand when heated. That expansion can affect the integrity
of solid structures when they are made from different materials. If one material
expands more than another material in a structure, the difference in expansion
can cause the structure to fail. Deformation is the change in shape
characteristics of an object separate from the other changing
characteristics. Deformation can result from a variety of causes ranging from
thermal effects to chemical and mechanical effects. In order to make
determinations about heat flow based upon deformation, the investigator should
determine that the deformation occurred as a result of the fire and is not due to
some other cause of deformation.

Bending and buckling (deformation) of steel beams and columns occurs
when the steel temperature exceeds approximately 500°C (932°F). At elevated
temperatures, steel exhibits a progressive loss of strength. When there is a
greater fire exposure, the load required to cause deformation is reduced.
Deformation is not the result of melting. A deformed element is not one that has
melted during the fire, and therefore the occurrence of such deformation does not
indicate that the material was heated above its melting temperature. On the
contrary, a deformed as opposed to melted item indicates that the material’s
temperature did not exceed its melting point. Thermal expansion can also be a
factor in the bending of the beam, if the ends of the beam are restrained
6. Deposition of Smoke on Surfaces
Smoke contains particulates, liquid aerosols, and gases. These

particulates and liquid aerosols are in motion and may adhere upon collision with
a surface. They may also settle out of the smoke over time. Carbon-based fuels
produce particles that are predominantly carbon (soot). Petroleum products and
most plastics are generally strong soot producers. When flames touch walls and
ceilings, particulates and aerosols will commonly be deposited. Smoke deposits
can collect on surfaces by settling and deposition.
Smoke deposits can collect on cooler surfaces of a building or its

contents, often on upper parts of walls in rooms adjacent to the fire. Smoke

condensates can be wet and sticky, thin or thick, or dried and resinous. Smoke,
especially from smoldering fires, tends to condense on walls, windows, and other
cooler surfaces.
It should be noted that the color and texture of smoke deposits do not
indicate the nature of the fuel or its heat release rate. Chemical analysis of the
smoke deposit may indicate the nature of the fuel. For example, smoke from
candles may contain paraffin wax, and cigarette smoke may contain nicotine.
7. Clean Burn
Clean burn is a phenomenon that appears on noncombustible surfaces

when the soot and smoke condensate that would normally be found adhering to
the surface is burned off, or is never deposited because localized surface heating
prevents soot deposition. Either mechanism produces a clean area adjacent to
areas darkened by products of combustion. Clean burn patterns produced by the
burning away of soot can be produced most commonly by direct flame contact or
intense radiated heat. Smoke deposits on surfaces are subject to oxidation.
Although they can be indicative of intense heating in an area, clean burn

areas by themselves do not necessarily indicate areas of origin, though such
patterns should be carefully examined. Clean burning that results from ventilation
will usually occur after the fire has become ventilation -controlled. Clean burning
that results from heating of the surface before soot is deposited will usually occur
early in the fire. The lines of demarcation between the clean-burned and

darkened areas may be used by the investigator to determine direction of fire
spread or differences in intensity or time of burning.
8. Calcination
Calcination is used by fire investigators to describe numerous chemical

and physical changes that occur in gypsum wallboard surfaces during a fire.
Calcination of gypsum wallboard involves driving the free and chemically bound
water out of the gypsum as well as other chemical and physical changes to the
gypsum component itself. Calcination involves a chemical change of the gypsum
to another mineral, anhydrite. Calcined gypsum wallboard is less dense than
non-calcined wallboard. The deeper the calcination into the wallboard the greater
the total amount of heat exposure (heat flux and duration).
The relationship between the calcined and non-calcined areas on gypsum

wallboard can also display visible lines of demarcation on the surface.
The calcination of gypsum board is an indicator demonstrating the

heat exposure sustained by the material. The areas of greatest heat
exposure may be indicated by both visual appearance and the depth of
calcination. The relative differences in color and depth of calcination from
point to point may be used as an indicator to establish the areas of greater
or lesser heat exposure due to all fire condition variables, such as area of
origin, ventilation, and fuel load.

9. Window Glass
Many texts have related fire growth history or fuels present to the type of
cracking and deposits that resulted on window glass. There are several variables
that affect the condition of glass after fire, which include the type and thickness of
glass, rate of heating, degree of insulation to the edges of the glass provided by
the glazing method, degree of restraint provided by the window frame, history of
the flame contact, and cooling history.
Breaking of Glass
If flame contacts one side of a glass pane while the unexposed side is
relatively cool, a stress can develop between the two faces and the glass can
fracture between the faces.
Crazing is a term used to describe a complicated pattern of short cracks

in glass. These cracks may be straight or crescent-shaped and may or may not
extend through the thickness of the glass. Crazing has been claimed to be the
result of very rapid heating of one side of the glass while the other side remains
cool. Despite widespread publication of this claim, there is no scientific basis for
it. In fact, published research has shown that crazing cannot be caused by rapid
heating, but can only be caused by rapid cooling. Regardless of how rapidly it
was heated, hot glass will reproducibly craze when sprayed with water.

Staining of glass
The presence of a thick, oily soot on glass, including hydrocarbon

residues, has been interpreted as positive proof of the presence or use of liquid
accelerant. Such staining can also result from the incomplete combustion of
other fuels such as wood and plastics and should not be interpreted as having
come from an accelerant.
Fire Pattern is the visible or measurable physical changes or identifiable shapes

formed by a fire effect or group of fire effects.
Dynamics of Pattern Production
The recognition, identification, and proper analysis of fire patterns depend

on an understanding of the dynamics of fire development and heat and flame
spread. This recognition, identification, and proper analysis require an
understanding of the way that conduction, convection, and radiation produce the
fire effects and the nature of flame, heat, and smoke movement within a
structure.
Causes of Fire Patterns

