CELL BIOLOGY I

“Life Begins with

Cells”
I. OVERVIEW

Do you know what is cell? How about Cell biology? Let’s discover it together!

Cell is the basic unit of life and often called as the “building blocks of life”. Cells are the smallest functioning unit in the structure of
an organism and usually consist of a nucleus surrounded by and enclosed by a membrane. Biology is the natural science that also
studies life and living organism that includes physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interaction, development and
evolution.
According to boutbioscience.org, Cell biology is the academic discipline that studies the basic unit of living things, cells. Cell biology
examines, on microscopic and molecular levels, the physiological properties, structure, organelles (such as nuclei and mitochondria),
interactions, life cycle, division and death of these basic units of organisms. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversity of
single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms, such as animals and plants.
The focus of Cell Biology is the study of the structure and function of the cell. In this course we will focus on Eukaryotic cell biology
and will cover topics such as cell energetics, introduction of cell biology, cell based – architecture and cell signaling. We will also
cover important cellular processes such as cell cycle, protein structure and function, cell birth, lineage and death also the cancer cell
biology. Throughout the semester we will attempt to relate defects in these various cellular processes to human diseases to help gain a
better understanding for what happens when cells don’t work as they should

IMPORTANCE OF
CELL BIOLOGY
According to https://bscb.org/, Understanding how cells work in healthy and diseased states, cell biologists working in animal, plant
and medical science will be able to develop new vaccines, more effective medicines, plants with improved qualities and through
increased knowledge a better understanding of how all living things live. But cell biology is not just about disease. It has greatly
assisted the human fertility programme. DNA testing has been used in archaeology to provide evidence that a living person is related
to a long dead ancestor.
In plant science it has been used to show that two plants that look different have the same genetic origins.
Forensic medicine uses cell biology and DNA fingerprinting to help solve murders and assaults. Neither the courts of law nor
the criminals can escape the importance of cell biology.
Biotechnology uses techniques and information from cell biology to genetically modify crops to produce alternative
characteristics; to clone plants and animals; to produce and ensure high quality food is available at lower costs; to produce
purer medicines and in time organs for the many people who need transplants.
Cell biology is not just giving us a fact about science and how to make a progress in living organism but it can make an exciting
career. It is also important that everyone feels informed about how the increase in knowledge about cell biology could affect him or
her and society in general. A basic understanding of cell biology including genetics will be as important as having some knowledge
about computers and the Internet.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELL BIOLOGY
According to microscopemaster.com, Cell is a basic unit of life. This simply means that a cell is the smallest unit of a living thing.
While some organisms are only made up of a single cell (bacteria, yeast etc) others are multicellular organisms made up of many cells.
While there is a clear difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms, some organisms may transition from unicellular
organisms to multicellular organisms under certain conditions.
I will give an example about it, this is slime mold that tends to transition to a multicellular organism under stressful conditions.
However, they are simply described as being partially multicellular. Therefore, the cell is the basic building block of any given
organism.
CELL ORGANELLES
In discussing about Cell Organelles, we have three major components:
Cell Wall
The cell wall is a complex, highly organized structure that defines the shape of a plant cell (it is also found in bacteria, fungi, algae,
and archaea). In addition to defining the shape of plant cells, a cell wall has a few other functions that include maintaining the
structural integrity of a cell, acting as a line of defense against a variety of external factors as well as hosting various channels, pores
and receptors that regulate various functions of a cell. As such, it is a multifunctional structure in plant cells that also contributes to
plant growth. 
Cell Membrane
Also known as the plasma membrane, the cell membrane is a bi-lipid membrane layer (it is a double membranous structure) that is
also composed of proteins and carbohydrates. This fluid like structure encircles the cell thereby containing the contents of a cell. It's
also selectively permeable, which means that it only allows certain materials (nutrients and minerals etc) to pass through to sustain the
cell. The cell membrane also functions to protect the cell and ensure stability.
Nucleus
The nucleus may be described as the largest organelle of a cell. The nucleus is itself surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear
envelope) and contains genetic information (genes) making it the control center of a cell. As such, it controls such activities cell
metabolism and reproduction.
Cell organelles may be described as cell subunits specialized to carry out given functions within the cell. There are different types of
organelles in cells that carry out given functions.
The following are some of organelles that can be found in a cell:
ORGANELLES FUNCTION PICTURE
 Nucleus Known as the cell’s “command center,”
the nucleus is a large organelle that stores the
cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The
nucleus controls all of the cell’s activities, such
as growth and metabolism, using the DNA’s
genetic information. Within the nucleus is a
smaller structure called the nucleolus, which
houses the RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA helps
convey the DNA’s orders to the rest of the cell
and serves as a template for protein synthesis.
Ribosome The protein factories of the cell. Composed of
two subunits, they can be found floating freely
in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the
endoplasmic reticulum. Using the templates and
instructions provided by two different types of
RNA, ribosomes synthesize a variety of proteins
that are essential to the survival of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum It is a membranous organelle that shares part of

