Module 1: Introduction to Globalization

Globalization

 Is increasingly omnipresent.

Conceptualizing Globalization

Solidity – characterized people, things, information, places to remain largely in

place over time.

 There is difficulty for mobility (enter or exit) of people, goods and

information.

Why Solid?

 Most likely nation – state create barriers to prevent the free movement of all
sorts of things. Example: Great Wall of China and Berlin Wall

Liquidity – increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places

in the global age.

According to Cartier (2001:269), the “forces of globalization have rendered many political
boundaries more porous to flows of people, money and things.”

Flows – movement of people, things, information, and places due, in part, to the
increasing porosity of global barriers.

Globalization

 Is a trans planetary process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity and

the growing multi-directional flows of people, objects, places and information as
well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite,
those flows.

Transnationalism

 Processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geo-
political borders.

Trans nationality

 Rise of new communities and formation of new social identities and relations that
cannot be defined as nation-states.

In the process, they are having both constructive and destructive effects (Scumpeter,
1976).

Constructive effects of globalization: In the Philippines:

 Access to New Cultures High levels of education

  The Spread of Technology and Innovation Export-oriented agricultural sector
 Lower Costs for Products Improved highways and roads
 Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe Increased progress prosperity
and
 Access to New Markets trade
 Access to New Talent Access to international funds and
 Investment

Destructive effects of globalization

 The widening of the gap between the rich and poor

 Environment degradation

Anthony Gidden’s proposal describes globalization as

 “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a
way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and
vice versa.”

Marshall McLuhan

 Introduces the “Global Village”

 In his book, Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962)
 McLuhan introduced the term “global village: to describe how mass communication
technologies such as newspapers, books, radio, television and movies have created
a community that spans the entire world.
 Today, we include the internet, cable TV and social media as electronic media that
binds the global village.

Is the impact of globalization the same for everyone? NO

While Starbucks opened its first branch in the Philippines back in 1997 in Makati City, it has
since then brought their “coffee experience” to other parts of the country including
Cagayan de Oro, Davao and General Santos.

Filipino Historian Lisandro Claudio observed the presence/placement of Starbucks

branches right across shanties and slum areas that characterize the major cities in the
Philippines.

Claudio writes: At first glance, the coexistence of the Starbucks and the shanty point to
the incompleteness of globalization in the global south. If one conceives of globalization
as the spreading and consumption of cultural/commercial signifiers, the shanty
represents the tenacity of the local, which is unable to participate in a cosmopolitan
culture represented by the Starbucks. The underdevelopment of the global south, it would
seem, prevents it from being globalized, revealing the inherent unevenness of the process.
 March 16, 1521 – Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reaches
the island of Homonhon in the Philippines.

Nation

 Essential component necessary in the process of globalization.

Module 2: Global Governance and Regional Integration

NATION, STATE AND NATION-STATE

Nations

 began from communities made up of group of people - Author Jo Ann Chirico

(2013)

Interdependence

 grew that enlarge their sense of community and from this grew the concept of a
nation.

A people who feel they share a common identity and belong together. The idea of nation
developed gradually as the way of identifying an “us”.

NATION (CERNEY, 2007:845)

 A social group that is linked through a common descent, culture, language, and
territorial contiguity”.

NATIONAL IDENTITY (GUIBERNAU 2007: 849-53)

 “Fluid and dynamic form of collective identity, founded upon a community’s

subjective belief that the members of the community share a set of characteristics
that make them different from other groups”.
 E.g. monarchy, sports, religion.

STATE

 A state is an independent political entity with clear geographic boundaries.

STATE (CERNEY 2007: 855)

 “Institutional form in the wake of the demise of feudal system”

 More centralized (than city-states).
  Office holders are outside the socio-economic hierarchies.
 Rules and resources are coming from taxes rather than from feudal, personal, or
religious obligations.
 Has the ability to engage in collective action both internally (e.g. collect taxes) and
externally (e.g. deal with other states, to engage in warfare, etc.)

NATION-STATE

 Integrates sub-groups that define themselves as a nation with the organizational

structure of the state.
 "is one where the great majority are conscious of a common identity and share the
same culture" . (Davis, 1997)
 is an area where the cultural boundaries match up with the political boundaries.
Example: China
 The ideal of 'nation-state' is that the state incorporates people of a single ethnic
stock and cultural traditions.