There are three basic causes of fire patterns: heat, deposition, and
consumption. These causes of patterns are defined largely by the fire dynamics.
A systematic analysis of fire patterns can be used to lead back to the heat source
that produced them. Some patterns may be interpreted as defining fire intensity
(heat/fuel) or spread (movement).
The patterns seen by an investigator can represent much of the history of

the fire. Each time another fuel package is ignited or the ventilation to the fire
changes, the rate of energy production and heat distribution will change. Any
burning item can produce a plume and thus a fire pattern. Determining which
pattern was produced at the point of origin by the first material ignited usually
becomes more difficult as the size and duration of the fire increases
Types of Fire Patterns
There are two basic types of fire patterns: movement patterns and
intensity patterns
1. Fire Spread (Movement) Patterns. Flame, heat, and smoke produce

patterns as a result of fire growth and fire spread. Movement patterns are
produced by the growth, spread, and flow of products of combustion away from
an initial heat source. If accurately identified and analyzed, these patterns can be
traced back to the origin of the heat source that produced them.
2. Heat (Intensity) Patterns. Flames and hot gases produce patterns as a

result of the response of materials to heat exposure. The various heat effects on
materials can produce lines of demarcation. These lines of demarcation may be
helpful to the investigator in determining the characteristics and quantities of fuel
materials, as well as the direction of fire spread.
Lines or Areas of Demarcation
Lines or areas of demarcation are the borders defining the differences in

certain heat and smoke effects of the fire on various materials. They appear
between the affected area and adjacent, less-affected areas.
Pattern Geometry

Various patterns having distinctive geometry or shape are created by the
effects of fire and smoke exposure on building materials and contents. In order to
identify them for discussion and analysis, they have been described in the field
by terms that are indicative of their shapes. While these terms generally do not
relate to the manner in which the pattern was formed, the descriptive nature of
the terminology makes the patterns easy to recognize.
a. V Patterns on Vertical Surfaces
The V-shaped pattern is created by flames, convective or radiated heat

from hot fire gases, or smoke within the fire plume. The V pattern often
appears as lines of demarcation defining the borders of the fire effects.
The angle of the borders of the V pattern does not indicate the speed of
fire growth or rate of heat release of the fuel alone; that is, a wide V does
not indicate a slowly growing (“slow”) fire and a narrow V does not indicate
a rapidly growing (“fast”) fire.
b. Inverted Cone (Triangular) Patterns
Inverted cones are commonly caused by the vertical flame plumes not
reaching the ceiling. The characteristic two-dimensional shape is
triangular with the base at the bottom. Inverted cone patterns are
manifestations of relatively short-lived fires that do not fully evolve into

floor-to-ceiling flame plumes or have flame plumes that are not vertically
restricted. Inverted cone patterns have been interpreted as proof of
ignitable liquid fires, but any fuel source (leaking fuel gas, Class A fuels,
etc.) that produces flame zones that do not become vertically restricted by
a horizontal surface, such as a ceiling or furniture, can produce inverted
cone patterns.
c. Hourglass Patterns
The plume is a hot gas zone shaped like a V with a flame zone at its base.
The flame zone is shaped like an inverted V. When the hot gas zone
intersects a vertical surface, the typical V pattern is formed. If the fire itself
is very close to or in contact with the vertical surface, the resulting pattern
will show the effects of both the hot gas zone and the flame zone together
as a large V above an inverted V. The inverted V is generally smaller and
may exhibit more intense burning or clean burn. The overall pattern that
results is called an hourglass.

d. U-Shaped Patterns
U patterns are similar to the more sharply angled V patterns but display
gently curved lines of demarcation and curved rather than angled lower
vertices. The lowest lines of demarcation of the U patterns are generally
higher than the lowest lines of demarcation of corresponding V patterns
that are closer to the heat source.
e. Truncated Cone Patterns.

Truncated cone patterns, also called truncated plumes, are three-
dimensional fire patterns displayed on both horizontal and vertical
surfaces. It is the intersection or truncating of the natural cone-shaped or
hourglass-shaped plume by these vertical and horizontal surfaces that
causes the patterns to be displayed. Many fire patterns, such as V
patterns, U patterns, circular patterns, and “pointer or arrow” patterns, are
related directly to the three-dimensional cone of heat created by the fire .
f. Pointer and Arrow Patterns
These fire patterns may be on a series of combustible elements such as

wooden wall studs whose surface sheathing has been destroyed by fire.
The direction of fire spread along a wall can often be identified and traced
back toward its source by an examination of the relative heights and
burned-away shapes of the wall studs left standing after a fire. In general,
shorter and more severely charred studs will be closer to a source of heat
than taller studs. The heights of the remaining studs increase as distance
from a source of fire increases. The difference in height and severity of
charring may be observed and documented.

g. Irregular Patterns
Irregular, curved, or “pool-shaped” patterns on floors and floor coverings
should not be identified as resulting from ignitable liquids on the basis of
visual appearance alone. In cases of full room involvement, patterns
similar in appearance to ignitable liquid burn patterns can be produced
when no ignitable liquid is present.
The lines of demarcation between the damaged and undamaged areas of
irregular patterns range from sharp edges to smooth gradations,
depending on the properties of the material and the intensity of heat
exposure. Denser materials like oak flooring will generally show sharper
lines of demarcation than polymer (e.g., nylon) carpet. The absence of a
carpet pad often leads to sharper lines.
h. Doughnut-Shaped Patterns
A doughnut-shaped pattern, where an irregularly shaped burn area

surrounds a less burned area, may result from an ignitable liquid. When a
liquid causes this pattern, it is due to the effects of the liquid cooling the

center of the pool as it burns, while flames at the perimeter of the
doughnut produce charring of the floor or floor covering. When this
condition is found, further examination should be conducted for supporting
evidence of ignitable liquids, especially on the interior of the pattern.
i. Linear Patterns
Patterns that have overall linear or elongated shapes can be called linear
patterns. Linear patterns usually appear on horizontal surfaces. In many
incendiary fires, when fuels are intentionally distributed or “trailed” from
one area to another, the elongated patterns may be visible. Such fire
patterns, known as “trailers,” can be found along floors and other
horizontal surfaces to connect separate fire sets, or up stairways. Fuels
used for trailers may be ignitable liquids, solids, or combinations of these.