its membrane with that of the nucleus. Some
portions of the ER, known as the rough ER, are
studded with ribosomes and are involved with
protein manufacture. The rest of the organelle is
referred to as the smooth ER and serves to
produce vital lipids (fats).
 Golgi Apparatus If the proteins from the rough ER require further
modification, they are transported to the Golgi
apparatus (or Golgi complex). Like the ER, the
Golgi apparatus is composed of folded
membranes. It searches the protein’s amino acid
sequences for specialized “codes” and modifies
them accordingly. These processed proteins are
then stored in the Golgi or packed in vesicles to
be shipped elsewhere in the cell.

Chloroplasts In plants and some algae, organelles known

as chloroplasts serve as the site of
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain a pigment
known as chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s
energy to transform water and carbon dioxide
into glucose for food. Chloroplasts allow
autotrophic organisms to meet their energy
needs without consuming other organisms.

CELL ORGANELLES may be described as cell subunits specialized to carry out given functions within the cell. There are different
types of organelles in cells that carry out given functions.
The following are some of organelles that can be found in a cell:
 Mitochondria Ribosomes Lysosomes Golgi Body Vacuoles

The mitochondria are rod-
shaped organelles and sites
of ATP synthesis. The
mitochondria is also
surrounded by a double
membrane (with the inner
membrane being highly
folded forming the cristae).
Found in the cytoplasm and
the surface of the
rough endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes are
composed of RNA and
proteins. They may be
described as the "cell
factories" given that they are
responsible for the synthesis
of protein molecules.
These are sac-like structures
that are surrounded by a
membrane (a single
membrane). Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes,
which are responsible for
breaking down proteins, lipids
and nucleic acids. In addition,
lysosomes are also involved
in the removal of waste
molecules as well as recycling
of molecular subunits.
These are flattened Vacuoles are also
structures in a cell enclosed by a
responsible for temporary membrane and
storage of protein in the function to store such
cell. material as food,
water, minerals and
waste products among
others.

Some of the other organelles include:

 Plastids (in plants)
 Cilia and flagella (in animal cells)
 A central vacuole (in plants)
 Vesicle
 Chloroplasts (plants)
CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION
Cell cycle refers to a sequence in actively dividing cells where the cells pass through several stages before ultimately dividing.
The stages of cell cycle include:
Two gap phases (G1 and G2)  
The S phase (synthesis)
The M phase
At GI, the metabolic changes take place preparing the cell for the division process. At a given point known as the restriction point, the
cell is committed to cell division and moves to the next phase.
S - The S phase involves DNA synthesis. It is during this phase that the replication of genetic material starts with each of the
chromosome having two chromatic sisters.
G2 - During this phase, there are metabolic changes that assemble the necessary cytoplasmic materials for the mitosis process and
splitting of the mother cell.
M - The M phase is where nuclear division takes place and followed by the division of the cell.
For most animals, cells may divide by mitosis or meiosis. While the two processes result in the production of new cells, they are
different and produce different daughter cells.
The cell division is also divided into two, Mitosis and Meiosis.
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the type of cell division that occurs in all somatic cells. These are the types of cells that make up the body tissues (apart
from gametes/sex cells). Therefore, the primary role of mitosis is growth and replacing worn out cells.
Essentially, mitosis results in diploid cells from one cell. Here, the chromosome is copied followed by the separation of the copies on
different sides of the cell before the cell ultimately separates into two. In the end, each of the new cells has a copy of the chromosome.
 Mitosis has 5 major phases, which include:
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

This is the second stage

of mitosis. Here, the
bivalent chromosomes
formed during interphase
condense to form tight
packages.