However, most contemporary states are polyethnic.

In modern times nation is recognized as 'the' political community that ensures the
legitimacy of the state over its territory, and transforms the state into the state of all its
citizens.

Nationality is supposed to bind the citizen to the state, a bond that will be increasingly
tied to the advantages of a social policy in as much as the Welfare State will develop.

Benedict Anderson’s seminal work, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism

 Nation is described as an “imagined political community”.

 A nation is not merely exist as the people and its government but that it also exists
subjectively within people’s minds as an image.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGINED COMMUNITY

 Impossibility of personal contact:

- Must imagine who they are, what they believe, what holds them together.
 National Boundaries:
- No nation imagines itself as coterminous with mankind.
 Sovereignty:
- Being free

 Indicators:
 Print media (i.e. novels and newspapers)
 Digital media (i.e. cell phones, emails, internet, blogs).
  Allow widely dispersed populations to maintain, create, and disseminate a
continuing sense of imagined community.

Communities become Nations and Nations become empires.

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR WAS A 17TH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS CONFLICT FOUGHT PRIMARILY IN

CENTRAL EUROPE

one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history

more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the
famine and disease caused by the conflict
1618 to 1648
starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy
Roman Empire - Ferdinand II’s (House of Habsburg) first actions was to force
citizens of the empire to adhere to Roman Catholicism, even though religious
freedom had been granted as part of the Peace of Augsburg.

Largely in Europe, nations grew out of warfare. The continent experienced religious and
political wars.

As the wars raged, the idea of an empire (one ruler for all of humankind) became
unpopular and nationalism (the right of a group with a common identify and heritage to
govern itself) gained appeal.

NATIONALISM

- A doctrine or national movement that seeks to make the nation the basis of a
political structure, especially a state.

Mid-1600’s most European monarchs were bankrupt by the expense of war.

Westphalian Treaty of 1648.(Europe)

Peace of Westphalia:

- As a consequence, secular political power was stripped from religious authorities

- Religious membership become voluntary for most individuals
- Religious and political freedom from empire where established.
- Shaped how nations behave within their territories and prescribed how they should
behave towards other nations.
- Spain, France, Sweden and the Dutch Republic designed a system that would avert
wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control
over their domestic affairs and swear not to middle in each other’s affairs.
Globalization is a process that renders the entire world into a single village.

In this process, State/Government are the key drivers of global process.

Globalization

- It encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be

reduced to the ties between government.

Internationalization

- Scholars look into trade deals between states.

The study of international relations

- The scholars study political, military and other diplomatic engagements between 2
or more countries.
- The deepening of the interactions between states, refer to the phenomenon of
internationalization.

*Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.*

Nation

- “A social group that is linked through a common descent, culture, language, and
territorial contiguity”.
State
- refers to a country and its government

Example:

Multiple nation with one state:

Scotland belongs to state of United Kingdom
Bangsamoro and the Philippines
 One nation with two state
Nation of Korea divided into State of North and South Korea

FOUR ATTRIBUTES OF STATE

1. Exercise authority over specific population, called its citizens
2. It governs a specific territory
3. State has a structure of the government that crafts various rules that people
(society) follow.
4. The state has sovereignty over its territory.

Nation according to Benedect Anderson is an imagine community.

- It is not made up
- Nation allows one to feel a connection with a community of people even if he/she
will never meet all of them in his/her lifetime. Note: you rest in a comfort that the
majority of people living in the PHILIPPINES are FILIPINO.

NATION, DEFINED AS IMAGINE COMMUNITY, IS LIMITED

- it does not go beyond a given “official boundary”

- The rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizen of
that nation.
- Example: Anyone can choose to be in the Catholic Faith. But, not everyone can
simply become Filipino.
- Example: Pedro cannot just go to the embassy and immediately request to be
converted as US citizen.

THERE ARE TWO (2) GENERALLY RECOGNIZED FORMS OF ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE

CITIZENSHIP:

1. Filipino by birth.
2. Filipino by naturalization which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and
clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation
of a former nationality and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new
body politic (2Am.Jur.561,par.188).

Stateless Citizens/No nationality (Video: https://youtu.be/Q9gAnWnfSRc)

Approximately, there are 4 million stateless people.

Things Stateless Citizens cannot do:

1. Education
2. Healthcare Services
3. Own a Sim Card
4. Work Legally
5. Open a bank account
 6. Own or rent a home
7. Get married

How does this happen?

