MAASIN CHRISTIAN ACADEMY

MAMBAJAO, MAASIN CITY

12
FIRST QUARTER: WEEK – 1
AUGUST 24-28

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

NAME OF STUDENT

Ms. Arlene Balderama

Subject Teacher
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 MAASIN CHRISTIAN ACADEMY
MAMBAJAO, MAASIN CITY
12
Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________________

MODULE 1
Phases of Matter

Lesson 1: Properties of Matter & Its

Attractive Forces

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 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Have you ever wondered what

the things we used are made
of? Have you asked yourself
how this exists? This module will
explain those things.

Everything that surrounds us are

called matter which occupies
space and has mass. Solid,
Liquid and Gas are the phases
of matter. This module will
specifically explain the
properties of matter and its
various forms.

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

 Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids
and solids;
 Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces;
and
 Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the
effect of intermolecular forces on these properties
surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and
molar heat of vaporization.

PRE LESSON TASKS

Direction: Complete the diagram below and provide one characteristic

with picture.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Matter

CHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTIC

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 DURING LESSON TASKS

What is Matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Properties of Matter

 Physical Property
are characteristics that scientists can
measure without changing the composition
of the sample under study, such as mass,
color, and volume (the amount of
space occupied by a sample).
Three main states are solid, liquid and
gas.
 Solid is distinguished by a fixed structure.
 Liquid is distinguished by its malleable shape (is able to form
into the shape of its container), but constant volume.
 Gas is made up of atoms that are separate.

Physical properties can be extensive or intensive.

Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and include
mass, weight, and volume.

Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend on the amount of the

substance; they include color, melting point, boiling point, electrical
conductivity, and physical state at a given temperature.

 Chemical Property

describe the characteristic ability of a

substance to react to form new
substances; they include its flammability
and susceptibility to corrosion.
Example:

The combustion of magnetism metal is a chemical change

(Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide):

2Mg+O2→2MgO (1.2.2) (1.2.2)2Mg+O2→2MgO

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Intermolecular Forces
 Include dipole-dipole forces, ion dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and
London dispersion forces.
 Known as van der Waals forces, named after Dutch chemist Johannes
van der Waal (1837-1923).

van der Waals forces

 The greater the number of
atoms in a molecule, the more
readily it is polarized.
 van der Waals forces increase
with increasing number of
forces.
 Occurs when two nonpolar
molecules approach each
other, the electron clouds in
which the positive nuclei are
embedded to repel each
other, in short it occurs when
the molecules are close
enough such that one
molecule produces varying
electrical fields within itself as it
is affected by the electrical
fields of the adjacent molecules.

London Dispersion Forces (LDF) or London

Forces or simply Dispersion Forces
 Are weak attractions that are used
to explain the attraction between
nonpolar molecules as it is apparent
that even nonpolar molecules can
have dipoles for short period of time.
 Increase with increasing molecular
mass and decrease increasing distance between the molecules.
Dipole-dipole Forces
 The attraction of bond dipoles
in different molecules.
 Bond dipole arises from the
unequal sharing of electrons by
covalently bonded atoms.
Ion Dipole Forces
 Exist when polar molecules are
attracted to join ions.
 The positive pole is attractive to a
negative ion (anion), while the negative
pole is attractive to a positive ion (cation).

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Hydrogen Bond or Hydrogen Bridge

A weak bond formed when

hydrogen with partial positive
charge (hydrogen bonded to small,
highly electronegative atom) is a
close atom in a molecule with lone
pairs of electrons or with excess
electronic charge (negative).
Formed as a result of weak
electrostatic interaction between
the partial positive hydrogen and the
negative group lone pair of
electrons.

Intermolecular Molecular Forces and Properties of Liquids

Surface tension
A force that causes the molecules on the
surface of a liquid to “tighten their hold to one
another”, creating the effect of a thin
membrane on a surface.

Viscosity
Is a measure of its tendency to resist
flowing motion.
Polar molecules and molecules with
complex structure tend to have higher viscosity,
being less able to slip and slide over one
another than those with simple structures and
less polarity.

Capillary Action
a spontaneous rising of a liquid in a
narrow tube also observed in liquids. This action
result from the cohesive forces within the liquid
and the adhesive between the liquid and walls
of the container.

Incompressibility
Another property of liquids which
molecules in a liquid are already close,
touching one another, they cannot be
crowded together anymore unless they are
squeezed and deformed, which would require
a great amount of energy.

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Diffusibility
much in a liquid than in a gas, but
take places place at an easily measured
rate. One liquid may diffused through
another or a solid may dissolve and diffuse
through a liquid. The particles in liquid are
attracted to one another, but they are not
rigidly held together that they cannot still
move at all time.

Evaporation
An indication of the escape of
molecules from the surface of the liquid. It is
an evidence of molecular motion.

Cooling Effect of Evaporation

Molecules that escape are the
ones with greatest velocity. Therefore the
average velocity and the average
kinetic energy (KE) of the molecules left
in the liquid are reduced as evaporation
needs. The amount of heat energy for
the given number of molecules is
reduced as well as their temperature;
thus evaporation always results in a
cooling effect.

Vapor Pressure
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed
container, the space above the liquid
becomes saturated with vapor and an
equilibrium states exist between the liquid
and the vapor.

Boiling point
The temperature at which vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure.

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Heat of vaporization
The energy required to change
exactly one gram of liquid to vapor at its
normal boiling point. The attractive forces
between the liquid molecules are
overcome during vaporization. Only when
all the liquid has become a gas will the
temperature of the substance again
increase as more heat energy is added.

POST LESSON TASKS

Direction: Make a flow chart about the active forces on these properties such
as surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization then provide one example on each active force.

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 FORMATIVE ASSESMENT

Direction: Read carefully and encircle the correct answer.

1. It energy required to change exactly one gram of liquid to vapor at its

normal boiling point.
a. Evaporation c. Heat of vaporation
b. Boiling Point d. Capillary Action
2. An example of surface tension
a. Water strider walk on the water
b. An oil
c. Water evaporated
d. Fish on a water
3. An indication of the escape of molecules from the surface of the liquid.
a. Vapor pressure c. boiling point
b. Vaporation d. Evaporation
4. The attraction of bond dipoles in different molecules.
a. Dipole-dipole forces c. intermolecular forces
b. Ion dipole forces d. Hydrogen Bond
5. An example of chemical properties, except?
a. Cooking c. rusting of iron
b. Burning paper d. tearing of clothes
6. Increase with increasing molecular mass and decrease increasing
distance between the molecule. What type of forces?
a. Dispersion forces c. Hydrogen bridge
b. Dipole-dipole force d. ion-dipole forces
7. Which type of intermolecular forces exists?
a. Solid c. gas
b. Liquid d.plasma
8. Which substance is made up of molecules that are dipoles?
a. c.
b. O d.
9. The kind of attraction that explains the dissolving of Sodium Chloride in
water is:
a. London Dispersion Forces c. Dipole-dipole forces
b. Ion-dipole forces d. Hydrogen bonding
10. The forces of attraction that exist between nonpolar molecules are
called:
a. London Dispersion c. Ion-dipole forces
b. Dipole-dipole forces d. Hydrogen bonding