This is the third stage where

Here, the DNA strand is During anaphase, the fourth At the end of anaphase,
each of the chromosome line
replicated/copied to stage of mitosis, the another stage starts
up at the center of the cell.
produce what is known as chromatids that had attached where nuclear
The nucleus membrane has
a bivalent chromosome to the spindles are separated membranes start to form
already started dissolving
(consisting of two (the chromatids are around the two formed
with each of the mitotic
chromatids or DNA separated from their copies) groups of chromosomes.
spindles attaching themselves
strands that are replicas of and pulled to either side of The spindle fibers that
to each of the chromatids.
each other). During the the cell. This results in two attached to the
Here, it appears as if the
interphase stage, the new groups of monovalent chromatids get
chromatids are being
strand is attached to the chromosomes. disassembled. Here, the
stretched towards either pole
original one at a point chromosomes also
of the cell.
known as the centromere. condense.
Eventually, the cytoplasm divides/splits with a cell membrane forming on each of the two daughter cells. This process is known as
cytokinesis.  Each of the new cells has 46 monovalent chromosomes and has identical genetic information as the other.
In mitosis, it's important that the same genetic information is copied when forming new cells. This is because the chromosomes have
all the information concerning the function of the cell. Successful copying of information on to the new cells ensures that the new cell
functions properly. In the event that there is a problem, then the new cell will be unable to perform its function as it should be. This
would result in complications depending on the function of the cell.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis produces haploid cells. It is an important process that results in genetic diversity. 
Diploid - Two new daughter cells from the original cell with the same number of chromosomes.
Haploid - With meiosis (a reductive type of cell division) the resulting cells will have less number of chromosomes.
STAGES
Meiosis is also different from mitosis in that there are two phases of cell division. These are meiosis I and meiosis II.
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1

With the separation of the

chromosomes, a nuclear
Here, the homologous membrane starts to form
The bivalent chromosomes The homologous
chromosomes pair and exchange around the two groups of the
arranges double row having chromosomes (in each
DNA form recombinant chromosomes. This is followed
attached to the spindle fibers. bivalent) are separated and
chromosomes. This stage ends by cytokinesis where the cell
with the spindle fibers starting to move to opposite poles of the
cell. splits to form two new cells.
form to attach to the This is again followed by
chromosomes. meiosis II. Meiosis II follows
the same process as meiosis I.
However, this halves the
number of chromosomes.
 HISTORY OF CELL
BIOLOGY

The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The
idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865),
and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940).
FIRST CELLS SEEN IN CORK
While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to human observation, the microsope opened up smaller worlds,
showing what living forms were composed of. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it
looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name. However what Hooke actually saw
was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope. Hooke’s description of these cells was published
in Micrographia. The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the
algae Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria.
FORMULATION OF THE CELL THEORY
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden summarized their observations into three conclusions about cells:
1. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.
2. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.
3. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).
We know today that the first two tenets are correct, but the third is clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by
division was finally promoted by others and formally enunciated in Rudolph Virchow’s powerful dictum, Omnis cellula e cellula,:
“All cells only arise from pre-existing cells”.
MODERN CELL THEORY
According to bitesizebio, As with the rapid growth of molecular biology in the mid-20th century, cell biology research exploded in the
1950’s. It became possible to maintain, grow, and manipulate cells outside of living organisms. The first continuous cell line to be so
cultured was in 1951 by George Otto Gey and coworkers, derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, who died
from her cancer in 1951. The cell line, which was eventually referred to as HeLa cells, have been the watershed in studying cell
biology in the way that the structure of DNA was the significant breakthrough of molecular biology.
1. All known living things are made up of cells.
 2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur).
4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
The study of the structure and function of cells continues today, in a branch of biology known as cytology. Advances in equipment,
including cytology microscopes and reagents, have allowed this field to progress, particularly in the clinical setting.