Conflict

In the chaos of fleeing war, families can leave or lose the papers that are proof of ties to a
country that can make registering the birth of a child impossible, leaving them stateless.

Or borders can change or dissolve completely, for example, after the fall of the Soviet
Union.

The Legal Trap

In some countries, if your parents are stateless, so are you, it’s passed on generations.
Other countries prevent parents passing on their nationality if their child is born abroad.

Discrimination

Some countries discriminate against women and don’t let mothers pass on their
citizenship.

Ethnicity, language, religion, they’ve all been used as excuses to exclude entire groups
from being citizens. More than ¾ of all the people known to be stateless are minorities.

Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar, Roma communities around the world and others whose
families moved generations ago to the country where they now live but were never
acknowledged as citizens.

Nearly four decades ago, Rohingya Muslims have faced discrimination, persecution and
exile ever since.

What can we do?

Signing up to the conventions that aim to end statelessness.

It’s a man-made problem that we can solve.

 Module 3: Global Economy, Global Divide and Asian Regionalism

GLOBAL ECONOMY

Globalization

- It is the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-
time and across world-space infers that it has various forms of connectivity.

Economics

- It is the social science that studies how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in
attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs."

Economic Globalization

- It is the growing economic linkages at the global level.

What kinds of things cross international borders?

Trade – goods and services.

You can buy a TV from China, car from Japan, clothes from Indonesia or Italy.

You can hire someone from India to write software or answer your telephone

Capital – money, investment

You can put your savings into a bank in Zurich.

You can buy stock in SONY, a Japanese company

People – immigrants, refugees, tourists

Immigrants come to Calgary from Asia, Africa, S. America, Europe

You can easily travel to Europe, Asia, S. America

Communication

You can easily call or email people around the world

Culture (art, music, cuisine)

You can hear music from Brazil, South Africa, India

Nearby restaurants: Chinese, Thai, Ethiopian, Indian

Ideas

Multinational Companies (MNC)

- is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least

one country other than its home country.

Globalization is good and bad.

“The global capitalist system has produced a very uneven playing field.” (Soros 2000: xix
italics added)

Recall: Nation-States

The most important and most obvious barriers to global flows are those constructed by nation -
states.

Specific examples of barriers created by the nation-state involve blocking economic transactions
that it regards as not in the national interest.

Example:

1. 2006 the US government blocked a deal in which a Dubai company was to purchase an
American company involved in the business of running America ’s ports.
2. early 2008 the US government blocked an effort by a Chinese company to purchase (in
conjunction with an American private equity firm) an American company (3Com)
manufactured software.

Trade

- 16th century to the 18th century: countries competed with one another to sell more goods as
a means to boost their country’s income (later called monetary reserves).
- Colonies are forbade to trade with other nations.

Recall: The late fifteenth century highlighted by European colonial conquests.

Colonialism

- Etymology: Latin word colonus, meaning farmer.

- The root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of
population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while
maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin.
- one country takes control of a geographic area that involves the settlement of settlers.
- Creation by the colonial power of an administration in the area that has been colonized to
run its internal affairs (ex. Spaniards in the Philippines).
- Formal Mechanisms of Control such as the appointment of a governor general to the
Philippines.

Imperialism

- It draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether through
settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
- It refers to the “various methods that one country employs to gain political, economic and
military control over another country or geographic area.

To sum up, imperialism and colonialism are the ways in which nations of the past asserted
dominance and influence on each other.

Key Difference:

Imperialism
 - It means the practices, the theory, and the attitudes of the dominating core in ruling the
distant territory.

Colonialism

- It is usually the consequence of imperialism, is the implanting of settlements on distant

territory.”

Galleon Trade

- It is established around 1565 C.E.

- It is part of the age of mercantilism.
- It is a Spanish sailing vessel that made annual round trips across the Pacific between
Manila (the Philippines), and Acapulco (now Mexico) during 1565 to 1815.
- The Manila Galleon trade caused Manila to become one of the world’s greatest ports,
serving as a trade port between China and Europe.
- It carried porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, and many other exotic goods from China to Manila to
Mexico in exchange for New World silver.
- Manilla galleon trade took around four to six months to sail across the Pacific Ocean from
Manila to Acaculpo.