Why Fires should be investigated
The very reason why fires should be investigated is to determine the cause of the
fire in order to prevent similar occurrences. The determination of the origin and cause of
fire is arrived at only after a thorough investigation. Since basic investigation is prelude
to the discovery of the true cause of the fire, an understanding of the chemistry of fire
and its attendant behavior should be a concern for successful investigation.
Who are qualified to investigate fires?
A fire investigator should have the following traits:
1. Possession of knowledge of investigational techniques.

2. He should have an insight of human behavior.
3. He should have a first-hand knowledge of the chemistry of fire and its
behavior
4. He should be resourceful.
Is Fire Investigation Complex and Unique?
Fire investigation is complex and unique because of the following reasons:
1. Fire destroys evidence

2. If it is Arson, it is planned, motivated and committed in discreet.
3. Rarely can there be an eyewitness in Arson.
What are the roles of the Firemen in Fire Investigation?
Firemen are usually at the crime scene ahead of the fire investigators. Hence,
they are valuable sources of information. They are the so-called “Eyes and Ears” of the
police before, during and after the fire has been placed under control. The information
taken from them may be categorize as:

1. Information attainable or developed prior to the arrival at the scene
2. Information available to the firemen at the scene.
3. Information available during overhaul and thereafter.
WHAT IS ARSON?
 It is the malicious destruction of property by fire.

 It consists of willful and malicious burning of all kinds of buildings and structure
including personal property.
BASIS AND EXTENT OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN ARSON
1. Kind and character of the building

2. Its location
3. Extent of damage or value
4. Its state of being inhabited or not.
WHAT CONSTITUTE ARSON?

1. Burning – to constitute burning, there must be some burning or charring, e.g. the
fiber of the wood must be destroyed, its identity changed.
2. Willfulness – means intentional and implies that the act was done purposely and
intentionally.
3. Malice – denotes hatred or ill will or a desire for revenge
4. Motive – is the moving power that induce the commission of the crime.
5. Intent – is the purpose or design within which the act done and involves the will.
METHODS OF PROOF IN ARSON
Physical evidence in arson is often destroyed. The proof, corpus delicti

must be shown and the identity of the arsonist established.

 Corpus Delicti – the fact that crime was committed
The following are the corpus delicti of arson:
1. Burning – that there was fire which may be shown by direct testimony of
complainant, firemen responding to the crime, other eyewitnesses. Burn parts of the
building may also indicate location.
2. Criminal design – must be shown that it was willfully and intentionally done. The
presence of the incendiary devices, flammable such as gasoline, kerosene, may
indicate that the fire was not accidental.
3. Evidence of intent – when valuables were removed before the fire, absence of
effort to put out the fire and such other indications.
Motives of Arsonist
In criminal investigation, motive is necessary to identify the offender,
thereafter intent can be shown easily.
1. Economic Gain
a. Insurance fraud (to gain)
b. Desire to dispose merchandise – stock on hand may have lost market.
c. Existing business transaction which the arsonist would like to avoid such as
impending liquidation, settlement of estate, need of cash, prospective business
failure, and increase rentals.
2. Profit by the perpetrator other than the assured.
a. Insurance agents wishing business with the assured
b. Business competitors planning to drive others
c. Salvagers and contractors wishing to construct another building.
3. Concealment of Crime – to hide a crime committed.
4. Punitive Measure – to inflict injury to another due to hatred, jealousy or revenge.
5. Pyromania – It is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything without
motivation. They do not run away from the fire scene since they love watching fire.
Classes of Pyromania:

a. Abnormal Youth – such as imbeciles and morons
b. Hero type – a person set a building on fire and pretends to discover it, turn in the
alarm or make some rescue works to appear as a “hero”
c. Drug addicts and alcoholics
d. Sexual deviates and perverts
METHODS EMPLOYED BY ARSONISTS
1. Introduction of Incendiary Materials such as:

a. Liquids in the form of gasoline, either which may not require open flame
for ignition, alcohol, turpentine, diesel, gas, etc.
b. Certain gases when mixed with air possess excellent ignition property and
when present in enclosed area can lead to an explosion, such as
acetylene, carbon monoxide, natural gas, ethylene, hydrogen and
propane.
c. Solids – ex. Chlorates, chromates, nitrates.
2. Use of “Plants” and other contrivances
Plants – are devices which are designed to ignite combustible materials
sometimes after the initiating actions. The arsonist therefore will have the
opportunity to escape from the premises. These are:
a. Heating appliances – like flat iron placed in contact with combustible

materials and abandoned until fire starts
b. Mechanical devices
i. Clock mechanism which can be arranged so than movements
starts the fire.
ii.Altered equipment such as broken pipes on oil burner or sprinkler
systems in which combustible fluid has been placed.
THE TELL TALE SIGNS OF ARSON

These signs maybe obvious that the first fireman at the scene will suspects arson
or they may be so well concealed that moths of patient investigation to show that it is

set off will be required.
1. Burned Building – the type of the building may indicate a set fire under certain
circumstance. A fire of considerable size at the time the first apparatus arrive at the
scene is suspicious if it is a modern concrete or semi-concrete building.
2. Separate fires – when two or more separate fire breaks out within a building. The fire
is certainly suspicious.
3. Color of Smoke – some fire burn with little or no smoke but they are exception. The
observation of the smoke must be made at the start of the fire since once the fire
has assumed a major proportion, the value of the smoke is lost, because the smoke
will not indicate the material used by the arsonist
a.) When white smoke appears before the water from the fire hose comes
in contact with the fire, it indicates humid material burning. Example –
burning hay, vegetable materials, phosphorus (with garlic odor).
b.) Biting smoke, irritating the nose and throat and causing lacrimation and
coughing indicates presence of chlorine.
c.) Black smoke indicates lack of air if accompanied by large flames it
indicates petroleum products and rubber.
d.) Reddish-brown smoke indicates nitrocellulose
4. Color of flame – The color of the flame is a good indication of the intensity of the
fire, an important factor in determining incendiarism.
 Black smoke with deep red flame – petroleum products, tar, rubber,
plastics, etc.
 Heavy brown with bright red flame – nitrogen products
 White smoke with bright flame – magnesium products
 Black smoke with red and blue green flame – asphalt
 Purple-violet flame – potassium products
 Greenish-yellow flame – Chloride or Manganese products
 Bright reddish yellow flame – Calcium products
5. Size of Fire – This is important when correlated with the type of alarm, the time
received and the time of arrival of the first fire apparatus. Fires make what might be