II. TIMEFRAME OF
THE DISCOVERY
OF CELL

1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope

1655 - Washington Teasdale the first inventor of microscope.
1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later.
1833 – Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is
cells develop only from existing cells [cells come from preexisting cells]
1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.
1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm.
1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic
acids.
1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments produced the first commercial scanning electron
microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require different mixtures of hormones and growth factors
in serum-free media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line established.
1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties
1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover RNA as part of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants

II. TIMEFRAME

COURSE OUTLINE
AND TIMEFRAME
Course Content/Subject Matter:
Orientation
FIRST QUARTER Unit I – Life Begins with Cell
June - July
1 Week
st
Functions and Structure of Cells
2nd Week Prokaryotic Cells
3rd Week Eukaryotic Cells
4th Week Connection between Cells and Cellular Activities
FIRST QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
SECOND QUARTER Unit II – Introduction to Cell Biology
August - September
5 Week
th
Protein Structure and Function
6th Week The Cell Cycle
 7th Week Cell Based - Architecture
8th Week Membrane Transport
SECOND QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
THIRD QUARTER Unit III – Cellular Energetics
October - November
Prelude to Cellular Energetics
Membrane Trafficking
Vesicular Traffic, Secretion and Endocytosis
Metabolism and Movement of Lipids
THIRD QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
SCIENCE FIELD TRIP
FOURTH QUARTER Unit IV – Cell Signaling
November - December
Signaling pathways that control Gene Activation
Cell Birth, Lineage and Death
Cell Growth Control
Cancer Cell Biology
FOURTH QUARTERLY EXAMINATION
FINAL PORTFOLIO PROJECT

III. OBJECTIVES

The Cell Biology students with the use of Module 1 – Life Begins with Cell are expected to:
Explain the functions and process of the basic concept about cell and cell biology through the functions of eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells mainly in cycles, organelles and division;
Describe the importance of the fundamental theories in cell biology through everyday life;
Initiate different laboratory experiment and apply the knowledge about cell biology to construct its own example
environmentally or physiological changes that can be used in a real life situation.
 IV. LEARNING
OUTCOMES

At the end of the CB I – Life Begins with Cell Module, the students will be able to:
1. Appreciate the reading and demonstrating the cell theory in a good comprehension in everyday living.
2. Identify the important terms given to the activity about cell biology and its functions.
3. Develop the ability to make a creative presentation that is related to the given topic.
4. Describe the fundamental principles cellular biology
5. Apply the learning to the principals to current biological questions of today
6. Develop a deeper understanding of cell structure and how it relates to cell functions.
7. Understand cell movement and how it is accomplished.
8. Understand cell signaling and how it regulates cellular functions. Also how its dis-regulation leads to cancer and other
diseases.
9. Perform attentively on the laboratory activities/experiments on how cells grow, divide, and die and how these important
processes are regulated.
10. Making a creative portfolio as their final project about cells.
REQUIREMENTS:
To pass the subject, the students are expect to:
1. Follow the SHC Students Handbook and initiate the vision and mission of SHC in outdoor or indoor activities;
2. Must take all the Quizzes, Pre-Test and Major Examinations;
3. Submitted all the syllabus requirement in particular the seatworks, assignments, laboratory experiments/manual, research
papers, final portfolio and etc.
GRADING SYSTEM:
A. Quizzes 33.33 %
B. Class Standing 33.33 %
Attendance
Behavior
 Oral and Written Participation
Projects
Assignments
C. Major Examinations 33.33 %

100 %

V. LEARNING
MATERIALS

The learning materials that are used in the module are:

Powerpoint - https://www.slideshare.net/BooNeil/cell-biology-62092209

K- 12 SCurriculum Guide 2019 – 2020 - https://depedtambayan.org/new-and-updated-curriculum-guides-for-grade-1-12-for-

sy-2018-2019/

Cell Biology Laboratory Manual (William H. Heidcamp. CELL BIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. Gustavus Adolphus
College. Saint Peter, Minnesota, USA.)