How Colonialism shaped current global political and economic hierarchy:

Colonialism had left the territories with environments severely ravaged (liquidated/
extracted).
Education of most populations were neglected.
Severe ethnic and religious tensions were sowed.
Most former colonies had economies and infrastructure based on the export of a of
agricultural crops and minerals.
most had weak to no democratic institutions, many of these colonies were unprepared for
statehood or economic prosperity.

Post-Colonial Period

- It is the era of when colonial masters depart from their former colonies.

Post-Colonial Era

- many nations define their borders based on the lines drawn by their former colonial masters.
(including Philippines).
- Ritzer and Dean reminds us, POSTCOLONIALISM relates “to the various developments that
take place in a former colony after the colonizing power departs.”
- colonial systems have largely disappeared, this power relationship continues through
global financial institutions

The Full Economic Globalization

Silk Road
- It is a network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the
Middle East and to Europe.
- It is the oldest known international trade route.
- It was not truly “global” because it had no ocean routes that could reach the American
continent.

Source: Map of the Silk Road trade routes during the Han Dynasty

Author: Wikimedia Commons User “ Коро ь” and Leo Timm Source: Wikimedia
Commons and The Epoch Times

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

The Flow of Goods and

The Flow of Money

 The Contemporary World

Before: Now:

Silk Road One Built, One Road

How about the Philippines?

- *Answer*

Sulu – China Relation

In 1450, Abu Bakr established the Sultanate of Sulu.

Sulu

- the island group in the south west of the Mindanao and northeast of Borneo.
- First sultanate and supra-barangay state in the Philippine archipelago.
The economy was traditionally commercially oriented.
It participated in expansive maritime network of trade in southeast asia.
(more than a hundred years before Spaniards came)

By the middle of the 16th century, the Sulu Sultanate was already considered a de facto and de
jure nation state, having entered treaties with Spain in 1578, Britain in 1761, the French in 1843
and the American in 1842, 1899, and 1915.

After World War II

After WWII, US and Great Britain, began planning for a more open international economy.
A great fear was:

The recurrence of the Depression after the end of WWII, especially because of the difficulties
those societies would have in absorbing the massive manpower created by the
demobilization of the military when the war ended.
The resurrection of barriers to trade and the free flow of money that had become
commonplace prior to WWII.

Bretton Woods System

Three-week meeting in July 1944 at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton woods, New
Hampshire.

The background was:

Focus of the planners was on reducing trade barriers and on creating conditions necessary
for the free flow of money and investment,
The creation of condition needed for financial stability around the globe.

5 Key Elements

1. Each participating state would establish a “par value” for its currency expressed in terms of
gold or (equivalently) in terms of the gold value of the IS dollar as of July 1944 (Boughton,
2007:106)
2. The official monetary authority in each country (a central bank or its equivalent) would
agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the established
exchange rates, plus or minus a one-per cent margin (Boughton, 2007:106-7).
3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created (Babb 2007 : 128 – 64) to establish,
stabilize, and oversee exchange rates.
4. The member states agreed to eliminate, at least eventually, “all restrictions on the use of its
currency for international trade” (Boughton 2007 : 107).
5. The entire system was based on the US dollar (at the end of WW II the US had about three-
fourths of the world’s gold supply and accounted for over one-fifth of world exports).

Bretton Woods System died on August 15, 1971.

President Richard Nixon took the US off the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation of the
dollar and the end of the standard by which the currencies of other nations operated.
influences by British Economist John Maynard Keynes.
 He believes that economic crises occur not when a country does not have enough
money BUT when money is not being spent and, thereby, not moving.
Economies slows down then Governments have to reinvigorate in managing spending
served as the anchor for what would be called a system of global Kynesianism.

2 Financial Institution
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank
- Responsible for funding post-war reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiralling into credit crises.
High Point of Keynesian

Mid 1940s to the early 1970s

Governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to purchase more goods
and, in the process, increase demand for these products. Then prices increases.
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman argued that the Government intervention in economies
distort the proper functioning of the market.

World Bank and IMF

- Disproportionately controlled by rich core countries, make loans to countries in the periphery
and semi-periphery.
- For example, the IMF has made loans to countries in the periphery where 90% of the loan
must be spent on infrastructure projects carried out by US corporations, thus ensuring
financial rewards flow back to wealthy countries.

BUT, does the end of Colonization implies the end of Exploitation?