termed a normal progress. Such progress can be estimated after an examination of
the material burned the building and the normal ventilation offered of the fire. The
time element and the degree of headway by the flames become important factors to
determine factors to determine possible incendiarism.
6. Direction of Travel – While it is admitted that no two fires burn in identical fashion,
yet it can be shown that fire makes normal progress through various types of
building materials, combustibility of contents, channel of ventilation and
circumstances surrounding the sending of alarm, an experienced investigator can
determine whether a fire spread abnormally fast.
7. Intensity – The degree of heat given off by a fire and the color of its flame
oftentimes indicate that some accelerant has been added to the material normally
present in a building and the investigator must look for further evidence pointing to
use of such accelerant. Difficulty in extinguishing the fire is often a lead to suspect
presence of such fluid as gasoline and kerosene.
8. Odor – The odor of gasoline, alcohol, kerosene and other inflammable liquids which
are often used as accelerant is characteristics and oftentimes arsonist are trapped
because of this telltale sign. Most of fire – setters are inclined to use substance
which will make the blaze certain and at the same time burn up any evidence of
their crime.
9. Condition of Content – Persons tending to set their house on fire frequently remove
objects of value either materially or sentimentally. Store and other business
establishments oftentimes remove a major portion of their content or replace
valuable merchandise without of style articles.
10. Doors and windows – locked doors and obstructed entrance and passage ways
sometimes point to an attempt to obstruct firefighting operation. Doors and windows
showing signs of forced entry may point to arson preceded by robbery .
BASIC LINES OF INQUIRY
1. Origin of the fire

2. Motive

3. Identification of prime suspect
4. Identification of the fire setter
AREA OF ORIGIN – the room or area where the fire began
POINT OF ORIGIN –the exact physical location where a heat source and a fuel came in
contact with each other and a fire begins
FIRES ARE SET BY:
1. Persons with motive

a. those with desire to defraud the insurer
b. employee or such other person who have a grievance
c. those who want to conceal evidence or other crimes
d. those who set fire for purpose of intimidation
2. Person without motive
a. mental cases
b. pyromaniac
In determining the motive, an investigator concentrates on three major factors:
a. Point of origin of the fire

b. Modus operandi of the fire setter
c. Identity of persons who might benefit from the fire.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRIME SUSPECT
The following technique may serve the investigations:
1. Search of the fire scene for physical evidence
2. Background studies of policy holders, occupants of premises, owner of building,

or other persons having major interest in the fire.

3. Interview and interrogation of the person who discovered the fire, and the one
who turned the first alarm, firemen, eyewitnesses
4. Surveillance
IDENTIFICATION OF FIRE SETTER
This identification results from the full development of leads, clues and traces,
the testimony of persons, particularly eyewitnesses and the development of expert
testimony.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ARSON INVESTIGATION
Identification of Victims
Means to identify the victim
1. Least Reliable – ex. Familiarity (direct examination)

2. Fairly reliable – ex. Personal effects, false dentures
3. Reliable method
a. fingerprint
b. Odontology
c. DNA
Identification of the Cause of Death (Autopsy)
 Presence of CO in the blood – means the victim died during the fire.
 Absence of CO in the blood – means the victim died before the fire.
 no burns on the skin – victim died after the fire

Republic of the Philippines
Department of the Interior and Local Government
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES MANUAL 2015
DETERMINING FIRE ORIGIN
POLICY

The Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires
and, if necessary, file the proper complaints with the city or provincial prosecutor
who has jurisdiction over the case. (Section54, RA 6975)
PURPOSE
Identify the Origin of Fire.
BASIC CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND GUIDEPOSTS

The origin of a fire is one of the most important hypotheses that the
investigator needs to develop and test during the investigation. Generally, if the
origin cannot be determined, the cause cannot be determined and if the correct
origin is not identified, the subsequent cause determination will also be incorrect.
In the event that hazardous materials/suspected illegal or regulated chemicals
and/or contraband are found in the fire scene, immediately report to proper
office/authority concerned (e.g. HAZMAT, PDEA). Make an inventory of the
confiscated items.
SCOPE
Fire Arson Investigation Team
RESPONSIBILITIES
COMPOSITION OF INVESTIGATION TEAM AND THEIR DESIGNATED
RESPONSIBIITIES:
1. Team Leader – assumes overall control of the fire scene.
2. Lead Fire Arson Investigator – coordinates with the Team Leader regarding
appropriate investigation approach.

3. Fire Scene Photographer – photographs the fire scene prior entry of the
investigation team and during walk-through.
4. Fire Scene Sketch Preparer – diagrams and illustrates the immediate area of the
fire scene.
5. Evidence Recovery Personnel and Custodian – conducts actual exhaustive

search of probable pieces of evidence with the direct guidance of the Team
Leader and Lead FAI at the fire scene.
6. Team Security Personnel – ensures the overall security/safety of the

investigating team.
DEFINITIONS
1. Incident Command Post (ICP) – the designated area for planning and
communication point for members of the Fire Arson Investigation.
2. Fire Spread – the movement of fire from one place to another.
3. Fire Pattern - the visible or measurable physical changes, or identifiable shapes,

formed by a fire effect or group of fire effects.
4. Point of Fire Origin / Base of Fire – exact physical location where a heat source
and a fuel came in contact with each other and where the fire begins.
5. Methodical Examination – the systematic approach in all relevant details found at

the fire scene during the actual conduct of investigation.
6. Scientific Method – the analytical process necessary in a successful conduct of

investigation.