Philosophy of Cell Biology - https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cell-biology/

What are Cells? VIDEO - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1wdIdCOk-Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rggj5iVXIKE

Book - Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P.. Essential Cell Biology.
United States of America, Garland Science Publisher, 2014.
URL = https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=Cg4WAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=cell+biology&ots=yf2LaGZ9L-&sig=HOPF04CV5u-
b6V88bxQg33xjVlc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=cell%20biology&f=false
 -Pictures of Cell Organelles, Phase of Mitosis, Stages of Meiosis, Animal and Plant Cells, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells.

A. Read
Textbook entitled “Philosophy of Cell Biology”
B. Watch and Listen
Video clip about cell from Youtube entitled – “Cell Biology”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFyjJBiltFI

C. Visit
Website - https://www.microscopemaster.com/cell-biology.html

VI. SCIENTIFIC
TERMS

Anaphase - a stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
Animal Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles.
Allele - an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific
chromosome.
Apoptosis - a controlled sequence of steps in which cells signal self-termination.
Asters - radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell
division.
Biology - the study of living organisms.
Cell - the fundamental unit of life.
Cellular Respiration - a process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food.
Cell Biology - the subdiscipline of biology that focuses on the study of the basic unit of life, the cell.
Cell Cycle - the life cycle of a dividing cell, including Interphase and the M phase or Mitotic phase (mitosis and
cytokinesis).
Cell Membrane - a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cell Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that the cell is the basic unit of life.
Centrioles - cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.
Centromere - a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids.
Chromatid - one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.
Chromatin - the mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes
during eukaryotic cell division.
Chromosome - a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from
condensed chromatin.
Cilia and Flagella - protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion.
Cytokinesis - the division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells.
Cytoplasm - all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell.
Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives
support to the cell.
Cytosol - semi-fluid component of a cell's cytoplasm.
Daughter Cell - a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell.
Daughter Chromosome - a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.
Diploid Cell - a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes—one set of chromosomes is donated from each
parent.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell.
Gametes - reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote.
Gene Theory - one of the five basic principles of biology, stating that traits are inherited through gene
transmission.
Genes - segments of DNA located on chromosomes that exist in alternative forms called alleles.
Golgi Complex - the cell organelle that is responsible for manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping certain
cellular products.
Haploid Cell - a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes.
Interphase - the stage in the cell cycle where a cell doubles in size and synthesizes DNA in preparation for cell
division.
Lysosomes - the membranous sacs of enzymes that can digest cellular macromolecules.
Meiosis - a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce, resulting in gametes with one-
half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Metaphase - the stage in cell division where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the
cell.
Microtubules - fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.
Mitochondria - cell organelles that convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell.
Mitosis - a phase of the cell cycle that involves the separation of nuclear chromosomes followed by cytokinesis.
Nucleus - a membrane-bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's
growth and reproduction.
Organelles - tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation.
Peroxisomes - cell structures that contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
Plant Cells - eukaryotic cells that contain various membrane-bound organelles. They are distinct from animal
cells, containing various structures not found in animal cells.
Polar Fibers - spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell.
Prokaryotes - single-celled organisms that are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on earth.
Prophase - the stage in cell division where chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes.
Ribosomes - cell organelles that are responsible for assembling proteins.
Sister Chromatids - two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere.
Spindle Fibers - aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.
Telophase - the stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei.