Although 130 former colonies gained their independence over the course of the twentieth
century, exploitation continues today through neo-colonialism (new is Greek for “new”).

Neocolonialism

A new form of global power relationships involves not direct political control but economic
exploitation by multinational corporations.
A multinational corporation is a large business that operates in many countries.
Corporate leaders often impose their will on countries in which they do business to create
favorable economic conditions for the operation of their corporations, just as colonizers did
in the past.

And like many former colonies, the Philippines is a prime example of a nation struggling
economically as a result of hundreds of years colonial exploitation by the Spaniards and the
Americans.

Debt

With more than 1 billion dollars in debt to China, Sri Lanka handed over a port to companies
owned by the Chinese (2017) in a form of lease for 99 years.
The Hambantota port on Sri Lanka’s southern coast. China has been shoring up its presence
in the Indian Ocean.

Can the Trump administration stop China from taking over a key African port?

A Djibouti policeman stands guard during the opening ceremony of Dubai-based port
operator DP World’s Doraleh container terminal in Djibouti port on Feb. 7, 2009. (Ahmed
Jodallah/Reuters)

Government of Montenegro’s Debt Trap

 EU rebuffs Montenegro plea to help repay $1B Chinese highway loan.
The bridge section of an unfinished highway that was being constructed by China Road
and Bridge Corporation, between the city of Bar on Montenegro’s Adriatic coast and
neighboring Serbia. (Savo Prelevic/AFP)
China’s One Belt One Road Could Make Or Break This Poor European Country:
https://youtu.be/d0gk_m0gZ0A

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

Colonization established a legacy that forms the basis of the global economy by positioning
some countries as sources of resources, cheap labor, and markets. It left a political legacy
of weak governments run by oligarchies, monarchies, or dictators eager for the rewards that
resource wealth and strategic alliances can bring.
An excellent way of understanding how colonialism shaped global political and economic
hierarchy of societies of today is through Immanuel Wallerstein’s model of the capitalist
world economy, which suggests that the prosperity of some nations and the poverty and
dependency of other countries is intentional as a result of the global economic system.
Wealthy nations are designated by Wallerstein as the core of the world economy.

Forms of Economic Inequality

 Core countries (e.g., U.S., Japan, Germany) are dominant capitalist countries characterized
by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.
 Peripheral countries (e.g., most African countries and low income countries in South
America) are dependent on core countries for capital, and have very little industrialization
and urbanization.
- usually agrarian and have low literacy rates and lack Internet connection in many
areas.
 Semiperipheral countries (e.g., South Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria, South
Africa) are less developed than core nations but are more developed than peripheral
nations.

How Globalization affects national governments:

Globalization made it possible for countries and people from all over the world to be more
connected and interdependent economically, politically, and socially.
Globalization affects internal changes in states through external and internal pressures.
  External pressures on states compel conformity to global standards/ Globalization
pressures confront states with a variety of potential costs if they refuse to comply
and promise benefits if they do.
 States conform global standards to gain admission to regional and interest-based
alliances, such as the ASEAN and APEC, to receive loans, attract investments, gain
trading partners, or simply maintain a good reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of
their domestic audience, their allies and the world generally.
 Bestowing legitimacy on a state government is an important function of
globalization.
 Internal pressures for change come from citizens and other state actors such as
institutions and NGOs.

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

- A set of composite indicators governance published by World Bank.

- A set of norms set by the WGI are elaborated in its six dimensions of governance including:
 Voice and Accountability;
 Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism;
 Government Effectiveness;
 Regulatory Quality;
 Rule of Law; and
 Control of Corruption.

GLOBAL DIVIDE

Classifying Countries

In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing how the world was
geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. According to this model:

Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of
Australia and New Zealand.
Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere.
However, over time it was realized that this view was too simplistic. Countries such as Argentina,
Malaysia and Botswana all have above global average GDP (PPP) per capital, yet still appear in
the “Global South”. Conversely, countries such as Ukraine appear to be now amongst a poorer set
of countries by the same measure.

Global Divides: The North and South

Global Divides - “first world” and “third world” and today is more commonly called “north-
south divide”

Global divides occur in different mechanisms:

the human development report

the bottom billion
the global digital divide.

Global North generally accepted as the economically developed and wealth countries, most of
whom are former colonizers.

In Wallerstein’s terminology, the global north make up the core countries.