7. Evidence Spoliation – loss, destruction or material alteration of an object or
document which can be used in a legal proceeding by a person who has the
responsibility for its preservation.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. PRE/BEFORE
FIRST RESPONDER PERFORMS INITIAL ACTIONS
1. Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) receives assignment from the unit commander.
2. Fire Arson Investigation Team responds immediately and proceeds to the fire
scene.
a. Size up / assess fire scene.
b. Cordon and secure the fire scene to prevent entry of any unauthorized
person.
c. Conduct initial interview to available witnesses within the immediate
vicinity of the fire scene.
3. Fire Scene Photographer documents the fire scene using camera / video.
4. FAI preserves and protects the evidential value of the identified focal point of fire
(evidence spoliation), and prepares inventory of the items.
5. FAI prepares the Fire Investigation Response Form (FIRP).
6. Team Leader / Lead Fire Arson Investigator reports to superior or higher
investigating unit officer about the incident, and if necessary, turn over the
conduct of investigation according to the Level of Authority.
B. ACTUAL / DURING
CONDUCT ON-SCENE / ON-SITE INVESTIGATION
7. Team Leader / Lead Fire Arson Investigator establishes Incident Command Post
(ICP).
8. Fire Arson Investigation Team performs preliminary survey by conducting
walkthrough to have an initial assessment of the fire scene.
9. FAI establishes the pre-fire condition of the fire scene by theoretically
reconstructing the burned structure.

10. FAI determines the external and internal degree of damages caused by the fire.
11. FAI conducts thorough analysis of the Fire Spread Patterns to identify the Point
of Fire Origin.
12. Fire Scene Photographer documents the fire area by the use of any verifiable
means or source of recording.
13. Fire Scene Sketch Preparer diagrams or sketches the immediate area of the fire
scene.
C. POST/ AFTER
SUBMIT MANDATORY REPORT
14. Fire Arson Investigation Team submits Spot Investigation Report (SIR) within 24
hours to MFM/CFM copy furnished DFM, PFM, RD, Chief, BFP thru IID, BFP-
NHQ.
EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA
 Point of origin properly identified.
 Fatality / Casualty (if any) duly accounted.
 Fire scene properly secured and preserved.
 Spot Investigation Report (SIR) submitted within the reglementary period.
REFERENCES
STANDARD, LAW OR REGULATION
1. NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations 2008 Edition
2. SOP NR: IID 2008-01 (Operational Standards on Comprehensive Fire and Arson
Investigation and Filing of Criminal Complaint Procedures)
3. Criminal Investigation Philippine Edition 2011 (Karen M. Hess, Ph. D, Christine

Hess Orthmann, M.S.)
4. PNP Investigative Manual

OTHER PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTS
Letter/ Mission Order
FORMS / RECORDS REQUIRED BY THE PROCESS/ PROCEDURE

Fire Investigation Response Form (FIRF)
Spot Investigation Report (SIR)
User/ Receiver
CFM / MFM / DFM / PFM / Office of the Regional Director / Chief, BFP thru IID BFP-
NHQ
DETERMINING FIRE CAUSE
POLICY

PURPOSE
Accurately determine the cause of fire that will form part of the basis of fire prevention
activities and filing of appropriate action in court.

The determination of the cause of the fire requires the identification of materials,
circumstances and factors that were necessary for the fire to have occurred. Likewise,
the determination of the cause of fire will expose whether or not a certain person or
entity must be held legally accountable for the occurrence of the fire.
Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) handling the case may require other documents necessary
in the conduct of the investigation. And should also consider and delve into other
possible sources of information. (Local neighborhood inquiry, available public records,
concerned insurance company/ies and other reliable sources).
Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) must follow the instructions pertaining to evidence
collection and handling of evidence as provided for in MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO.
2010-LAB-01: Guidelines in the Collection, Labeling, Preservation, Chain of Custody
and Submission of Physical Evidence to BFP Laboratory.
SCOPE
Fire Arson Investigation Team/ Chief Arson
RESPONSIBILITIES
RESPONSIBIITIES:

fire scene.


investigating team.
7. Arson Laboratory Section (ALS) – BFP team that subjects/tests the pieces of
evidence for laboratory examination.
DEFINITIONS
1. Area of Fire Origin – the room or area where the fire began.
2. Inductive Reasoning – the process by which a person starts from a particular
experience and proceeds to generalizations. The process by which hypothesis
are developed based upon observable or knows facts and the training,
experience, knowledge, and expertise of the observer.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. PRE/BEFORE
FIRE SCENE DOCUMENTATION
1. Fire Scene Sketch Preparer and Fire Scene Photographer ensures the
availability of all tools and equipment they need for the investigation.

2. Fire Scene Sketch Preparer prepares a detailed illustration of the interior and
exterior portion of the fire scene, illustration of the Area of Fire Origin and the
Point of Fire Origin, Fire Spread Pattern, affected and unaffected areas at the
fire scene.
3. Fire Scene Photographer photographs the fire scene in wide and close-up
angles for detailed and sequential presentation.
SUBMISSION OF PERTINENT DOCUMENTS FOR INVESTIGATION

4. Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) prepares the LIST OF DOCUMENTS needed to
be accomplished / submitted by the fire victim/s, building occupant/s and other
parties affected by the fire. The required documents are listed in Form FAI-
Required Documents for Investigation. Documents to be obtained from the fire
victim vary based on the TYPE OF OCCUPANCY or the INVOLVED
STRUCTURE gutted by fire.
5. FAI prepares and submits the mandatory reports within the reglementary
period of submission.
B. ACTUAL/ DURING
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE
6. FAI prepares the apparatus to be used for the collection of evidences.
7. FAI identifies and collects physical evidences found at the fire scene that have
Evidentiary Value in the conduct of fire investigation.
8. Evidence Recovery Personnel and Custodian coordinates with Fire Scene
Sketch Preparer for the illustrations of the position and location of all pieces of
evidence collected.
9. Fire Arson Investigator photographs the pieces of evidences to be collected
before lifting and should be in the presence of a witness independent from the
Fire Arson Investigation Team.
10. FAI properly documents, packs, seals and labels the pieces of evidence
recovered prior to transportation and submission to Arson Laboratory Section