VIII. REVIEW

WHAT IS CELL?
Cell is the basic unit of life and often called as the building blocks of life. All of the living things are composed of cell especially the
humans are composed of trillions of cells. Cells provide the smallest functioning unit in the structure of an organism and usually
consist of a nucleus surrounded by and enclosed by a membrane. Cells share many common features, yet they can look wildly
different. In fact, cells have adapted over billions of years to a wide array of environments and functional roles.
WHAT IS CELL BIOLOGY?
Cell Biology is concerned with the study of the structure and function of cells. As such, it can explain the structure of different types
of cells, types of cell components, the metabolic processes of a cell, cell life cycle and signaling pathways to name a few. It also study
the study of the internal organization of the eukaryotic cell, organelle and membrane function, cell-cell signaling and cell movement.
WHAT IS CELLULAR ENERGETICS?
All organisms require energy in order to function. This energy comes from a variety of sources, but all energy on earth originated in
the sun. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is just transformed. All living things transfer energy between
them. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy. 
WHAT IS CELL SIGNALING?
The Cell signal transductions involve the transmission of molecular signals. This is particularly from the exterior of the cell to its
interior for appropriate cell response. Signals (biochemical changes) may either come from the environment the cell is in or from other
cells that trigger changes.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS?
Prokaryotic cells comprise bacteria and archaea. hey typically have a diameter of 0.1–5 μm, and their DNA is not contained within a
nucleus. The DNA is circular and can be found in a region called the nucleoid, which floats in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are
organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. While, Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range
from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotes are organisms containing
eukaryotic cells.

VIII. LEARNING
ACTIVITIES

Disccusion about the definition and history of cell; importance of cell biology; functions, structure and process of cell cycle; and
understand how cell is formed.
Compare and contrast the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell by using Venn Diagram.
Making animal and plant cells with their labels in a creative prototype in a small or big group with sharing.
Composing a song about Cells and its functions.
Watching Video clips and answering more situational and critical questions about cell.
Sharing a short role play on how does cell function in all the aspects of living things.
Group Reporting about cell cycle and cells growth control.
Individual research about Cell Signaling.
Interpretation and Reflection Paper to the video about Cell Based – Architecture.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jch_S5eGnb0
Perform a laboratory experiment/activity on how cells are formed and how is it process.
Making of cell cycle prototype with group reporting.
Proposed a Cell Exhibit showing all the prototypes that they make.
Make an infograph about pioneer scientist in the era of contribution in cell biology.
Make a Cell Biology Portfolio.

IX. ASSESSMENT

Laboratory Manual Experiments and Laboratory Report

Group and Individual Reporting
Oral and Written Questioning
Concept Map
Quiz Bee
Pre – Test
Quizzes
Reflection Paper
Role playing
Making of prototype about animal and plant cells
Essay about the theory and importance of cell.
Make an infograph of all the discoverers involved in the study of cell biology.
Final Output of the Cell Biology Portfolio.

X. ENRICHMENT

Science and Cultivating Activities

Science Field Trip
Symposium about Science with Professional Guest Speaker
Class activities to make the learning of science be more interesting to the students are:
Science Outdoor Activities
Chemistry Experiments (Ex: vinegar-and-baking-soda foaming experiment)
Building Up Activities (Ex:  study such famous inventors as Thomas Edison and then do projects showing how their
inventions work)

Students will observe also how cell is processing in the environment and how it is important:
Science Exhibit
Watch a documentary video about DNA Science - The Secret of Life Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu-CipMtGzQ
View to the students the video clip of youtube about cancer survivor entitled – You, Me and Cancer (Medical Documentary) | Real
Stories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FSZzt90RMk

REFERNCE/S:
Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P.. Essential Cell Biology. United States of
America, Garland Science Publisher, 2014.
Bechtel, William and Andrew Bollhagen, "Philosophy of Cell Biology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019
Edition), Edward N. Zalta. 2019.
Links:
https://www.microscopemaster.com/cell-biology.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-biology-glossary-373293#:~:text=Biology%20%2D%20the%20study%20of%20living,the%20fundamental
%20unit%20of%20life.&text=Cell%20Cycle%20%2D%20the%20life%20cycle,the%20cytoplasm%20of%20a%20cell.

https://www.microscopemaster.com/what-are-the-differences-between-meiosis-and-mitosis.html

https://www.slideshare.net/BooNeil/cell-biology-62092209
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-biology-glossary-373293

https://www.britannica.com/list/6-cell-organelles

https://www.microscopemaster.com/cell-biology.html

https://www.aboutbioscience.org/topics/cell-biology/

https://bitesizebio.com/166/history-of-cell-biology/

http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Bolsover2004CellBiology.pdf

https://biology.duke.edu/undergraduate/major/concentrations/cell-molecular

Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FSZzt90RMk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu-CipMtGzQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jch_S5eGnb0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1wdIdCOk-Y