Global South refers broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

“Third World” and “Periphery,” that denote regions outside Europe and North America, mostly
(though not all) low-income and often politically or culturally marginalize.

The Human Development Report

- combines indicators of income, wealth and well-being the between nations in income,
wealth, and well-being reveals that the richest one fifth of the world’s population consume
86% of all the world’s goods and services, while the poorest one fifth consume just 1.3%.

2020 MPI: dimensions, indicators, deprivation cut-offs, and weights

- The MPI looks beyond income to understand how people experience poverty in multiple and
simultaneous ways.
- It identifies how people are being left behind across three key dimensions: health, education
and standard of living, comprising 10 indicators.
 - People who experience deprivation in at least one third of these weighted indicators fall into
the category of multidimensionally poor.

What is the global MPI?

The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

- It is an international measure of acute multidimensional poverty covering over 100

developing countries. It complements traditional monetary poverty measures by
capturing the acute deprivations in health, education, and living standards that a person
faces simultaneously.
 The Bottom Billion

Countries with majority of its population have experienced little to no income growth since
the 1980s and 1990s make up, what Peter Collier (2007).

The Digital Divide

 Wealthy vs. Poor

 Urban vs. Rural
 Highest Amount of Access vs. Lowest Amount of Access

Broadband (or high-speed) internet access is not a luxury, but a basic necessity for economic
and human development in both developed and developing countries.

Only about 35 percent of the population in developing countries has access to the Internet (versus
about 80 percent in advanced economies). Source: World Bank

A “double” divide is created by

1. the political power (colonial legacies, democratic “influence”),

2. economic dependency (coreperiphery relations, foreign debt, etc.)
3. importation/exportation of resources (trading relations, availability of resources, etc.).

Collier’s four traps:

1. Conflict trap
2. Natural resources trap
3. Trap of being landlocated with bad neighbors
4. Bad governance trap

Conflict Trap

Mindanao Sociologist, Mayong Aguja perfectly summarizes the cost of the war: “a lost
generation”. Mindanaons who could have been teachers, doctors or entrepreneurs have lost
their chances as their homes, schools and cities became battle grounds between the
government forces and the armed groups.

Natural Resources Trap

The roots of the conflict have been the clash of interests in land and other natural
resources.
Land conflict in Mindanao and its systematic tolerance transformed the landscape of the
island--- millions were displaced, natural resources were exploited by corporations,
and land claims infringed along with other claims.

Bad Governance Trap

A bad government with bad policies can not only inhibit an economy from growing, but it
can literally destroy the economy.
 ASIAN REGIONALISM

What is Regionalism?

- In a broad terms, it may refer to as the structures, processes and arrangements that are
working towards greater coherence within a specific international region in terms of
economic, political, security, socio-cultural and other kinds of linkages.
- It arises either as a result of:
1. micro-level processes that stem from regional concentration of interconnecting
private or civil sector activities, and this may be specifically referred to as
regionalisation; or
2. Public policy initiatives, such as a free trade agreement or other stateled projects of
economic co-operation and integration that originate from inter-governmental
dialogues and treaties, which may be specifically referred to as regionalism.

Regionalism

- It does not limit only to political and economic phenomenon.

- It can be examine in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health.
- It is a process, thus must be treated as an emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.

”emergent, socially constituted phenomenon”

- It means region are not natural or given.

- Rather, they are constructed and defined by policymakers, economic actors, and even
social movements.

Note:

Economic and Political definition of regions vary according to Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V.
Milner.

But, these are the Basic Features that everyone can agree:

1. A group of countries located in the same geographically specified area.

2. Regionalization must not be used interchangeably with Regionalism.

Regionalization

- It refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows.”

Regionalism

- It refers to political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination

among countries.

How does countries respond to economically and politically to globalization?

 Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in
process of global integration. Example: China
  Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location.
For other countries, forming Regional alliance (there is strength in numbers). Example:
Singapore

Regional Associations

There may be several reasons for this formation but one if for

1. Military Defense

The widely known defense grouping is NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

- It is formed during the cold war when several Western European countries plus the United
States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.
- In response of the Soviet Union also creates its regional alliance – Warsaw Pact –
consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination.
2. To pool respective resources, get better returns for their exports, expand leverage
against trading partners. Example: OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries)

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

- It is established in 1960.
- Members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to regulate the production and
sale of oil.
- 1970’s member countries took over domestic production and dictated crude oil prices in the
world market.
- An additional nine other oil producing countries join the organization.