BFP-NHQ, within 72 hours upon lifting from the fire scene, for laboratory
examination.
11. FAI fully records/documents, collect, and itemize in detailed format all the
recovered pieces of evidence using the Evidence Collection and Recovery
Record (ECRR).
12. FAI attaches the copy of the Evidence Collection and Recovery Record
(ECRR) to the Evidence Chain of Custody (ECC) form.
INTERVIEW AND QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES

13. FAI issues Invitation Letter to all witnesses to appear before the Office of the
Investigation and Intelligence concerned for a formal interview.
14. FAI requires the witness to execute and sign his/her Sworn Statement under
oath, and have the same duly subscribed and sworn to before a person
legally authorized to administer oath (Notary Public, Prosecutor, Clerk of
Courts and Judges) or at least a member of the BFP investigation team with
the rank of Fire Inspector.
15. FAI conducts interview and questioning to other experts / professionals who
can provide relevant information about the occurrence of the fire.
CONDUCT FIRE CAUSE DETERMINATION PROCEDURE

16. FAI collects data by observation or other direct data gathering means.
17. FAI analyzes collected data based on acquired knowledge through training,
experience, and expertise.
18. FAI develops hypothesis from collected data using inductive reasoning.
19. FAI tests the hypothesis if it can stand the test of careful and serious
challenge.
20. FAI selects final hypothesis.
C. POST/ AFTER
SUBMIT MANDATORY REPORT
21. Fire Arson Investigation Team submits Progress Investigation Report (PIR)
within 7 days from the inception of the investigation to MFM / CFM copy

furnished DFM, PFM, RD, Chief, BFP thru IID, BFP-NHQ.
22. Fire Arson Investigation Team submits Final Investigation Report (FIR) within
45 days from the inception of the investigation to MFM / CFM copy furnished
DFM, PFM, RD, Chief, BFP thru IID, BFP-NHQ.
 Proper documentation of fire scene investigation by means of sketch and
photographs.
 Information relevant in the determination of the cause of fire obtained.
REFERENCES
1. MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NR: 2010-LAB-01: Guidelines in the Collection,
Labeling, Preservation, Chain of Custody and Submission of Physical Evidence
to BFP Laboratory

OTHER PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTS

1. Formal Letter of Invitation for interview of witnesses
2. Letter of Cognizance to investigate
3. Property Recovery and Clearing Permit (PRCP)
4. Release of Fire Scene (RFS)
5. Fire Clearance Certificate (FCC)

1. Photographs and photographic log
2. Evidence Collection and Recovery Record (ECRR)
3. Evidence Chain of Custody (ECC)
4. Form FAI-02: Required Documents for Investigation
5. Affidavit and Sworn Statement of Witnesses duly subscribed and sworn to before
a person authorized to administer oath
6. Evidence Submission Form (Form Nr 05-01, Nr 06-04 and Nr 06-06) properly
accomplished
7. Progress / Final Investigation Report
User/ Receiver
CFM/MFM / DFM/PFM / Office of the Regional Director/ Chief, BFP thru IID BFP-
NHQ
DETERMINING RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY

POLICY
PURPOSE
 Determine the responsibility and liability of any person involved in a particular fire
incident.
 Determine which BFP investigation unit has jurisdiction to conduct investigation.

The notion of any particular fire investigation is to come up with a correct conclusion
about what transpired on a particular fire incident that resulted to the death and injury of
a person, damage to property and other unwanted aftermath of the fire.
Prior to the actual detention of an arrested Arson suspect, he/ she shall first be
subjected to medical examination, preferably in a government hospital or other
accredited medical facility. The same procedure shall be observed prior to the actual
turnover of the arrested suspect to the custody of the BJMP or the PNP, as the case
may be.

STANDARD GUIDE IN COMPUTING FIRE DAMAGES INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF
FIRE DAMAGES
Amount per
Construction
Occupancy Description Square Meter
Class
(PhP/m2)
High Rise and Low Rise Condominiums,
PhP 80,000.00
Apartment Buildings and Hotels in highly urbanized
towns and cities
Class: A+
Shopping Malls, Grocery (Mercantile) Stores and
(Luxurious and PhP 80,000.00
Commercial
Classy in
Establishments in highly urbanized towns and
exclusive
cities
locations)
PhP 80,000.00
Residential Houses in posh exclusive subdivisions
PhP 35,000.00
Town Houses
Regular Condominiums, Hotels, Apartment
PhP 40,000.00
Buildings, Lodging Houses and Dormitories
Warehouse Structure for Storage and Industrial

Class: A PhP 35,000.00
Occupancies, made of industrial iron beams and
trusses
PhP 50,000.00
Shopping Malls and Shopping Center in provinces
Regular Residential Houses, concrete and fully
Class: B
finished PhP 15,000.00
Low Cost Row Houses, Low Rise Tenements
PhP 12,000.00
(Public Housing)
Class: C
PhP 12,000.00
Public Markets and Public Schools

Old Wooden Houses and Wooden Storerooms,
PhP 1,500.00
Makeshift Houses (Informal Settlers) usually made
Class: D of easily combustible materials PhP 250.00
Native Houses (Nipa Hut) usually made of Bamboo PhP 350.00

and Straw
Level of Authority to Conduct Investigation

1. Municipal Investigation and Intelligence Unit (MIIU) shall have the authority to
conduct investigation on fire incident cases with an incurred damage in the
aggregate amount of not exceeding Twenty Million Pesos (PhP 20,000,000.00).
2. City Investigation and Intelligence Section (CIIS) shall have the authority to
investigate fire incident cases with an incurred damages in the aggregate amount
of not exceeding Thirty Million Pesos (PhP 30,000,000.00).
3. Provincial/District Investigation and Intelligence Branch (PIIB/ DIIB) shall
have the authority to conduct investigation on fire incident cases with an incurred
damage in the aggregate amount of above Thirty Million Pesos (Php
30,000,000.00) but not exceeding Forty Million Pesos (PhP 40,000,000.00).
4. Regional Investigation and Intelligence Branch (RIIB) shall have the authority
to conduct investigation on fire incident cases with an incurred damage in the
aggregate amount of above Forty Million Pesos (Php 40,000,000.00) but not
exceeding Sixty Million Pesos (PhP 60,000,000.00).
5. Investigation and Intelligence Divsion of BFP National Headquarters shall
have the authority to investigate fire incident cases with incurred damages in the
aggregate amount of Sixty Million Pesos (PhP 60,000,000.00) and above.
Special Provisions on Fire Arson Investigation

