I.

THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

A. Definition of a State
Collector v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971)

B. Elements of a State
1. People

2. Territory - Art. I; R.A. 3046; R.A. 5446

a. The National Territory
b. Components
c. The Philippine Archipelago
d. Other territories over which the Philippines exercises jurisdiction
e. Archipelagic Doctrine – Sec. 1, Article II
i. Straight baseline method
ii. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
iii. Magallona vs. Ermita

3. Government
a. Definition
b. Functions
Romualdez-Yap v. Civil Service Commission, 225 SCRA 285
Shipside, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143377, February 20,2001
c. Doctrine of Parens Patriae
d. Classification
i. De jure vs de facto
ii. Presidential vs parliamentary
iii. Unitary vs federal government

4. Sovereignty
a. Definition
b. Kinds
c. Characteristics
d. Effects of change in sovereignty
e. Effects of belligerent occupation
f. Dominium vs imperium
g. Jurisdiction

C. State Immunity from Suit

1. Basis
2. Par in parem non habet imperium
a. State’s diplomatic agents
Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003
b. The United Nations
c. Other international organizations/agencies
SEAFDEC-Aquaculture v. NLRC, 206 SCRA 283
Callado v. IRRI, 244 SCRA 210

3. Test to determine if the suit is against the State

Tan v. Director of Forestry, 125 SCRA 302
Veterans Manpower and Protective Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 286

4. Suits against Government Agencies

 a. Incorporated
SSS v. Court of Appeals, 120 SCRA 707
Municipality of San Fernando, La Union v. Judge Firme, 195 SCRA 692
National Irrigation Administration v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 35
Philippine National Railways v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 217 SCRA 401
b. Unincorporated
Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693
Civil Aeronautics Administration v. Court of Appeals, 167 SCRA 28

5. Suit against Public Officers

Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
Shauf v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 142476, March 20, 2001
Republic v. Hon. Edilberto Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124
Lansang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000

6. Need for consent

a. Express consent
Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693
Amigable v. Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360
EPG Construction v. Secretary Vigilar, G.R. No. 131544, March 16, 2001

b. Implied consent
Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, G.R. No. L-6060, Sept. 30, 1950
U.S. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
Republic (PCGG) v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 129406, March 6, 2006

7. Scope of Consent
National Housing Authority v. Heirs of Quivelondo, G.R. No. 154411, June 19, 2003
Municipality of San Miguel, Bulacan v. Fernandez, 130 SCRA 56
Municipality of Makati v. Court of Appeals, 190 SCRA 206

8. Suability not equated with outright liability

Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 34 Phil 311 (1916)
Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486

II. CITIZENSHIP

A. General Principles
1. Defined
2. Usual modes of acquiring citizenship
3. Modes applied in the Philippines
a. Before the adoption of the 1935 Constitution
Roa v. Collector of Customs, 25 Phil 315
Teotimo Rodriguez Tio Tiam v. Republic, 101 Phil. 195

b. After the adoption of the 1935 Constitution

4. Natural-born citizens – Sec. 2, Art. IV

5. Marriage by Filipino to an alien – Sec. 4, Art. IV
6. Policy against dual allegiance – Sec. 5, Art. IV
Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630
 Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000
Jacot v. Dal and Comeiec, G.R. No. 179848, November 27, 2008
Calilung v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 160869, May 11, 2007

7. Attack on one’s citizenship may be made only through a direct, not a collateral proceeding
Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692

8. Res judicata in cases involving citizenship

Board of Commissioners, CID v. de la Rosa, 197 SCRA 853

B. Citizens of the Philippines

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this (1987)
Constitution
Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004
Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority
a. Procedure for election
b. When to elect
Cuenco v. Secretary of Justice, 5 SCRA 110
In Re: Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, January 13, 2004

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

C. Naturalization
1. Modes of naturalization
2. Doctrine of indelible allegiance
3. Direct naturalization under Philippine laws
4. Naturalization under C.A. 473
a. Qualifications
b. Disqualifications
c. Procedure
d. Effects of naturalization
e. Denaturalization

5. Naturalization by direct legislative action

6. Administrative Naturalization – R.A. 9139
So v. Republic, G.R. No. 170603, January 29, 2007
a. Special Committee on Naturalization
b. Qualifications
c. Disqualifications
d. Procedure
e. Status of Alien Wife and Minor Children
f. Cancellation of the Certificate of Naturalization

D. Loss and Reacquisition of Philippine Citizenship – C.A. 63

1. Loss of citizenship
a. By naturalization in a foreign country
Frivaldo v. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245
 modified by R.A. 9225
Eusebio Eugenio Lopez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 182701, July 23, 2008

b. By express renunciation of citizenship

Labo v. Comelec, 176 SCRA 1

c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution or laws of a foreign

country
d. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
e. By cancellation of the certificate of naturalization
f. By having been declared by competent authority a deserted of the Philippine armed
forces in time of war

2. Reacquisition of citizenship
a. Under R.A. 9225
b. By naturalization
c. By repatriation of deserters of the Army, Navy or Air Corps
Lee v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727
Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, September 14, 1999
Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727
Bengzon lll v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006

d. By direct act of Congress