But, there are also countries that form regional blocs.

Reasons:

a. To protect their independence from the pressure of superpowers politics.

NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 1961

- Members: Presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia.

- To pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty,
racial and national equality, non -intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution.
- 120 member countries
3. Economic crisis compels countries to come together.

MINDANAO

BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines - East ASEAN Growth Area)

- It is a sub-regional economic cooperation designed to spur economic development in the

lagging sub-economies.
- It covers the entire sultanate of Brunei Darussalam, nine provinces in Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
the island chain of Maluku, and Papua (Indonesia); the federal states of Sabah and
Sarawak, and the federal territory of Labuan (Malaysia); and Mindanao (26 provinces) and
 the province of Palawan (Philippines).

- Its goal is narrow the development gaps among its member states, the BIMPEAGA
economic cooperation focuses on four strategic pillars: (1) Enhanced Connectivity, (2)
Food Basket Strategy, (3) Tourism Development and (4) Environment.

One of the results of this agreement is the BIMP-EAGA Land Transport Memorandum of
agreements which exempted BIMP-EAGA Member Countries from customs duties,
customs security, taxes and other charges in the movement of products and passengers
through cross border bus and truck operations.
In 2020, Davao City hosted the 11th BIMP-EAGA Friendship Games.

”Remember upon the conduct of each depend the fate of all.”

- Alexander The Great

 Module 5: Global Media Culture

From different corners of the world, people are trading ideas and everybody is benefiting
from it. This module guides the students in understanding:

1. Global Media Cultures

2. Globalization of Religion

Landry (2010) article: Globalization of Ideas discussed that

“ideas are like goods and services, ideas also flow across borders all over the world. Then,
globalization is in progress.”

high - tech global flows and structures - are technology, the media, and the Internet.

first personal computers in the mid - 1970s

then the Internet - 1990s.

Global Media System - A medium to distribute ideas, information, values and beliefs,
global media prevalently facilitates the distribution of cultural symbols that shape human
relationships in the globalized world.

Media - Communication vehicle or means of information delivery system to express,

cultivate, or convey message to a target audience. (Tylor, 1871)

● Media can impact societal norms, beliefs and values, technology, and the culture in
general.
● Media is a very powerful tool which can shape and influence human behavior.

Culture - “Culture… is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals,
law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by [a human] as a member of
society.” (Tylor, 1871)

Constant advancement of media today, the future of our culture is ambivalent because
different generations are exposed to different ideas and information. Hence, could greatly
affect the way of life.
Mass media - As the name suggests, is a form of media which reach broader sphere
simultaneously.

Forms of Media
● Print Media - The oldest media are those printed in word or picture, which conveys
information through the sense of sight.
● Broadcast Media - Broadcast media is the most convenient and practical means to
spread information to reach the broader audience immediately.
● New Age Media - Various forms of electronic communication that is made feasible
using computer technology.

Number of Major Mobile Broadband Network Operators per Country

LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION

Cultural Difference
Pieterse (2009) asserted that there are only three perspectives on cultural difference:

1. cultural differentialism
2. cultural convergence
3. cultural hybridity

Cultural Differentialism

Lasting difference between and among cultures predominantly uninfluenced by

globalization or any countries, and transcultural flows and processes.

Cultural Convergence

✓ The notion of increasing homogenization or sameness all over the world.

✓ Characterize also as a form of universalism because it assimilates the dominant culture

as the center of importance: Americanization, Westernization, and others.
Cultural Hybridity

The mixing of cultures as a result of globalization due to interaction of global and local, a
unique and new hybrid cultures that is completely different from global or local culture.

Glocalization is a combination of the words “globalization” and localization, which

refers to the simultaneous emergence of both universalizing and particularizing
trend in political, social, and economic systems.

Internet, Social media, news, online platforms are institutions in such ideally bringing us
together to free us from the limitations of our media physical realities but instead its
pulling us a part.

Media:
-Source of entertainment
- Source of information
Risk, threat, challenges or can even harm and may cost not only property loss but including
life.

Cyber crimes

● Fraud and identity theft

● Information warfare.
● Phishing scams
● Extortion
● Bank Fraud
● cyber pornography