1. Marine Transportation: In case of occurrence of fire involving a ship or vessel
docked at sea ports/wharves, the BFP investigation unit who has jurisdiction over

such sea port or wharf shall proceed to investigate the fire incident in
coordination with the Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) or the Maritime
Police.
2. Air Transportation: In case of occurrence of fire involving an aircraft on the
ground, the BFP investigation unit who has jurisdiction over the area where the
fire incident involving an aircraft occurred shall proceed to investigate the said
fire incident in coordination with Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
or the Airport Police.
3. Forest Fires: In case of occurrence of a forest fire, the BFP investigation unit who
has jurisdiction over the area where the forest fire occurred, shall proceed to
investigate the said fire incident in coordination with the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Philippine National Police
(PNP) and such other government agency/ entity who may have interest in the
said fire incident.
4. Gas Leaks and Explosions: In case of occurrence of fire caused by gas leak or
explosion, the BFP investigation unit who has jurisdiction over the area where the
gas leaks or explosion occurred shall proceed to investigate the matter in
coordination with Philippine National Police (PNP), National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI), or any investigation unit of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP).
5. Fire Incidents within Economic Zones: In case of occurrence of fire within an area
under the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), the BFP Investigation unit
who has jurisdiction over the area where the economic zone is located shall
proceed to investigate in coordination with the Zone Manager.
6. Investigating Fire incidents with Casualties: Investigation of this nature involves
the visual examination of the body/ cadaver; determination of identity and other
personal circumstances; proper documentation (in situ – sketch and
photographs) and lifting of the cadaver with the assistance of the Philippine
National Police – Scene of the Crime Operatives (PNP-SOCO) in order to
determine whether he crime committed is plain Arson or that Arson has been

committed to conceal the commission of other crimes, such as murder or
homicide.
SCOPE
Fire Arson Investigation Team/ Chief, Arson
Chief, BFP
RESPONSIBILITIES
RESPONSIBIITIES:
fire scene.


investigating team.
DEFINITIONS

1. Custodial Investigation – involves any questioning by law enforcement people
after a person is taken into custody or deprived of his freedom in any significant
manner (refer to RA 7438) .
2. High profile cases – cases considered to invite too much public attention in view
of the magnitude of its casualties and fatalities and unconscionable amount of
insurance coverage, or that public clamor calls for such reinvestigation.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. PRE/BEFORE
1. Chief, Investigation and Intelligence Section thru the Fire Arson Investigator (FAI)
determines the total amount of damages of the fire incident (refer to Standard
Guide in Computing Fire Damages Initial Assessment of Fire Damages).
2. Chief, Investigation and Intelligence Section, thru the FAI, determines level of
authority to conduct the investigation (refer to Level of Authority to Conduct
Investigation under standard guide).
B. ACTUAL/ DURING
DETERMINING THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
3. Fire Arson Investigation Team collects and processes all the pieces of evidence
within the fire scene.
4. Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) prepares the inventory of evidence collected and
submits it to Arson Laboratory Section within 72 hours upon lifting from the fire
scene.
5. FAI discusses preliminary scene findings with the team.
6. FAI discusses post scene issues including forensic testing, insurance inquiries,
interview results and criminal histories.
7. FAI proceeds to address legal considerations.
8. FAI ensures that all scene documentation has been completed.
9. FAI appropriately addresses the structural, environmental, health and safety
issues.

10. FAI completes the investigation process. Should the fire incident being
investigated is highly suspected to be intentional in nature, issuance of Property
Recovery and Clearing Permit (PRCP) must be temporarily withheld until proven
otherwise.
 If the fire incident is found to be intentional in nature, a criminal complaint
must be filed in the prosecutor’s office and the issuance of the appropriate
authority pertaining to clearing, cleaning and/or demolition of the burned
premises shall depend on the discretion of the prosecutor investigating the
case.
 If the investigation of the fire incident was completed and found out to be
accidental in nature, the Fire Arson Investigator shall issue the ‘Release of
Fire Scene’ to the Property/Building Owner.
11. Fire Arson Investigation Team removes all the investigative equipment and
materials in the fire scene.
ARREST AND CUSTODY OVER ARSON SUSPECT

12. In cases where the FAI makes an arrest, from the start of the custodial
investigation, he informs the person arrested of his rights in accordance with
Section 12, Para 1 of the 1987 Constitution. The person arrested is entitled to
the following rights:
 The right to remain silent.
 The right to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of his
own choice and if he cannot afford the services of a counsel, he must be
provided with one.
13. FAI informs the person arrested that these rights cannot be waived except in
writing and in the presence of a counsel. (Counsel of the Suspect reads and
clearly explains the sworn statement to the person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation in the language or dialect known to him.)
14. Fire Arson Investigation Team subjects the arrested Arson suspect, prior to
actual detention, to medical examination, preferably in a government hospital or
other accredited medical facility.

15. FAI subjects the suspect for Inquest Proceedings before the Office of the
Prosecutor within thirty six (36) hours after the arrest, or in case of municipalities
where no government prosecutor is assigned, the FAI subjects the suspect for
inquest at the office of the Provincial Prosecutor’s Office.
16. FAI continuously monitors the case up to its final resolution.
ATTENDING TO COURT DUTY

(FAI must always be ready with his credentials for the perusal of the court)
17. FAI dutifully attends and gives preferential attention to Subpoena or Order from
the courts.
18. FAI immediately notifies the court in writing if he cannot attend a particular court
hearing due to conflict of schedule.
19. FAI / BFP Officer / Personnel who will attend to a Court Duty must wear complete
General Office Attire (GOA).
20. FAI / BFP Officer / Personnel is only required to bring original or authenticated
photocopy of the investigation reports and other case records if so directed by
the court.
21. As proof of attendance to court duty, FAI / BFP Officer / Personnel secures
Certificate of Appearance from the Clerk of Court.
REINVESTIGATION (WHEN NECESSARY)

22. In any event that a fire case is requested to be reopened/ reinvestigated, the FAI
who conducted the investigation turns over the complete case folder within five
(5) working days to the Office of the Chief, BFP upon notice from the
Investigation and Intelligence Division, BFP-NHQ of such request, subject to the
following conditions:
a. New evidence has been discovered that would warrant the reinvestigation
of the fire case.
b. New witness/es appeared and attested to the veracity of significant facts
pertaining to the fire incident. High profile cases.

c. A formal request for reinvestigation should be filed at the Office of the
Chief BFP, thru the Office of the Investigation and Intelligence Division,
BFP-NHQ by the party requesting for such reinvestigation, stating therein
the grounds/justification relied upon by the party who filed such request.
d. Upon the approval by the Chief, BFP of the request for reinvestigation, the
investigation unit directed by the Chief, BFP to conduct the reinvestigation
immediately assumes jurisdiction over the fire case.
e. The Higher Investigation Office tasked by the Chief, BFP to conduct
reinvestigation shall temporarily invalidate all the issued clearances /
certificates by the lower BFP investigation until the final result of the
reinvestigation.
f. The Higher Investigation Office tasked by the Chief, BFP to conduct
reinvestigation shall strictly observe that the conduct of reinvestigation
shall not exceed thirty (30) working days from the date the case was
approved for reinvestigation.
g. The Higher Investigation Office tasked by the Chief, BFP to conduct
reinvestigation shall immediately report to the Chief, BFP the result of
such reinvestigation immediately upon the completion thereof.
 Identification of the person liable for the fire incident.
 Filing of appropriate legal action against the person liable for the fire incident.
 Conviction of the person accused of the crime of Arson.
REFERENCES

4. PNP Investigative Manual

Property Recovery and Clearing Permit (PRCP)
REFERENCES
BUSTRIA, Leo (2013). Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation 2 nd Edition. Quezon City
Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc.
GOODSON, Carl and Murnane, Lynne, (2008). Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire
Department Operations Fifth Edition, Oklahoma, Fire Protection Publications.
GOTTSCHALK, Orlando (2002). Firefighting 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York
10014 DK Publishing Inc.
MONTANIO, Marcelo L., et al. (2010). Fire Technology & Arson Investigation, Manila,
Mindshapers.
SE, Nelson Sr. S. (1996) Fire Investigators Manual of Readings: A Compilation of

References Volume 1, Quezon City, Bureau of Fire Protection
VILLALUZ, Joner C. and Alocelja, Rodolfo B. (2015). Fire Investigation and Fire
Technology, An Instructional Material for Criminology Students, Quezon City
Wiseman’s Book Trading Inc.
National Fire Protection 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation 2014 Edition

Philippine Congress, (1990). Republic Act No. 6975. An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under A Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
Government, and for Other Purposes
Philippine Congress, (2008). Republic Act No. 9514. An Act Establishing a
Comprehensive Fire Code of the Philippines, Repealing Presidential Decree No.
1185 and For other Purposes
Bureau of Fire Protection Operational Procedures Manual 2015 Quezon City, Bureau of
Fire Protection
Bureau of Fire Protection Standard Operating Procedure Number: IID 2008-01:

Operational Standards on Comprehensive Fire and Arson Investigation and
Filing of Criminal Complaint Procedures dated 18 September 2008
Unpublished material, Fire Technology and Arson Investigation, Rommel K Manwong


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FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

BASIC CONCEPTS OF FIRE TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

Fire is a rapid chemical reaction that gives off energy

substances. Exothermic Heat Reaction-

A. The Physical Properties

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

B. The Chemical Properties

a. Based on Color and Completeness of Combustibility of Fuel

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

For many years, firefighters were taught that three

The fire triangle provides a reasonable explanation of non-

Flaming combustion is more accurately explained using the

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

The following are group of solid fuels:

Factors affecting the combustibility of wood and wood-based products

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

Factors affecting the combustibility of fibers

a. Chemical composition – natural and synthetic organic fibers are generally

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

Vapor Density- describes

Characteristics of a Gas Fuel

a. They are matters that have no definite shape.

Classification of Gases According to Physical Properties

Classification of Gases According to Usage

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

SOURCES OF HEAT ENERGY

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

a. Resistance heating- When electric current flows through a conductor,

form a nuclear energy.

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

Heat can be transferred by three mechanisms: conduction, convection and

1. Conduction is the transfer of heat within a body or to

3. Radiation is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic such as light, waves,

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

III. OXIDIZING AGENT/S

IV. SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION

Combustion is a complex set of chemical reaction that results in the rapid

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

As fuel burns, its chemical composition changes resulting in the production of a

3. Smoke. It is encountered at most fires, consists of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen,

a. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

b. Carbon dioxide (CO₂ ¿ is a product of complete combustion of organic

f. Hydrogen Chloride. Chloride containing plastic materials will produce

g. Nitrogen Dioxide. The reddish-brown gas nitrogen dioxide is produced

h. Acrolein. It is highly irritating and toxic gas produced when petroleum

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

A lightning may be in the form of:

Cold Bolt – shorter in duration, capable of splintering a property or literally

c. Radiation of Sunlight – when sunlight hits a concave mirror,

FIRE BEHAVIOR AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

b. Purely accidental causes

Accelerant – highly flammable chemicals that are used to facilitate flame

Plant – the preparation and or gathering of combustible materials needed to start

Trailer – the preparation of flammable substances in order to spread the fire.

B. THE CLASSES OF FIRE BASED ON BURNING FUEL

1. CLASS A- involves combustible materials such as wood, cloth,